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Earl G. Smith, Administrator of The Estate of Gary Dean Smith, Deceased v. Metropolitan Property and Liability Insurance Company, 629 F.2d 757, 2d Cir. (1980)
Earl G. Smith, Administrator of The Estate of Gary Dean Smith, Deceased v. Metropolitan Property and Liability Insurance Company, 629 F.2d 757, 2d Cir. (1980)
2d 757
The only question raised in this appeal is whether the district court properly
abstained in a diversity action. The complaint requested a declaration of the
validity under Connecticut law of an exclusionary clause in an automobile
insurance policy. The United States District Court for the District of
Connecticut, Ellen Bree Burns, Judge, approved and adopted a ruling of a
United States Magistrate Arthur H. Latimer that abstention was appropriate
under Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux, 360 U.S. 25, 79 S.Ct.
1070, 3 L.Ed.2d 1058 (1959), in that the suit presented "difficult questions of
state law bearing on policy problems of substantial public import whose
importance transcends the result in the case then at bar."1 Colorado River
Water Conservation District v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 814, 96 S.Ct. 1236,
1244, 47 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976). We affirm.
The appellant filed a claim on his son's behalf under the uninsured motorist
provisions of the policy. Metropolitan rejected the claim on the ground that the
motorcycle which Gary Smith was operating at the time of the accident,
although owned by him, was not listed in the schedule of "insured highway
vehicles" which formed part of the policy.2 Metropolitan argued that coverage
was therefore barred by an exclusionary clause providing in pertinent part that:
Both parties filed motions for summary judgment, which were referred to
Magistrate Latimer, who denied the motions and ruled that abstention was
appropriate. This ruling was approved and adopted in the opinion of Judge
Burns.
* Although the jurisdiction which Congress has bestowed on the federal courts
may at one time have been thought to be strictly mandatory, see, e. g., Cohens
v. Virginia, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264, 404, 5 L.Ed. 257 (1821); Bacon v. Rutland
Railroad Co., 232 U.S. 134, 137, 34 S.Ct. 283, 284, 58 L.Ed. 538 (1914);
Prentis v. Atlantic Coast Line Co., 211 U.S. 210, 228, 29 S.Ct. 67, 70, 53 L.Ed.
150 (1908), it is now well established that we may refrain from deciding
questions of state law otherwise within our jurisdiction, where the controversy
falls within one of several categories thought to be inimical to harmonious
federalism. See, e. g., Burford v. Sun Oil Co., 319 U.S. 315, 63 S.Ct. 1098, 87
L.Ed. 1424 (1943) (a state administrative apparatus would be disrupted);
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux, supra (where a difficult
question of state law of substantial import is presented). See also Railroad
Comm. of Texas v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496, 61 S.Ct. 643, 85 L.Ed. 971
(1941) (where federal constitutional issues might be mooted by a determination
of a difficult question of state law); see generally ALI, Study of the Division of
Jurisdiction Between State and Federal Courts (1969).
9
In deciding to abstain under Thibodaux, the district court exercised "fair and
well-considered discretion." Thibodaux, supra, 360 U.S. at 30, 79 S.Ct. at 1073;
see also Lehman Bros. v. Schein, 416 U.S. 386, 390-91, 94 S.Ct. 1741, 174344, 40 L.Ed.2d 215 (1974) (use of state certification procedure is
discretionary). In addition, a district court has discretion to withhold declaratory
relief, such as is requested here, in order to avoid "needless obstruction of the
domestic policies of the states." Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v. Huffman,
319 U.S. 293, 298, 63 S.Ct. 1070, 1073, 87 L.Ed. 1407 (1943); Beacon Const.
Co. v. Matco Elec. Co., 521 F.2d 392 (2d Cir. 1975). The propriety of the
district court's decision to withhold such relief is further reinforced by the fact
that appellant has recourse to arbitration. Paragraph 22 of the policy provides
that disputes as to coverage or amount of payment shall be settled by arbitration
upon written election of the insured. On the oral argument appellant indicated
that the issue of damages would be submitted to arbitration. Given that both the
extent of coverage and the amount of damages are arbitrable, the arbitration
proceeding is a fully adequate alternative remedy which would be substantially
duplicative of any proceeding in this court.
10
(2d Cir. 1965), cert. denied, 383 U.S. 909, 86 S.Ct. 892, 15 L.Ed.2d 664 (1966)
(because issues raised by plaintiff in his request for a declaratory judgment
could also be determined in an arbitration proceeding, it was within the
discretion of the district court to dismiss "the parallel and duplicative action
seeking declaratory judgment."); accord, Aeronaves de Mexico, S.A. v.
Triangle Aviation Services, Inc., 389 F.Supp. 1388 (S.D.N.Y. 1974).
II
11
12
The district court was amply justified in concluding that the state law
uncertainty as to the validity of the clause excluding coverage for uninsured
vehicles was considerable. We need not be concerned here with weighting
degrees of uncertainty, compare Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433, 91
S.Ct. 507, 27 L.Ed.2d 515 (1971) with Bellotti v. Baird, 428 U.S. 132, 147-48,
96 S.Ct. 2857, 2866, 49 L.Ed.2d 844 (1976); no edification whatever is
available on this question, either from the Connecticut courts, see, e. g., Safeco
Ins. Cos. v. Vetre, 174 Conn. 329, 387 A.2d 539 (1978); Rosnick v. Aetna
Casualty & Surety Co., 172 Conn. 416, 374 A.2d 1076 (1977); Pecker v. Aetna
Casualty & Surety Co., 171 Conn. 443, 370 A.2d 1006 (1976); Roy v.
Centennial Insurance Co., 171 Conn. 463, 370 A.2d 1011 (1976); Citrano v.
Berkshire Mut. Ins. Co., 171 Conn. 248, 368 A.2d 54 (1976); Weingarten v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 169 Conn. 502, 363 A.2d 1055 (1975); Griffith v. Security
Ins. Co. of Hartford, 167 Conn. 450, 356 A.2d 94 (1975), or from the language
of the uninsured motorist statute and its associated regulations.4 The courts of
other states are in conflict. Compare Bankes v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
216 Pa.Super. 162, 264 A.2d 197 (1970) and Beek v. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co.,
135 N.J.Super. 1, 342 A.2d 547 (1975), aff'd, 73 N.J. 185, 373 A.2d 654 (1977)
with Employers' Fire Ins. Co. v. Baker, 383 A.2d 1005 (R.I. 1978) and
Rodriquez v. Maryland Indem. Ins. Co., 24 Ariz.App. 392, 539 P.2d 196
(1975). In other words, we have "no real idea" how the Connecticut courts
would decide this question. First Nat'l Bank v. Reed, 306 F.2d 481, 487 (2d Cir.
1962).5
13
abstention was not limited to the area of eminent domain law which happened
to be involved in the earlier case. See also Kaiser Steel Corp. v. W. S. Ranch
Co., 391 U.S. 593, 88 S.Ct. 1753, 20 L.Ed.2d 835 (1968) (water rights). This
court has adopted a broad view of abstention. See, e. g., Naylor v. Case &
McGrath, Inc., 585 F.2d 557 (2d Cir. 1978); Brown v. First Nat. City Bank, 503
F.2d 114 (2d Cir. 1974); Phillips, Nizer, Benjamin, Krim & Ballon v.
Rosenstiel, 490 F.2d 509, 516 (2d Cir. 1973); First Nat'l Bank v. Reed, 306
F.2d 481, 487 (2d Cir. 1962); Beach v. Rome Trust Co., 269 F.2d 367 (2d Cir.
1959); see also Northeastern Tel. Co. v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 477 F.Supp.
251 (D.Conn. 1978).
14
15
The fact that the insurance industry is heavily regulated makes it all the more
important that we stay our hand in favor of a definitive and uniform
interpretation from the state courts. Abstention is particularly appropriate when
dealing with a "complicated and comprehensive regulatory statute intended to
strike a balance between differing local interests." Brown v. First National City
Bank, supra at 118 (Mansfield, J.). See also Barry v. St. Paul Fire & Marine
Ins. Co., 555 F.2d 3 (1st Cir. 1977), aff'd 438 U.S. 531, 98 S.Ct. 2923, 57
L.Ed.2d 932 (1978).7
16
Affirmed.
MANSFIELD, Circuit Judge (dissenting):
17
our obligation to decide these matters. Although I deeply deplore the burden
placed upon us by the no-longer-warranted or necessary imposition of diversity
jurisdiction upon federal courts, see also Tobin v. Slutsky, 506 F.2d 1097 (2d
Cir. 1974); Modave v. Long Island Jewish Medical Center, 501 F.2d 1065,
1067 & n. 2 (2d Cir. 1974); Phillips, Nizer, Benjamin, Krim & Ballon v.
Rosenstiel, 490 F.2d 509, 515-16 (2d Cir. 1973), I see no justification for
chipping away at such jurisdiction through unwarranted expansion of the
doctrine of abstention.
18
The majority takes the position that "(t)his court has adopted a broad view of
abstention." The Supreme Court, however, has emphatically taken a narrow
view. See Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States, 424
U.S. 800, 813, 96 S.Ct. 1236, 1244, 47 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976) ("exception, not the
rule");1 Harris County Commissioners Court v. Moore, 420 U.S. 77, 83, 95
S.Ct. 870, 874, 43 L.Ed.2d 32 (1975) ("special circumstances"); County of
Allegheny v. Frank Mashuda Co., 360 U.S. 185, 188-89, 79 S.Ct. 1060, 10621063, 3 L.Ed.2d 1163 (1959) ("extraordinary and narrow exception"); Meredith
v. Winter Haven, 320 U.S. 228, 234-35, 64 S.Ct. 7, 10-11, 88 L.Ed. 9 (1943)
("exceptional circumstances"). This is so because the jurisdiction conferred
upon us by Congress is mandatory, not discretionary.
19
20
I differ with the majority as to whether this case qualifies as one "of substantial
public import whose importance transcends the result in the case at bar."
Colorado River, supra, 424 U.S. at 814, 96 S.Ct. at 1244. The question of state
law is undoubtedly difficult. But the issues are not important enough to warrant
abstention.
21
In Colorado River the Supreme Court proffered five examples of cases where
abstention would be warranted on the ground that they presented difficult state
policy problems transcending the result in the immediate litigation. Each of
them was far removed from the present case. In Louisiana Power & Light Co.
v. City of Thibodaux, 360 U.S. 25, 79 S.Ct. 1070, 3 L.Ed.2d 1058 (1959), the
issue was the eminent domain power of a city under state law, a matter
"intimately involved with the sovereign prerogative." In Alabama Public
Service Comm. v. Southern R. Co., 341 U.S. 341, 71 S.Ct. 762, 95 L.Ed. 1002
(1951), and Hawks v. Hamill, 288 U.S. 52, 53 S.Ct. 240, 77 L.Ed. 610 (1933),
the suits sought to enjoin state officials from executing domestic policies.
Burford v. Sun Oil Co., 319 U.S. 315, 63 S.Ct. 1098, 87 L.Ed. 1424 (1943),
involved a challenge to the order of a state regulatory authority, circumventing
a "unified" state review procedure. Kaiser Steel Corp. v. W.S. Ranch Co., 391
U.S. 593, 88 S.Ct. 1753, 20 L.Ed.2d 835 (1968), the only one of these cases
between two private parties, in fact tests the system of state grants of water
rights, an issue "of vital concern in the arid State of New Mexico."
22
U.Penn.L.Rev. 1071, 1148-53 & n. 212 (1974); Field, The Abstention Doctrine
Today, 125 U.Penn.L.Rev. 590, 608 & n. 67 (1977).
23
24
25
The fact that this is a suit for declaratory relief does not affect the propriety of
abstention. Lake Carriers' Ass'n v. MacMullan, 406 U.S. 498, 509 n. 13, 92
S.Ct. 1749, 1756, 32 L.Ed.2d 257 (1972). Nor is this the type of case in which
declaratory relief should be denied. Such relief will fully settle the controversy,
see Maryland Casualty Co. v. Rosen, 445 F.2d 1012, 1014 (2d Cir. 1971); 6A
Moore's Federal Practice Par. 57.08(4) (1979), there is no pending state court
proceeding, see Brillhart v. Excess Ins. Co., 316 U.S. 491, 495, 62 S.Ct. 1173,
1175, 86 L.Ed. 1620 (1942); Beacon Construction Co. v. Matco Electric Co.,
521 F.2d 392, 398-99 (2d Cir. 1975), and, for the reasons discussed above,
federal-state comity would not be jeopardized. The discretionary nature of
declaratory relief may not be used to avoid our mandatory diversity jurisdiction.
26
27
"Questions may occur, which we would gladly avoid; but we cannot avoid
them. All we can do is, to exercise our best judgment, and conscientiously to
perform our duty." Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264, 403, 5 L.Ed.
257 (1821) (Marshall, C. J.). I would reverse and remand the case for a
determination on the merits.
The complaint was originally in two counts. The first count was a request for a
declaratory judgment. The second count was an action to recover money
damages for Basic Reparations Benefits and fees. The second count was
deleted by consent of the parties
Connecticut law provides that every automobile insurance policy shall include
uninsured motorist coverage:
"for the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to
recover damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles . . . ."
38
"highway vehicles" within the meaning of the policy and that therefore the
exclusionary clause did not apply.
4
That Connecticut courts have tended to construe the uninsured motorist statute
narrowly, Simonette v. Great American Ins. Co., 165 Conn. 466, 470, 338 A.2d
453 (1973), even if true, is not sufficient guidance
We note also that it is the out-of-state litigant who asks us to abstain. Diversity
jurisdiction exists to protect out-of-state litigants from state court bias.
Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 U.S. 99, 111, 65 S.Ct. 1464, 1470, 89 L.Ed.
2079 (1945); Pease v. Peck, 59 U.S. (18 How.) 595, 599, 15 L.Ed. 518 (1856).
Diversity jurisdiction is of course available to in-state litigants as well as
nonresidents. But any prejudice against the appellee here can be "given effect in
state courts only at the cost of a possibly incorrect decision that could have
significant adverse effect upon state citizens as well as the particular outsider . .
. ." McGautha v. California, 402 U.S. 183, 261 n.11, 91 S.Ct. 1454, 1494, 28
L.Ed.2d 711 (1971) (Brennan, J., dissenting)
Our earlier decisions characterized by the majority as adopting "a broad view of
abstention" are distinguishable. All but Naylor v. Case & McGrath, Inc., 585
F.2d 557 (2d Cir. 1978), pre-dated the more recent strict view emphasized by
the Supreme Court in Colorado River and Harris County Commissioners, by
which we are bound. In Naylor, in which only one judge of this Court
participated, the court noted that the case presented a "unique situation" and
that the questions "bear importantly on the formation of enforcement policy
around the relatively new and recently amended Unfair Trade Practices Act of
the State, an important consumer protection statute."