MODUL PERKULIAHAN

Bahasa
Inggris 4
Part 1

Grammar:
Relative Clause
Listening Comprehension
Scripts:
Leisure trends
Fakultas
FASILKOM

Program
Studi

Program
SISTEM
INFORMASI DAN
INFORMATIKA

TatapMuk
a

Kode MK

DisusunOleh

90027

Drs. Budiantoro, MA

Abstract

Kompetensi

the aim of this study is to understand

vocabularies of leisure trends & letter
and This material is a basic language
skill, in listening and reading.

Students are able to understand, first,

the vocabulary by listening and reading
from general resources of leisure trends
and letters, second, in grammar, relative
clause.

Pembahasan
Relative Clauses
Definition
A relative clause is a part of a sentence beginning with a relative pronoun (although
this pronoun can be omitted in certain cases).
For example:
The company where I worked is called International Enterprises Plc.
The

man

who

went

into

the

baker's

bought

loaf

of

bread.

My sister, who lives near London, is coming to visit me soon.

Basic relative pronouns

The relative pronoun you use depends on the thing you're talking about. Generally
speaking, the most basic ones are these:
for people
for things
for places
for reasons
for times

who/that
which/that
where
why
when

Who, which and that cannot be used indiscriminately. That can only be used in
defining relative clauses.

Trickier relative pronouns

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Four relative pronouns often seem to confuse people, but they're easy to use too.

WHICH
This can be used to refer to the whole part of the sentence that went before. Usually
a pronoun refers to a noun, but this refers to more. For example:
I've broken my leg, which means I can't walk.
I've still got some money left, which is surprising.

WHOM
This is hardly ever used in spoken English, and not often in written English. It
sounds very formal to most people. If you're going to use it at all, then only use it
after prepositions. Even so, there's usually another less formal way to say the same
thing. For example:
The

woman

to

whom

he

was

talking

is

his

sister.

The woman that he was talking to is his sister.

WHOSE
This is used to show possession. It means basically 'of who(m)'. It can always be
used for people and animals, but also for things, though this sometimes sounds
strange and it might be better to change the structure of the sentence unless the thing
is made up of people (a team, a city, an organization). For example:
My

students,

whose

homework

is

never

done,

will

The homework belongs to the students; it's theirs, so possessive.

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fail

the

exam.

That

dog

whose

bone

you

took

is

going

to

bite

your

leg

off.

never

wins

anything.

It is - or was - the dog's bone.

The

city, whose

football

team

lost

the

final,

The city's made up of people, so it sounds OK.

WHAT
This can be literally translated to mean 'the thing that' or 'that which'. It is not used
anywhere near as often as 'which' or 'that' and is not used in the same way.
For example:
A man's gotta do what a man's gotta do. "gotta" short for "got to" meaning
"have

to".

I didn't know what he was going to do next.

Non-defining relative clauses

These are the ones that give extra information. They are always written between
commas. If you leave out the relative clause between the commas it still makes
sense. For example:
Valencia, which is Spain's third largest city, is on the Mediterranean coast.
We all know Valencia, so this is extra information not needed for understanding.
My parents, who are retired, come to Spain every year.
I've only got one set of parents.
I used to live in London, where I was born and went to school.

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Defining relative clauses

These are the ones that give you the information you need to understand the
sentence. There are no commas. If you take the relative clause away, the sentence
doesn't make sense.
For example:
The team that wins will receive a cup and 1,000 .
What team?
The man who lives next door is always making a noise.
What man?
Has he told you what he's going to do?
Has he told me what?

Subject and object relative pronouns

The use of who/which/that may depend on whether the pronoun is the subject or the
object of the sentence.
For example:
The

man

who

spoke

to

me

told

me

the

story

of

his

life.

story

of

his

life.

He spoke to me, so 'who' is the subject and 'me' is the object.

The

man

that

spoke

to

told

me

the

I spoke to him, so 'I' is the subject and 'that' is the object.

When the pronoun is the object it can be left out:
The man I spoke to told me the story of his life. (What, is left out.)
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Relative clauses Practice

Exercise 1:
Put a relative pronoun into each gap. At the same time, decide whether the relative
pronoun can be omitted.
1 The books, _______________ I'd ordered over the internet, took nearly three
weeks to arrive.
2 The books _______________ I'd ordered from a bookshop arrived the following
week.
3 My parents, _______________ were born in the north of England, moved to
London to find work.
4 The man _______________ lives upstairs is always playing music when I'm
trying to get to sleep.
5 The building _______________ I live in was built in the 1920s.
6 The building _______________ I live was built in the 1920s.
7 The car's making a funny noise again, _______________ means we'll have to get
someone to look at it.
8 The employee to _______________ you refer is no longer working for this
company.
9 Do you remember the name of the man _______________ car you crashed into?
10 Have you any idea _______________ they were arguing about?
11 Have you any idea _______________ they were arguing?
12 The hotel _______________ we stayed was very good for the price.

Exercise 2:
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Combine the sentences into one single sentence using relative clauses. Use
pronouns instead of nouns where it sounds better. There may be more than one
possibility although I only show one in the answers later.
1. My flat is in an old part of the city. It was built in the 1920s.
2. There are lots of bars and restaurants in the neighborhood. I live in the
neighborhood.
3. My neighbor comes from Ecuador. He works on the fruit farms around the
city.
4. The neighbour makes a lot of noise walking around. His flat is above mine.
5. The traffic is also very noisy. It passes my flat.
6. The local market sells excellent local produce. It is a two-minute walk from
my flat.
7. In my study there are doors leading to a balcony. The balcony overlooks the
street. You can see a long way in both directions from my balcony.
8. The price of flats in this area has risen a great deal since 1998. I bought my
flat in 1998. This means I could make money if I sold my flat.
9. The government carried out a census. According to the census there are more
people moving into the area. This makes me think that the council should
invest more money here.
10. I once wanted to apply for a property grant, so I rang the council and spoke
to a woman. She told me that I should go to the local council offices. I could
pick up an application form at the local council offices. I should fill in the
application form and return it as soon as possible.
Answer Key:
exercise 1:
(1) The books, which I'd ordered over the internet, took nearly three weeks to
arrive.
(2) The books that I'd ordered from a bookshop arrived the following week.
(3) My parents, who were born in the north of England, moved to London to find
work.
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(4) The man that lives upstairs is always playing music when I'm trying to get to
sleep.
(5) The building that I live in was built in the 1920s.
(6) The building where I live was built in the 1920s.
(7) The car's making a funny noise again, which means we'll have to get someone
to look at it.
(8) The employee to whom you refer is no longer working for this company.
(9) Do you remember the name of the man whose car you crashed into?
(10) Have you any idea what they were arguing about?
(11) Have you any idea why they were arguing?
(12) The hotel where we stayed was very good for the price.
exercise 2:
1. My flat, which is in an old part of the city, was built in the 1920s.
2. There are lots of bars and restaurants in the neighborhood where I live.
3. My neighbor, who comes from Ecuador, works on the fruit farms around the

city.
4. The neighbor whose flat is above mine makes a lot of noise walking around.
5. The traffic that passes my flat is also very noisy.
6. The local market, which sells excellent local produce, is a two-minute walk
from my flat.
7. In my study there are doors leading to a balcony, which overlooks the street
and from which you can see a long way in both directions.
8. The price of flats in this area has risen a great deal since 1998, when I bought
mine, which means that I could make money if I sold it.

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9. The government carried out a census according to which there are more

people moving into the area, which makes me think that the council should
invest more money here.
10. I once wanted to apply for a property grant, so I rang the council and spoke to
a woman who told me that I should go to the local council offices where I
could pick up an application form, which I should fill in and return as soon as
possible.

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Bibliography
Fuchs, M. (2001). Grammar Express. New York, USA: Wesley Longman, Inc.
Lougheed, L. (2008). 600 essential words for the TOElC test (3rd Ed ed.). New York,
USA: Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
Talcott, C. (2011). A Communicative Course for TOEIC Preparation. New York, USA:
Cambridge University Press.

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