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1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures (3-0-9) Outline 5 Creep and Shrinkage Deformation
1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures (3-0-9) Outline 5 Creep and Shrinkage Deformation
Spring 2004
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Outline 5
Creep of concrete
o Concrete under stress undergoes a gradual increase of strain with
time. The final creep strain may be several times as large as the initial
elastic strain.
o Creep is the property of materials by which they continue deforming
over considerable length of time under sustained stress.
o Relaxation is the loss of stress by time with constant strain.
o In concrete, creep deformations are generally larger than elastic
deformation and thus creep represents an important factor affecting
the deformation behavior.
o Concrete under constant axial compressive stress
loaded constantly
creep
recovery
elastic
deformation = inst
permanent or
residual deformation
Time
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Spring 2004
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Specific creep
o
sp =
c
,
sp ( 106
per psi)
Final strain
( 10
per psi)
3.1
3000
1.0
4000
0.80
2.9
6000
0.55
2.4
8000
0.40
2.0
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Spring 2004
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Creep coefficient
o
Ct =
c
inst
Creep
Water/cement ratio
Creep
Aggregate permeability
Creep
Aggregate creep
Creep
Aggregate stiffness
Creep
Cement
Size
Shape
Cross-section
Stress intensity
Creep
Creep
deformation (strain).
age of loading
= + 0 = ( E + C ) + 0 = ( E + C ) + ( S + T ) = E + "
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Creep
Spring 2004
Outline 5
E = reversible strain,
C = creep strain,
0 = stress-independent inelastic strain,
S = shrinkage strain,
{ d } = [ D ] { d }
where {d } = change in stress tensor,
[ D]
{d }
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Spring 2004
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increments.
(t ) = D
1
(t ) + 0 (t )
'
Eeff ( t , t )
characterized,
D=
sym.
0
0
0
1 +
0
0
0
for the case of isotropy,
0
0
1 +
0
0
0
0
1 +
E (t ' )
1
Eeff ( t , t ) =
=
= effective modulus of elasticity,
J (t, t ' ) 1 + (t, t ' )
'
'
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C (t, t ) =
'
(t, t ' )
E (t
'
Spring 2004
Outline 5
c 1
sp ).
Incremental strain
The method is applied incrementally from t0 to t if the structural
system is changed after t0 .
( t0 )
1
+ 0 ( t )
( t ) = D
+
,
t
t
(
)
(
)
0
'
E ( t0 )
Eeff ( t , t )
( t ) 0 ( t ) = a + c ( t , t0 )
The stress for t0 > t is
( t ) = ( a c ) R ( t , t0' ) + cE ( t0 )
where a, c = constants.
One can then obtain by algebraic manipulation the basic incremental
stress-strain relation of the age-adjusted effective modulus.
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Spring 2004
Outline 5
E ( t0 )
1 + ( t , t0 )
( t ) =
1
E ( t , t0 )
( t ) =
D ( t ) + ( t )
( t , t0 )
E ( t , t0 )
D ( t0 ) + 0 ( t )
where ( t ) = ( t ) ( t0 ) .
We assume isotropic material with a constant Poissons ratio, which is
approximately true for concrete.
( t , ) =
E ( )
+ C ( t , )
That is strain per unit stress at time t for the stress applied at age .
o The specific creep function
C ( t , ) = F ( ) f ( t )
o Forms of the aging function F ( ) and f ( t ) :
F ( )
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Power law: F ( ) = a + b c
Exponential law: F ( ) = a + be c
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f (t )
Power law: f ( t ) = a ( t )
f c'
< 0.4
( t t 0 ) , t
( t , t0 ) =
( 0)
0.6
10 + ( t t0 )
0.6
Principle of superposition
For analysis and design purposes the time dependent linear
relation between stress and creep strain can be written in the
following way:
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Spring 2004
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cr ( t ) = f 0 sp ( t , ) + F ( i ) sp ( t , i )
i =
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Spring 2004
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Temperature dependence
Shrinkage
Shrinkage deformation
o Shrinkage is basically a volume change of the element which is
considered to occur independently of externally imposed stresses.
This volume change can also be negative and is then called swelling.
Thin sections are particularly susceptible to drying shrinkage and
therefore must contain a certain minimum quantity of steel. In
restrained concrete shrinkage results in cracking, before any loading.
The minimum reinforcement is provided to control this cracking.
o Causes of shrinkage:
sh = sh ,u St S h Sth S s S f S e S c
where sh ,u = ultimate factor of shrinkage,
St = factor of time,
S h = factor of humidity,
Sth = factor of thickness,
S s = factor of slump,
S f = factor of fineness,
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Spring 2004
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