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Item Kbat Chemistry Form Four Structure of The Atom
Item Kbat Chemistry Form Four Structure of The Atom
[Memahami]
(a) (i) How many protons would there be if the unknown substance was a neutral
atom?
[1 mark]
[Memahami]
(ii) What would the diagram represent if it was a neutral atom?
[1 mark]
[Memahami]
(b)(i) How many protons would there be if the substance was a 2+ ion?
[1 mark]
[Aplikasi]
(ii) What would the diagram represent if it was a 2+ ion?
[1 mark]
[Aplikasi]
(c) (i) In what group of the periodic table would the unknown substance be if the
represented a 1+ ion?
[1mark]
[ Aplikasi]
(ii) How many neutrons would the 1+ ion have if its relative atomic mass was 39?
[1 mark]
[Aplikasi]
(d) (i) In what group of the periodic table would the unknown substance be if it
represented a 1- ion?
[1mark]
[Aplikasi]
(ii) What would the relative atomic mass of the 1- ion be if it had 20 neutrons?
[1 mark]
Answers:
(a)(i) 18
(ii) Argon
(b)(i) 20
(ii)
(c)(i) Group 1
(ii)
20
(d)(i) Group 17
(ii)
37
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
Chapter 3
Chemical Formulae
[Menganalisis]
1. Which sulphide contains the greatest mass of sulphur in a 10 g sample?
[Relative atomic mass: S, 32; Fe, 56; Ni, 59; 96; Pb, 207]
Formula
NiS
FeS2
MoS2
PbS
A
B
C
D
Answer: B
[Mengaplikasi]
2. 124 g of phosphorus vapour has the same volume as 71 g of chlorine gas at the
same temperature and pressure.
What is the formula of a molecule of phosphorus?
A P8
B P4
C P2
D P
Answer: B
[Mengaplikasi]
3. A mixture containing 1 mole of butene and 8 moles of oxygen is reacted in a
sealed container. The chemical equation below represents the reaction.
Satu campuran mengandungi 1 mol butena dan 8 mol oksigen telah
ditindakbalaskan dalam sebuah bekas tertutup. Persamaan kimia berikut
mewakili tindakbalas yang berlaku.
C4H8(g) + 6O2 (g) 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
What is the total number of moles of gas present in the container at the end of the
reaction?
Berapakah jumlah bilangan mol gas yang ada di dalam bekas tersebut di akhir
tindakbalas?
Answer
10 moles
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
Chapter 4
[Analysis]
1. The results of three halogen displacement experiments are shown.
The table shows the results.
X
Br
Br
Cl
Cl
Y
Cl
I
Br
I
Z
I
Cl
I
Br
Answer: D
[Analysis]
2. Which element in the first column of the Periodic Table has different
properties from the rest of the elements? Give reasons for your answer. [3 marks]
Answer:
Hydrogen
Gas at room temperature, does not conduct electricity and heat
[Application]
3. An element X (2,8,2) combines separately with NO3 and (SO4)2 , (PO4)3 radicals.
[3 marks]
Answer:
X(NO3)2, XSO4, X3(PO4)2
[Mengaplikasi]
4. Farah has balloons filled with three different gases. The symbols for the gases are
written on each balloon.
She lets go of the balloons. The diagram shows what happens.
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Predict what would happen to a balloon filled with krypton.
[1 mark]
[2 marks]
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain how the electron structure is related to the chemical properties of
helium.
[2 marks]
(d) (i) Helium is often used to fill balloons. Give two reasons why this is a good
choice.
[2 marks]
(ii) Neon, argon and krypton are used to fill light bulbs. Give a reason for this.
[2 marks]
Answers:
(c) (i)
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
Chapter 5
Chemical Bonds
1. The following table shows some of the ions found in natural waters.
Mg2+
Ion
Name
magnesiu
m
Na+
sodium
SO42-
NO3
sulphate nitrate
Ca2+
Cl
calcium
chloride
K+
potassiu
m
[Mengaplikasi]
(a) Use the list of ions to work out the formulae of the following compounds:
(Explain your answers)
(i) sodium sulphate
(ii) potassium nitrate
(iii) calcium chloride
(iv) magnesium nitrate
(v) potassium chloride
[Memahami]
(b) (i) What type of bonding occurs in all of these compounds?
(ii) Explain how this type of bonding occurs.
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[1 marks]
[2 marks]
[Aplikasi]
(c) (i) Iodine is in the same group of the Periodic Table as chlorine.
What is the formula of an iodide ion?
[1 mark]
(ii) Strontium, Sr, is in the same group of the Periodic Table as magnesium.
What is the formula of the strontium ion?
[1 mark]
(iii) What is the formula of strontium iodide?
[1 mark]
Answers:
(a) (i) two sodium with 1+ needed to cancel 2- in sulphate
Na2SO4
(ii) one potassium with 1+ needed to cancel 1- in nitrate
KNO3
(iii) one calcium 2+ needed to cancel 1- in two chlorines
CaCl2
(iv) one magnesium 2+ needed for two nitrates 1Mg(NO3)2
(v) one potassium 1+ needed for one chloride 1KCl
(b) (i) ionic
(ii) electrons are transferred from one atom
to another
(c) (i) I
(ii) Sr2+
(iii) SrI
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
Chapter 6
Electrochemistry
1. [Aplikasi]
A student intends to electroplate an iron key with silver using the set-up of
apparatus as shown.
Seorang murid ingin menyadur satu kunci ferum dengan argentum dengan
menggunakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan.
When the current is allowed to flow for 30 minutes, it was found that the iron key
was not electroplated. Which of the following should be done to ensure silver
plating takes place?
Apabila tenaga elektrik dialirkan melaluinya selama 30 minit, didapati bahawa
kunci ferum tidak disadur. Manakah antara berikut patut dilakukan untuk
memastikan bahawa penyaduran berlaku?
A
[Mengaplikasi]
2. Two cells were set up as shown in the diagram. The arrows show the direction
of electron flow in the external circuit.
Which set of metals would give the electron flows in the direction shown?
A
B
C
D
Metal X
Ag
Ag
Cu
Zn
Metal Y
Cu
Zn
Zn
Cu
Metal Z
Zn
Cu
Ag
Ag
Answer: D
[Menganalisis]
3. The table shows the results of an experiment which uses a voltaic cell.
Pairs of metals
P and Q
R and S
P and S
Voltage/ V
0.7
1.1
2.7
Negative terminal
Q
S
S
[2 marks]
[Mengingati]
(i) The electrolyte contains cryolite. Explain why.
[2 marks]
[Mengaplikasi]
(ii) Oxygen is formed at the positive electrode. Write the equation for this
reaction.
[2 marks]
[Mengaplikasi]
(iii) The positive electrode in the cell is used up during the process. Explain
why.
[2 marks]
Answers:
(a)
2 x 27
2 x 27 +3 x 16
x 100% = 52.94%
(b)(i) because it lowers the melting point (of the aluminium oxide)
so less energy is needed (to melt it)
(ii) 2O2 O2 + 4e
(iii) because the electrode reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
Chapter 7
[Aplikasi]
1. A patient complained of a pain due to an excess of acid in the stomach. Which
substance will help to relieve the pain?
Seorang pesakit mengadu kesakitan disebabkan oleh asid yang berlebihan di
dalam perutnya. Bahan manakah yang boleh membantu mengurangkan
kesakitan tersebut?
A Ammonia
C Potassium chloride
[Ammonia]
[Kalium klorida]
B Ethanoic acid
D Magnesium hydroxide
[Asid etanoik]
[Magnesium hidroksida]
Answer: D
[Aplikasi]
2. In an accident at a factory, some nitric acid was spilt.
Which substance, when added in excess, would neutralise the acid without
leaving an alkaline solution?
Sedikit asid nitrik tertumpah dalam satu kemalangan di kilang.
Bahan manakah, apabila ditambah secara berlebihan, akan meneutralkan acid itu
tanpa meninggalkan larutan yang beralkali?
A
B
C
D
Aqueous ammonia
Aqueous sodium hydroxide
Calcium carbonate
Water
Answer: C
[Ammonia akueus]
[Natrium hidroksida akueus]
[Kalsium karbonat]
[Air]
3. [Aplikasi]
A student intends to investigate the reaction of sodium bicarbonate with vinegar.
The set-up of apparatus and observation is shown in the figure below.
When sodium carbonate in the balloon is mixed with vinegar, the balloon inflates.
Explain the reason for this observation.
[1 mark]
Answer:
4. [Aplikasi]
Plants grow best when the pH of the soil is close to 7. What can the soil be treated
with if the soil is too (a) acidic, and (b) alkaline?
[2 marks]
Answers:
(a) Lime/ limestone/ calcium oxide
(b) Vinegar
5. Calcium carbonate is found in limestone.
Limestone is used as a building material.
Limestone is also used to make calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.
(a) Limestone is heated to make calcium oxide.
[Mengingati]
(i) Calcium oxide reacts with a substance to produce calcium hydroxide.
Name the substance.
[1 mark]
[Mengingati]
(ii) Calcium hydroxide reacts with a substance to produce calcium carbonate.
Name the substance.
[1 mark]
[Application]
6. A first aid manual suggests that vinegar should be used to treat wasp sting and
baking soda for bee stings.
(i) What does this information tell you about the chemical nature of the wasp
stings?
(ii) If there were no baking soda in the house, what other household substance
could you use to treat bee stings?
Answers:
(i) Since vinegar (acetic acid) is used to heal or neutralize the effect of wasp stings
this means that the chemical present in the sting must be some base.
(ii)
NH4OH
[Application]
7. A road tanker carrying an acid was involved in an accident and its contents spilled
on the road. At the side of the road, iron drain covers began melting and fizzing as
the acid ran over them. A specialist was called to see if the acid actually leaked
into the nearby river.
(a) Describe how the specialist could carry out a simple test to see if the river
water contains some acid or not.
[2 marks]
(b) The word melting is incorrectly used in the report. Suggest a better name that
should have been used.
[1 mark]
(c) Explain why drain covers began fizzing as the acid rain over them. [2 marks]
Answers:
a)
b)
Corrosion
c)
Iron reacts with acid to evolve hydrogen gas. Thus, the hydrogen gas bubbles
[Analysis]
8. A compound `X` on electrolysis in aqueous solution produces a strong base. `Y`
along with two gases `A` and `B`. `B` is used in manufacture of bleaching powder.
Identify X, Y, A and B. Write chemical equations.
Answers:
X - NaCl solution
Y - NaOH solution
A - Hydrogen gas
B - Chlorine gas
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
Chapter 8 Salts
[Mengaplikasi]
1. The equation shows the effect of heat on copper(II) carbonate.
(8 marks)
Answer: A
2. The diagram shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the effect of heat on a salt.
It is found that a green precipitate is formed in the iron(II) sulphate solution. Which
of the following is solid X?
A Copper(II) chloride
C Lead(II) nitrate
B Iron(II) carbonate
D Ammonium chloride
Answer: D
Result
black
Heat
Add dilute hydrochloric acid
Heat and pass hydrogen over it
[Analisis]
(a) Identify the black solid.
no change
solution of green salt
brown solid, gas which condenses to
colourless liquid
[1 mark]
[Analisis, Sintesis]
(b)(i) Identify the green salt.
[1 mark]
(ii) What products would be formed when a solution of the green salt is
electrolysed?
[2 marks]
(iii) How can the gas produced during electrolysis be identified by a chemical test?
[2 marks]
[Aplikasi, Analisis]
(c)(i) Name the brown solid produced in the fourth test.
[1 mark]
(ii) Name the liquid which condenses in the fourth test.
[1 mark]
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction.
[1 mark]
(iv) What is the role of hydrogen in this reaction?
[1 mark]
Answers:
(a) copper(II) oxide
(b) (i) copper(II) chloride
(ii) copper and chlorine
(iii) bleaches
moist indicator paper
(c) (i) copper
(ii) water
(iii) CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
(iv) reducing agent
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FOUR
Chapter 9 Manufactured Substances in Industries
1. Oil rigs are used to drill for crude oil.
2. [Menilai]
Most plastic bags are made from poly(ethene).
(a) Poly(ethene) molecules are made from ethene molecules by a polymerisation
reaction.
Describe what happens in a polymerisation reaction.
[2 marks]
(b) There are millions of plastic bags in use. Poly(ethene) is a polymer made from
ethene. Ethene is made by cracking saturated hydrocarbons from crude oil.
After use most of these plastic bags are buried in landfill sites. The amount
sent to landfill could be reduced if the plastic bags:
could be reused
could be recycled by melting and making them into new plastic products
could be burned to release energy.
By using the information above and your knowledge and understanding, give
the positive and negative environmental impacts of using these methods to
reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.
[6 marks]
Answers:
(a) During polymerisation, ethene monomers join together to form very large
molecules
(b) reuse:
reuse means less bags used so:
positive environmental impact
saves raw materials / crude oil
saves energy
cuts down on CO2 emissions
less global warming
negative environmental impact
could cause litter
could still be sent to landfill
recycle:
bags can be recycled so:
positive environmental impact
used to make new plastic bags / objects
saves raw materials / crude oil
saves energy compared to producing plastic bags from crude oil
cuts down on CO2 emissions
less global warming
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FIVE
Chapter 1 Rate of Reaction
Cotton is starched to make it easier to weave into denim cloth. Before the cloth is
made up into clothing the starch is removed so that it can be more easily sewn.
Denim from a newly woven roll is tested to find out the best conditions for the
removal of starch using the biological catalyst amylase. A solution of amylase is
made up and five equal pieces are cut from the roll of denim. Equal quantities of
amylase are added to four of the five pieces in separate beakers. The beakers are
kept at temperatures of 20oC, 40oC, 60oC and 80oC respectively for 15 minutes.
Afterwards all five pieces are tested for starch.
(a) (i) What is a catalyst?
[2 marks]
(ii) What is the name given to biological catalysts?
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Which of the cotton samples would you expect to contain the most starch?
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer.
[3 marks]
(iii) Which sample would you expect to contain the least starch?
[1 mark]
(iv) Explain your answer.
[2 marks]
(v) What chemical is most often used to detect starch?
[1 mark]
Answer
(a)(i) Substance which speeds up a reaction but is not used up
(ii) Enzymes
(b)(i) Sample at 80C
(ii) Enzyme denatured at 80C
leaving the reaction without a catalyst
so very slow
(iii) Sample at 40C
ITEM KBAT
Carbon Compounds
Answers:
(a) Process: hydrogenation
Catalyst: Nickel
(b) Vegetable oils do not contain bad cholesterol.
Margarine contains saturated fats and trans fat which increase the level of
cholesterol in the bloodstream. This causes fatty deposits or plaque on the
walls of blood vessels and increases the risk of heart disease.
2. (a) A student found the following information about four oils that are used to
make crisps.
The diagram shows a simple model of how a stable mixture of olive oil and
water is produced by the addition of egg yolk.
Use this simple model to explain how the molecules in the egg yolk are able
to produce a stable mixture of olive oil and water.
(3 marks)
Answers:
(a) (i) (healthiest oil is) sunflower (oil) or rapeseed (oil)
Sunflower (oil) is healthiest because it has less saturated fat than both olive
(oil) and corn (oil) or rapeseed (oil) is healthiest because it has the lowest
value of saturated fat compared with the other oils
Sunflower (oil) is healthiest because it has the highest value of
polyunsaturated fat compared with all the other oils or rapeseed (oil) is
healthiest because it has more polyunsaturated fat than both olive (oil) and
corn (oil).
(ii) No, because the addition of hydrogen to the unsaturated fat produces
saturated fat. The saturated fats can form deposits or plaque at the artery
which increases the risk of heart attack.
No, because hydrogen reduces the number of carbon-carbon double bonds
Therefore, there will be less polyunsaturated fat.
(b) Molecules in egg yolk (lecithin) consist of a head and a tail
The head dissolves in / is attracted to water
and the taildissolves in / is attracted to oil.
This emulsifies the mixture
Diagram 5/ Rajah 5
(a) (i) What is the process used to produce margarine in Diagram 5?
Apakah proses yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan marjerin dalam Rajah
5?
[1 mark]
(ii) [Aplikasi]
State one of the effects of this process on vegetable oil.
Nyatakan satu kesan proses ini terhadap minyak sayuran.
[1 mark]
(b) (i) Name the catalyst P and state the range of temperature Q used in the
production of margarine.
Namakan emangkin P dan nyatakan julat suhu Q yang digunakan dalam
penghasilan marjerin.
Catalyst P/ Mangkin P:
Range of temperature Q/ Julat suhu Q:
[2 marks]
(ii) [Aplikasi]
Based on the collision theory, explain the effect of catalyst P and
temperature Q in the production of margarine.
Berdasarkan teori perlanggaran, terangkan kesan pemangkin P dan suhu
Q dalam penghasilan marjerin.
[5 marks]
(iii) [Aplikasi]
If the vegetable oil used in Diagram has the formula
C3H5-[-O-C(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3]3,
write the structural formula for the margarine produced.
Jika minyak sayuran yang digunakan dalam Rajah 5 mempunyai formula
C3H5-[-O-C(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3]3, tuliskan formula struktur bagi
marjerin yang dihasilkan.
[1 mark]
[Analysis]
4. An organic compound X with a molecular formula C2H6O undergoes oxidation
in the presence of alkaline KMnO4 to form a compound Y. X on heating in the
presence of concentrated sulphuric acid, H 2SO4 at 443K gives Z, which on
reaction with H2O in presence of H2SO4 gives back `X.` `Z` reacts with Br2 (aq)
and decolourises it. Identify X, Y, & Z.and write the chemical equations for the
reactions involved.
Answers:
X - ethanol
Y- ethanoic acid
Z ethene
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FIVE
Chapter 3
[Aplikasi]
1. Which series of changes includes both oxidation and reduction?
Siri perubahan yang manakah merangkumi pengoksidaan dan penurunan?
A
C CO CO2
C
N2 NH3 NO
B
PbO2 PbO Pb
D
C2H2 C2H2 C2H6
Answer: C
[Menganalisis]
2. Aluminium is more reactive than iron, yet iron corrodes faster than aluminium.
Explain.
[4 marks]
Answers:
Corrosion resistance of aluminium can be excellent due to a thin surface layer of
aluminium oxide that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively
preventing further oxidation. In contrast, iron oxides flake off and expose fresh
surfaces for corrosion.
[Menilai]
3. Discuss the effects of rusting on social, economic and environmental aspects of a
society.
[6 marks]
Answers:
Chapter 4
Thermochemistry
A student did an experiment to find the energy released when propane is burned.
The student:
put 500 g water into a beaker
measured the temperature of the water
heated the water by burning propane for 1 minute
measured the temperature of the water again.
The student found the temperature change was 20 C.
The student can calculate the energy released, in joules (J), using the equation:
energy released (J) = mass of water (g) 4.2 temperature change (C)
[Aplikasi]
(a) (i) Use the students result to calculate the energy released in joules (J).
(2 marks)
[Aplikasi]
(ii) State two safety precautions that the student should take during the
experiment.
(2 marks)
[Menilai]
(iii) Tick () two boxes which describe how the student could make his result
more accurate.
Action
Stir the water before measuring the temperature.
Heat the water until it boils.
Place a lid on the beaker.
Use a larger beaker for the water.
Tick ()
(2 marks)
(b) The change in energy when propane is burned can be shown in an energy level
diagram.
[Menganalisis]
Write a description for P, Q and R respectively.
(3 marks)
crude oil
water
[Menilai]
Use the information in the table to suggest two disadvantages that propane has as a
fuel compared to hydrogen.
(2 marks)
Answers:
(a) (i) 42 000
(ii) any two from:
eye protection
lab coat
heat-proof mat
(heat-proof) gloves
(long) hair tied back
stand up
secure the beaker
(iii) Stir the water before measuring the temperature.
Place a lid on the beaker.
(b) P: Heat of combustion of propane
Q: Activation energy
R: Products
(c) carbon dioxide produced
(crude oil / propane) non-renewable
ITEM KBAT
CHEMISTRY FORM FIVE
Chapter 5
1. `A` compound works well with hard water. It is used for making shampoos &
products for cleaning clothes. A is not 100% biodegradable and causes water
pollution. `B` does not work well with hard water. It is 100% biodegradable and
does not create water pollution. Identify A & B.
Answers:
A - Detergent
B - Soap
2. (a) Diagram 1 shows the structural formula of a soap anion, stearate ion.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan formula struktur anion bagi sabun, iaitu ion stearat.
O
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
C
CH2
O-
Diagram 1 [Rajah 1]
[Mengingati]
(i) The soap anion consists of part X and part Y.
Anion sabun mempunyai bahagian X dan bahagian Y.
State the hydrophilic part of the soap anion.
Nyatakan bahagian hidrofilik anion sabun.
[1 mark]
[Memahami]
(ii) The soap anion is part of the sodium stearate soap particle. Name the
Explain why soap does not effectively remove an oil stain from a cloth in hard
water.
Suggest another cleaning agent that can remove the oil stain.
Terangkan mengapa sabun tidak berkesan dalam tindakan pencucian kesan
minyak pada kain apabila air liat digunakaan. Cadangkan satu agen pencuci
yang lebih berkesan.
[3 marks]
(b)
Amirul went to a clinic. Diagram 2 shows the prescription label for the
medicine given by the doctor.
Amirul telah ke klinik. Rajah 2 menunjukkan label preskripsi ubat yang telah
diberikan oleh doktor.
Medicine
Ubat
Dosage
Dos
: Streptomycin
Streptomisin
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
[Mengingati]
(i)
State the type of medicine prescribed and its function.
Nyatakan jenis ubat yang diberi dan juga fungsinya.
[2 marks]
[Mengaplikasi]
(ii)
[Menilai]
(iii)
Answers:
Question
(a)
(b)
Description
Marks
(i)
........ 1
(ii)
Sodium hydroxide
........ 1
(iii)
1
1
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
........3
1
1
1
1
.......3
.......3
13