Design

Design of
of Tension
Tension Members
Members -- 22

CE
CE 3050
3050

Basic
Basic Structural
Structural Steel
Steel Design
Design

Review
Review:: Plates
Plates in
in Tension
Tension

Design Strategy for Tension

Gross Area Design Strength
Tdg

fy
=
Ag
m0

Ag:: Gross cross-sectional area

m0 = 1.10

fy

Design Strategy for Tension

Net Area Design Strength
Tdn

fu
= 0.9
An
m1

An:: Net cross-sectional area

m1 = 1.25

fu

Plastic

Net Area
Plate with Holes
t
d

g
g

A
Ann == [b
[b nd
nd ++ (p
(p22/4g)]
/4g)] tt
p

p2/4g
for all inclined parts of the section

All possible failure paths to be investigated

Minimum net area to be used in design

Block Shear
Plates
More than one bolt line
Bolt shear strength and
plate bearing strength are higher

Shear Planes
Tension Plane

Design Strategy for Block Shear

Block Shear Design Strength
Smaller of

Tdb1 = Avg

fy

3 m0

fu
+ 0.9Atn
m1

Yield
Yield of
of Gross
Gross area
area in
in shear
shear ++ Rupture
Rupture of
of Net
Net area
area in
in tension
tension

OR

Tdb1 = 0.9Avn

fu

3 m1

+ Atg

fy
m0

Rupture
Rupture of
of Net
Net area
area in
in shear
shear ++ Yield
Yield of
of Gross
Gross area
area in
in tension
tension

When one (either) plane reaches ultimate strength, the

other plane develops full yield

Design for Shear

Interaction of Normal stress and Shear stress
von Mises yield criterion

{(

1
2 x y

1
2

)2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 + 6(2xy + 2yz + 2zx ) }

2x + 3 2xy = fy2

xy =

fy
3

for x = 0

Yield in Shear

=Y

Plates in Tension
Design Strategy
Yield of Gross section
m0
Rupture of Net section
0.9 factor
m1
Block shear
Both yielding of gross section and rupture of net
section

Both in shear and tension

1
3

multiplier for shear strength

Shear
Shear Lag
Lag

Non-Uniform Stress
More stress near restraint
Less stress near un-restrained / free ends

T/2

T/2

T T / Ag

Angles
Angles in
in Tension
Tension

Shear Lag
Angles
Single leg connected
Eccentrically loaded through gusset plates

Free,
Un-stiffened,
Un-connected end

Part of cross-section NOT effective

Less Stressed

Gusset Plate

Shear Lag
Channels
Both legs connected

Part of cross-section NOT effective

Less Stressed

Gusset Plate

Shear Lag
Effects of Shear Lag
Strength reduction
Part of cross-section ineffective (less stressed)
Consider in Design

Shear Lag
Factors affecting / causing Shear Lag
Outstand (unconnected part)
More outstand more shear lag
Thin / slender outstand more shear lag
Connection stiffness
Flexible connection more shear lag
Single leg connection versus both leg connection
One bolt versus multiple bolt connection

Angles in Tension
Design Strategy
Yielding of gross section
Rupture of net section
Block shear

Angles in Tension
Gross Area Design Strength
Tdg

fy
=
Ag
m0

Ag:: Gross cross-sectional area

m0 = 1.10

Gusset Plate

Angles in Tension
Net Area Design Strength
Tdn

fy
fu
= 0.9
Anc +
Ago
m1
m0

Anc :: Net area of connected leg

Ago :: Gross area of unconnected or outstanding leg

:: Modification factor based on contribution of
unconnected outstand
m0 = 1.10
m1 = 1.25

Angles in Tension
Net Area Design Strength
Tdn

fy
fu
= 0.9
Anc +
Ago
m1
m0

:: Modification factor based on contribution of

unconnected outstand
t

w fy bs
= 1.4 0.076
t fu Lc
0.7
fu m0

fy m1

w1

bs = w + w1 - t

bs = w

Angles in Tension
Net Area Design Strength
Tdn

fy
fu
= 0.9
Anc +
Ago
m1
m0

w fy bs
= 1.4 0.076
t fu Lc
0.7
fu m0

fy m1

Upper Limit
Full unconnected length rupture
Lower Limit
70% of unconnected length yielding

Angles in Tension
Net Area Design Strength
Tdn

fu
=
An
m1

Approximate Estimate
Case

One or two bolts

0.6

Three bolts

0.7

Four or more bolts

0.8

Weld

0.8

Angles in Tension
Design Strategy
Yielding of gross section
Rupture of net section
Block shear

Angles in Tension
Block Shear

Shear Plane
Tension Plane

Angles in Tension
Welded Members
No Net Area
No reduction of area due to bolt holes
Design strength based on Gross Area only

Check for Block Shear

Threaded
Threaded Rods
Rods in
in Tension
Tension

Threaded Rods
Design Strategy
Yielding of gross section
Rupture of net section

Threaded Rods in Tension

Gross Area Design Strength
Tdg

fy
=
Ag
m0

Ag:: Gross cross-sectional area

m0 = 1.10

d root
d gross

Threaded Rods in Tension

Net Area Design Strength
Tdn

fu
= 0.9
An
m1

An:: Net root area at the threaded section

m1 = 1.25
f fy

fy

fu

d root
d gross

Elastic

Elasto-Plastic

Plastic

Member
Member Design
Design

Stiffness Requirement
Case
Pretensioned Members
(always in tension)

Maximum
l/r limit
No Limit

Members under tension only

400

Not designed for compression under stress reversal

350

Designed for compression under stress reversal

250

(not always in tension!)

(may also be in compression sometimes!!)

(will also be in compression)

Stiffness Requirement
Serviceability Limit State
To control
Deflection
Vibration
To facilitate
Ease of handling
Transportation and erection requirements
Minimization of damage during fabrication

Do Not affect Strength of tension members

Design
Design of
of Tension
Tension Members
Members

Design Steps
1: Determine Factored Design Force T (Demand)
2: Calculate
Ag req = T / (fy / m0)
An req = T / (fu / m1)
Choose a trial section
Select connection details

3: Determine design strength Td (Capacity)

Ensure Td > T (Capacity > Demand)

4: Check l/r to be within prescribed limits

5: Calculate Efficiency = T / (Ag fy / m0)

Design Steps
Efficiency
100% Efficiency
Gross Area Yielding
Welded connection
Bolted Connection

Efficiency may reduce due to

Bolt holes
Net area rupture governing

Shear lag
Block shear

T
fy
m0

Ag

Summary
Steel Tension Members
Efficient load carrying members

IS 800: 2007
Section 6 (page 32 33)

6.1 Tension Members

6.2 Design Strength due to Yielding of Gross Section
6.3 Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical Section
6.4 Design Strength due to Block Shear