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SEMNALULUI VOCAL

3.1 Statistica semnalului vocal

6HPQDOXO YRFDO HVWH R UHDOL]DUH SDUWLFXODU  D XQXL SURFHV DOHDWRU
QHVWD LRQDU Q FRQVHFLQ  HYROX LD VD vQ WLPS VH VXSXQH XQRU OHJL VWDWLVWLFH 6H
SRDWHYRUELGHVSUHGRX WLSXULGHVWDWLVWLF LDQXPH
VWDWLVWLF  SH WHUPHQ OXQJ vQ FDUH FD] SURSULHW LOH VWDWLVWLFH PHGLL DOH
semnalului vocal sunt estimate pe intervale de timp importante (de ordinul
FkWRUYD]HFLGHVHFXQGHLPHGLDWHSHPDLPXO LYRUELWRUL
VWDWLVWLF  SH WHUPHQ VFXUW FRQVWkQG vQ HYDOXDUHD SURSULHW LORU VWDWLVWLFH SH
WUDQH IUDJPHQWH WHPSRUDOH GH RUGLQXO D  PLOLVHFXQGH vQ GHFXUVXO
F URUDVHPQDOXOSRDWHILFRQVLGHUDWFYDVLVWD LRQDU
6HPQDOXO ILLQG HDQWLRQDW FX R IUHFYHQ  GH HDQWLRQDUH FRPSDWLELO  FX
WHRUHPDOXL1\TXLVWHVWLPDUHDVWDWLVWLF VHUHDOL]HD] SHHDQWLRDQH
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000

-2500
1000

2000

3000

4000
Esantioane

5000

6000

7000

8000

Figura 3.15HSUH]HQWDUHDvQWLPSDVHPQDOXOXLYRFDORE LQXWODSURQXQ DUHDFXYkQWXOXLDVH

29

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SURQXQ DUHD FXYkQWXOXL DVH vQ VFRSXO HYLGHQ LHULL GHSHQGHQ HL SDUDPHWULORU
VWDWLVWLFLGHUHSUH]HQWDUHDvQWLPSIRUPDGHXQG 
6SHFWUXOVHPQDOXOXLDIRVWOLPLWDWOD.+]vQDLQWHGHDILHDQWLRQDWFX
IUHFYHQ D GH HDQWLRQDUH Fe = 8 KHz  1XP UXO GH HDQWLRDQH GLQWUR WUDQ
GHSLQGH GH GXUDWD WUDQHL L GH IUHFYHQ D GH HDQWLRQDUH $VWIHO SHQWUX
Fe = 8 KHz LWUDQDGHPVUH]XOW 
20 ms HDQWLRDQH
25 ms HDQWLRDQH
Q )LJXULOH  L  HVWH LOXVWUDW  R UHSUH]HQWDUH PDL ILQ  D XQRU WUDQH
GLQIRQHPHOH$IRQHPVRQRUL6IRQHPQHVRQRU
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000

-2500
1700

1750

1800

1850

1900
Esantioane

1950

2000

2050

2100

Figura 3.25HSUH]HQWDUHDvQWLPSDXQHLWUDQHGLQIRQHPXOVRQRU$GLQFXYkQWXODVH
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000

-2500
3000

3100

3200

3300
Esantioane

3400

3500

3600

Figura 3.35HSUH]HQWDUHDvQWLPSDXQHLWUDQHGLQIRQHPXOQHVRQRU6GLQFXYkQWXODVH

30

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3.2 Caracteristici statistice ale semnalului vocal

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Principalele caracteristici statistice ale semnalului vocal sunt:

densitatea de probabilitate;
valoarea medie;
YDULDQ D
rata trecerilor prin zero;
IXQF LDGHDXWRFRUHOD LH
IXQF LDGHDXWRFRYDULDQ 
FRHILFLHQWXOGHDXWRFRUHOD LH
GHQVLWDWHDVSHFWUDO GHSXWHUH
GHQVLWDWHVSHFWUDO GHSXWHUHSHWHUPHQVFXUW

'HQVLWDWHDGHSUREDELOLWDWHVDXGHQVLWDWHDGHUHSDUWL LH
'DF  N  UHSUH]LQW  QXP UXO GH HDQWLRDQH x [ n ]  DOH F URU DPSOLWXGLQL

, +
atunci cnd n [ N , N ] ,
sunt cuprinse n intervalul
2
2

densitatea de probabilitate a semnalului x [ n ] SUHVXSXVHUJRGLFLVWD LRQDUHVWH

GHILQLW SULQUHOD LD

px ( ) = lim

N 2 N
0

+1

(3.1)

)XQF LD DVWIHO RE LQXW  QX DUH R H[SUHVLH DQDOLWLF  HD SRDWH IL H[SULPDW
SULQWUXQJUDILFWDEHO(VWHXWLOV ILHFRPSDUDW IXQF LDDVWIHORE LQXW SHFDOH
H[SHULPHQWDO  FX XQHOH IXQF LL GH UHSDUWL LH FXQRVFXWH vQ VWDWLVWLF  7DEHOXO 
UHDPLQWHWHH[SUHVLLOHDOHJLGHUHSDUWL LHGLVWULEX LLX]XDOHSHQWUXDYHGHDvQ
FHP VXU HOHSRWILIRORVLWHvQDERUG ULOHWHRUHWLFHUHIHULWRDUHODVHPQDOXOYRFDO
6XQW OXDWH vQ GLVFX LH OHJL GH UHSDUWL LH VLPHWULFH GHFL FX YDORDUH PHGLH QXO
mx = 0 LGLVSHUVLH x ).
(VWLP UL H[SHULPHQWDOH DOH DFHVWHL GHQVLW L GH SUREDELOLWDWH UHDOL]DWH SH
VHJPHQWH GH YRUELUH GH RUGLQXO D  VHFXQGH L PHGLDWH SH FkWHYD ]HFL GH
YRUELWRUL DX DU WDW F  DFHDVW  GHQVLWDWH GH SUREDELOLWDWH SH WHUPHQ OXQJ HVWH
IRDUWHDSURSLDW GHGLVWULEX LD/DSODFHDFHDVWDGLQXUP DYkQGRH[SUHVLHFHR
IDFHPDLVLPSOXGHXWLOL]DW$FHVWHOHJLGHUHSDUWL LHGHVFUHVFFX ntr-un mod
PRQRWRQ ([SHULPHQWHOH DX UHOHYDW GH DVHPHQHD IDSWXO F  GHQVLWDWHD GH
SUREDELOLWDWH SH WHUPHQ OXQJ D VHPQDOXOXL YRFDO SUH]LQW  R YDORDUH LPSRUWDQW
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pentru 0 DFHDVWDFRUHVSXQ] QGLQWHUYDOHORUGHOLQLWHGLQYRUELUHDFRQWLQX

DGLF DSDX]HORULQHUHQWH
Tabelul 3.1([SUHVLLOHDOHJLGHUHSDUWL LHGLVWULEX LLX]XDOH

([SUHVLHDQDOLWLF  px ( ) ( mx = 0 )
1
rect a ( )
2a
2
1
exp 2
2 x
2 x

/HJHDGHUHSDUWL LH
8QLIRUP
*DXVVLDQ QRUPDO 
/DSODFHELH[SRQHQ LDO 

2
1
exp

2 x
x

3
exp
8 x
2 x

Gamma (de ordinul 1/2)

3HQWUXGLVWULEX LDXQLIRUP IXQF LD rect a ( ) HVWHGHILQLW DVWIHO

1, a a
rect a ( ) =
in rest
0,

(3.2)

2. Valoarea medie
9DORDUHD PHGLH D XQXL VHPQDO VWD LRQDU GDF  YDULDELOD DOHDWRDUH HVWH
FRQWLQX YDILGDW GHUHOD LD

mx =

px ( ) d

(3.3)

QFD]XOVHPQDOHORUGLVFUHWHUHOD LDGHYLQH
N
1
mx = E { x [ n ]} = lim
x [ n]
N 2 N + 1 n = N

(3.4)

3HQWUX VHPQDOXO YRFDO DFHDVW  PHGLH YD IL SUHVXSXV  QXO   mx = 0 )

GHRDUHFHHDQXFRQ LQHQLFLRLQIRUPD LHXWLO 

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9DULDQ D
9DULDQ D HVWHGDW GHUHOD LD

x2

( mx )

p x ( ) d ( ) m

=0

2 p x ( ) d

(3.5)

Pentru semnale discrete cu mx = 0 UHOD LDGHGHILQL LHHVWH

N
1
x2 [ n]

N 2 N + 1 n = N

x2 = lim

(3.6)

'XS FXPVHSRDWHFRQVWDWDHDUHSUH]LQW energia medie a semnalului discret.

)LJXUDLOXVWUHD] HYROX LDYDULDQ HLSHWHUPHQVFXUWDVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO
GLQ)LJXUDFXYkQWXODVH(DDIRVWHVWLPDW SHWUDQHGHHDQWLRDQH
 PV 6H UHPDUF  YDORULOH PDUL DOH YDULDQ HL HQHUJLHL SH WHUPHQ VFXUW
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUHWUDQHORUVRQRUHIRQHPHOHDLH
8

2.5

Energie/interval

x 10

1.5

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
Timp (s)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figura 3.4(YROX LDYDULDQ HLHQHUJLHLSHWHUPHQVFXUWDVHPQDOXOXLYRFDOFRUHVSXQ] WRU

FXYkQWXOXLDVHHVWLPDW SHWUDQHGHHDQWLRDQHPV

5DWDWUHFHULORUSULQ]HURVDXIUHFYHQ DWUHFHULORUSULQ]HUR
3HQWUXXQVHPQDOHDQWLRQDWVHFRQVLGHU F H[LVW WUHFHULSULQ]HURFkQG
GRX  HDQWLRDQH VXFFHVLYH DX VHPQXO RSXV 5DWD WUHFHULORU SULQ ]HUR SH WHUPHQ
VFXUWSRDWHILGHWHUPLQDW FXIRUPXOD

Z [ m] =

1
sgn { x [ n]} sgn { x [ n 1]} w[ n mN ]
2 n
33

(3.7)

35235,(7

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unde:

1, x [ n ] > 0
sgn { x [ n ]} =
1, x [ n ] < 0

(3.8)

1
, 0 n N 1
w[ n ] = N
0,
in rest

(3.9)

Coeficientul m UHSUH]LQW LQGLFHOHWUDQHLLDUNUHSUH]LQW OXQJLPHDWUDQHL

Introducnd expresia ferestrei de pondere w[ n ] UHOD LDvQH[SUHVLD
IDSWFHSHUPLWHOXDUHDFkWHXQHLWUDQHGLQ x [ n ] , rata trecerilor prin zero devine:

1 mN + N 1
Z [ m] =
sgn x [ n]} sgn x [ n 1]}
2 N n = mN

(3.10)

Q )LJXUD  HVWH SUH]HQWDW  UDWD WUHFHULORU SULQ ]HUR SHQWUX FXYkQWXO
DVH $FHDVWD DUH YDORUL PDL ULGLFDWH SHQWUX VXQHWHOH QHVRQRUH GHFkW SHQWUX
FHOHVRQRUH$FHVWOXFUXHUDGHDWHSWDWGDF H[DPLQ PFXDWHQ LHUHSUH]HQW ULOH
vQGRPHQLXOWLPSDOHDFHVWRUWUDQH)LJXULOHL6WDWLVWLFDDHYLGHQ LDWGH
DVHPHQHD F  UDWD WUHFHULORU SULQ ]HUR SH WHUPHQ OXQJ SUH]LQW  R UHSDUWL LH
DSURSLDW GHFHDJDXVVLDQ FXRYDORDUHPHGLHGHVFKLPE ULGHVHPQOD
VXWDGHHDQWLRDQHSHQWUXIRQHPHOHQHVRQRUHLGHSHQWUXFHOHVRQRUH
$GHVHRUL HYDOX ULOH YDULDQ HL L UDWHL WUHFHULORU SULQ ]HUR SH WHUPHQ VFXUW
SHUPLWVHJPHQWDUHDYRUELULLLOXDUHDGHFL]LHLFXSULYLUHODFDUDFWHUXOVRQRUVDX
nesonor al unui fonem.
Rata de treceri prin zero/interval
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
Timp (s)

0.6

0.7

0.8

Figura 3.55DWDWUHFHULORUSULQ]HURSHQWUXFXYkQWXODVH

34

0.9

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)XQF LDGHDXWRFRUHOD LH
3HQWUXXQVHPQDODOHDWRUGLVFUHWIXQF LDGHDXWRFRUHOD LHVHH[SULP SULQ
VSHUDQ DPDWHPDWLF PHGLDVWDWLVWLF 

xx [ k ] = E { x [ n ] x [ n + k ]}

(3.11)

IpotezD HUJRGLFLW LL SHUPLWH V  LGHQWLILF P PHGLLOH VWDWLVWLFH FX PHGLLOH

WHPSRUDOHDVWIHOvQFkWSHQWUXXQVHPQDOVWD LRQDULHUJRGLFDYHP
N
1
x [ n] x [ n + k ]
N 2 N + 1 n = N

xx [ k ] = x [ n ] x [ n + k ] = lim

(3.12)

8WLOL]kQG R WUDQ  GH OXQJLPH ILQLW  N HDQWLRDQH FX VXSRUWXO

n {0,1,K, N 1}  vQ ORFXO VHFYHQ HL GH OXQJLPH LQILQLW  VH RE LQH R YDORDUH
HVWLPDW QRWDW  xx [ k ] :

1 N k 1
xx [ k ] =
x [ n] x [ n + k ] cu k = 0, N 1
N k n =0

(3.13)

(unii autori folosesc varianta cu N n loc de N k la numitor).

3URSULHW LDOHIXQF LHLGHDXWRFRUHOD LH:
IXQF LHSDU  xx [ k ] = xx [ k ]

(3.14)

max xx [ k ] = xx [ 0]

(3.15)

GDF  x [ n ] = x [ n + N ] xx [ k ] = xx [ k + N ]

(3.16)

)XQF LDGHDXWRFRYDULDQ
6H GHILQHWH SULQWUR UHOD LH VLPLODU  FX FHD D IXQF LHL GH DXWRFRUHOD LH
GXS FHvQSUHDODELOVDH[WUDVYDORDUHDPHGLH mx .

xx [ k ] = E {( x [ n ] mx ) ( x [ n + k ] mx )}

x [ n ] = semnal ergodic

= ( x [ n ] mx ) ( x [ n + k ] mx ) = xx [ k ] mx2
35

=
(3.17)

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&XPvQFD]XOVHPQDOXOXLYRFDOPHGLDDIRVWSUHVXSXV QXO  mx = 0 ), IXQF LDGH

DXWRFRYDULDQ va coincide cu IXQF LDGHDXWRFRUHOD LH:

xx [ k ] = xx [ k ]

(3.18)

&RPSDUkQGH[SUHVLLOHYDULDQ HLLIXQF LHLGHDXWRFRUHOD LHDYHPGHDVHPHQHD

x2 = xx [ 0] = xx [ 0]

(3.19)

&RHILFLHQWXOGHDXWRFRUHOD LH
&RHILFLHQWXO GH DXWRFRUHOD LH UHSUH]LQW  IXQF LD GH DXWRFRUHOD LH QRUPDW
ODYDORDUHDVDPD[LP DGLF 

xx [ k ] =

xx [ k ]
xx [ 0]

(3.20)

LQkQG FRQW GH SURSULHW LOH IXQF LHL GH DXWRFRUHOD LH YH]L UHOD LD  YD
UH]XOWDF

xx [ k ] [ 1,1]

(3.21)

)XQF LD GH DXWRFRUHOD LH VDX vQ PRG HFKLYDOHQW FRHILcientul de
DXWRFRUHOD LH SRDWH IL HVWLPDW  SH WHUPHQ OXQJ XWLOL]kQG HDQWLRDQHOH
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH XQRU WUDQH GH  VHFXQGH L UHDOL]kQG R PHGLHUH SH PDL
PXO LYRUELWRUL
Q)LJXUDVXQWSUH]HQWD LFRHILFLHQ LLGHDXWRFRUHOD LHSHWHUPHQVFXUW
SHQWUXGRX WUDQHSUHOHYDWHGLQGRX IRQHPHXQXOsonorLDOWXOnesonor.
Q FD]XO WUDQHL VRQRUH IXQF LD GH DXWRFRUHOD LH HVWH FYDVLSHULRGLF  L vQ
primul maxim diferit de cel din k = 0 , produs aproximativ la P = 60 , permite
GHWHUPLQDUHD IUHFYHQ HL IXQGDPHQWDOH F0  SUHVXSXQkQG F  IUHFYHQ D GH
HDQWLRQDUHHVWH Fe = 8 KHz ):

F0 =

F 8000
1
1
=
= e =
= 133 Hz
T0 P Te P
60

(3.22)

QFD]XOWUDQHLQHVRQRUHIXQF LDGHDXWRFRUHOD LHQXPDLHVWHSHULRGLF L

vQJHQHUDOQXPDLFRQ LQHPD[LPHFRPSDUDELOHFXFHOGLQ k = 0 .

36

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0.5

-0.5

20

40

60

80

100
k

120

140

160

180

200

20

40

60

80

100
k

120

140

160

180

200

0.5

-0.5

Figura 3.6&RHILFLHQWXOGHDXWRFRUHOD LHSHWHUPHQVFXUWSHQWUXRWUDQ VRQRU VXV

UHVSHFWLYQHVRQRU MRV

'HQVLWDWHDVSHFWUDO GHSXWHUH
'HQVLWDWHD VSHFWUDO  GH SXWHUH VH GHILQHWH SULQ WUDQVIRUPDWD )RXULHU D
IXQF LHLGHDXWRFRUHOD LH

S xx ( e j ) = xx ( e j ) = F { xx [ k ]} =

k =

xx [ k ] e jk

(3.23)

unde

= 2

f
Fe

(3.24)

O estimare D DFHVWHLD VH RE LQH OXkQG R VHFYHQ  GH OXQJLPH ILQLW  GLQ
IXQF LDGHDXWRFRUHOD LHSULQXWLOL]DUHDXQHLIHUHVWUHGHSRQGHUDUH

xx ( e j ) = w[ k ] xx [ k ] e jk =
S xx ( e j ) =
k

k = K

xx [ k ] e jk

(3.25)

Deoarece xx [ k ]  HVWH R IXQF LH SDU  YD UH]XOWD F  xx ( e j )  L

xx ( e j ) HVWHGHDVHPHQHDRIXQF LHSDU 

37

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'HQVLWDWHVSHFWUDO GHSXWHUHSHWHUPHQVFXUW
3HWHUPHQVFXUWVHPQDOXOYRFDOVHSRDWHSUHVXSXQHFYDVLVWD LRQDULSULQ
XUPDUH VH SRDWH IRORVL WUDQVIRUPDWD )RXULHU FD L vQ FD]XO VHPQDOHORU
deterministe:

X ( n, e j ) = x [ m ] w[ n m ] e jm

(3.26)

&DOFXOXOSRDWHILHIHFWXDWXWLOL]kQGWUDQVIRUPDWD)RXULHUGLVFUHW 

X n [ k ] = X ( n, e j )

=k

(3.27)

2
N

)LJXUD  LOXVWUHD]  GHQVLW LOH VSHFWUDOH GH SXWHUH SH termen scurt ale
XQRU WUDQH GH VHPQDO YRFDO VRQRU  UHVSHFWLY QHVRQRU  3H VWUXFWXUD
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH WUDQHL VRQRUH VH REVHUY  SULPXO PD[LP FRUHVSXQ] WRU
IUHFYHQ HL IXQGDPHQWDOH F0 L DUPRQLFHOH IUHFYHQ HL IXQGDPHQWDOH DQYHORSD
acestora prezentnd maximele F1, F2, F3GHQXPLWHIRUPDQ LFDUDFWHUL]D LSULQ
IUHFYHQ D PD[LPHORU EHQ]LOH OD  G% L LQWHQVLWDWHD PD[LPHORU 'LQ FRQWU 
VSHFWUXO WUDQHL QHVRQRUH QX SUH]LQW  R VWUXFWXU  SDUWLFXODU  FX H[FHS LD
DFFHQWX ULLVDOHODIUHFYHQ HOHvQDOWH
70

dB

60
50
40

500

1000

1500

2000
Hz

2500

3000

3500

4000

500

1000

1500

2000
Hz

2500

3000

3500

4000

45

dB

40
35
30
25

Figura 3.7'HQVLW LOHVSHFWUDOHGHSXWHUHSHWHUPHQVFXUWDOHXQRUWUDQHGHVHPQDOYRFDO

WUDQDVRQRU VXVWUDQ QHVRQRU MRV

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'LVFX LLDVXSUDUHSUH]HQW ULLQXPHULFH

5HSUH]HQWDUHDQXPHULF FRPSRUW RSHUD LLOHGLQWDEHOXOGHPDLjos:
Tabelul 3.22SHUD LLOHUHSUH]HQW ULLQXPHULFH

1.(DQWLRQDUHD
2. Cuantizarea
XQLIRUP
QHXQLIRUP
FXFRPSUHVLHLH[SDQGDUH
ORJDULWPLF
DGDSWLY
3. Codarea
semnalului
WHPSRUDO
PCM (MIC)
'3&00,&'LIHUHQ LDO 
$'3&00,&'LIHUHQ LDO $GDSWLY 
DM
$'0'0$GDSWLY 
IUHFYHQ LDO
SBC (codare n sub-benzi)
$7&FRGDUHDGDSWLY DWUDQVIRUPDWHL
VXUVHLFRGDUHSDUDPHWULF 
/3&FRGDUHSULQSUHGLF LHOLQLDU 
92&2'(5)250$17,&SHED] GHIRUPDQ L
Progresele nregistrate pe plan tehnologic, n VSHFLDO vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH
SHUIRUPDQ HOH SURFHVRDUHORU GH VHPQDO DX P ULW LQWHUHVXO SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD
GHELWXOXLELQDUvQYHGHUHDWUDQVPLWHULLVDXvQUHJLVWU ULLVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO$FHDVWD
GHRDUHFHDFHVWHSURJUHVHIDFSRVLELO H[HFXWDUHDvQWLPSUHDODXQRUDOJRULWPLGH
SUHOXFUDUHGLQFHvQFHPDLFRPSOLFD L
6LVWHPHOH FDUH SUHVXSXQ R SUHOXFUDUH ORFDO  IRDUWH FRPSOH[  VXQW
FRQVLGHUDWH FD SUH]HQWkQG LQWHUHV FX FRQGL LD FD HOH V  DVLJXUH R FDOLWDWH
VDWLVI F WRDUHDVHPQDOXOXLWUDQVPLV
Calitatea semnalului vRFDOHVWHGLILFLOGHH[SOLFLWDWQDSUHFLHUHDFDOLW LL
LQWHUYLQH QR LXQHD UDSRUW VHPQDO]JRPRW $FHVWD UDSRUWXO SUH]LQW  PDUHOH
DYDQWDM F  SRDWH IL GHILQLW SRDWH IL FDOFXODW L SRDWH IL P VXUDW vQWUXQ PRG
riguros.
39

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7UHEXLH vQV  UH LQXW IDSWXO F  vQWUH UDSRUWXO VHPQDO]JRPRW L FDOLWDWHD

VHPQDOXOXLQXH[LVW RFRUHVSRQGHQ ELXQLYRF &DOLWDWHDVHPQDOXOXLLPSOLF 
FRQFHSWHRELHFWLYHLQWHOLJLELOLWDWHDUHFXQRDWHUHDYRUELWRUXOXLHWF
concepte subiective: timbru, caracterul natural al vorbirii, etc.
SLVWHPHOHGHFRGDUHSRWILFODVLILFDWHvQIXQF LHGHGHELWXOELQDU6HGLVWLQJ
PDLPXOWHJDPHGHFDOLWDWHDFRG ULLvQIXQF LHGHP ULPHDGHELWXOXLELQDU$FHVW
lucru este ilustrat n Tabelul 3.3.
Tabelul 3.3 &ODVLILFDUHDVLVWHPHORUGHFRGDUHvQIXQF LHGHGHELWXOELQDU

7LSXOFRG ULL

Debitul biniar [kb/s]

> 64 (64-768)

Codarea semnalului
(WAVE-FORM
CODING)

Codarea sursei
(SOURCE CODING)

'HQXPLUHDFDOLW LL
FRG ULL
&DOLWDWHVSHFLILF
radiodifuziunii
(BROADCAST
QUALITY)

16 64

Calitate C.C.I.T.T.
(TOLL QUALITY)

4,8 16

&DOLWDWHDFFHSWDELO SHQWUX
FRPXQLFD LL
(COMUNICATION
QUALITY)

0,1 4,8

&DOLWDWHVLQWHWLF
(SYNTETIC QUALITY)

&ODVLILFDUHDHVWHSX LQIRU DW vQVHQVXOF vQUHDOLWDWHFODVHOHVHvQWUHS WUXQG

neputnd fi fixate frontiere clare.
7DEHOXOSXQHvQHYLGHQ FODVHUHODWLYHODFRGDUHDVHPQDOXOXLLR
FODV UHODWLY ODFRGDUHDVXUVHLDFHDVWDGLQXUP ILLQGFDUDFWHUL]DW SULQFDOLWDWHD
VLQWHWLF DVHPQDOXOXLVSHFLILF WHKQLFLORUGHFRGDUHSDUDPHWULF 
nVIkULWRFDUDFWHULVWLF LPSRUWDQW HVWHFHDDFRPSOH[LW LLVLVWHPXOXL
GHFRGDUH'LQDFHVWSXQFWGHYHGHUHRFODVLILFDUHDSUR[LPDWLY DVLVWHPHORUGH
FRGDUH HVWH SUH]HQWDW  vQ 7DEHOXO  6D OXDW FD UHIHULQ  SHQWUX GHILQLUHD
FRPSOH[LW LLUHODWLYHVLVWHPXOED]DWSHPRGXOD LDGHOWDDGDSWLY 

40

35235,(7

,67$7,67,&($/(6(01$/8/8,92&$/

Tabelul 3.4&RPSOH[LWDWHDUHODWLY DVLVWHPHORUGHFRGDUHDYRUELULL

Sistemul
0RGXOD LDGHOWDDGDSWLY
0RGXOD LDLPSXOVXULORU
vQFRGDGDSWLY
Codarea n sub-benzi
&RGDUHDDGDSWLY D
transformatei
Codare LPC
SDUDPHWULF 
Vocoder formantic

Prescurtarea
ADM
ADPCM

&RPSOH[LWDWHDUHODWLY
1
2

SBC
ATC

5
50

LPC

100

500

41