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Algebra 121
Algebra 121
Algebra 121
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c 2003 mathcentre
Contents
Foreword
Reminders
1. Arithmetic of fractions
11
16
5. Surds
22
24
7. Transposition of formulae
27
28
30
32
Answers
Acknowledgements
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37
41
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Foreword
The material in this refresher course has been designed to enable you
to prepare for your university mathematics programme. When your
programme starts you will find that your ability to get the best from
lectures and tutorials, and to understand new material, depends crucially
upon having a good facility with algebraic manipulation. We think that
this is so important that we are making this course available for you to
work through before you come to university.
Level
This material has been prepared for students who have completed an
A-level course in mathematics.
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Reminders
Use this page to note topics and questions which you found difficult.
Remember - seek help with these as soon as you start your university course.
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1. Arithmetic of fractions
1. Express each of the following as a fraction in its simplest form. For example
can be written as 17 . Remember, no calculators!
a)
90
30
2.
20
45
b)
c) 42
21
d)
18
16
e)
30
30
f)
17
21
49
g) 35
h)
Calculate
a) 12 + 13
3.
16
36
3
21
b) 21 13
c) 23 + 34
d) 65 23
e) 98 + 15 + 16
9
f) 45 + 73 10
3
a) 45 16
b) 23 41
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c) 43 34
d) 49 6
e)
15
45
16
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15
f) 95 13 27
Evaluate
4.
a) 3
1
2
b)
1
2
1
4
c)
6
7
16
21
d)
3
4
e) 5
10
9
f)
3
4
4
3
5. Express the following as mixed fractions. A mixed fraction has a whole number
part and a fractional part. For example, 13
can be written as the mixed fraction 2 35 .
5
a)
5
2
b)
7
3
c) 11
4
d)
6
5
e)
12
5
f)
18
7
g)
16
3
h)
83
9
b) 3 21
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c) 5 23
d) 3 52
e) 11 46
f) 8 29
g) 16 43
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h)
a a a2
2.
Simplify
a)
x6
x2
3.
a)
e)
y2 y3 y5
b)
f)
y 14
y 10
b)
t3 t4
c)
z3 z2 z
c)
b6 b3 b
g)
t16
t12
d)
z 10
z9
e)
v7
v0
d)
t2 t10 t
h)
z7z7
f)
x7 /x4
b)
f)
1019
1016
99 1010
109
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c)
g)
x7
x14
x9 y 8
,
y 7x6
d)
h)
x7
y4
(abc)3
(abc)2
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x4
4. Write the following expressions using only positive indices. For example 2 can
x
1
be written as 2 .
x
a)
x2 x1
d)
(2a2 b3 )(6a3 b5 ) e)
5.
a)
d)
6.
b)
3x
x4
x3
52
t2
t3
(27)1 x1
y 2
c)
f)
b)
4 32
c)
31 92 (27)1
e)
(0.2)2
f)
(0.1)3
Simplify
a)
t6 t3
b)
(y 2 )(y 1 ) c)
e)
3t2
6t3
f)
(2t1 )3
6t2
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g)
3y 2
6y 3
(2t)3
(4t)2
d)
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7. Write the following expressions using a single index. For example (53 )4 can be
written as 512 .
a)
(53 )5
f)
8.
a)
e)
t2 3
)
t4
b)
(33 )3
c)
(172 )4
d)
(y 3)6
g)
(k 2 )6
h)
((1)4 )3
i)
((1)4 )3
e)
y 1 3
)
y 2
b)
(22 )1
2
52
f)
(2)
1
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c)
(32 )2
g)
d)
(62 )1
2
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9.
a)
(4 5 )
2 3 2
b)
e)
(3xy z )
f)
i)
(2x)2
j)
10.
3ab
c3
6
ab2
!2
2
(2x2 )2
42 a3
b1
c)
g)
k)
!2
3 2
2
x
2 3
2
x
d)
(2a2 b)3
h)
2z 2
3t
!3
a)
(61/2 )3
b)
e)
(2x2 )1/3
f)
(51/3 )6
(a a2 )1/2
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c)
(100.6 )4
g)
(ab2 )1/2
d)
(x2 )1/3
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11.
a)
e)
12.
a)
(a b )
Simplify
a)
x1/2 x1/3
i)
(31/2 )1/2
f)
k 1.5
c)
(72/3 )4
(193/2 )1/3
d)
!2
13.
e)
b)
25y 2
a2 a6
x1/2
x1/3
b)
f)
j)
27
t3
1/3
c)
g)
(x1/2 )1/3
(16y 4)1/4
a4
a1
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10
d)
(8x3 )1/3
h)
x1/4 x1/2
4
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a)
2(mn)
b)
f)
(am)n
g)
k)
p)
5(p q)
8(2pq)
2(m + n)
(a + m)n
c)
h)
a(mn)
(a m)n
d)
a(m + n)
e)
a(m n)
i)
5(pq)
j)
5(p + q)
7(x y)
o)
8(2p + q)
t)
5(3pq)
l)
7(xy)
m)
7(x + y)
n)
q)
8(2p q)
r)
5(p 3q)
s)
5(p + 3q)
(2 + a)(3 + b)
b)
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(x + 1)(x + 2)
c)
11
(x + 3)(x + 3)
d)
(x + 5)(x 3)
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3.
a) (7 + x)(2 + x)
b) (9 + x)(2 + x)
c) (x + 9)(x 2)
e) (x + 2)x
f) (3x + 1)x
i) (3x + 5)(2x + 7)
4.
a)
5.
Factorise
a) 5x + 15y
b) 3x 9y
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c) 2x + 12y
d) 4x + 32z + 16y
12
d) (x + 11)(x 7)
l) (2 x)(1 x)
e) 21 x + 14 y
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6.
Factorise
a) 31 x + 61 xy
7.
b) 23 r 3 + 31 r 2 h c) a2 a +
1
4
d)
1
x2
2
x
+1
Factorise
a) x2 + 8x + 7 b) x2 + 6x 7 c) x2 + 7x + 10 d) x2 6x + 9
8.
a)
e)
e) x2 + 5x + 6.
Factorise
2x2 + 3x + 1
16x2 1
b)
f)
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2x2 + 4x + 2 c)
x2 + 1
g)
13
3x2 3x 6
2x2 + x + 3
d)
5x2 4x 1
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9.
Factorise
a) x2 + 9x + 14
e) x2 + 2x
b) x2 + 11x + 18 c) x2 + 7x 18
f) 3x2 + x,
g) 3x2 + 4x + 1
d) x2 + 4x 77
h) 6x2 + 5x + 1
k) 3x2 + 2x + 5 l) x2 3x + 2
10. Rewrite the following expressions without using brackets, simplifying where possible:
a)
15 (7 x)
b)
15 7(1 x)
c)
15 7(x 1)
d)
(2x y) x(1 + y)
e)
f)
g)
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h)
14
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11. Rewrite each of the following expressions without using brackets and simplify
where possible
a) 2x (3y + 8x),
3(x + 2y)
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b) 2x + 5(x y z),
15
c) (5x 3y),
d) 5(2x y)
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2.
a)
e)
x+y
3
b)
1
2(x + y) c)
3
2
(x + y)
3
Simplify
x+4
7
1 x2 + x
y
y+1
3.
Simplify
4.
Simplify
1
3(x + 4) c)
7
d2
Q
2
g)
4
d
b)
f)
a)
6/7
s+3
b)
3/4
x1
3
(x + 4)
7
Q
d2 /4
c)
d)
h)
x x+1
y
y+1
1
x/y
x1
3/4
3
x
x + 2 2x + 4
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5.
6.
a)
e)
7.
Simplify
5
x
2x + 1 3x 1
Simplify
x x
+
4 7
x+1
3
+
x
x+2
8.
f)
2x x
+
5
9
2x + 1 x
3
2
c)
g)
2x 3x
3
4
x+3
x
2x + 1 3
d)
h)
x
2
x+1 x+2
x x
4 5
Simplify
2
1
+
x+2 x+3
x+1 x+4
d)
+
x+3 x+2
a)
b)
2
5
+
x+3 x+1
x1
x1
e)
+
x 3 (x 3)2
b)
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c)
2
3
2x + 1 3x + 2
1
11
s+
7
21
17
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9.
Express
B
A
+
as a single fraction.
2x + 3 x + 1
10.
Express
B
C
A
+
+
as a single fraction.
2x + 5 (x 1) (x 1)2
11.
Express
B
A
+
as a single fraction.
x + 1 (x + 1)2
12.
13.
Express
Ax + B
C
+
as a single fraction.
+ x + 10 x 1
x2
Express Ax + B +
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C
as a single fraction.
x+1
18
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14.
Show that
15.
Simplify
16.
17.
18.
Simplify
Simplify
1
x3
x1 x2 x3
x1
.
1 is equal to
x2
x2 x3
a)
3x x x
+ ,
4
5 3
b)
3x
x x
.
+
4
5 3
5x
.
25x + 10y
x2
x+2
.
+ 3x + 2
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19
a + 2b
.
a 2b
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19.
Simplify
x2
x+2
x+5
+ 9x + 20 x + 2
5
2x
+ .
7y
3
20.
Simplify
21.
2
3
.
x 4 (x 4)2
22.
23.
a) Express
3
4
+
.
x 2x + 1
1 1
1 1
+ as a single fraction. b) Hence find the reciprocal of + .
u v
u v
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20
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24.
25.
26.
Express
1
1
+ 2 as a single fraction.
s s
Express
4
3
6
+
+ 2 as a single fraction.
s+3 s+2 s+1
x+1 x
+
x+4 2
2x + 1 2x + 1 x
d)
+
+
2x
4
2
a)
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3x + 1
2x + 6
x2 + 4x + 1
e)
2(x + 2)
b)
21
x
3
2 2x + 4
1 x
f) 1 + +
4 2
c) 1 +
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5. Surds
Roots, for example 2, 5, 3 6 are also known as surds. A common
cause
error
of
is misuse of expressions involving
surds. You should be aware that ab = a b but
a + b is NOT equal to a + b.
1.
It
is often possible
to
write
surds
in
equivalent
forms.
For
example
48 can be
written 3 16 = 3 16 = 4 3.
Write the following in their simplest forms:
180
b)
63
a)
2.
3.
1
21
Simplify, if possible,
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a)
is equivalent to
x2 y 2
b)
22
2 + 1 show that
2+1
x2 + y 2 .
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4.
a)
6
(x + y)4
b ) ( 3 x + y)
c)
x + y4
x + y = x + y + 2 xy
6. Write each of the following as an expression under a single square root sign. (For
parts c) and d) see Question 5 above.)
a) 2 p
b)
p q
c)
p + 2q
d)
3 2
7.
a)
Use indices (powers) to write the following expressions without the root sign.
4
a2
b) ( 3 5)3
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23
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3y 8 = 12 y
2.
5. 3x + 7 = 7x + 2
2(x + 4) = 8
9.
11.
13.
15.
2(x 3) = 6
7t 5 = 4t + 7
6.
10.
3(3x 1) = 2 12.
5(m 3) = 8
2(y + 1) = 8
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14.
16.
3.
3x + 4 = 4x + 3
3(x + 7) = 7(x + 2)
7.
4.
4 3x = 4x + 3
2x 1 = x 3
8.
2(x 3) = 6
2 (2t + 1) = 4(t + 2)
5m 3 = 5(m 3) + 2m
17(x 2) + 3(x 1) = x
24
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17.
1
(x + 3) = 9
3
18.
3
=4
m
21.
3x + 10 = 31
22.
x+4=
24.
26.
x 5 2x 1
=6
2
3
x 4x
+
= 2x 7
2
3
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25.
27.
19.
5
2
=
m
m+1
23.
x4 =
20.
3x + 3 = 18
23
x 3x x
+
=1
4
2
6
5
2
=
3m + 2
m+1
25
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28.
2
5
=
3x 2
x1
32.
4x + 5 2x 1
=x
6
3
34.
1
1
+
= 10.
5x 4x
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29.
x3
=4
x+1
33.
35.
30.
x+1
=4
x3
31.
y3
2
=
y+3
3
3
1
+
=0
2s 1 s + 1
3
2
=
.
s1
s5
26
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7. Transposition of formulae
1.
c
Make t the subject of the formula p = .
t
2.
3.
In each case make the specified variable the subject of the formula:
a)
c)
4.
h = c + d + 2e,
Q=
c+d
,
cd
e
c
b)
S = 2r 2 + 2rh,
d)
x+y
xy
=
+ 2,
3
7
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N 2 A
.
27
nE
.
nL + m
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2. x2 x2 = 0
5. x2 + 8x + 7 = 0
6. x2 7x + 12 = 0
9. x2 2x + 1 = 0
13. x2 3x = 0
3. x2 + x2 = 0
10. x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
14. x2 + 9x = 0
17. 5x2 + 6x 1 = 0
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4. x2 + 3x+ 2 = 0
7. x2 x 20 = 0
11. x2 + 11x = 0
15. 2x2 5x + 2 = 0
8. x2 1 = 0
12. 2x2 + 2x = 0
16. 6x2 x 1 = 0
18. x2 + 4x 3 = 0
28
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13.
14.
x2 + 8x + 1 = 0
4x2 + 3x 2 = 0
x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
3.
2x2 + 3x 1 = 0
5.
6.
2x2 3x + 1 = 0
8.
2s2 s + 3 = 0 11.
9.
x2 + 6x 2 = 0
x2 + x 1 = 0
2x2 + 5x 3 = 0
x2 + 16x + 9 = 0
15.
x2 + 7x 2 = 0
2.
and
x=
(a + d) a2 + d2 2ad + 4bc
=
2
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29
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3.
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30
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4.
5.
6. Given that two of the roots of x4 + 3x3 7x2 27x 18 = 0 have the same
modulus but different sign, solve the equation.
(Hint - let two of the roots be and and use the technique of equating coefficients).
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2.
11x + 1
.
(x 1)(2x + 1)
3.
a)
3
(x + 1)(x + 2)
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b)
x2
5
+ 7x + 12
32
c)
3
(2x + 1)(x 3)
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4.
a)
3x
2x + 1
b)
d)
5x + 18
(x + 4)2
g)
6x2 30x + 25
(3x 2)2 (x + 7)
e)
7x 15
(x 1)2
2x2 x + 1
(x + 1)(x 1)2
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h)
c)
f)
s+2
(s + 1)2
i)
33
x2
3x + 14
+ 8x + 16
5x2 + 23x + 24
(2x + 3)(x + 2)2
2s + 3
.
s2
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5.
a)
c)
b)
d)
27x2 4x + 5
(6x2 + x + 2)(x 3)
6x2 + 13x + 2
(x2 + 5x + 1)(x 1)
6.
a)
x+3
x+2
b)
3x 7
x3
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c)
x2 + 2x + 2
x+1
34
d)
2x2 + 7x + 7
x+2
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e)
7.
a)
d)
f)
c)
x2 + 1
(2x + 1)(x 1)(x 3)
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b)
e)
1+x
(x + 3)2 (x + 1)
3s + 1
s(s 2)
35
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8.
9.
a)
2s + 1
5
s (s + 1)
10.
b)
2s3 + 6s2 + 6s + 3
s+1
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2x + 1
(x 2)(x + 1)(x 3)
36
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Answers
Section 1. Arithmetic of fractions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a)
a)
a)
a)
a)
a)
4
, b) 49 , c) 2, d) 89 , e) 1, f) 17
, g) 75 , h) 3
9
21
17
23
5
, b) 16 , c) 12
, d) 16 , e) 113
, f) 70
6
90
3
9
, b) 32 , c) 16
, d) 83 , e) 43 , f) 13 .
20
3
9
6, b) 2, c) 89 , d) 16
, e) 29 , f) 16
2 21 , b) 2 13 , c) 2 43 , d) 1 15 , e) 2 25 , f) 2 74 , g) 5 13 , h)
9
, b) 72 , c) 17
, d) 17
, e) 35
, f) 74
, g) 67
, h) 625
4
3
5
3
9
4
7
9 92
a) x7 , b) y 10 , c) z 6 , d) t13 , e) a4 , f) t7 , g) b10 , h) z 14 .
a) x4 , b) y 4 , c) t4 , d) z, e) v 7 , f) x3
7
a) 10, b) 103 , c) x7 , d) xy4 , e) a2 b2 , f) 99 10, g) x3 y, h) abc
2
4.
5.
y
12
5
a) x13 , b) 3x5 , c) t, d) ab
2 , e) x3 , f) 27x
a) 48, b) 49 , c) 1, d) 4, e) 25, f) 1000
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
4 a6
2
9a2 b2
, c) 4 b2
= 44ba6 d) 8a6 b3 , e)
c6
6
8z 6
, (i) 4x2 , j) 4x14 , k) x8 .
27t3
2
2.4
2/3
1/3 2/3
a) 46 59 , b)
9x2 y 4 z 6 , f)
36
,
a2 b4
g) x94 , h)
a) 63/2 , b) 5 , c) 10 , d) x , e) 2 x , f) a3/2 , g) a1/2 b.
a) 43/2 , b) 31/4 , c) 78/3 , d) 191/2 , e) a3 b9/2 , f) k 4 .
a) 51/6 b1/6 , b) 27x3/2 , c) 3x3/2 , d) 33/2 x3/2
a) x5/6 , b) x1/6 , c) x1/6 , d) 2x, e) 5y, f) 3t , g) 2y, h) x3 , i) a4 , j) a3/2
2.
3.
4.
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37
c mathcentre 2003
5.
6.
a)
x
3
1+
y
2
, b)
r 2
(2r
3
+ h), c) a
1
2
2
, d)
1
x
2
1 .
2(x+y)
, b) 2(x+y)
, c) 2(x+y)
3
3
3
3(x+4)
3(x+4)
a) 3(x+4)
,
b)
,
c)
,
7
7
7
a)
3
,
4(x1)
3.
a)
6
,
7(s+3)
4.
6
.
x
5.
6.
a)
11x
,
28
7.
a)
3x+7
,
(x+2)(x+3)
8.
9.
3s+11
.
21
A(x+1)+B(2x+3)
.
(2x+3)(x+1)
b)
b)
23x
,
45
x
c) 12
, d)
b)
7x+17
,
(x+3)(x+1)
x2 2
,
(x+1)(x+2)
c)
12.
(Ax+B)(x1)+C(x2 +x+10)
(x1)(x2 +x+10)
13.
15.
16.
(Ax+B)(x+1)+C
x+1
53x
a) 60 , b) 13x
.
60
x
1
, 17. x+1
,
5x+2y
21.
3x14
,
(x4)2
a+b
c
e)
x(x+1)
,
y(y+1)
f) Q/4, g)
4Q
,
d2
h) xy .
5(3x1)
x(2x+1)
11.
24.
x(x+1)
,
y(y+1)
4(x1)
.
3
c)
A(x1)2 +B(x1)(2x+5)+C(2x+5)
(2x+5)(x1)2
A(x+1)+B
(x+1)2
10.
d)
22.
19.
4x3 +10x+4
.
2x2 +x
3
e)
x2 +6x+2
,
x(x+2)
1
,
(2x+1)(3x+2)
1
,
x+4
20.
23.
a)
d)
x+2
,
6
g)
2x2 +10x+14
,
(x+3)(x+2)
e)
f)
9+2x2x2
,
3(2x+1)
h)
x
.
20
x2 3x+2
(x3)2
15+14xy
,
21y
v+u
,
uv
b)
uv
.
v+u
+5s +3s+6
25. s2s3 +6s
26. c) and e) only. Note in particular that whilst
2 +11s+6 .
a
b
a
is equal to c + c , b+c is NOT equal to ab + ac , in general.
s+1
.
s2
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
38
c mathcentre 2003
Section 5. Surds
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a) 180 = 36 5 = 6 5. b) 63 = 9 7 = 3 7.
x y = x + y 2 xy.
q
q
a) 4p, b) pq 3 , c) p + 2q + 2 2pq, d) 5 2 6.
a) a1/2 ,
b) 153/2
2. 4,
6. 7/4,
10. 6,
14. 6,
18. 3/4,
8 4,
22.
26. 42,
30. 13/3,
34. x = 9/200.
3. 1,
7. 2,
11. 1/9,
15. 5,
19.
5/3,
23.
23 + 4,
27. 1,
31. 15,
35. s = 13.
4. 1/7,
8. 0,
12. 7/6,
16. 37/19,
20. 5,
24. 49,
28.
8/13,
32. 7/6,
1.
t=
3.
a) e =
4.
n=
2.
hcd
,
2
mJ
ELJ
N=
L
,
A
b) h =
S2r 2
,
2r
c) c =
d(1+Q2 )
Q2 1
d) x =
215y
2
2. 1, 2,
6. 4, 3,
10. 1 twice
14. 0, 9,
18. 1, 3.
3. 2, 1,
4. 1, 2,
7. 4, 5,
8. 1, 1,
11. 11, 0, 12. 0, 1,
16. 21 , 13 ,
15. 2, 12 ,
1. 4 15.
5. 34 417 .
9. 12 , 3.
2. 72 257 .
6. 21 25 .
10. 3/2, 1.
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
3. 3 11. 4. 38 841 .
7. 32 213.
8. 43 417 .
39
c mathcentre 2003
4
x+3
4
3
3
3
5
5
6
3
+ 2x+1
,
3. a) x+1
x+2
, b) x+3
x+4
, c) 7(2x+1)
7(x3)
.
x1
2
7
8
3
2
1
+ (x1)
b) x1
+ (x1)
c) x+4
+ (x+4)
a) x1
2,
2,
2.
5
2
1
1
1
3
1
2
(x+4)
e) x+1
+ x1
+ (x1)
f) 2x+3
+ x+2
+ (x+2)
2,
2,
2,
x+4
1
1
1
1
1
3x2
+ (3x2)
h) s+1
+ (s+1)
i) 2s + s32 .
2 + x+7
2
a)
2
x+1
3
,
x2
c)
3
x+4
3
7(x3(x+3)
2 +x+1)
7(x2)
3x+1
4
+ x3
6x2 +x+2
1
1
+ (2x+3)
2
2x+3
3x+1
3
+ x1 .
x2 +5x+1
1
a) 1 + x+2
2
,
3 + x3
1
1 + x + x+1
1
2x + 3 + x+2
,
1
1
1
+ x+2
+ x3
+ 3x2 + x + 2
(x+2)2
1
1
+ x2 +x+1
2x2 + x + 7 + 2x+1
4
1
1
1
a) 3x
+ x1
+ 3(x3)
. b) (x+3)
2.
5
7
1
2 2s+1
e) 2(s2)
2s
.
8.
9.
10.
a)
K( )
1+ s
1
1
.
a) s5 + s14 s13 + s12 1s + s+1
5
1
7
3(x2) 12(x+1) + 4(x3)
K
s
c)
5
21(2x+1)
1
3(x1)
5
7(x3)
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
b)
1
s+1
+ 2s2 + 4s + 2.
40
c mathcentre 2003
Acknowledgements
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
P K Armstrong
A Croft
A Kay
C M Linton
M McIver
A H Osbaldestin
www.mathcentre.ac.uk
41
c mathcentre 2003