Most Famous Muslim Scientists and Their Inventions

The Muslims made innumerable discoveries and wrote countless Books about
Medicine, Surgery, Physics, Chemistry, Philosophy, Astrology, Geometry and
various other fields.

MUHAMMAD IBN MUSA AL-KHWARIZMI (780 850)

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was a Persian mathematician, astronomer,
astrologer geographer and a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. He was
born in Persia of that time around 780. Al-Khwarizmi was one of the learned men
who worked in the House of Wisdom. Al-Khwarizmi flourished while working as a
member of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad under the leadership of Kalif alMamun, the son of the Khalif Harun al-Rashid, who was made famous in the
Arabian Nights. The House of Wisdom was a scientific research and teaching
center.Al-Khwarizmi developed the concept of the algorithm in mathematics
(which is a reason for his being called the grandfather of computer science by
some people).Al-Khwarizmis algebra is regarded as the foundation and
cornerstone of the sciences. To al-Khwarizmi we owe the world algebra, from
the title of his greatest mathematical work, Hisab al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabala. The
book, which was twice translated into Latin, by both Gerard of Cremona and
Robert of Chester in the 12th century, works out several hundred simple
quadratic equations by analysis as well as by geometrical example. It also has
substantial sections on methods of dividing up inheritances and surveying plots
of land. It is largely concerned with methods for solving practical computational
problems rather than algebra as the term is now understood.Al-Khwarizmi
confined his discussion to equations of the first and second degrees. He also
wrote an important work on astronomy, covering calendars, calculating true
positions of the sun, moon and planets, tables of sines and tangents, spherical
astronomy, astrological tables, parallax and eclipse calculations, and visibility of
the moon. His astronomical work, Zij al-sindhind, is also based on the work of
other scientists. As with the Algebra, its chief interest is as the earliest Arab work
still in existence in Arabic.His most recognized work as mentioned above and one
that is so named after him is the mathematical concept Algorithm. The modern
meaning of the word relates to a specific practice for solving a particular
problem. Today, people use algorithms to do addition and long division,
principles that are found in Al-Khwarizmis text written over 2000 years ago. AlKhwarizmi was also responsible for introducing the Arabic numbers to the West,
setting in motion a process that led to the use of the nine Arabic numerals,
together with the zero sign.Of great importance also was al-Khwarizmis
contribution to medieval geography. He systematized and corrected Ptolemys
research in geography, using his own original findings that are entitled as Surat
al-Ard (The Shape of the Earth). The text exists in a manuscript; the maps have
unfortunately not been preserved, although modern scholars have been able to
reconstruct them from al-Khwarizmis descriptions. He supervised the work of 70
geographers to create a map of the then known world. When his work became
known in Europe through Latin translations, his influence made a permanent
mark on the development of science in the West.Al-Khwarizmi made several
important improvements to the theory and construction of sundials, which he
inherited from his Indian and Hellenistic predecessors. He made tables for these

instruments which considerably shortened the time needed to make specific

calculations. His sundial was universal and could be observed from anywhere on
the Earth. From then on, sundials were frequently placed on mosques to
determine the time of prayer. The shadow square, an instrument used to
determine the linear height of an object, in conjunction with the alidade for
angular observations, was also invented by al-Khwarizmi in ninth-century
Baghdad.While his major contributions were the result of original research, he
also did much to synthesize the existing knowledge in these fields from Greek,
Indian, and other sources. A number of minor works were written by al-Khwarizmi
on topics such as the astrolabe, on which he wrote on the Jewish calendar. He
also wrote a political history containing horoscopes of prominent persons.

IBN BATTUTA (1304 1369)

Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta, was a Moroccan Muslim scholar and
traveler. He is known for his traveling and going on excursions called the Rihla.
His journeys lasted for a period of almost thirty years. This covered nearly the
whole of the known Islamic world and beyond, extending from North Africa, West
Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, to the Middle East,
Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a
distance readily surpassing that of his predecessors. After his travel he returned
to Morocco and gave his account of the experience to Ibn Juzay.Abu Abdullah
Muhammad Ibn Battuta, was born in Tangier, Morocco, on the 24th of February
1304 C.E. (703 Hijra) during the time of the Marinid dynasty. He was commonly
known as Shams ad-Din. His family was of Berber origin and had a tradition of
service as judges. After receiving an education in Islamic law, he chose to travel.
He left is house in June 1325, when he was twenty one years of age and set off
from his hometown on a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca, a journey that took him 16
months. He did not come back to Morocco for at least 24 years after that. His
journey was mostly by land. To reduce the risk of being attacked, he usually
chose to join a caravan. In the town of Sfax, he got married. He survived wars,
shipwrecks, and rebellions.He first began his voyage by exploring the lands of
the Middle East. Thereafter he sailed down the Red Sea to Mecca. He crossed the
huge Arabian Desert and traveled to Iraq and Iran. In 1330, he set of again, down
the Red Sea to Aden and then to Tanzania. Then in 1332, Ibn Battuta decided to
go to India. He was greeted open heartedly by the Sultan of Delhi. There he was
given the job of a judge. He stayed in India for a period of 8 years and then left
for China. Ibn Battuta left for another adventure in 1352. He then went south,
crossed the Sahara desert, and visited the African kingdom of Mali.Finally, he
returned home at Tangier in 1355. Those who were lodging Ibn Battutas grave
Western Orient lists could not believe that Ibn Battuta visited all the places that
he described. They argued that in order to provide a comprehensive description
of places in the Muslim world in such a short time, Ibn Battuta had to rely on
hearsay evidence and make use of accounts by earlier travelers.Ibn Battuta often
experienced culture shock in regions he visited. The local customs of recently
converted people did not fit his orthodox Muslim background. Among Turks and
Mongols, he was astonished at the way women behaved. They were given
freedom of speech. He also felt that the dress customs in the Maldives and some
sub-Saharan regions in Africa were too revealing.

IBN RUSHD (1126 1198)

Abu Walid Mohammad Ibn Rushd born in 1128 C.E. in Cordova has been held as
one of the greatest thinkers and scientists of the history. A product of twelfthcentury Islamic Spain, he set out to integrate Aristotelian philosophy with Islamic
thought. A common theme throughout his writings is that there is no
inappropriateness between religion and philosophy when both are properly
understood.His contributions to philosophy took many forms, ranging from his
detailed commentaries on Aristotle, his defence of philosophy against the attacks
of those who condemned it as different to Islam and his construction of a form of
Aristotelianism which cleansed it, as far as was possible at the time, of,
Neoplatonic influences.Ibn Rushds education followed a traditional path,
beginning with studies in Hadith, linguistics, jurisprudence and scholastic
theology. Throughout his life he wrote extensively on Philosophy and Religion,
attributes of God, origin of the universe, Metaphysics and Psychology but he
excelled in philosophy and jurisprudence and was nicknamed the jurisprudent
philosopher. The role of the philosopher in the state was a topic of continual
interest for Ibn Rushd.His thought is genuinely creative and highly controversial,
producing powerful arguments that were to puzzle his philosophical successors in
the Jewish and Christian worlds. He seems to argue that there are two forms of
truth, a religious form and a philosophical form, and that it does not matter if
they point in different directions. He also appears to be doubtful about the
possibility of personal immortality or of Gods being able to know that particular
events have taken place. There is much in his work also which suggests that
religion is inferior to philosophy as a means of attaining knowledge, and that the
understanding of religion which ordinary believers can have is very different and
impoverished when compared with that available to the philosopher.In
philosophy, his most important work Tuhafut al-Tuhafut was written in response
to Al-Ghazalis work. Ibn Rushd was criticized by many Muslim scholars for this
book, which, nevertheless, had a deep influence on European thought, at least
until the beginning of modern philosophy and experimental science. His views on
fate were that man is neither in full control of his destiny nor is it fully
predetermined for him. Al Rushds longest commentary was, in fact, an original
contribution as it was largely based on his analysis including interpretation of
Quranic concepts. Ibn Rushds summary the opinions (fatwa) of previous Islamic
jurists on a variety of issues has continued to influence Islamic scholars to the
present day, notably Javed Ahmad Ghamidi.At the age of 25, Ibn Rushd
conducted astronomical observations in Morocco, during which he discovered a
previously unobserved star. He was also of the view that the Moon is opaque and
obscure, and has some parts which are thicker than others, with the thicker parts
receiving more light from the Sun than the thinner parts of the Moon. He also
gave one of the first descriptions on sunspots.Ibn Rushd also made remarkable
contributions in medicine. In medicine his well-known book Kitab al-Kulyat fi alTibb was written before 1162 A.D Its Latin translation was known as Colliget. In
it Ibn Rushd has thrown light on various aspects of medicine, including the
diagnoses, cure and prevention of diseases and several original observations of
him.He wrote at least 67 original works, which included 28 works on philosophy,
20 on medicine, 8 on law, 5 on theology, and 4 on grammar, in addition to his
commentaries on most of Aristotles works and his commentary on Platos The

Republic. A careful examination of his works reveals that Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
was a deeply Islamic man. As an example, we find in his writing, Anyone who
studies anatomy will increase his faith in the omnipotence and oneness of God
the Almighty. He believed that true happiness for man can surely be achieved
through mental and psychological health, and people cannot enjoy psychological
health unless they follow ways that lead to happiness in the hereafter, and
unless they believe in God and His oneness.

OMAR KHAYYAM (1048 1131)

Omar Khayyam was one of the major mathematicians and astronomers of the
medieval period. He was acknowledged as the author of the most important
treatise on algebra before modern times. This is reflected in his Treatise on
Demonstration of Problems of Algebra giving a geometric method for solving
cubic equations by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle. His significance as a
philosopher and teacher, and his few remaining philosophical works, has not
received the same attention as his scientific and poetic writings.Omar Khayyam
was born on the 18th of May, 1048 AD in Iran. Omar Khayyams full name was
Ghiyath al-Din Abul-Fath Umar Ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami. He was born
into a family of tent makers. He spent part of his childhood in the town of Balkh,
northern Afghanistan, studying under Sheik Muhammad Mansuri. Later on, he
studied under Imam Mowaffaq Nishapuri, who was considered one of the
greatest teachers of the Khorassan region. Khayyam had notable works in
geometry, particularly on the theory of proportions.He was a Persian polymath,
mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, physician, and poet. He wrote treatises
on mechanics, geography, and music. The treatise of Khayyam can be
considered as the first treatment of parallels axiom which is not based on
petition principle but on more intuitive postulate. Khayyam refutes the previous
attempts by other Greek and Persian mathematicians to prove the proposition.
And he refused the use of motion in geometry.Khayyam was the mathematician
who noticed the importance of a general binomial theorem. The argument
supporting the claim that Khayyam had a general binomial theorem is based on
his ability to extract roots. Khayyam was part of a panel that introduced several
reforms to the Persian calendar. On March 15, 1079, Sultan Malik Shah, accepted
this corrected calendar as the official Persian calendar.Khayyams poetic work
has eclipsed his fame as a mathematician. He has written about a thousand fourline verses or quatrains. In the English-speaking world, he was introduced
through the Rubiyt of Omar Khayyam which are rather free-wheeling English
translations by Edward FitzGerald (1809-1883). Khayyams personal beliefs are
discernible from his poetic oeuvre. In his own writings, Khayyam rejects strict
religious structure and a literalist conception of the afterlife.Khayyam taught for
decades the philosophy of Avicenna, especially in his home town Nishapur, till his
death. Khayyam, the philosopher can be understood from two rather distinct
sources. One is through his Rubaiyat and the other through his own works in light
of the intellectual and social conditions of his time. The latter could be informed
by the evaluations of Khayyams works by scholars and philosophers such as
Bayhaqi, Nezami Aruzi, and Zamakhshari and Sufi poets and writers Attar
Nishapuri and Najmeddin Razi. As a mathematician, Khayyam has made
fundamental contributions to the Philosophy of mathematics especially in the

context of Persian Mathematics and Persian philosophy with which, most of the
other Persian scientists and philosophers such as Avicenna, Biruni, and Tusi are
associated.

THABIT IBN QURRA (826 901)

Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani (836 901) was a an astronomer and
mathematician born in present day Turkey, best known for translating classic
Greek works on astronomy, and discovered an equation for determining the
amicable numbers. He was a Mandean physician, who was known as Thebit in
Latin.Thabit was a member of the Sabian religious sect. His heritage was sharp in
traditions of Hellenistic culture and pagan veneration of the stars. This
background, and in particular his knowledge of Greek and Arabic, made him an
attractive prospect for enclosure in one particular community of scholars, the
Banu Musa and their circle in Baghdad. Thabit seems to have been asked to join
this circle by a family member, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa ibn
Shakir, who recognized his talents and potential.Thabit subsequently came to
fame after traveling to Baghdad when he was invited by Muhammad bin Musa
bin Shakir, one of the Banu Musa brothers. He worked in Baghdad and he
occupied himself with mathematics, astronomy, mechanics, medicine and
philosophy.Thabit is credited with dozens of treatises, covering a wide range of
fields and topics. While some were written in his native Syriac, most were
composed in Arabic. Thabit was trilingual, a skill that enabled him to play a key
role in the translation movement of 9th century Baghdad. He translated works
from both Syriac and Greek into Arabic, creating Arabic versions of important
Hellenistic and Greek writings. Several of Thabits Arabic translations are the only
extant versions of important ancient works.The medieval astronomical theory of
the trepidation of the equinoxes is often attributed to Thabit. He developed a
theory about the trepidation and oscillation of the equinoctial points, of which
many scholars debated in the Middle Ages.According to Copernicus Thabit
determined the length of the sidereal year as 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and
12 seconds (an error of 2 seconds). Copernicus based his claim on the Latin text
attributed to Thabit. Thabit published his observations of the Sun. In the fields of
mechanics and physics he may be recognized as the founder of statics. He
observed conditions of equilibrium of bodies, beams and levers. Thabit also
wrote on philosophical and cosmological topics, questioning some of the
fundamentals of the Aristotelian cosmos.He rejected Aristotles concept of the
essence as immobile, a position Rosenfeld and Gregorian suggest is in keeping
with his anti Aristotelian stance of allowing the use of motion in mathematics.
Thabit also wrote important treatises related to Archimedean problems in statics
and mechanics. Besides all these contributions he also founded a school of
translation and supervised the translation of a further large number of books
from Greek to Arabic.Among Thabits writings a large number have survived,
while several are not present. Most of the books are on mathematics, followed by
astronomy and medicine. The books have been written in Arabic but some are in
Syriac. In the Middle Ages, some of his books were translated into Latin by
Gherard of Cremona. In recent centuries, a number of his books have been
translated into European languages and published. Thabits efforts provided a
foundation for continuing work in the investigation and reformation of Ptolemaic

astronomy. His life is illustrative of the fact that individuals from a wide range of
backgrounds and religions contributed to the flourishing of sciences like
astronomy in Islamic culture.

ABU BAKR AL-RAZI (865 925)

Also known as Rhazes. Persian alchemist and philosopher, who was one of the
greatest physicians in history.

JABIR IBN HAIYAN (722 804)

Also known as Geber. The father of Arab chemistry known for his highly
influential works on alchemy and metallurgy.

IBN ISHAQ AL-KINDI (801 873)

Also known as Alkindus. Arab philosopher and scientist, who is known as the first
of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers.

IBN AL-HAYTHAM (965 1040)

Also known as Alhazen. Arab astronomer and mathematician known for his
important contributions to the principles of optics and the use of scientific
experiments.IBN ZUHR (1091 1161)Also known as Avenzoar. Arab physician
and surgeon, known for his influential book Al-Taisir Fil-Mudawat Wal-Tadbeer
(Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet).

IBN KHALDUN (1332 1406)

Arab historiographer and historian who developed one of the earliest
nonreligious philosophies of history. Often considered as one of the forerunners
of modern historiography, sociology and economics.

IBN AL-BAITAR (1197 1248)

Arab scientist, botanist and physician who systematically recorded the
discoveries made by Islamic physicians in the Middle Ages.

ABU NASR AL-FARABI (872 950)

Abu Nasr Muhammad al- Farabi, one the earliest Islamic intellectuals who were
instrumental in transmitting the doctrines of Plato and Aristotle to the Muslim
world, had a considerable influence on the later Islamic philosophers such as
Avicenna.He was an outstanding linguist who translated the Greek works on
Aristotle and Plato and made a considerable additions to them of his own.He

earned the nickname Mallim-e-Sani, which is translated as second master or

second teacher.Al-Farabi completed his earlier education at Farab and Bukhara
but, later on, he went to Baghdad for higher studies, where he studied and
worked for a long time. During this period he acquired mastery over several
languages as well as various branches of knowledge and technology. Farabi
contributed considerably to science, philosophy, logic, sociology, medicine,
mathematics and music, but the major ones are in philosophy, logic and
sociology and for which he stands out as an Encyclopedist.As a philosopher,
Farabi was the first to separate philosophy from theology. It is difficult to find a
philosopher both in Muslim and Christian world from Middle Ages onwards who
has not been influenced by his views. He believed in a Supreme Being who had
created the world through the exercise of balanced intelligence. He also asserted
this same rational faculty to be the sole part of the human being that is
immortal, and thus he set as the paramount human goal the development of that
rational faculty. He considerably gave more attention to political theory as
compared to any Islamic philosopher.Later in his work, Al-Farabi laid down in
Platonic fashion the qualities necessary for the ruler, he should be inclined to
rule by good quality of a native character and exhibit the right attitude for such
rule. At the heart of Al-Farabis political philosophy is the concept of happiness in
which people cooperate to gain contentment. He followed the Greek example
and the highest rank of happiness was allocated to his ideal sovereign whose
soul was united as it were with the Active Intellect. Therefore Farabi served as a
tremendous source of aspiration for intellectuals of the middle ages and made
enormous contributions to the knowledge of his day, paving the way for the later
philosopher and thinkers of the Muslim world.Farabian epistemology has both a
Neoplatonic and an Aristotelian dimension. The best source for al-Farabis
classification of knowledge is his Kitab ihsa al-ulum. This work neatly illustrates
Al-Farabis beliefs, both esoteric and exoteric. Through all of them runs a primary
Aristotelian stress on the importance of knowledge. Thus al-Farabis
epistemology, from what has been described may be said to be encyclopedic in
range and complex in articulation, using both a Neoplatonic and an Aristotelian
voice.Farabi also participated in writing books on early Muslim sociology and a
notable book on music titled Kitab al-Musiqa (The Book of Music) which is in
reality a study of the theory of Persian music of his day, although in the West it
has been introduced as a book on Arab music. He invented several musical
instruments, besides contributing to the knowledge of musical notes. It has been
reported that he could play his instrument so well as to make people laugh or
weep at will. Al-Farabis treatise Meanings of the Intellect dealt with music
therapy, where he discussed the therapeutic effects of music on the soul.Farabi
traveled to many distant lands throughout his life and gained many experiences
a lot, due to which he made so many contributions for which he is still
remembered and acknowledged. Inspite of facing many hardships, he worked
with full dedication and made his name among the popular scientists of history.
He died a bachelor in Damascus in 339 A.H. /950 A.D. at the age of 80 years.ALBATTANI (858 929)Al-Battani is sometimes known by a Latinized version of his
name, being Albategnius, Albategni or Albatenius. His full name was Abu
Abdallah Mohammad ibn Jabir ibn Sinan al-Raqqi al-Harrani al-Sabi al-Battani.AlBattanis father was Jabir ibn Sinan al-Harrani who had a high reputation as an
instrument maker in Harran. The name makes the identification certain that alBattani himself was skilled in making astronomical instruments and there is a

good indication that he learnt these skills from his father.Abdallah Muhammad
Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani was born around 858 C.E. in Harran.
Battani was first educated by his father Jabir Ibn Sanan al-Battani, who also was
a well-known scientist. He then moved to Raqqa, situated on the bank of the
Euphrates, where he received advanced education and later on flourished as a
scholar. At the beginning of the 9th century, he migrated to Samarra, where he
worked till the end of his life. His family had been members of the Sabian sect, a
religious sect of star worshippers from Harran. Being worshipers of the stars
meant that the Sabians had a strong motivation for the study of astronomy. AlBattani, unlike Thabit, another mathematician from his home town, was not a
believer in the Sabian religion. His name Abu Abdallah Mohammad indicates
that he was certainly a Muslim.Al-Battani made remarkably accurate
astronomical observations at Antioch and ar-Raqqah in Syria. The town of arRaqqah, where most of al-Battanis observations were made, became prosperous
when Caliph Harun al-Rashid built several palaces there.The Fihrist describes alBattani as one of the most famous observers and a leader in geometry,
theoretical and practical astronomy, and astrology. He composed work on
astronomy, with tables, containing his own observations of the sun and moon
and a more accurate description of their motions than that given in Ptolemys
Almagest.The main achievements of al-Battanis are: He cataloged 489 stars.
He refined the existing values for the length of the year, which he gave as 365
days 5 hours 46 minutes 24 seconds, and of the seasons. He calculated 54.5
per year for the precession of the equinoxes and obtained the value of 23 35 for
the inclination of the ecliptic.Rather than using geometrical methods, as other
scientists had done, al-Battani used trigonometric methods which were an
important advancement. Al-Battani showed that the farthest distance of the Sun
from the Earth varies and, as a result, annular eclipses of the Sun are possible as
well as total eclipses. Al-Battani is important in the development of science for a
number of reasons, but one of these must be the large influence his work had on
scientists such as Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Copernicus.

IBN SINA (980 1037)

Also popularly known as Avicenna, Ibn Sina was indeed a true polymath with his
contributions ranging from medicine, psychology and pharmacology to geology,
physics, astronomy, chemistry and philosophy. He was also a poet and an Islamic
scholar and theologian. His most important contribution to medical science was
his famous book al-Qanun, known as the Canon in the West. This book is an
immense encyclopedia of medicine including over a million words and like most
Arabic books is richly divided and subdivided. It comprises of the entire medical
knowledge available from ancient and Muslim sources.This great scientist was
born in around 980 A.D in the village of Afshana, near Bukhara which is also his
mothers hometown. His father, Abdullah an advocate of the Ismaili sect, was
from Balkh which is now a part of Afghanistan. Ibn Sina received his early
eduction in his home town and by the age of ten he became a Quran Hafiz. He
had exceptional intellectual skills which enabled him to overtake his teachers at
the age of fourteen. During the next few years he devoted himself to Muslim
Jurisprudence, Philosophy and Natural Science and studied Logic, Euclid, and the
Almeagest.Ibn Sina was an extremely religious man. When he was still young, Ibn

Sina was highly baffled by the work of Aristotle on Metaphysics so much so that
he used to leave all the work and pray to God to guide him. Finally after reading
a manual by a famous philosopher al-Farabi, he found the solutions to his
difficulties.At the age of sixteen he dedicated all his efforts to learn medicine and
by the time he was eighteen gained the status of a reputed physician. During
this time he was also lucky in curing Nooh Ibn Mansoor, the King of Bukhhara, of
an illness in which all the renowned physicians had given up hope. On this great
effort, the King wished to reward him, but the young physician only acquired
consent to use his exclusively stocked library of the Samanids.On his fathers
death, when Ibn Sina was twenty-two years old, he left Bukhara and moved to
Jurjan near Caspian Sea where he lectured on logic and astronomy. Here he also
met his famous contemporary Abu Raihan al-Biruni. Later he travelled to Rai and
then to Hamadan, where he wrote his famous book Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb. Here he
also cured Shams al-Daulah, the King of Hamadan, for severe colic.From
Hamadan, he moved to Isfahn, where he finished many of his epic writings.
Nevertheless, he continued to travel and the too much mental exertion as well as
political chaos spoilt his health. The last ten or twelve years of his life, he spent
in the service of Abu Jafar Ala Addaula, whom he accompanied as physician and
general literary and scientific consultant. He died during June 1037 A.D and was
buried in Hamedan, Iran.Besides his monumental writings, Ibn Sina also
contributed to mathematics, physics, music and other fields. He explained the
concept and application of the casting out of nines. He made several
astronomical observations, and devised a means similar to the venire, to
enhance the accuracy of instrumental readings. In physics, his contribution
comprised the study of different forms of energy, heat, light and mechanical, and
such concepts as force, vacuum and infinity.

Senarai Saintis Islam

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.

Ini adalah senarai saintis Islam yang telah menyumbang untuk sains dan
pembangunan tamadun.
Isi kandungan
[sorokkan]

1Ahli Saintis Islam Terkenal

2Pakar Astronomi dan Astrofizik

3Ahli Biologi, Pakar Saraf dan Saikologi

4Ahli Kimia dan Alchemists

5Ekonomi dan Sains Sosial

6Ahli Geografi dan Sains Bumi

7Ahli Matematik

8Pakar Bedah

9Fizik dan Kejuruteraan

10Sains Politik

11Lain-lain Saintis dan Pereka

12Rujukan

Ahli Saintis Islam Terkenal[sunting | sunting sumber]

Ibnu Sina

Ibn Sina, Avicenna Abu Ali Al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina (Ibn Sina, Ibnu Sina)

Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi, ( Al-Khawarizmi )

Al-Farabi

Abu Bakar Muhammad bin Zakaria al-Razi ( Al-Razi )

Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali ( Al-Ghazali )

Al-Jazari

Abu Raihan Al-Biruni ( Al-Biruni )

Abu Ali Hasan Ibn Al-Haitham ( Al-Haytham )

Al-Kindi (Alkindus)

Jbir ibn Hayyn (Geber)

Ibn Khaldun

Pakar Astronomi dan Astrofizik[sunting | sunting sumber]

Ibrahim al-Fazari

Muhammad al-Fazari

Al-Khwarizmi, mathematician

Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)

Al-Farghani

Ban Ms (Ben ..Mousa)

Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ms ibn Shkir

Ahmad ibn Ms ibn Shkir

Al-Hasan ibn Ms ibn Shkir

Al-Majriti

Muhammad ibn Jbir al-Harrn al-Battn (Albatenius)

Al-Farabi (Abunaser)

Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi

Abu Sa'id Gorgani

Kushyar ibn Labban

Ab Ja'far al-Khzin

Al-Mahani

Al-Marwazi

Al-Nayrizi

Al-Saghani

Al-Farghani

Abu Nasr Mansur

Ab Sahl al-Qh (Kuhi)

Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi

Ab al-Waf' al-Bzjn

Ibn Yunus

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)

Ab Rayhn al-Brn

Avicenna (Ibn Sn)

Ab Ishq Ibrhm al-Zarql (Arzachel)

Omar Khayym

Al-Khazini

Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)

Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)

Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)

Averroes

Al-Jazari

Sharaf al-Dn al-Ts

Anvari

Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

Ibn al-Shatir

Shams al-Dn al-Samarqand

Jamshd al-Ksh

Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician

Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman astronomer

Ahmad Nahavandi

Haly Abenragel

Abolfadl Harawi

Ahli Biologi, Pakar Saraf dan Saikologi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Maklumat terperinci: Islamic psychological thought

Ibn Sirin (654728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[1]

Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[2]

Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical
psychology[3]

Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[4] medical psychology, cognitive
psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[5]

Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[6]

Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer
of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[6]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[7]
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental
psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[8]
Ab Rayhn al-Brn, pioneer of reaction time[9]
Avicenna (Ibn Sn), pioneer of neuropsychiatry,[10] thought experiment, selfawareness and self-consciousness[11]

Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[7]

Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[7]

Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[12]

Ahli Kimia dan Alchemists[sunting | sunting sumber]

Maklumat terperinci: Alchemy (Islam)

Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)

Jafar al-Sadiq

Jbir ibn Hayyn (Geber), father of chemistry[13][14][15]

Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)

Al-Kindi (Alkindus)

Al-Majriti

Ibn Miskawayh

Ab Rayhn al-Brn

Avicenna

Al-Khazini

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Ibn Khaldun

Salimuzzaman Siddiqui

Al-Khwrizm, Algebra, (Mathematics)

Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[16]

Mostafa El-Sayed

Abdul Qadeer Khan, Nuclear Scientist - Uranium Enrichment Technologist - Centrifuge

Method Expert

Atta ur Rahman, leading scholar in the field of Natural Product Chemistry

Omar M. Yaghi Professor at the University of California, Berkeley

Ekonomi dan Sains Sosial[sunting | sunting sumber]

Maklumat terperinci: Islamic economics in the world
Lihat juga: List of Muslim historians dan Historiography of early Islam

Abu Hanifa an-Numan (699-767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar

Abu Yusuf (731-798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar

Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[17]

Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist

Ab Rayhn al-Brn (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[18] and father

of Indology[19]

Ibn Sn (Avicenna) (9801037), economist

Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist

Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (10581111), economist

Al-Mawardi (10751158), economist

Nasr al-Dn al-Ts (Tusi) (12011274), economist

Ibn al-Nafis (12131288), sociologist

Ibn Taymiyyah (12631328), economist

Ibn Khaldun (13321406), forerunner of social sciences[20] such as demography,

[21]
cultural history,[22] historiography,[23] philosophy of history,[24] sociology[21]
[24]
andeconomics[25][26]

Al-Maqrizi (13641442), economist

Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit

Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist; pioneer of microfinance

Shah Abdul Hannan, Pioneer of Islamic Banking in South Asia

Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and

founder of Human Development Report[27][28]

Ahli Geografi dan Sains Bumi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Maklumat terperinci: Muslim Agricultural Revolution

Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[29]

Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[30]

Ibn Al-Jazzar

Al-Tamimi

Al-Masihi

Ali ibn Ridwan

Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer

Ahmad ibn Fadlan

Ab Rayhn al-Brn, father of geodesy,[18][21] considered the first geologist and

"first anthropologist"[18]

Avicenna

Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi

Averroes

Ibn al-Nafis

Ibn Jubayr

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Khaldun

Piri Reis

Evliya elebi

Ahli Matematik[sunting | sunting sumber]

Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies

Al-Hajjj ibn Ysuf ibn Matar

Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)

Muhammad ibn Ms al-Khwrizm (Algorismi) - father

of algebra[31] and algorithms[32]

'Abd al-Hamd ibn Turk

Ab al-Hasan ibn Al al-Qalasd (14121482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[33]

Ab Kmil Shuj ibn Aslam

Al-Abbs ibn Said al-Jawhar

Al-Kindi (Alkindus)

Ban Ms (Ben Mousa)

Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ms ibn Shkir
Al-Hasan ibn Ms ibn Shkir

Al-Khwarizmi

Al-Mahani

Ahmed ibn Yusuf

Al-Majriti

Muhammad ibn Jbir al-Harrn al-Battn (Albatenius)

Al-Farabi (Abunaser)

Al-Khalili

Al-Nayrizi

Ab Ja'far al-Khzin

Brethren of Purity

Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi

Al-Saghani

Ab Sahl al-Qh

Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi

Ab al-Waf' al-Bzjn

Ibn Sahl

Al-Sijzi

Ibn Yunus

Abu Nasr Mansur

Kushyar ibn Labban

Al-Karaji

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)

Ab Rayhn al-Brn

Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi

Al-Nasawi

Al-Jayyani

Ab Ishq Ibrhm al-Zarql (Arzachel)

Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud

Omar Khayym

Al-Khazini

Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)

Al-Ghazali (Algazel)

Al-Marrakushi

Al-Samawal

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

Ibn Seena (Avicenna)

Hunayn ibn Ishaq

Ibn al-Banna'

Ibn al-Shatir

Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)

Jamshd al-Ksh

Kaml al-Dn al-Fris

Muhyi al-Dn al-Maghrib

Maryam Mirzakhani

Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi

Muhammad Baqir Yazdi

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher

Qd Zda al-Rm

Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

Shams al-Dn al-Samarqand

Sharaf al-Dn al-Ts

Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf

Ulugh Beg

Cumrun Vafa

Pakar Bedah[sunting | sunting sumber]

Rencana utama: Muslim doctors

Fizik dan Kejuruteraan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Maklumat terperinci: Islamic physics

Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century

Ban Ms (Ben Mousa), 9th century

Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ms ibn Shkir

Ahmad ibn Ms ibn Shkir

Al-Hasan ibn Ms ibn Shkir

Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century

Al-Saghani, 10th century

Ab Sahl al-Qh (Kuhi), 10th century

Ibn Sahl, 10th century

Ibn Yunus, 10th century

Al-Karaji, 10th century

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[34] pioneer
of scientific method[35] and experimental physics,[36] considered the
"first scientist"[37]

Ab Rayhn al-Brn, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[38]

Ibn Sn/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century

Al-Khazini, 12th century

Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century

Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century

Ibn Rushd/Rooshd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician,

philosopher and medical expert

Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[15]

Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century

Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century

Kaml al-Dn al-Fris, 13th century

Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century

Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century

Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century

Lagari Hasan elebi, 17th century

Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century

Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician

Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist

Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and

president

Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist

Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist

Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist

Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist

Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American particle physicist

Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani metallurgist and nuclear scientist

Naser Qureshi, Pakistani physicist and electrical engineer specializing in timeresolved NSOM measurements, magneto-optic spectroscopy of nanomagnetic
structures, and methods to improve the senistivity of magneto-optical
measurements

Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist

Samar Mubarakmand, Pakistani nuclear scientist known for his research

in gamma spectroscopy and experimental development of the linear accelerator

Shahid Hussain Bokhari, Pakistani researcher in the field of parallel and

distributed computing

Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, Pakistani nuclear engineer and nuclear physicist

Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist

Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicist

Munir Ahmad Khan, Father of Pakistan's nuclear program

Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind

first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space
stations (Salyut andMir)[39][40]

Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with
the Apollo program[41]

Sains Politik[sunting | sunting sumber]

Syed Qutb

Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr

Abul Ala Maududi

Hasan al-Turabi

Hassan al-Banna

Mohamed Hassanein Heikal

M. A. Muqtedar Khan

Rashid al-Ghannushi

Salh ad-Dn Ysuf ibn Ayyb

Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad

Lain-lain Saintis dan Pereka[sunting | sunting sumber]

Azizul Haque

Umar Saif

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

1.

Panjat Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions

of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim
Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [375].

2.

Panjat Saoud, R. "The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World" (PDF).
Diperoleh pada 2007-01-12.

3.

Panjat Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions

of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim
Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [361]

4.

Panjat Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic
medical tradition", The International Medical Journal 4 (2), p. 76-79.

5.

Panjat Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions

of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim
Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [362]

6.

Panjat ke:6.0 6.1 Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective:
Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim
Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [363].

7.

Panjat ke:7.0 7.1 7.2 Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo
V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on
medieval scholastic medicine", Revista de neurologa 34 (9), p. 877-892.

8.

Panjat Omar Khaleefa (Summer 1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and
Experimental Psychology?", American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 16 (2).

9.

Panjat Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, "The

Spirit of Muslim Culture"

10. Panjat S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of

medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the
Mongolian Empire",Neurosurgical Focus 23 (1), E13, p. 3.
11. Panjat Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Oliver Leaman (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy.
Routledge. pp. 315 & 10221023. ISBN 0-415-13159-6.
12. Panjat G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in
Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 224-262, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09459-8.
13. Panjat John Warren (2005). "War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: a sadly
mismanaged affair",Third World Quarterly, Volume 26, Issue 4 & 5, p. 815-830.
14. Panjat Dr. A. Zahoor (1997). JABIR IBN HAIYAN (Geber). University of Indonesia.
15. Panjat ke:15.0 15.1 Paul Vallely. How Islamic inventors changed the world, The
Independent
16. Panjat All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, Nobel Prize
17. Panjat Franz Rosenthal (1950). "Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific
Progress", Osiris 9, p. 555-564 [559].
18. Panjat ke:18.0 18.1 18.2 Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First
Anthropologist", RAIN 60, p. 9-10.
19. Panjat Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshold Of A New Millennium II, The Milli
Gazette.
20. Panjat Akbar Ahmed (2002). "Ibn Khalduns Understanding of Civilizations and the
Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today", Middle East Journal 56 (1), p. 25.
21. Panjat ke:21.0 21.1 21.2 H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", Cooperation
South Journal 1.
22. Panjat Mohamad Abdalla (Summer 2007). "Ibn Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic
Science after the 11th Century", Islam & Science 5 (1), p. 61-70.
23. Panjat Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). A Dictionary of Muslim Names. C. Hurst & Co.
Publishers.ISBN 1-85065-356-9.
24. Panjat ke:24.0 24.1 Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", AlTawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3).

25. Panjat I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", Arab
Civilization: Challenges and Responses, New York University Press, ISBN 0-88706698-4.
26. Panjat Jean David C. Boulakia (1971), "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century
Economist", The Journal of Political Economy 79 (5): 1105-1118.
27. Panjat Mahbub ul Haq (1995), Reflections on Human Development, Oxford
University Press,ISBN 0-19-510193-6.
28. Panjat Amartya Sen (2000), "A Decade of Human Development", Journal of
Human Development 1 (1): 17-23.
29. Panjat [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051339 Mas'udi, al-." Encyclopdia
Britannica, 2006.
30. Panjat L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of
the Thirteenth Century", Environment and History 8 (4), pp. 475-488.
31. Panjat Solomon Gandz (1936), "The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra", Osiris I, p.
263277."
32. Panjat Serish Nanisetti, Father of algorithms and algebra, The Hindu, June 23,
2006.
33. Panjat John J. O'Connor dan Edmund F. Robertson. Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al
Qalasadi di Arkib Sejarah Matematik MacTutor.
34. Panjat Dr. Mahmoud Al Deek. "Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics,
Physics and Medicine", Al Shindagah, November-December 2004.
35. Panjat Rosanna Gorini (2003), "Al-Haytham the Man of Experience: First Steps in
the Science of Vision", International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine,
Institute of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology,
Rome, Italy.
36. Panjat Rdiger Thiele (2005). "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm", Arabic Sciences
and Philosophy 15, p. 329331. Cambridge University Press.
37. Panjat Bradley Steffens (2006), Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Morgan Reynolds
Publishing,ISBN 1-59935-024-6.
38. Panjat Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi
Rashed, ed.,Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, p. 614-642
[642], Routledge, London and New York.
39. Panjat Peter Bond, Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov, The Independent, 7 April
2003.
40. Panjat Betty Blair (1995), "Behind Soviet Aeronauts", Azerbaijan International 3 (3).
41. Panjat Farouk El-Baz: With Apollo to the Moon, IslamOnline interview