WIND LOAD COMPUTATION

DATA:
See Figure

HALF OF TRUSS1 FIGURE:

Overhang length= 1.20 m

Wall height= z= 6.45 m
ROOF SLOPE & MEAN ROOF HEIGHT:
Tan= 2.62 = 0.364;
7.20

= 20

Mean roof height (h)

h= 0.45 + 3.0 + 3.0 + (0.5)(2.62)
h= 7.76 m
FIGURE:

Calculations are for a foundation system, which is a Main WindForce Resisting System
(MWFRS).

PROCEDURE USED:
Method 2 Analytical Procedure as specified in Section 207.5 for buildings and
structures meeting the requirements specified therein;
( From Table 2071 Wind Zone for the Different Provinces of the Philippines )
Wind Velocity (V)= 200 Kph for Zone 2

Velocity Pressure Coefficient (qh)

( From Figure 207.5.10 Velocity Pressure )
qz= 47.30 x 106 KzKztKdV2Iw ;

qh= 47.30 x 106 KhKztKdV2Iw

( From Table 2072 Wind Directionality Factor )

Kd= 0.85 ( for Main Wind Force Resisting System )
( From Table 1031 Occupancy Category )
Category III ( for Special Occupancy Structures )
( From Table 2073. Importance Factor for Wind Loads )
Iw= 1.15 ( for Category III )
( From Section 207.5.6.3 Exposure Categories )
Exposure B ( for wooded areas )
( From Table 2075 Terrain Exposure Constants)
zg= 365;

= 7.0

( From Section 207.5.7.2. Topographic Factor )

Kzt= 1.0 ( for flat terrain )
( From Section 207.5.8. Gust Effect Factor )
G= 0.85 ( for rigid buildings )

Solving for Kz
Where:

z= 6.45 m;

For 4.5m < z < zg

Kz= 2.01

[ ]
z
zg

2
7

= 2.01

[ ]

= 2.01

[ ]

6.45
365

= 0.63

Solving for Kh
Where:

z= h= 7.76 m;

For 4.5m < z < zg

Kh= 2.01

[ ]
h
zg

7.76
365

2
7

= 0.67

Solving for qz
qz= 47.30 x 106KhKztKdV2Iw
qz= 47.30 x 106 (0.63)(1.0)(0.85)(200)2(1.15)= 1.17 KN/m2
Solving for qh
qh= 47.30 x 106KhKztKdV2Iw
qh= 47.30 x 106 (0.67)(1.0)(0.85)(200)2(1.15)= 1.24 KN/m2

( From Section 207.5.12.2.2. LowRise Building )

Pz= qz ( GCpf GCpi ) ;

Ph= qh ( GCpf GCpi )

( From Figure 20710 External Pressure Coefficients )

FOR WALL:
For Windward: (consider building surface 1; = 20)
GCpf= 0.53

For Leeward: (consider building surface 4; = 20)

GCpf= 0.43
FOR ROOF:
For Windward: (consider building surface 2; = 20)
GCpf= 0.69
For Leeward: (consider building surface 3; = 20)
GCpf= 0.48
( From Figure 2075 Internal Pressure Coefficients )
GCpi= +0.55 and 0.55 (for partially enclosed buildings)

Building
Surface

Velocity Pressure
(qh)

External Pressure
Coefficient
(GCpf)

1.17

0.53

1.24

0.69

1.24

0.48

1.17

0.43

Internal Pressure
Coefficient
(GCpi)

Ph= qh ( GCpf GCpi )

+0.55
0.55
+0.55
0.55
+0.55
0.55
+0.55
0.55

0.02
1.26
1.54
0.17
1.28
0.09
1.15
0.14

WIND PRESSURES
FOR WALL:
For windward side:
Design Wind Load= 1.26 KN/m2 or 1260 N/m2
For leeward side:
Design Wind Load= 1.15 KN/m2 or 1150 N/m2

Total Wind Load

In Kpa

FOR ROOF:
For windward side:
Design Wind Load= 1.54 KN/m2 or 1540 N/m2
For leeward side:
Design Wind Load= 1.28 KN/m2 or 1280 N/m2
( From Section 207.5.12. Roof Overhangs )
ROOF OVERHANG PRESSURE:
For Windward side:
Cp= 0.80
Ph= (qh)GCp= (1.24)(0.85)(0.80)= 0.84 KN/m2;
POH= (Ph at windward side of roof) P= 1.54 0.84
POH= 2.38 KN/m2 or 2380 N/m2

REFERENCES FOR WIND LOAD COMPUTATION FOR TRUSS 1

Section 207.5 Method 2 Analytical Procedure

Table 2071 Wind Zone for the Different Provinces of the Philippines

Figure 207.5.10 Velocity Pressure

Table 2072 Wind Directionality Factor

Table 1031 Occupancy Category

Table 2073. Importance Factor for Wind Loads

Section 207.5.6.3 Exposure Categories

Table 2075 Terrain Exposure Constants

Section 207.5.7.2. Topographic Factor

Section 207.5.8. Gust Effect Factor

Section 207.5.12.2.2. LowRise Building

Figure 20710 External Pressure Coefficients

Figure 2075 Internal Pressure Coefficients

Section 207.5.12. Roof Overhangs

DESIGN OF PURLINS

DATA:

HALF TRUSS1 FIGURE:

Spacing of purlins= 0.60 m
Length of purlins (L)= 4.00 m
Use A36 steel: FY= 248 MPa

Loadings:
A.) Dead Load
castiron= 70.70 KN/m3
#26 G.I. roofing thk.= 0.48 mm
Weight of roofing= (70.70)(0.48)= 34 N/m2
B.) Live Load:
( Table 2053 Min. Roof Live Loads )
Live Load= 750 N/m2

= 2.62 = 20
7.20

C.) Wind Load:

Maximum design wind load
Ph= 1540 N/m2 (Upward)
Dead Load:
WD= (34)(0.60)= 20.40 N/m
Live Load:
WL= 750 N/m2
Wind Load:
Ww= (1540)(0.60)= 924 N/m
PURLIN FIGURE:
Wn= Ww (WD)cos= 924 (20.40)(cos20)
Wn= 904.83 N/m

Wt= ( WL + WD )sin= ( 750 + 20.40 )(sin20)

Wt = 263.49 N/m

2
Mn= WnL
8

2
=(904.83)(4.00) (1000)
8

Mn = 1809660.54 Nmm

2
(263.49)(4.00)2(1000)
Mt= WnL =
= 526984.64 Nmm
8
8

MF= Mn + Mt= 1809660.54 + 526984.64= 2336645.18 Nmm

Fb= 0.66FY= 0.66(248)= 163.68 MPa ( coMPact section )

Approx. Sx=

dmin =

1.25MF
1.25(2336645.18)
=
= 17844.61 mm3
Fb
163.68

L_
= 4000 = 125 mm ;
32
32
( Try W 5 x 16 )

Properties of W 5 x 16:
d= 127.25 mm

bf= 127.00 mm

w= 24 kg/m

SX= 139 x 103 mm3

tw= 6.10 mm

T= 88.90 mm

SY= 49 x 103 mm3

tf= 9.14 mm

Moment due to weight:

W= (24kg/m)(9.81N/kg)= 235.44 N/m
Wwn= (235.44)(cos20)= 221.24 N/m
Wwt= (235.44)(sin20)= 80.53 N/m

2
Mwn= WwnL
8

Mwt=

WwtL2
8

2
= (221.24)(4.00) (1000)
8

(80.22)(4.00)2(1000)
8

= 442482.46 Nmm

= 161050.45 Nmm

MnT= Mn + Mwn= 1809660.54 + 442482.46 = 2252143.00 Nmm

MtT= Mt + Mwt= 526984.64 + 161050.45 = 688035.09 Nmm

Checked for Combined Stress:

allow. Fb= 163.68 MPa ( coMPact section )

actual fb=

MnT_
Sx

MtT_
Sx

= 2252143.00
139 x 103

751519.48
49 x 103

actual fb = 31.54 MPa < 163.68 MPa

actual fb < allow. Fb (SAFE)
Checked for Shear:
Vn=

WnL
= (904.83)(4.00)
2
2

= 1809.66 N

Vwn=

=
= 442.48 N
WwnL
(221.24)(4.00)
2
2
W
(263.49)(4.00)
tL
Vt=
=
= 526.98 N
2
2
Vwt= WwtL = (80.53)(4.00) = 161.06 N
2
2
VnT= Vn + Vwn= 1809.66 + 442.48 = 2252.14 N
VtT= Vt + Vwt= 526.98 + 161.06 = 688.04 N

fvn= VnT = (2252.14) _ = 4.15 MPa

Ttw
(88.90)(6.10)
3(688.04)
fvt= 3VtT =
= 1.78 MPa
tfbf
(9.14)(127.00)
allow. Fv= 0.40FY= 0.40(248)= 99.20 MPa
actual fv= fvn2 + fvt2 = (4.15)2 + (1.78)2 = 4.52 MPa < 99.20 MPa

actual fv < allow. Fv (SAFE)

Use W 5 x 16 as purlins

REFERENCES FOR DESIGN OF PURLINS & TRUSS

Table 2053 Min. Roof Live Loads

Section 2.4 Loads on Truss

Table 2042 Minimum Design Dead Loads

Section 203.2.1. Basic Load Combinations

DESIGN OF TRUSS 1
DATA:
TRUSS ANALYSIS
Spacing of truss= (0.50)(4.00 + 3.50)= 3.75 m
L= 14.40 m (span of truss)
Spacing of purlins= 0.60 m
Load Combination:
1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W (Section 203.2.1. Basic Load Combinations)
Loadings:

A.) Dead Load

Weight of purlins= 235.44/0.60= 392.40 N/m2
Weight of roofing= 34 N/m2
( Section 2.4 Loads on Truss )
Weight of truss= 0.004 (4.42L + L)
= 0.004 (4.4214.40 + 14.40) = 0.125 KN/m2
Weight of truss= 125 N/m2
( Table 2042 Minimum Design Dead Loads )
Weight of suspended ceiling= 380 N/m2 ( plaster on wood lath )
B.) Live Load:
( Table 2053 Minimum Roof Live Loads )
Live Load= 750 N/m2
Rate of reduction (r)= 0.06
Maximum reduction (R)= 25%
C.) Wind Load:
Windward side:
Ph= 1540 N/m2
ROOF OVERHANG PRESSURE:
For Windward side:
POH= 2380 N/m2

DUE TO DEAD LOAD:

Load at the top of truss

Leeward side:
Ph= 1280 N/m2

Total Roof Loading including purlins, selfweight of truss & roofing:

WD= 392.40 + 34 + 125= 551.40 N/m2
Dead Loads:
Loads at each intermediate panel (W1)= (551.40)(3.75)(1.20)= 2481.30 N
Loads at each end panel (W2)= (2481.30)/2= 1240.65 N

Load at the bottom of truss:

Total Roof Loading including selfweight of truss & suspended ceiling:
WD= 125 + 380= 505 N/m2
Dead Loads:
Loads at each intermediate panel (W3)= (505)(3.75)(1.20)= 2272.50 N
Loads at each end panel (W4)= (2272.50)/2= 1136.25 N

FIGURE:

By similar s:
x=

2.62 = 0.364
7.20

H1= (0.364)(1.20)= 0.44 m

H4=(0.364)(4.80)= 1.75 m

H2= (0.364)(2.40)= 0.87 m

H5=(0.364)(6.00)= 2.18 m

H3= (0.364)(3.60)= 1.31 m

R1= (2481.30)(11) + (1240.65)(2)= 29775.60 N
R2= (2272.50)(9) + (1136.25)(2)= 22723.75 N
[MW=0] +

[MC=0] +

RC(12)= (29775.60 + 22723.75)(6.00)

RW(12)= (22723.75 + 29775.60)(6.00)

RC= 26250.30 N

RW= 26250.30 N

Check:
[FV=0] +
RC + RW= R1 + R2
26250.30 + 26250.30= 29775.60 + 22723.75
52500.60= 52500.60 (OK)
( Consider Half of Truss1 due to symmetry of loads and structure )
DUE TO DEAD LOAD:
@ Joint A:

[FV=0]

[FH=0] +

ABsin20= 1240.65 + 1136.25

AC= ABcos20= 6949.59cos20

AB= VX= 6949.59 N (+T)

AC= WX= 6530.48 N (C)

@ Joint B:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

BD= AB

BC= W1

BD= TV= 6949.59 N (+T)

BC= VW= 2481.30 N (C)

@ Joint C:

[FV=0]

CD

( 0.87
1.48 )

[FH=0] +

= 2481.30 + 26250.30

CD= TW= 40434.62 N (C)

CE= 6530.48 + 40434.62

CE= UW= 26254.35 N (+T)

( 1.20
1.48 )

@ Joint D:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

DFcos20= 6949.59cos20

DE= 40434.62

+ 40434.62

( 1.20
1.48 )

DF= RT= 27939.29 N (C)

( 0.87
1.48 )

27939.29sin20

2481.30 6949.59sin20
DE= TU= 9353.75 N (+T)

@ Joint E:

[FV=0]

EF

( 1.31
1.78 )

= 9353.75 2272.50

EF= RU= 9623.55 N (C)

[FH=0] +

EG= 26254.35 + 9623.55

EG= SU= 32742.13 N (+T)

@ Joint F:

[FH=0] +

( 1.20
1.78 )

[FV=0]

FHcos20= 27939.29cos20
+ 9623.55

FG= 2481.30 + 27939.29sin20 34843.45

( 1.20
1.78 )

FH= PR= 34843.45 N (C)

sin20 + 9623.55

( 1.31
1.78 )

FG= RS= 2239.84 N (+T)

@ Joint G:

[FV=0]

GH

( 1.75
2.12 )

[FH=0] +

= 2239.84 + 2272.50

GH= PS= 39.57 N (+T)

GI= 32742.13 39.57

( 1.20
2.12 )

GI= QS= 32719.73 N (+T)

@ Joint H:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

HJcos20= 34843.45cos20

HI= 2481.30 + 34819.61sin20

39.57

( 1.20
2.12 )

HJ= NP= 34819.61 N (C)

@ Joint I:

+ 39.57

( 1.75
2.12 )

34843.45sin 20

HI= PQ= 2505.81 N (C)

[FV=0]

IJ

( 2.18
2.49 )

[FH=0] +

= 2505.81 + 2272.50

IJ=NQ= 5457.80 N (+T)

IK= 32719.73 5457.80

( 1.20
2.49 )

IK= OQ= 30089.47 N (+T)

@ Joint J:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

JLcos20= 34819.61cos20

JK= 2481.30 + 32020.54sin20 34819.61

5457.80

( 1.20
2.49 )

JL= LN= 32020.54 N (C)

sin20 + 5457.80

( 2.18
2.49 )

JK= NO= 6302.28 N (C)

@ Joint K:

[FV=0]

KL

( 2.62
2.88 )

= 6302.28 + 2272.50

[FH=0] +

KM= 30089.47 9425.71

( 1.20
2.88 )

KL= LO= 9425.71 N (+T)

KM= MO= 26162.24 N (+T)

@ Joint L:

[FV=0]

LM= 2(32020.54sin20) 2(9425.71)

( 2.62
2.88 )

2481.30= 2272.50 N (+T) ( KING

POST )
[FH=0] +
32020.54cos20 32020.54cos20 + 9425.71

( 1.20
2.88 )

9425.71

( 1.20
2.88 )

= 0 (OK)

DUE TO LIVE LOAD:

DATA:
Live Load= 750 N/m2
Rate of reduction (r)= 0.06
Max. reduction (R)= 25%
( From Section 205.5 Reduction of Live Loads )
Reduction in percentage (R)= r (A 15)
A= (3.75)

(7.20)2+(2.62)2

= 28.73 m2

R= 0.06(28.73 15)= 0.82% ;

WL= 750 (0.82%)(750)= 743.82 N/m2
Live Loads:
Loads at each intermediate panel (W1)= (743.82)(3.75)(1.20)= 3347.20 N
Loads at each end panel (W2)= (3347.20)/2= 1673.60 N
FIGURE:

R= (3347.20)(11) + (1673.60)(2)= 40166.40 N

[MW=0] +

[MC=0] +

RC(12)= (40166.40)(6.00)

RW(12)= (40166.40)(6.00)

RC= 20083.20 N

RW= 20083.20 N

Check:
[FV=0]

RC + RW= R
20083.20 + 20083.20= 40166.40
40166.40= 40166.40 (OK)
( Consider Half of Truss1 due to symmetry of loads and structure )
@ Joint A:

[FV=0]

ABsin20= W2= 1673.60

[FH=0] +
AC= ABcos20= 4893.28cos20

AB= VX= 4893.28 N (+T)

AC= WX= 4598.18 N (C)

@ Joint B:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

BD= AB

BC=W1

BD= TV= 4893.28 N (+T)

BC= VW= 3347.20N (C)

@ Joint C:

[FV=0]

CD

( 0.87
1.48 )

= 3347.20 + 20083.20

CD= TW= 28470.44 N (C)

[FH=0] +

CE= 4598.18 + 28470.44

( 1.20
1.48 )

CE= UW= 18485.96 N (+T)

@ Joint D:

[FH=0] +

DFcos20= 4893.28cos20

[FV=0]

DE= 28470.44

( 0.87
1.48 )

19672.35sin20

+ 28470.44

( 1.20
1.48 )

DF= RT= 19672.35 N (C)

3347.20 4893.28sin20
DE= TU= 4986.86 N (+T)

@ Joint E:

[FV=0]

EF

( 1.31
1.78 )

[FH=0] +

= DE= 4986.86

EF=RU= 6776.04 N (C)

EG= 13869.08 + 6776.04

( 1.20
1.78 )

EG= SU= 18437.20 N (+T)

@ Joint F:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

FHcos20= 19672.35cos20

FG= 3347.20 + 24533.64sin20

+ 6776.04

( 1.20
1.78 )

19672.35sin20 6776.04

( 1.31
1.78 )
FH= PR= 24533.64 N (C)
@ Joint G:

FG=RS= 23.00 N (C)

[FV=0]

GH

( 1.75
2.12 )

[FH=0] +

= FG= 23.00

GH=PS= 27.86 N (+T)

GI= 18437.20 27.86

( 1.20
2.12 )

GI= QS= 18421.43 N (+T)

@ Joint H:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

HJcos20= 24533.64cos20

HI= 3347.20 24533.64sin20

27.86

( 1.20
2.12 )

HJ= NP= 24516.86 N (C)

+ 27.86

( 1.75
2.12 )

+ 24516.86sin20

HI=PQ= 3364.46 N (C)

@ Joint I:

[FV=0]

IJ

( 2.18
2.49 )

[FH=0] +

= HI= 3364.46

IK= 18421.43 3842.89

IJ=NQ= 3842.89 N (+T)

( 1.20
2.49 )

IK= OQ= 16569.43 N (+T)

@ Joint J:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

JLcos20= 24516.86cos20

JK= 3347.2024516.86sin20

3842.89

( 1.20
2.49 )

+ 22546.01sin20+3842.89

( 2.18
2.49 )
JL= LN= 22546.01 N (C)

JK=NO= 6037.59 N (C)

@ Joint K:

[FV=0]

KL

( 2.62
2.88 )

= JK= 6037.59

KL=LO= 6636.74 N (+T)

@ Joint L:

[FH=0] +

KM= 16569.43 6636.74

( 1.20
2.88 )

KM= MO= 13804.12 N (+T)

[FV=0]

LM= 2(22546.01sin20) 2(6636.74)

( 2.62
2.88 )

3347.20= 0 (OK) ( KING POST )

[FH=0] +
22546.01cos20 22546.01cos20 + 6636.74

( 1.20
2.88 )

6636.74

( 1.20
2.88 )

= 0 (OK)

DUE TO WIND LOAD:

DATA:
Span of Truss= 14.40 m
Spacing of truss= (0.50)(4.00 + 3.50)= 3.75 m
Use A36 steel: FY= 248 MPa

WIND PRESSURES
Design Wind Load (@ windward )
Ph= 1540 N/m2 (Upward)
Wind Loads:
Loads at each intermediate panel (WW)= (1540)(3.75)(1.20/cos20)= 7374.75 N
Load at each end panel (WW)= 7374.75/2= 3687.38 N

Roof Overhang Pressure:

POH= 2380 N/m2 (Upward)
Load at overhang panel (WOH)= (2380)(3.75)(0.60/cos20)= 5698.67 N

Design Wind Load (@ leeward )

Ph= 1280 N/m2 (Upward)
Wind Loads:
Loads at each intermediate panel (WL)= (1280)(3.75)(1.20/cos20)= 6129.66 N
Load at each end panel (WL)= 6129.66/2= 3064.83 N

FIGURE:

( Wind Direction to the Right )

R1= (5698.67) + (7374.75)(5.50) = 46259.80 N
R2= (3064.83)(2) + (6129.66)(5)= 36777.96 N
For Windward Side: ( @ point C )
(46259.80cos20)x1= (5698.67cos20)(1.20) + (7374.75cos20)(12)
+ (3687.38cos20)(6.00)
x1= 2.24 m from point C
y1= (0.364)(1.20 + 2.24)= 1.25 m
For Leeward Side: ( @ point W )
(36777.96cos20)x2= (3064.83cos20)(1.20) + (6129.66cos20)(12)
+ (3064.83cos20)(6.00)
x2= 2.40 m from point W
y2= (0.364)(1.20 + 2.40)= 1.31 m

[MW=0] +
RCY(12)= (46259.80cos20)(9.76) (46259.80sin20)(1.25)
+ (36777.96cos20)(2.40) + (36777.96sin20)(1.31)
RCY= 41992.67 N
[MC=0] +
RWY(12)= (46259.80cos20)(2.24) + (46259.80sin20)(1.25)
+ (36777.96cos20)(9.60) (36777.96sin20)(1.31)
RWY= 36037.30 N
Check:
[FV=0]

RCY + RWY= R1 + R2
41992.67 + 36037.30= (46259.80 + 36777.96) cos20
78029.97= 78029.97 (OK)
[FH=0] +
RCX= (46259.80 36777.96) sin20= 3242.98 N
@ Joint A:

[FV=0]

[FH=0] +

ABsin20= 5698.67cos20

AC= 15656.97cos20 + 5698.67sin20

AB= 15656.97 N (C)

AC= 16661.80 N (+T)

@ Joint B:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

BDcos20= 15656.97cos20

BC= 15656.97sin20 12972.78sin20

7374.75sin20
BD= 12972.78 N (C)

+ 7374.75cos20
BC= 7848.05 N (+T)

@ Joint C:

[FV=0]

CD

( 0.87
1.48 )

[FH=0] +

= 7848.05 + 41992.67

CE= 16661.80 + 3242.98 + 58085.11

( 1.20
1.48 )
CD= 58085.11 N (+T)

CE= 33677.21 N (C)

@ Joint D:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

DFcos20= 7374.75sin20 + 58085.11

( 1.20
1.48 )

DE= 58085.11

12972.78cos20

( 0.87
1.48 )

39829.96sin20

7374.75cos20

12972.78sin20
DF= 39829.96 N (+T)

DE= 9155.03 N (C)

@ Joint E:

[FV=0]

EF

( 1.31
1.78 )

[FH=0] +

= DE= 9155.03

EG= 33677.21 + 12439.65

EF= 12439.65 N (+T)

( 1.20
1.78 )

EG= 42063.49 N (C)

@ Joint F:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

FHcos20= 39829.96cos20 + 12439.65

FG= 39829.96sin20 + 51438.64sin20

( 1.20
1.78 )
7374.75cos20

+ 7374.75sin20

12439.65

( 1.31
1.78 )

FH= 51438.64 N (+T)

FG= 1745.38 N (+T)

@ Joint G:

[FV=0]

( 1.75
2.12 )

[FH=0] +

H= FG= 1745.38

GH= 2114.40 N (C)

GI= 42063.49 2114.40

( 1.20
2.12 )

GI= 40866.66 N (C)

@ Joint H:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

HJcos20= 51438.64cos20 2114.40

HI= 7374.75cos20 + 2114.40

( 1.20
2.12 )

+ 7374.75sin20

+ 52849.19sin20

51438.64sin20
HJ= 52849.19 N (+T)
@ Joint I:

( 1.75
2.12 )

HI= 9157.81 N (+T)

[FV=0]

IJ

( 2.18
2.49 )

[FH=0] +

= HI= 9157.81

IJ= 10460.07 N (C)

IK= 40866.66 10460.07

( 1.20
2.49 )

IK= 35825.66 N (C)

@ Joint J:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

JLcos20= 52849.19cos20 10460.07

JK= 7374.75cos20 + 50169.86sin20

( 1.20
2.49 )

+ 7374.75sin20

+ 10460.07

( 2.18
2.49 )

52849.19sin20
JL= 50169.86 N (+T)

JK= 15171.08 N (+T)

@ Joint K:

[FV=0]

KL

( 2.62
2.88 )

[FH=0] +

= JK= 15171.08

KM= 35825.66 16676.61

KL= 16676.61 N (C)

@ Joint X:

KM= 28877.07 N (C)

( 1.20
2.88 )

[FV=0]

[FH=0] +

VXsin20= 3064.83cos20

WX= 8420.55cos20 + 3064.83sin20

VX= 8420.55 N (C)

WX= 8960.96 N (+T)

@ Joint V:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

TVcos20= 8420.55cos20

VW= 8420.55sin20 6189.54sin20

6129.66sin20
TV= 6189.54 N (C)

+ 6129.66cos20
VW= 6523.05 N (+T)

@ Joint W:

[FV=0]

[FH=0] +

TW

( 0.87
1.48 )

= 6523.05 + 36037.30

UW= 8960.96 + 50208.15

( 1.20
1.48 )
TW= 50208.15 N (+T)

UW= 31748.35 N (C)

@ Joint T:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

RTcos20= 6129.66sin20 + 50208.15

TU= 50208.15

( 1.20
1.48 )

6189.54cos20

( 0.87
1.48 )

6129.66cos20

6189.54sin20
RT= 39363.42 N (+T)

TU= 8174.23 N (C)

@ Joint U:

[FV=0]

39363.42sin20

[FH=0] +

RU

( 1.31
1.78 )

= TU= 8174.23

RU= 11106.96 N (+T)

SU= 31748.35 + 11106.96

( 1.20
1.78 )

SU= 39236.19 N (C)

@ Joint R:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

PRcos20= 6129.66sin20+ 11106.96

RS= 11106.96

( 1.31
1.78 )

39363.42sin20

( 1.20
1.78 )

+ 39363.42cos20

+ 6129.66cos20 +

49562.82sin20
PR= 49562.82 N (+T)

RS= 1074.17 N (+T)

@ Joint S:

[FV=0]

PS

( 1.75
2.12 )

[FH=0] +

= RS= 1074.17

QS= 39236.19 1301.29

PS= 1301.29 N (C)

@ Joint P:

QS= 38499.61 N (C)

( 1.20
2.12 )

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

NPcos20= 6129.66sin20 1301.29

PQ= 1301.29

( 1.20
2.12 )

+ 49562.82cos20

( 1.75
2.12 )

49562.82sin20

+ 6129.66cos20 +

51009.98sin20
NP= 51009.98 N (+T)

PQ= 7329.13 N (+T)

@ Joint Q:

[FV=0]

NQ

( 2.18
2.49 )

= PQ= 7329.13

NQ= 8371.35 N (C)

@ Joint N:

[FH=0] +

OQ= 38499.61 8371.35

OQ= 34465.22 N (C)

( 1.20
2.49 )

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

LNcos20= 6129.66sin20 8371.35

NO= 8371.35

( 1.20
2.49 )

+ 51009.98cos20

( 2.18
2.49 )

51009.98sin20

+ 6129.66cos20 +

48947.69sin20
LN= 48947.69 N (+T)

NO= 12383.79 N (+T)

@ Joint O:

[FV=0]

LO

( 2.62
2.88 )

= NO= 12383.79

[FH=0] +

MO= 34465.22 13612.71

( 1.20
2.88 )
LO= 13612.71 N (C)
@ Joint L:

MO= 28793.26 N (C)

[FV=0]

LM= 3687.38cos20 + 3064.83cos20 50168.86sin20 48947.69sin20

+ 16676.61

( 2.62
2.88 )

+ 13612.71

( 2.62
2.88 )

LM= 0.013 N 0 (KING POST)

FIGURE:

( Wind Direction to the Left )

R1= (5698.67) + (7374.75)(5.50) = 46259.80 N

R2= (3064.83)(2) + (6129.66)(5)= 36777.96 N

For Windward Side: ( @ point W )

(46259.80cos20)x1= (5698.67cos20)(1.20) + (7374.75cos20)(12)
+ (3687.38cos20)(6.00)
x1= 2.24 m from point W
y1= (0.364)(1.20 + 2.24)= 1.25 m

For Leeward Side: ( @ point C )

(36777.96cos20)x2= (3064.83cos20)(1.20) + (6129.66cos20)(12)
+ (3064.83cos20)(6.00)
x2= 2.40 m from point C
y2= (0.364)(1.20 + 2.40)= 1.31 m
[MC=0] +
RWY(12)= (46259.80cos20)(9.76) (46259.80sin20)(1.25)
+ (36777.96cos20)(2.40) + (36777.96sin20)(1.31)
RWY= 41992.67 N
[MW=0] +
RCY(12)= (46259.80cos20)(2.24) + (46259.80sin20)(1.25)
+ (36777.96cos20)(9.60) (36777.96sin20)(1.31)
RCY= 36037.30 N
Check:
[FV=0]

RWY + RCY= R1 + R2
41992.67 + 36037.30= (46259.80 + 36777.96) cos20
78029.97= 78029.97 (OK)
[FH=0] +
RCX= (46259.80 36777.96) sin20= 3242.98 N

@ Joint A:

[FV=0]

[FH=0] +

ABsin20= 3064.83cos20

AC= 8420.55cos20 + 3064.83sin20

AB= 8420.55 N (C)

AC= 8960.96 N (+T)

@ Joint B:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

BDcos20= 8420.55cos20

BC= 8420.55sin20 6189.54sin20

6129.66sin20
BD= 6189.54 N (C)

+ 6129.66cos20
BC= 6523.05 N (+T)

@ Joint C:

[FV=0]

[FH=0] +

CD

( 0.87
1.48 )

= 6523.05 + 36037.30

CE= 8960.96 3242.98 + 50208.15

( 1.20
1.48 )
CD= 50208.15 N (+T)

CE= 28505.37 N (C)

@ Joint D:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

DFcos20= 6129.66sin20+ 50208.15

DE= 50208.15

( 1.20
1.48 )

6189.54cos20

( 0.87
1.48 )

6129.66cos20

6189.54sin20
DF= 39363.42 N (+T)

DE= 8174.23 N (C)

@ Joint E:

[FV=0]

39363.42sin20

[FH=0] +

EF

( 1.31
1.78 )

= DE= 8174.23

EF= 11106.96 N (+T)

EG= 28505.37 + 11106.96

( 1.20
1.78 )

EG= 35993.21 N (C)

@ Joint F:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

FHcos20= 39363.42cos20 + 11106.96

FG= 39363.42sin20 + 49562.82sin20

( 1.20
1.78 )

+ 6129.66sin20

11106.96

( 1.31
1.78 )

6129.66cos20
FH= 49562.82 N (+T)

FG= 1074.17 N (+T)

@ Joint G:

[FV=0]

GH

( 1.75
2.12 )

= FG=1074.17

GH= 1301.29 N (C)

@ Joint H:

[FH=0] +

GI= 35993.211301.29
GI= 35256.63 N (C)

( 1.20
2.12 )

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

HJcos20= 49562.82cos20 1301.29

HI= 6129.66cos20 + 1301.29

( 1.20
2.12 )

+ 6129.66sin20

HJ= 51009.98 N (+T)

+ 51009.98sin20 49562.82sin20
HI= 7329.13 N (+T)

@ Joint I:

[FV=0]

IJ

( 2.18
2.49 )

= HI= 7329.13

IJ= 8371.35 N (C)

[FH=0] +

IK= 35256.63 8371.35

IK= 31222.24 N (C)

@ Joint J:

[FH=0] +

( 1.75
2.12 )

[FV=0]

( 1.20
2.49 )

JLcos20= 51009.98cos20 8371.35

( 1.20
2.49 )

JK= 6129.66cos20 + 48947.69sin20

+ 6129.66sin20

+ 8371.35

( 2.18
2.49 )

51009.98sin20
JL= 48947.69 N (+T)

JK= 12383.79 N (+T)

@ Joint K:

[FV=0]

KL

( 2.62
2.88 )

[FH=0] +

= JK= 12383.79

KM= 31222.24 13612.71

KL= 13612.71 N (C)

( 1.20
2.88 )

KM= 25550.28 N (C)

@ Joint X:

[FV=0]

[FH=0] +

VXsin20= 5698.67cos20

WX= 15656.97cos20 + 5698.67sin20

VX= 15656.97 N (C)

WX= 16661.80 N (+T)

@ Joint V:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

TVcos20= 15656.97cos20

VW= 15656.97sin20 12972.78sin20

7374.75sin20
TV= 12972.78 N (C)

+ 7374.75cos20
VW= 7848.05 N (+T)

@ Joint W:

[FV=0]

TW

( 0.87
1.48 )

= 7848.05 + 41992.67

[FH=0] +

UW= 16661.80 + 58085.11

( 1.20
1.48 )
TW= 58085.11 N (+T)

UW= 30434.23 N (C)

@ Joint T:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

RTcos20= 7374.75sin20 + 58085.11

TU= 58085.11

( 0.87
1.48 )

39829.96sin20

( 1.20
1.48 )

12972.78cos20

7374.75cos20

12972.78sin20
RT= 39829.96 N (+T)

TU= 9155.03 N (C)

@ Joint U:

[FV=0]

RU

( 1.31
1.78 )

[FH=0] +

= TU= 9155.03

SU= 30434.23 + 12439.65

RU= 12439.65 N (+T)

( 1.20
1.78 )

SU= 38820.51 N (C)

@ Joint R:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

PRcos20= 7374.75sin20 + 12439.65

RS= 12439.65

( 1.31
1.78 )

39829.96sin20

( 1.20
1.78 )

+ 39829.96cos20

+ 7374.75cos20 +

51438.64sin20
PR= 51438.64 N (+T)

RS= 1745.38 N (+T)

@ Joint S:

[FV=0]

PS

( 1.75
2.12 )

[FH=0] +

= RS= 1745.38

QS= 38820.51 2114.40

PS= 2114.40 N (C)

( 1.20
2.12 )

QS= 37623.68 N (C)

@ Joint P:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

NPcos20= 7374.75sin20 2114.40

PQ= 2114.40

( 1.20
2.12 )
NP= 52849.19 N (+T)

+ 51438.64cos20

( 1.75
2.12 )

51438.64 sin20

+ 7374.75cos20 + 52849.19sin20
PQ= 9157.81 N (+T)

@ Joint Q:

[FV=0]

[FH=0] +

NQ

( 2.18
2.49 )

= PQ= 9157.81

NQ= 10460.07 N (C)

OQ= 37623.68 10460.07

( 1.20
2.49 )

OQ= 32582.68 N (C)

@ Joint N:

[FH=0] +

[FV=0]

LNcos20= 7374.75sin20 10460.07

( 1.20
2.49 )

NO= 10460.07

+ 52849.19cos20

( 2.18
2.49 )

+ 7374.75cos20 +

50168.86sin20
LN= 50168.86 N (+T)

NO= 15171.08 N (+T)

@ Joint O:

[FV=0]

52849.19sin20

[FH=0] +

LO

( 2.62
2.88 )

= NO= 15171.08

MO= 32582.68 16676.61

( 1.20
2.88 )
LO= 16676.61 N (C)

MO= 25634.09 N (C)

@ Joint L:

[FV=0]

LM= 3064.83cos20 + 3687.38cos20 48947.69sin20

50168.86sin20 + 13612.71

( 2.62
2.88 )

+ 16676.61

( 2.62
2.88 )

LM= 0.013 N 0 (KING POST)

SUMMARY OF LOADINGS IN TRUSS

AXIAL LOAD: () Compression & (+) Tension
WIND DIRECTION:
MEMBER

( To the Right ) &

AXIAL LOAD IN MEMBER

(N)
DEAD

LIVE

WIND LOAD

( To the Left )
LOAD COMBINATION
(N)
( 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W )

T O P C H O R D
BOTTOM CHORD
V E R T I C AL M E M B E R
D I AG O N AL M E M B E R

LOAD

LOAD

6949.59
6949.59
27939.29
34843.45
34819.61
32020.54
32020.54
34819.61
34843.45
27939.29
6949.59
6949.59
6530.48
26254.35
32742.13
32719.73
30089.47
26162.24
26162.24
30089.47
32719.73
32742.13
26254.35
6530.48
2481.30
9353.75
2239.84
2505.81
6302.28
2272.50
6302.28
2505.81
2239.84
9353.75
2481.30

40434.62
9623.55
39.57

4893.28
4893.28
19672.35
24533.64
24516.86
22546.01
22546.01
24516.86
24533.64
19672.35
4893.28
4893.28
4598.18
18485.96
18437.20
18421.43
16569.43
13804.12
13804.12
16569.43
18421.43
18437.20
18485.96
4598.18
3347.20
4986.86
23.00
3364.46
6037.59
0
6037.59
3364.46
23.00
4986.86
3347.20

28470.44
6776.04
27.86

IJ

5457.80

3842.89

KL

9425.71

6636.74

LO

9425.71

6636.74

NQ

5457.80

3842.89

AB
BD
DF
FH
HJ
JL
LN
NP
PR
RT
TV
VX
AC
CE
EG
GI
IK
KM
MO
OQ
QS
SU
UW
WX
BC
DE
FG
HI
JK
LM
NO
PQ
RS
TU
VW
CD
EF
GH

15656.97
12972.78
39829.96
51438.64
52849.19
50168.86
48947.69
51009.98
49562.82
39363.42
6189.54
8420.55
16661.80
33677.21
42063.49
40866.66
35825.66
28877.07
28793.26
34465.22
38499.61
39236.19
31748.35
8960.96
7848.05
9155.03
1745.38
9157.81
15171.08
0
12383.79
7329.13
1074.17
8174.23
6523.05

8420.55
6189.54
39363.42
49562.82
51009.98
48947.69
50168.86
52849.19
51438.64
39829.96
12972.78
15656.97
8960.96
28505.37
35993.21
35256.63
31222.24
25550.28
25634.09
32582.68
37623.68
38820.51
30434.23
16661.80
6523.05
8174.23
1074.17
7329.13
12383.79
0
15171.08
9157.81
1745.38
9155.03
7848.05

58085.11

50208.15

12439.65
2114.40

10460.07

16676.61

13612.71
8371.35

11106.96
1301.29
8371.35

3643.18
5790.53
33138.94
39915.05
38731.16
34363.18
35340.11
40202.52
41415.71
33512.17
11217.12
9432.32
1864.22
34140.99
35139.28
36044.64
33957.92
30379.62
30446.67
35046.28
37938.28
37401.12
35684.08
8024.90
2054.64
11879.45
4047.31
1063.86
5086.02
2727.00
7315.85
2526.80
3510.34
12664.09
3114.64
47606.16
12438.20
1599.46
4329.93

13612.71
8588.35
16676.61
10460.07

11039.47
6000.90

9432.32
11217.12
33512.17
41415.71
40202.52
35340.11
34363.18
38731.16
39915.05
33138.94
5790.53
3643.18
8024.90
38278.46
39995.51
40532.66
37640.66
33041.06
32974.01
36552.31
38639.02
37733.67
36735.37
1864.22
3114.64
12664.09
3510.34
2526.80
7315.85
2727.00
5086.02
1063.86
4047.31
11879.45
2054.64
53907.73
13504.36
948.97
6000.90
11039.47
8588.35
4329.93

PS
RU
TW

39.57
9623.55

40434.62

27.86
6776.04

28470.44

1301.29
11106.96

2114.40
12439.65

50208.15

58085.11

948.97
13504.36
53907.73

1599.46
12438.20
47606.16

MAXIMUM AXIAL LOAD SUMMARY:

MAIN MEMBERS:
TOP CHORD 41415.71 N (C)
BOTTOM CHORD 40532.66 N (+T)
WEB MEMBERS:
VERTICAL MEMBER 12664.09 N (+T)
7315.85 N (C)
DIAGONAL MEMBERS 53907.73 N (C)
11039.47 N (+T)
For Web member design, use DESIGN LOAD= 53907.73 N , both Compression
and Tension Loading.
NOTE:
o Design of main members will use the maximum axial loads due to both
compression and tension load.
o King post design will be based on the web member design since it carries
minimal compression or tension load.

DESIGN OF TRUSS MAIN MEMBERS

DATA:
Spacing of truss= 3.75 m

Use A36 steel: FY= 248 MPa ;

E= 200 Gpa

Loadings:
A.) Dead Load
Weight of purlins= 235.44/0.60= 392.40 N/m2
Weight of roofing= 34 N/m2
Weight of truss= = 125 N/m2
WD= (392.40 + 34 + 125)(3.75)= 2067.75 N/m
D= (2067.75)/cos20= 2200.45 N/m
B.) Live Load:
Live Load= 743.82 N/ m2
WL= (743.82)(3.75)= 2789.33 N/m
Lr= (2789.33)/cos20= 2991.48 N/m
C.) Wind Load:
Windward side:
Ph= 1540 N/m2
ROOF OVERHANG PRESSURE:
For Windward side:
POH= 2380 N/m2 ;

Using Windward Ph:

W= (1540)(3.75)= 5775 N/m
wt= 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W

Leeward side:
Ph= 1280 N/m2

wt= 1.2(2200.45) + 1.6(2991.48) + 0.8(5775)= 2806.91 N/m

Using Leeward Ph:
W= (1280)(3.75)= 4800 N/m
wt= 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W
wt= 1.2(2200.45) + 1.6(2991.48) + 0.8(4800)= 3586.91 N/m
Using Roof Overhang POH:
W= (2380)(3.75)= 8925 N/m
wt= 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W
wt= 1.2(2200.45) + 1.6(2991.48) + 0.8(8925)= 286.91 N/m
Therefore; use maximum wt= 3586.91 N/m.

TOP CHORD DUE TO COMPRESSION:

DATA:
L= max. length of top chord member= 1.28 m

FIGURE:

KL= 0.65L= (0.65)(1.28)= 0.83 m

Loadings:
Design Compression Load (C)= 41415.71 N
wt= 3586.91 N/m

CC =

22E
FY

2 2 (200 x 109 )

= 126.17 ;

(248 x 106 )

KL
r min

Let:

= Cc= 126.17 ; rmin=

6.58 mm
KL
r min

< Cc > 120

[ ]
2

KL
r min

Fas=

( )
1
2 C2c

1.6

FY
F .S.

F.S.=

Fas=

P_
A

( ) ( )

wtL2
=
12

A=

2C

2
c

248
1.917

1280
1.6
200(6.58)

L
200 r

KL
KL
r
r
5 3 min
1 min
+

3 8 Cc
8 C 3c

M=

( Cc )

P_ =
Fa

= 103.11 MPa

3
5 3 ( C c ) 1 ( Cc )
+

3 8 C c 8 C 3c

= 1.917

41415.71
= 401.61 mm2
103.11

(3586.91)(1.28)2(1000)_
= 489732.78 Nmm
12

Fb= 0.66Fy= 0.66(248)= 163.68 MPa

Fb=

M_
Sx

Sx=

M_ =
Fb

489732.78_
163.68

= 2992.01 mm3

( Try L 90 x 90 x 12 )

Properties of L 90 x 90 x 12:
A= 2029 mm2

bmin= 90 mm

w= 15.93 kg/m

rmin= 27.01 mm

t= 12 mm

Sx= 23.30 x 103 mm3

Check:
KL
r min

[ ]
( )
1
2C

1.6

F.S.=

= 30.73 < Cc > 120

KL
r min

Fas=

830
27.01

2
c

FY
F .S.

L
200 r

KL
KL
5 3 r min
1 r min
+

3 8 Cc
8 C 3c

P
=
A

= 100.53 MPa

( ) ( )

actual fas=

( 30.73 )2
248
1
2
2(126.17) 1.756
1280
1.6
200(27.01)

3
5 3 ( 30.73 ) 1 ( 30.73 )
+

3 8 (126.17) 8 (126.17)3 = 1.756

(41415.71)
= 20.41 MPa
(2029)

Moment due to weight:

w= (15.93kg/m)(9.81N/kg)= 156.27 N/m
Ww= 156.27/cos20= 166.30 N/m
Mw=

WwL2
12

(166.30)(1.28)2(1000)
12

= 22705.49 Nmm

MT= total moment= 489732.78 + 22705.49= 512438.27 Nmm

actual fb=

M = (512438.27) = 21.99 MPa

Sx
(23.30 x 103)

fas_
Fas

fb_
Fb

(20.41) + (21.99)
(100.53
TOP CHORD DUE TO
TENSION:(163.68)
)

< 1.0
= 0.34 < 1.0 (SAFE)

DATA:

FIGURE:

L= max. length of top chord member= 1.28 m

Rivet Diameter = 16 mm
BHD= 16 + 3= 19 mm
Loadings:
Design Tension Load (T)= 41415.71 N
wt= 3586.91 N/m
Use single angle w/ lug angle at end connection.
A=

5T +
4Ft

MC_
Fbr2

Ft= 0.60Fy= 0.60(248)= 148.80 MPa ;

Fb= 0.66Fy= 0.66(248)= 163.68 MPa

bmin= h= 4= 4(16)= 64 mm ;
rmin=

h =
3

2
M= wtL =
8

A=

64
3

= 21.33 mm ;

(3586.91)(1.28)2(1000)
8

C= 2/3h= (2/3)(64)= 62.67 mm

= 734599.17 Nmm

5(41415.71) + (734599.17)(62.67) = 966.12 mm2

4(148.80)
(163.68)(21.332)

Reqd An= 4/5A= 4/5(966.12)= 772.90 mm2

( Try L 90 x 90 x 12 )

Properties of L 90 x 90 x 12:
A= 2029 mm2

bmin= 90 mm

w= 15.93 kg/m

rmin= 27.01 mm

t= 12 mm

Sx= 23.30 x 103 mm3

Check:
An(supplied)= Ag BHA
An(supplied)= 2029 4(19)(12)= 1117 mm2 > 772.90 mm2
An(supplied) > Reqd An (SAFE)

actual ft=

T_
=
An

(41415.71)_ = 37.08 MPa

(1117)

Moment due to weight:

w= (15.93kg/m)(9.81N/kg)= 156.27 N/m
Ww= 156.27/cos20= 166.30 N/m
Mw=

WwL2
8

(166.30)(1.28)2(1000)
8

= 34058.24 Nmm

MT= total moment= 734599.17 + 34058.24= 768657.41 Nmm

actual fb=

M = (768657.41) = 32.99 MPa

Sx
(23.30 x 103)
ft_
Ft

fb_
Fb

< 1.0

(37.08) + (32.99)
(148.80)
(163.68)

0.45 < 1.0 (SAFE)

Use L 90 x 90 x 12 as Top Chord

BOTTOM CHORD DUE TO TENSION:

DATA:

FIGURE:

L= max. length of bottom chord member= 1.20 m

Rivet Diameter = 16 mm
BHD= 16 + 3= 19 mm
Loadings:
Design Tension Load (T)= 40532.66 N
Weight of truss= 125 N/m2
Weight of suspended ceiling= 380 N/m2 ( plaster on wood lath )
wt= (125 + 380)(3.75)= 1893.75 N/m
Use single angle w/ lug angle at end connection.
A=

5T +
4Ft

MC_
Fbr2

Ft= 0.60Fy= 0.60(248)= 148.80 MPa ;

Fb= 0.66Fy= 0.66(248)= 163.68 MPa

bmin= h= 4= 4(16)= 64 mm ;
rmin=

h =
3

2
M= wtL =
8

64
3

= 21.33 mm ;

C= h =
3

64
3

(1893.75)(1.20)2(1000) = 340875 Nmm

8

A= 5(40532.66) + (340875)(21.33)
4(148.80)
(163.68)(21.332)

= 438.13 mm2

= 21.33 mm

Reqd An= 4/5A= 4/5(438.13)= 350.51 mm2

( Try L 90 x 90 x 12 )

Properties of L 90 x 90 x 12:
A= 2029 mm2

bmin= 90 mm

w= 15.93 kg/m

rmin= 27.01 mm

t= 12 mm

Sx= 23.30 x 103 mm3

Check:
An(supplied)= Ag BHA
An(supplied)= 2029 4(19)(12)= 1117 mm2 > 350.51 mm2
An(supplied) > Reqd An (SAFE)

actual ft=

T_
=
An

(40532.66)_ = 36.29 MPa

(1117)

Moment due to weight:

w= (15.93kg/m)(9.81N/kg)= 156.27 N/m
Ww= 156.27/cos20= 166.30 N/m
Mw=

WwL2
8

(166.30)(1.20)2(1000)
8

= 29934 Nmm

MT= total moment= 340875 + 29934= 370809 Nmm

actual fb=

M = (1370809)_ = 15.91 MPa

Sx
(23.30 x 103)
ft_
Ft

+ fb_
Fb

(36.29)
(148.80)

< 1.0

(15.91)
(163.68)

0.34 < 1.0 (SAFE)

BOTTOM CHORD DUE TO COMPRESSION:

DATA:

FIGURE:

L= max. length of top chord member= 1.20 m

KL= 0.65L= (0.65)(1.20)= 0.78 m
Loadings:
Design Compression Load (C)= 40532.66 N
wt= 1893.75 N/m

CC =

22E
FY

2 2 (200 x 109 )
6

(248 x 10 )

= 126.17 ;

Let:

KL
r min

6.18 mm
KL
r min

< Cc > 120

[ ]
2

KL
r min

Fas=

( )
1
2 C2c

1.6

FY
F .S.

L
200 r

( Cc )
2C

1.6

2
c

248
1.917

1200
200(6.18)

= 102.83 MPa

= Cc= 126.17 ; rmin=

F.S.=

KL
KL
r
r
5 3 min
1 min
+

3 8 Cc
8 C 3c

Fas=

P_
A

M=

( ) ( )

P_ =
Fa

A=

wtL2
=
12

5 3 ( C c ) 1 ( Cc )
+

3 8 C c 8 C 3c

= 1.917

40532.66
= 394.16 mm2
102.83

(1893.75)(1.20)2(1000)_
12

= 227250 Nmm

Fb= 0.66Fy= 0.66(248)= 163.68 MPa

Fb=

M_
Sx

M_ =
Fb

Sx=

227250_ = 1388.38 mm3

163.68
( Try L 90 x 90 x 12 )

Properties of L 90 x 90 x 12:
A= 2029 mm2

bmin= 90 mm

w= 15.93 kg/m

rmin= 27.01 mm

t= 12 mm

Sx= 23.30 x 103 mm3

Check:
KL
r min

[ ]
( )
1
2 C2c

1.6

F.S.=

= 28.88 < Cc > 120

KL
r min

Fas=

780
27.01

FY
F .S.

L
200 r

KL
KL
5 3 r min
1 r min
+

3 8 Cc
8 C 3c

( 28.88 )2
248
2
1.751
2(126.17)
1200
1.6
200(27.01)

= 100.01 MPa

( ) ( )

5 3 ( 28.88 ) 1 ( 28.88 )
+

3 8 (126.17) 8 (126.17)3 = 1.751

actual fas=

P
=
A

(40532.66 )
= 19.98 MPa
(2029)

Moment due to weight:

w= (15.93kg/m)(9.81N/kg)= 156.27 N/m
Ww= 156.27/cos20= 166.30 N/m
Mw=

WwL2
12

(166.30)(1.20)2(1000)
12

= 19956 Nmm

MT= total moment= 227250 + 19956= 247206 Nmm

actual fb=

M = (247206) _ = 10.61 MPa

Sx
(23.30 x 103)
fas_
Fas
(19.98)
(100.01)

fb_
Fb

(10.61)
(163.68)

< 1.0
= 0.26 < 1.0 (SAFE)

Use L OF
90 xTRUSS
90 x 12WEB
as Bottom
Chord
DESIGN
MEMBERS
COMPRESSION MEMBER:
DATA:

FIGURE:
Spacing of truss= 3.75 m
Use A36 steel:
FY= 248 MPa ; E= 200 Gpa
L=maximum length of member
L=

(1.20)2+(2.62)2

= 2.88 m

KL= 0.65L= 0.65(2.88)= 1.87 m

Loadings:

Design Compression Load (C)= 53907.73 N

CC =

22E
FY

2 2 (200 x 109 )
(248 x 106 )

= 126.17 ;

Let:

KL
r min

14.82 mm
KL
r min

< Cc > 120

[ ]
2

KL
r min

Fas=

( )
1
2 C2c

1.6

FY
F .S.

F.S.=

Fas=

P_
A

( ) ( )

A=

2C

2
c

248
1.917

2880
1.6
200(14.82)

L
200 r

KL
KL
5 3 r min
1 r min
+

3 8 Cc
8 C 3c

( Cc )

P_ =
Fa

= 102.96 MPa

3
5 3 ( C c ) 1 ( Cc )
+

3 8 C c 8 C 3c

53907.73
= 523.57 mm2
102.96

( Try L 65 x 65 x 12 )

Properties of L 65 x 65 x 12:

Check:

= 1.917

A= 1425 mm2

bmin= 65 mm

rmin= 19.11 mm

t= 12 mm

= Cc= 126.17 ; rmin=

KL
r min

[ ]
( )
1
2 C2c

1.6

F.S.=

= 97.85 < Cc > 120

KL
r min

Fas=

1870
19.11

FY
F .S.

L
200 r

KL
KL
r
r
5 3 min
1 min
+

3 8 Cc
8 C 3c

( 97.85 )2
248
1
2
1.899
2(126.17)
2880
1.6
200(19.11)

= 107.87 MPa

( ) ( )

actual fas=

3
5 3 ( 97.85 ) 1 ( 97.85 )
+

3 8 (126.17) 8 (126.17)3 = 1.899

P
=
A

(53907.73)
(1425)

= 37.83 MPa

actual fas < allow. Fas (SAFE)

Use L 65 x 65 x 12 as Compression Member

TENSION MEMBER:
DATA:

FIGURE:

Rivet Diameter = 16 mm
BHD= 16 + 3= 19 mm
L= 2.88 m
Loadings:
Design Compression Load (T)= 53907.73 N
Solve for Ag:
Consider gross area Ag
T= 0.60FYAg
Ag=

T
=
0.60FY

53907.73 _ = 362.28 mm2

0.60(248)

Consider net area An

T= 0.45FYAn= 0.45FY(4/5 Ag)
Ag=

5T _ =
4(0.45)FY

5(53907.73)_ = 603.81 mm2

4(0.45)(248)

Consider effective net area Ae

T= 0.50FuAe= 0.50Fu(4/5 Ag)(CT)
Ag=

5T _
4(0.50)Fu(CT)

5(53907.73) _ = 396.38 mm2

4(0.50)(400)(0.85)

Use largest value Ag= A= 603.81 mm2

Reqd An= 4/5A= 4/5(603.81)= 317.10 mm2

Using 16 rivets:
bmin= 4= 4(16)= 64 mm;
rmin= L/300= 2880/300= 9.60 mm;
( Try L 65 x 65 x 12 )
Properties of L 65 x 65 x 12:
A= 1425 mm2

bmin= 65 mm

rmin= 19.11 mm

t= 12 mm

Check:
An(supplied)= Ag BHA
An(supplied)= 1425 4(19)(12)= 513 mm2 > 317.10 mm2
An(supplied) > Reqd An (SAFE)

Use L 65 x 65 x 12 as Tension Member

DESIGN OF RIVETED CONNECTIONS

DATA:

The joints here are actually gusset plates joining two or more members with
riveted connections. The design is based on the following material and structural
properties.
Use A36 steel:

Allowable stresses:

FY= 248 MPa

Fv= 152 MPa ( Single shear )

Fu= 400MPa

Fb= Fp= 1.2Fu= 1.2(400)= 480 MPa

t= thickness of plate= 12 mm

Ft= 0.45FY= 0.45(248)= 111.60 MPa

Use A502, Gr. 2, hot driven rivets:

Rivet Diameter = 16 mm ;

BHD= 16 + 3= 19 mm

Properties of L 90 x 90 x 12:
A= 2029 mm2

bmin= 90 mm

rmin= 27.01 mm

t= 12 mm

Properties of L 65 x 65 x 12:
A= 1425 mm2

bmin= 65 mm

rmin= 19.11 mm

t= 12 mm
NOTE: ( Consider maximum axial loads)

For Joint with connection of web members and top chord:

FIGURE:

MEMBER A:
For shearing of rivets (single shear):
Fv=

4T_
2n

n=

4T_ =
2Fv

T_ ;
tn

n=

T_ = (41415.75) _ = 0.45 say 2 pcs.

tFb
(16)(12)(480)

T_ ;
An

An=

4(41415.75)_
(162)(152)

= 1.36 say 2 pcs.

For bearing:
F P=
For tension:
Ft =

T_
Ft

(41415.75)_
(111.60)

= 371.11 mm2

An= ( Wg nBHD )( t )
Wg
n=
BHD

An_
t

90 371.11_
12

= 3.11 say 4 pcs.

19

( Use n= 4 )
Spacing of rivets:
Let:

m= number of rivets in a row= 1 ;

Edge distance= 28 mm

Wn= 0.85Wg= 0.85(90)= 76.50 mm;

Wn= Wg mBHD +

s2 _
4g

g= [90 (2)(28) ]= 34 mm
s2= 4g [ Wn (Wg mBHD) ]

s2= 4(34){ 76.50 [90 (1)(19)] }= 748 mm2

s= 27.35 mm say 25 mm
Net Area of Member A:
An= [ Wg m(BHD) ](t)= [ 90 (1)(19) ](12)= 852 mm2
actual ft=

T_
An

41415.75_
852

= 48.61 Mpa < 111.60 Mpa

actual ft < allow Ft (SAFE)

Use: n= 4 ; = 16 mm ;

m= 1 ; s= 25 mm

t= 12 mm (gusset plate) & 12 mm (Member A)

CONNECTION FIGURE:

MEMBER B:
For shearing of rivets (single shear):
4T_
2n

4T_
2Fv

4(53907.73)_
(162)(152)

Fv=

n=

= 1.76 say 2 pcs.

For bearing:
F P=

T_ ;
tn

n=

T_ ;
An

An=

T_ = (53907.73) _ = 0.58 say 2 pcs.

tFb
(16)(12)(480)

For tension:
Ft =

T_
Ft

(53907.73)_
(111.60)

= 483.04 mm2

An= ( Wg nBHD )( t )
Wg
n=

An_
t

65 483.04_
12

BHD

= 1.30 say 2 pcs.

19

( Use n= 2 )
Spacing of rivets:
Let:

m= number of rivets in a row= 1 ;

Wn= 0.85Wg= 0.85(65)= 55.25 mm;
Wn= Wg mBHD +

s2 _
4g

Edge distance= 20 mm
g= [ 65 (2)(20) ]= 25 mm
s2= 4g [ Wn (Wg mBHD) ]

s2= 4(25){ 55.25 [65 (1)(19)] }= 925 mm2

s= 30.41 mm say 30 mm
Net Area of Member A:
An= [ Wg m(BHD) ](t)= [ 65 (1)(19) ](12)= 552 mm2
53907.73_
actual ft= T_ =
= 97.66 Mpa < 111.60 Mpa
552
An
actual ft < allow Ft (SAFE)

Use: n= 2 ; = 16 mm ;

m= 1 ; s= 20 mm

t= 12 mm (gusset plate) & 12 mm (Member B)

CONNECTION FIGURE:

MEMBER C:
For shearing of rivets (single shear):
Fv=

4T_
2n

n=

4T_ =
2Fv

T_ ;
tn

n=

T_ = (12664.09) _ = 0.14 say 2 pcs.

tFb
(16)(12)(480)

T_ ;
An

An=

4(12664.09)_
(162)(152)

= 0.41 say 2 pcs.

For bearing:
F P=
For tension:
Ft =

T_
Ft

(12664.09)_
(111.60)

= 113.48 mm2

An= ( Wg nBHD )( t )
Wg
n=
BHD

An_
t

65 113.48_
12
19

= 2.9 say 4 pcs.

( Use n= 4 )
Spacing of rivets:
Let:

m= number of rivets in a row= 1 ;

Edge distance= 20 mm

Wn= 0.85Wg= 0.85(65)= 55.25 mm;

Wn= Wg mBHD +

s2 _
4g

g= [ 65 (2)(20) ]= 25 mm
s2= 4g [ Wn (Wg mBHD) ]

s2= 4(25){ 55.25 [65 (1)(19)] }= 925 mm2

s= 30.41 mm say 30 mm
Net Area of Member A:
An= [ Wg m(BHD) ](t)= [ 65 (1)(19) ](12)= 552 mm2
actual ft=

T_
An

12664.09_
552

= 22.94 Mpa < 111.60 Mpa

actual ft < allow Ft (SAFE)

Use: n= 4 ; = 16 mm ;

m= 1 ; s= 20 mm

t= 12 mm (gusset plate) & 12 mm (Member C)

CONNECTION FIGURE:

For Joint with connection of web members and bottom chord:

FIGURE:

MEMBER A:
For shearing of rivets (single shear):
Fv=

4T_
2n

n=

4T_ =
2Fv

4(40532.66)_
(162)(152)

n=

T_ = (40532.66) _ = 0.44 say 2 pcs.

tFb
(16)(12)(480)

= 1.33 say 2 pcs.

For bearing:
F P=

For tension:

T_ ;
tn

Ft =

T_ ;
An

T_
Ft

An=

(40532.66)_
(111.60)

= 363.20 mm2

An= ( Wg nBHD )( t )
An_
t

Wg
n=

90 363.20_
12

BHD

= 3.14 say 4 pcs.

19

( Use n= 4 )
Spacing of rivets:
Let:

m= number of rivets in a row= 1 ;

Edge distance= 28 mm

Wn= 0.85Wg= 0.85(90)= 76.50 mm;

Wn= Wg mBHD +

s2 _
4g

g= [90 (2)(28) ]= 34 mm
s2= 4g [ Wn (Wg mBHD) ]

s2= 4(34){ 76.50 [90 (1)(19)] }= 748 mm2

s= 27.35 mm say 25 mm
Net Area of Member A:
An= [ Wg m(BHD) ](t)= [ 90 (1)(19) ](12)= 852 mm2
actual ft=

T_
An

40532.66_
852

= 48.61 Mpa < 111.60 Mpa

actual ft < allow Ft (SAFE)

Use: n= 4 ; = 16 mm ;

m= 1 ; s= 25 mm

t= 12 mm (gusset plate) & 12 mm (Member A)

CONNECTION FIGURE:

MEMBER B:
For shearing of rivets (single shear):
Fv=

4T_
2n

n=

4T_ =
2Fv

T_ ;
tn

n=

T_ = (53907.73) _ = 0.58 say 2 pcs.

tFb
(16)(12)(480)

T_ ;
An

An=

4(53907.73)_
(162)(152)

= 1.76 say 2 pcs.

For bearing:
F P=
For tension:
Ft =

T_
Ft

(53907.73)_
(111.60)

= 483.04 mm2

An= ( Wg nBHD )( t )
Wg
n=
BHD
( Use n= 2 )

Spacing of rivets:

An_
t

65 483.04_
12
19

= 1.30 say 2 pcs.

Let:

m= number of rivets in a row= 1 ;

Edge distance= 20 mm

Wn= 0.85Wg= 0.85(65)= 55.25 mm;

Wn= Wg mBHD +

s2 _
4g

g= [ 65 (2)(20) ]= 25 mm
s2= 4g [ Wn (Wg mBHD) ]

s2= 4(25){ 55.25 [65 (1)(19)] }= 925 mm2

s= 30.41 mm say 30 mm
Net Area of Member A:
An= [ Wg m(BHD) ](t)= [ 65 (1)(19) ](12)= 552 mm2
53907.73_
actual ft= T_ =
= 97.66 Mpa < 111.60 Mpa
552
An
actual ft < allow Ft (SAFE)

Use: n= 2 ; = 16 mm ;

m= 1 ; s= 20 mm

t= 12 mm (gusset plate) & 12 mm (Member B)

CONNECTION FIGURE:

MEMBER C:

For shearing of rivets (single shear):

Fv=

4T_
2n

n=

4T_ =
2Fv

T_ ;
tn

n=

T_ = (12664.09) _ = 0.14 say 2 pcs.

tFb
(16)(12)(480)

T_ ;
An

An=

4(12664.09)_
(162)(152)

= 0.41 say 2 pcs.

For bearing:
F P=
For tension:
Ft =

T_
Ft

(12664.09)_
(111.60)

= 113.48 mm2

An= ( Wg nBHD )( t )
Wg
n=

An_
t

65 113.48_
12

BHD

= 2.9 say 4 pcs.

19

( Use n= 4 )
Spacing of rivets:
Let:

m= number of rivets in a row= 1 ;

Wn= 0.85Wg= 0.85(65)= 55.25 mm;
Wn= Wg mBHD +

s2 _
4g

Edge distance= 20 mm
g= [ 65 (2)(20) ]= 25 mm
s2= 4g [ Wn (Wg mBHD) ]

s2= 4(25){ 55.25 [65 (1)(19)] }= 925 mm2

s= 30.41 mm say 30 mm

Net Area of Member A:

An= [ Wg m(BHD) ](t)= [ 65 (1)(19) ](12)= 552 mm2
actual ft=

T_
An

12664.09_
552

= 22.94 Mpa < 111.60 Mpa

actual ft < allow Ft (SAFE)

Use: n= 4 ; = 16 mm ;

m= 1 ; s= 20 mm

t= 12 mm (gusset plate) & 12 mm (Member C)

CONNECTION FIGURE:

For Joints with connection of top and bottom chord:

FIGURE:

MEMBER A:

For shearing of rivets (single shear):

Fv= 4T_
2
For bearing: n
F P=

n=

4T_ =
2Fv

T_ ;
tn

n=

T_ = (9432.32) _ = 0.10 say 2 pcs.

tFb
(16)(12)(480)

T_ ;
An

An=

4(9432.32)_
(162)(152)

= 0.31 say 2 pcs.

For tension:
Ft =

T_
Ft

(9432.32)_
(111.60)

= 84.52 mm2

An= ( Wg nBHD )( t )
Wg
n=

An_
t

84.52_
12

90
=

BHD

= 4.37 say 6 pcs.

19

( Use n= 6 )

Spacing of rivets:
Let:

m= number of rivets in a row= 2 ;

Wn= 0.85Wg= 0.85(90)= 76.50 mm;
Wn= Wg mBHD +

s2 _
4g

Edge distance= 28 mm
g= [90 (2)(28) ]= 34 mm
s2= 4g [ Wn (Wg mBHD) ]

s2= 4(34){ 76.50 [90 (2)(19)] }= 3332 mm2

s= 57.72 mm say 55 mm
Net Area of Member A:
An= [ Wg m(BHD) ](t)= [ 90 (2)(19) ](12)= 624 mm2
actual ft=

T_
An

9432.32_
624

= 15.12 Mpa < 111.60 Mpa

actual ft < allow Ft (SAFE)

Use: n= 6 ; = 16 mm ;

m= 2 ; s= 55 mm

t= 12 mm (gusset plate) & 12 mm (Member A)

MEMBER B:
For shearing of rivets (single shear):
Fv=

4T_
2n

n=

4T_ = 4(8024.90)_ = 0.26 say 2 pcs.

2Fv
(162)(152)

T_ ;
tn

n=

T_ = (8024.90) _ = 0.09 say 2 pcs.

tFb
(16)(12)(480)

T_ ;
An

An=

For bearing:
F P=
For tension:
Ft =

T_
Ft

(8024.90)_
(111.60)

= 71.91 mm2

An= ( Wg nBHD )( t )
Wg
n=

An_
t

71.91_
12

90
=

BHD

= 4.42 say 6 pcs.

19

( Use n= 6 )
Spacing of rivets:
Let:

m= number of rivets in a row= 1 ;

Wn= 0.85Wg= 0.85(90)= 76.50 mm;
Wn= Wg mBHD +

s2 _
4g

Edge distance= 28 mm
g= [90 (2)(28) ]= 34 mm
s2= 4g [ Wn (Wg mBHD) ]

s2= 4(34){ 76.50 [90 (1)(19)] }= 748 mm2

s= 27.35 mm say 25 mm
Net Area of Member A:
An= [ Wg m(BHD) ](t)= [ 90 (1)(19) ](12)= 852 mm2
actual ft=

T_
An

8024.90_
852

= 9.42 Mpa < 111.60 Mpa

actual ft < allow Ft (SAFE)

Use: n= 6 ; = 16 mm ;

m= 1 ; s= 25 mm

t= 12 mm (gusset plate) & 12 mm (Member B)

CONNECTION FIGURE:

DESIGN OF STAIRS

DATA:

FIGURE:
T= 0.25 m= 9.84
Rise= 3.00 m;

Cover= 25 mm

Allowable stresses:
fc= 28 MPa;
Use A36 steel: fY= 248 MPa

Loadings:
a.) Dead load
Wt. of concrete= 23.60 KN/m3
b.) Live load= 3.80 KPa

Solve for R:
2R + T= 24
2R + (9.84)= 24 ;

No. of steps=

Rise
R

R= 7.08 or 179.83 mm say 180 mm.

3000
180

= 16.67 say 17 steps.

Required Effective depth of slab:

Minimum thickness of slab=
length )

L
20

Let: L= 4.10 m ( use longest

Minimum thickness of slab=

Effective depth:

4100
20

= 205 mm say 210 mm

d= 210 35= 175 mm

For Main bars use: 16 mm

Let:

n= no. of steps of the stairs ;

wc= 23.60 KN/m3

Normal dimension of the rise and thread (run)

Note: Relation between rise and thread
1.) R + T < 430
180 + 250= 430 (OK)
2.) 2R + T < 635
2(180) + 250= 610 < 635 (OK)
3.) RT < 48400 mm2
(180)(250)= 45000 < 48400 mm2 (OK)
4.) R < 200
180 < 200 (OK)

T= 250 mm

5.) T= 225 mm to 300 mm

T= 250 > 225 ;

250 < 300 (OK)

Consider 1 meter width of slab perpendicular to the paper weight of slab along a
horizontal surface:
WS1=

S n R2 +T 2
wc=
nT

200 (308.06)
250

(23.60)= 5816.14 N/m or 5.82 KN/m

Weight of steps:
WS2=

T ( R )( n )( 1 ) ( wc )
=
2 nT

R
2

wc=

180
2

(23.60)= 2124 N/m or 2.12 KN/m

Total load for stair slab:

W= 1.2DL + 1.6LL= 1.2( 5.82 + 2.12 ) + 1.6(3.80)= 15.61 KN/m
2
Mt= WL
8

2
2
= (15.61)(3.85) (1000)
8

= 28.92 x 106 Nmm

= 0.90
M= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
28.92 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(175)2 ( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.03747
0.592= 0.03747
2 1.6949 + 0.06351= 0 ;

= 0.03834

= fc = (0.03834) (28) = 0.004329

fY
(248)
min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.005645 ;
fY
(248)

Use:

= 0.005645

As= bd= 0.005645(1000)(175)= 980 mm2 ;

Using 16 mm for Main bars:

1000

(16)2
= 980 ;
s
4

s= 205.17 mm say 200 mm O.C.

Spacing of 10 mm for Temperature bars:

As= 0.002bd= 0.002bd= 0.002(1000)(175)= 350 mm2
(10)2 1000 = 350 ;
s
4

s= 224.40 mm say 220 mm O.C.

@ Section a a: ( Detail of reinforcement )

DESIGN OF SLABS
( Coefficient Method )
SLAB 1:
DATA:

FIGURE:

Allowable stresses:
fc= 28 MPa;
Use A606 steel:

fY= 345 MPa

LL= long span= 4.00 mm

LS= short span= 3.50 mm
Loadings:
a.) Dead Load
Weight of concrete= 23600 N/m3
Weight of suspended ceiling= 380 N/m2 ( plaster on wood lath )
Concrete hollow block (6)= 2630 N/m2
Partitions= 1000 N/m2
Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm) on 25 mm mortar bed= 1100 N/m2
b.) Live Load
Office= 2400 N/m2
Minimum thickness of slab:
h= 2( LL + LS) = 2( 4000 + 3500) = 83.33 mm < 100 mm
180
180

Use:

h= thickness of slab= 100 mm

Weight of slab= (23600)(0.10)= 2360 N/m2

Considering 1 meter strip;

b= 1 m or 1000 mm

DLu= 1.2(380 + 2630 + 1000 + 1100 + 2360)= 8964 N/m or 8.96 KN/m
LLu= 1.6(2400)= 3840 N/m2 or 3.84 KN/m
Ultimate load:
wu= 8964 + 3840= 12804 N/m or 12.80 KN/m
Type of slab
m= LS/LL= 3.5/4= 0.875 ( Two way slab )
( From ACI Code, Coefficient Moments in Slabs )
Note: Values of coefficients are obtained by linear interpolation, ( Case 4 )
Coefficient in Negative Moment:
Ca neg= 0.063 (short direction)
Cb neg= 0.037 (long direction)
Coefficient in Positive Moment:
Ca DL= 0.035 (short direction)
Cb DL= 0.021 (long direction)
Coefficient in Live load Positive Moment:
Ca LL= 0.041 (short direction)
Cb LL= 0.025 (long direction)
Negative Moment at Continuous Edges
Ma= Ca neg(wu)(LS)2 = (0.063)(12.80)(3.5)2 = 9.88 KNm

Mb= Cb neg(wu)(LL)2 = (0.037)(12.80)(4.0)2 = 7.58 KNm

Positive Moment along Short Direction
MS DL= Ca DL(DLu)(LS)2 = (0.035)(8.96)(3.5)2 = 3.84 KNm
MS LL= Ca LL(LLu)(LS)2 = (0.041)(3.84)(3.5)2 = 1.93 KNm
MTS= 3.84 + 1.93= 5.77 KNm
Positive Moment along Long Direction
MS DL= Cb DL(DLu)(LL)2 = (0.021)(8.96)(4.0)2 = 3.01 KNm
MS LL= Cb LL(LLu)(LL)2 = (0.025)(3.84)(4.0)2 = 1.54 KNm
MTL= 3.01 + 1.54= 4.55 KNm
Design of reinforcement Spacing along short direction (continuousedges)
where:
Mu= 9.88 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 100 25 12 12/2= 57 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
9.88 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(57)2 ( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.12067
0.592= 0.12067
2 1.6949 + 0.2045= 0 ;

= 0.13076

= fc = (0.13076) (28) = 0.01061

fY
(345)
min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;
fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.01061

As= bd= 0.01061(1000)(57)= 604.91 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 604.91 ;
s
4

s= 186.97 mm say 180 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

180 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

180 < 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

180 < 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 180 mm

Design of reinforcement Spacing along short direction (mid span)

where:
Mu= 5.77 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 100 25 12 12/2= 57 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
5.77 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(57)2 ( 1 0.59)

( 1 0.59)= 0.07047
0.592= 0.07047
2 1.6949 + 0.1194= 0 ;

= 0.07368

= fc = (0.07368)(28) = 0.005980
fY
(345)
min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;
fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.005980

As= bd= 0.005980(1000)(57)= 340.85 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 340.85 ;
s
4

s= 331.81 mm say 330 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

330 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

330 > 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

330 < 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 300 mm

Design of reinforcement Spacing along long direction (continuousedges)

where:
Mu= 9.88 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 100 25 12/2= 69 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
For Steel requirement

= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
9.88 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(69)2 ( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.08235
0.592= 0.08235
2 1.6949 + 0.13957= 0 ;
=

= 0.08679

fc
(0.08679) (28)
=
= 0.007044
fY
(345)

min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;

fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.007044

As= bd= 0.007044(1000)(69)= 486.02 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 486.02 ;
s
4

s= 232.70 mm say 230 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

230 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

230 < 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

230 < 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 230 mm

Design of reinforcement Spacing along long direction (mid span)

where:
Mu= 4.55 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 100 25 12/2= 69 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
4.55 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(69)2 ( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.03792
0.592= 0.03792
2 1.6949 + 0.06428= 0 ;
=

fc
(0.03881)(28)
=
fY
(345)

= 0.03881
= 0.003150

min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;

fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.004058

As= bd= 0.004058(1000)(69)= 280.00 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 280.00 ;
s
4

s= 403.91 mm say 400 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

400 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

400 > 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

400 < 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 300 mm

Check for Shear:
Vu= wuLL/2= (12.80)(4.0)/2= 25.60 KN

Vc= 1/6

f c '

bd= 1/6(0.85)

28 (1000)(69)= 51.72 KN > 25.60 KN

(OK)
SLAB 2:

DATA:

FIGURE:

Allowable stresses:
fc= 28 MPa;
Use A606 steel:

fY= 345 MPa

LL= long span= 4.00 mm

LS= short span= 4.00 mm

Loadings:
a.) Dead Load
Weight of concrete= 23600 N/m3
Weight of suspended ceiling= 380 N/m2 ( plaster on wood lath )
Concrete hollow block (6)= 2630 N/m2
Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm) on 25 mm mortar bed= 1100 N/m2
b.) Live Load
Building corridors above ground floor= 3800 N/m2
Minimum thickness of slab:
h= 2( LL + LS) = 2( 4000 + 4000) = 88.89 mm < 100 mm
180
180
Use:

h= thickness of slab= 100 mm

Weight of slab= (23600)(0.10)= 2360 N/m2

( From Section 205.5 Reduction of Live Loads )
Reduction in percentage (R)= r(A 15)
A= (4.00)(4.00)= 16 m2
R= 0.08( 16 15 )= 0.08 or 0.08% ;
WL= 3800 (0.08%)(3800)= 3796.96 N/m2
Considering 1 meter strip;

b= 1 m or 1000 mm

DLu= 1.2(380 + 2630 + 1100 + 2360)= 7764 N/m or 7.76 KN/m

LLu= 1.6(3796.96)= 6075.14 N/m2 or 6.08 KN/m
Ultimate load:
wu= 7764 + 6075.14= 13839 N/m or 13.84 KN/m
Type of slab
m= LS/LL= 4/4= 1.0 ( Two way slab )
( From ACI Code, Coefficient Moments in Slabs )
Note: Values of coefficients are obtained in ( Case 4 )
Coefficient in Negative Moment:
Ca neg= 0.050 (short direction)
Cb neg= 0.050 (long direction)
Coefficient in Positive Moment:
Ca DL= 0.027(short direction)
Cb DL= 0.027 (long direction)
Coefficient in Live load Positive Moment:
Ca LL= 0.032 (short direction)

Cb LL= 0.032 (long direction)

Negative Moment at Continuous Edges
Ma= Ca neg(wu)(LS)2 = (0.050)(13.84)(4.0)2 = 11.07 KNm
Mb= Cb neg(wu)(LL)2 = (0.050)(13.84)(4.0)2 = 11.07 KNm
Positive Moment along Short Direction
MS DL= Ca DL(DLu)(LS)2 = (0.027)(7.76)(4.0)2 = 3.35 KNm
MS LL= Ca LL(LLu)(LS)2 = (0.032)(6.08)(4.0)2 = 3.11 KNm
MTS= 3.35 + 3.11= 6.46 KNm
Positive Moment along Long Direction
MS DL= Cb DL(DLu)(LL)2 = (0.027)(7.76)(4.0)2 = 3.35 KNm
MS LL= Cb LL(LLu)(LL)2 = (0.032)(6.08)(4.0)2 = 3.11 KNm
MTL= 3.35 + 3.11= 6.46 KNm

Design of reinforcement Spacing along short direction (continuousedges)

where:
Mu= 11.07 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 100 25 12 12/2= 57 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)

11.07 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(57)2( 1 0.59)

( 1 0.59)= 0.1352
0.592= 0.1352
2 1.6949 + 0.2292= 0 ;

= 0.14815

= fc = (0.14815)(28) = 0.01202
fY
(345)
min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;
fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.01202

As= bd= 0.01202(1000)(57)= 685.35 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 685.35 ;
s
4

s= 165.02 mm say 160 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

160 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

160 < 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

160 < 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 160 mm

Design of reinforcement Spacing along short direction (mid span)

where:
Mu= 6.46 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 1m 25 12 12/2= 57 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm

For Steel requirement

= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
6.46 x 106= (0.90)(30)(1000)(57)2 ( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.07364
0.592= 0.07364
2 1.6949 + 0.1248= 0 ;

= 0.07715

= fc = (0.07715)(30) = 0.005786
fY
(400)
min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.0035 ;
fY
(400)

Use:

= 0.005786

As= bd= 0.005786(1000)(57)= 329.82 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 329.82 ;
s
4

s= 342.91 mm say 340 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

340 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

340 > 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

340 < 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 300 mm

Design of reinforcement Spacing along long direction (continuousedges)
where:
Mu= 11.07 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 100 25 12 12/2= 57 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
11.07 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(57)2( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.1352
0.592= 0.1352
2 1.6949 + 0.2292= 0 ;

= 0.14815

= fc = (0.14815)(28) = 0.01202
fY
(345)
min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;
fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.01202

As= bd= 0.01202(1000)(57)= 685.35 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 685.35 ;
s
4

s= 165.02 mm say 160 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

160 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

160 < 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

160 < 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 160 mm

Design of reinforcement Spacing along long direction (mid span)

For Steel requirement

= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
6.46 x 106= (0.90)(30)(1000)(57)2 ( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.07364
0.592= 0.07364
2 1.6949 + 0.1248= 0 ;

= 0.07715

= fc = (0.07715)(30) = 0.005786
fY
(400)
min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.0035 ;
fY
(400)

Use:

= 0.005786

As= bd= 0.005786(1000)(57)= 329.82 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 329.82 ;
s
4

s= 342.91 mm say 340 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

340 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

340 > 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

340 < 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 300 mm

Check for Shear:

Vu= wuLL/2= (12.80)(4.0)/2= 25.60 KN

Vc= 1/6

f c '

bd= 1/6(0.85)

28 (1000)(57)= 42.73 KN > 25.60 KN

(OK)

SLAB 3:
DATA:

FIGURE:

Allowable stresses:
fc= 28 MPa;
Use A606 steel:

fY= 345 MPa

LL= long span= 2.00 mm

LS= short span= 2.00 mm
Loadings:
a.) Dead Load
Weight of concrete= 23600 N/m3
Weight of suspended ceiling= 380 N/m2 ( plaster on wood lath )
Concrete hollow block (6)= 2630 N/m2
Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm) on 25 mm mortar bed= 1100 N/m2
b.) Live Load
Restroom= 2400 N/m2
Minimum thickness of slab:
h= 2( LL + LS) = 2( 2000 + 2000) = 44.44 mm < 100 mm
180
180
Use:

h= thickness of slab= 100 mm

Weight of slab= (23600)(0.10)= 2360 N/m2

Considering 1 meter strip;

b= 1 m or 1000 mm

DLu= 1.2(380 + 2630 + 1100 + 2360)= 7764 N/m or 7.76 KN/m

LLu= 1.6(2400)= 3840 N/m2 or 3.84 KN/m
Ultimate load:
wu= 7764 + 3840= 11604 N/m or 11.60 KN/m
Type of slab
m= LS/LL= 2/2= 1.0 ( Two way slab )
( From ACI Code, Coefficient Moments in Slabs )
Note: Values of coefficients are obtained in ( Case 4 )
Coefficient in Negative Moment:
Ca neg= 0.050 (short direction)
Cb neg= 0.050 (long direction)
Coefficient in Positive Moment:
Ca DL= 0.027(short direction)
Cb DL= 0.027 (long direction)
Coefficient in Live load Positive Moment:
Ca LL= 0.032 (short direction)
Cb LL= 0.032 (long direction)
Negative Moment at Continuous Edges
Ma= Ca neg(wu)(LS)2 = (0.050)(11.60)(2.0)2 = 2.32 KNm
Mb= Cb neg(wu)(LL)2 = (0.050)(11.60)(2.0)2 = 2.32 KNm

Positive Moment along Short Direction

MS DL= Ca DL(DLu)(LS)2 = (0.027)(7.76)(2.0)2 = 0.84 KNm
MS LL= Ca LL(LLu)(LS)2 = (0.032)(3.84)(2.0)2 = 0.0.49 KNm
MTS= 0.84 + 0.49= 1.33 KNm
Positive Moment along Long Direction
MS DL= Cb DL(DLu)(LL)2 = (0.027)(7.76)(2.0)2 = 0.84 KNm
MS LL= Cb LL(LLu)(LL)2 = (0.032)(3.84)(2.0)2 = 0.49 KNm
MTL= 0.84 + 0.49= 1.33 KNm
Design of reinforcement Spacing along short direction (continuousedges)
where:
Mu= 2.32 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 100 25 12 12/2= 57 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
M= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
2.83 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(57)2( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.03456
0.592= 0.03456
2 1.6949 + 0.05858= 0 ;
=

fc
(0.03530)(28)
=
fY
(345)

= 0.03530
= 0.002865

min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;

fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.004058

As= bd= 0.004058(1000)(57)= 231.31 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 231.31;
s
4

s= 488.95 mm say 480 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

480 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

480 > 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

480 > 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 300 mm

Design of reinforcement Spacing along short direction (mid span)

where:
Mu= 1.33 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 100 25 12 12/2= 57 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
1.33 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(57)2 ( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.01624
0.592= 0.01624

2 1.6949 + 0.02753= 0 ;
=

= 0.01640

fc
(0.01640)(28)
=
= 0.001331
fY
(345)

min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;

fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.004058

As= bd= 0.004058(1000)(57)= 231.31 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 231.31;
s
4

s= 488.95 mm say 480 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

480 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

480 > 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

480 > 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 300 mm

Design of reinforcement Spacing along long direction (continuousedges)

where:
Mu= 2.32 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 100 25 12 12/2= 57 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
M= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
2.83 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(57)2( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.03456

 0.592= 0.03456
2 1.6949 + 0.05858= 0 ;
=

fc
(0.03530)(28)
=
fY
(345)

= 0.03530
= 0.002865

min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;

fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.004058

As= bd= 0.004058(1000)(57)= 231.31 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 231.31;
s
4

s= 488.95 mm say 480 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

480 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

480 > 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

480 > 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 300 mm

Design of reinforcement Spacing along long direction (mid span)

where:
Mu= 1.33 KNm

ds= h Conc. cover /2

Conc. cover= 25 mm

ds= 100 25 12 12/2= 57 mm

= diameter of bar= 12 mm
b= 1000 mm
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)

1.33 x 106= (0.90)(28)(1000)(57)2 ( 1 0.59)

( 1 0.59)= 0.01624
0.592= 0.01624
2 1.6949 + 0.02753= 0 ;
=

= 0.01640

fc
(0.01640)(28)
=
fY
(345)

= 0.001331

min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;

fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.004058

As= bd= 0.004058(1000)(57)= 231.31 mm2 ;

Using 12 mm bars:
1000

(12)2
= 231.31;
s
4

s= 488.95 mm say 480 mm

Spacing limits for Slab Reinforcement

1.) s > h ;

480 > 100 mm (OK)

2.) s < 3h ;

480 > 300 mm (OK)

3.) s < 450 ;

480 > 450 mm (OK)

Design Spacing, s= 300 mm

Check for Shear:
Vu= wuLL/2= (12.80)(2.0)/2= 12.80 KN
Vc= 1/6

f c '

bd= 1/6(0.85)

28 (1000)(57)= 42.73 KN > 12.80 KN

(OK)

Spacing of 10 mm for Temperature bars:

As= 0.002bd= 0.002bh= 0.002(1000)(100)= 200 mm2
(10)2 1000 = 200 ;
s
4

s= 392.70 mm say 390 mm O.C. bothways

Spacing limits for Temperature bar Reinforcement

s < 5h ;

390 mm < 500 mm (OK)

ANALYSIS FOR VERTICAL LOAD

DATA:
Roof beam dimension= 200 mm x 280 mm
Beam dimension= 250 mm x 350 mm
Loadings:
From reactions due to Dead, Live and Wind Load
26250.30 + 20083.20 36037.30= 10296.20 N or 10.30 KN
@ Roof Level:
Dead Load:
( Table 2042 Minimum Design Dead Loads )
Weight of concrete= 23600 N/m3
Weight of suspended ceiling= 380 N/m2 ( plaster on wood lath )
Weight of roof beam= (23600)(0.28)= 6608 N/m2
w= (380 + 6608)(4)= 27952 N/m or 27.95 KN/m
@ 2nd Floor Level:
Dead Load:

Weight of concrete= 23600 N/m3

Weight of suspended ceiling= 380 N/m2 ( plaster on wood lath )
Concrete hollow block (6)= 2630 N/m2
Partitions= 1000 N/m2
Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm) on 25 mm mortar bed= 1100 N/m2
Weight of slab= 2360 N/m2
Weight of roof beam= (23600)(0.35)= 8260 N/m2
D= 380 + 2630 + 1000 + 1100 + 2360 + 8260= 15730 N/m2 or 15.73 KN/m2
( From Table 2051 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads )
Live Load:
L= 3.80 KN/m2 for Building corridors above ground floor
Design Load= 1.2D + 1.6L= 1.2(15.73) + 1.6(3.80)= 24.96 KN/m2
w= 24.96(4)= 99.82 KN/m

CONSIDER LEFT SIDE

SHEAR AND MOMENT ON BEAMS:
FIGURE:

@ Beam IJ:

R1=R2
[MR2=0] +
R1(3.2)= (27.95)(3.2)(1.6)
R1= R2= 44.72 KN

RI=RJ
[FV=0]

+
RI= 44.72 + (27.95)

(0.4)
RI= RJ= 55.90 KN

MI= MJ
[MI=0] +
MI= (44.72)(0.4) + (27.95)(0.4)2/2

Mmax= 20.12 + (55.90)(2)(0.50)

Mmax= 35.78 KNm

MI= MJ= 20.12 KNm

Since Beam IJ has the same load and span as beams JK and KL:
RI= RJ= RK= RL= 55.90 KN
MI= MJ= MK= ML= 20.12 KNm

@ Beam EF:

R1=R2
[MR2=0] +
R1(3.2)= (99.82)(3.2)(1.6)
R1= R2= 159.71 KN

RE=RF
[FV=0]

+
RE= 159.71 + (99.82)

(0.4)
RE= RF= 199.64 KN

ME= MF
[ME=0] +
ME= (159.71)(0.4) + (99.82)(0.4)2/2

Mmax= 71.87 + (199.64)(2)(0.50)

Mmax= 127.77 KNm

ME= MF= 71.87 KNm

Since Beam EF has the same load and span as beams FG and GH:
RE= RF= RG= RH= 199.64 KN
ME= MF= MG= MH= 71.87 KNm

AXIAL LOAD AND MOMENT ON COLUMNS:

FIGURE:

@ 2ND Floor Level:

PEI= PHL= 10.30 + RI= 10.30 + 55.90
PEI= PHL= 66.20 KN
PFJ= PGK= 10.30 + 2RJ= 10.30 + (2)(55.90)
PFJ= PGK= 122.10 KN
MEI= MHL= ME + MI + = 71.87 + 20.12
MEI= MHL= 91.99 KNm
MFJ= MGK= 0
@ 1st Floor Level:
PAE= PDH= 66.20 + RE= 66.20 + 199.64= 265.84 KN
PBF= PCG= 122.10 + 2RF= 122.10 + (2)(199.64)= 521.38 KN
MAE= MDH= ME5= 91.99 KNm

MBF= MCG= 0
SUPPORT REACTIONS:
Moment, Vertical Load

[FV=0]

2(265.84) + 2(521.38)= (12)(27.95) + (4)(10.30) + (12)(99.82)

1574.44= 1574.44 (OK)

ANALYSIS FOR LATERAL LOAD PORTAL METHOD

DATA:
WALL
For windward side:
Design Wind Load= 1.26 KN/m2 or 1260 N/m2
For leeward side:
Design Wind Load= 1.15 KN/m2 or 1150 N/m2
( Note: Consider Wind load only and neglect earthquake load. )

FOUNDATION PLAN:

FRONT SIDE:
By Tributary Area on wall:
P1= (1.26)(3.45+3)(12)/2 = 48.76 KN
P2= (1.26)(1.5)(12)= 22.68 KN
P1= ( 1.15)(3.45+3)(12)/2 = 44.51 KN

P2= ( 1.15)(1.5)(12)= 20.7 KN

LEFT SIDE:
By Tributary Area on wall:
P1= (1.26)(3.45+3)(14.50)/2 = 58.92 KN
P2= (1.26)(1.5)(14.50)= 27.41 KN
P1= ( 1.15)(3.45+3)(14.50)/2 = 53.78 KN
P2= ( 1.15)(1.5)(14.50)= 25.01 KN
Therefore, consider Left Side due to larger Lateral Wind Loads.

SIMPLIFIED FRAME FIGURE:

@ sec a a

[FH=0] +
6S= 27.41 + 25.01= 52.42 KN
S= SEI= SHL= 8.73 KN
2S= SFJ= SGK= 17.48 KN

@ sec b b

[FH=0] +
6S= 52.42 + 58.92 + 53.78= 165.12 KN
S= SAE= SDH= 27.52 KN
2S= SBF= SCG= 55.04 KN

MEMBER END FORCES AND MOMENTS:

Moment, Horizontal Load, Vertical Load

SUPPORT REACTIONS:

Check:
[MD=0] +
(27.41+25.10)(6.45) + (58.92+53.78)(3.45) (47.47)(2)
(94.94)(2) (36.84)(12)= 0.60 0 (OK)
[FV=0]

36.84 + 36.84= 0 (OK)

[FH=0] +
27.41 + 25. 01 + 58.92 + 53.78 (27.52)(2) (55.04)(2) = 0 (OK)

SUMMARY OF LOADINGS OF THE FRAME:

Moment: ()CounterClockwise & (+)Clockwise;
Axial: ()Compression & (+)Tension

B EAM

IJ
JK
KL
EF
FG
GH
EI
FJ
GK
HL
AE
BF
CG
FG

COLUMN

Due to Lateral Load

SHEAR LOAD
( KN )

MEMBER

55.90
55.90
55.90
199.64
199.64
199.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Due to Vertical Load

6.55
6.55
6.55
30.29
30.29
30.29
8.73
17.48
17.48
8.73
27.52
55.04
55.04
27.52

AXIAL LOAD
( KN )
0
0
0
0
0
0
66.20
122.10
122.10
66.20
265.84
521.38
521.38
265.84

18.68
1.20
16.28
40.13
2.57
34.99
6.55
0
0
6.55
36.84
0
0
36.84

END MOMENT
( KNm )
20.12
0
20.12
71.87
0
71.87
91.99
0
0
99.91
91.99
0
0
91.99

13.11
13.11
13.11
60.58
60.58
60.58
13.11
26.22
26.22
13.11
47.47
94.94
94.94
47.47

TOTAL LOADS AND MOMENT ON MEMBER:

COLUMN

B E AM

MEMBER
IJ
JK
KL
EF
FG
GH
EI
FJ
GK
HL
AE
BF
CG

SHEAR LOAD
( KN )
62.45
62.45
62.45
229.93
229.93
229.93
8.73
17.48
17.48
8.73
27.52
55.04
55.04

AXIAL LOAD
( KN )
18.68
1.20
16.28
40.13
2.57
34.99
59.65
122.10
122.10
73.05
229.00
521.38
521.38

END MOMENT
( KNm )
33.21
13.11
7.01
132.45
60.58
11.29
78.88
26.22
26.22
113.02
44.52
94.94
94.94

27.52
302.68
MAXIMUM LOAD AND MOMENT SUMMARY:
FG

139.46

BEAMS:
@ Roof Level:
Vmax= 62.45 KN
Axial Load= 18.68 KN (C)
End Mmax= 33.21 KNm
@ 2nd Floor:
Vmax= 229.93 KN
Axial Load= 40.13 KN (C)
End Mmax= 132.45 KNm

COLUMNS:

@ 2nd Floor:
Vmax= 17.48 KN
Axial Load= 122.10 KN (C)
End Mmax= 113.32 KNm

@ 1ST Floor:
Vmax= 55.04 KN
Axial Load= 521.38 KN (C)

End Mmax= 139.46 KNm

ROOF BEAM 1 DESIGN

DATA:

FIGURE:
Roof beam dimension:
b= 200 mm

h= 280 mm

Clear cover = 50 mm
L= maximum length of RB 1= 4.00 m
Allowable stresses:
For Concrete:
fc= 28 MPa ;

1= 0.85 ;

= 0.90 ;

Ec= 24.90 GPa

For Steel:

CL

Use A606 steel:

FY= 345 MPa

Es=200 Gpa

Loadings:
@ Roof Level:
wu= 27.95 KN/m

Vmax= 62.45 KN

Axial Load= Nu= 18.68 KN (C)

End Mmax= Mu= 33.21 KNm

Solve max and Mumax:

max= 0.75

max

= 0.75

Use:

'

0.85 f c 1
fy

](

600
600+ f y

](

0.85 ( 28 ) (0.85)
600
345
600+345

= 0.027922

= max= 0.027922

= fY
fc

= (0.027923)(345) = 0.34405
(28)

Using 16 mm for Main reinforcement:

Effective depth (d):
d= h clear cover /2= 280 50 16/2= 222 mm
FOR SUPPORT:
Mu= End Mmax= 33.21 KN/m
Mumax= fcbd2(1 0.59)= (0.90)(28)(200)(222)2(0.34405)[1 (0.59)(0.34405)]
Mumax= 68.11 x 106 Nmm or 68.11 KNm > 33.21 KNm
( Reinforcement of Main bars @ Top, TENSION ONLY )
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
33.21 x 106= (0.90)(28)(200)(222)2( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.13370
0.592= 0.13380
2 1.6949 + 0.22661= 0 ;

= 0.14634

fc
(0.14634)(28)
=
fY
(345)

= 0.01188

min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;

fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.01188

As= bd= 0.01188 (200)(222)= 527.33 mm2 ;

Using 16 mm bars:
Ao=
Let:

FIGURE:

(16)2= 201.06
4

N= number of bars required

N=

As
Ao

527.33
201.06

= 2.62 say 3 pcs.

(actual) As= (3)(201.06)= 603.19 mm2

Checked for actual :
min= 0.004058 ;
(actual) =

(actual) A s
bd

max= 0.027922
=

603.19
( 200 ) (222)

= 0.01359 < max ;

0.01359 > min (OK)

FOR MIDSPAN:
Mu= 29.24 KN/m
Mumax= 68.11 KNm > 29.24 KNm
( Reinforcement of Main bars @ Bottom, TENSION ONLY )
For Steel requirement
= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
29.24 x 106= (0.90)(28)(200)(222)2( 1 0.59)

( 1 0.59)= 0.11772
0.592= 0.11772
2 1.6949 + 0.19952= 0 ;
=

= 0.12728

fc
(0.12728)(28)
=
fY
(345)

= 0.01033

min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;

fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.01033

As= bd= 0.01033(200)(222)= 458.65 mm2 ;

Using 16 mm bars:
Ao=
Let:

FIGURE:

(16)2= 201.06
4

N= number of bars required

As
Ao

N=

458.65
201.06

= 2.28 say 3 pcs.

Checked for actual :

min= 0.004058 ;

(actual) =

(actual) A s
bd

max= 0.027922

603.19
( 200 ) (222)

= 0.01359 < max ;

0.01359 > min (OK)

Spacing of stirrups:
Solve for Vc where beam is subjected to a compressive force 18.68 KN,
Mu= 33.21 KNm , Vmax= 62.45 KN ; = 1.0 ( normal weight of concrete)
Vu= Vmax wud= 62.45 27.95(0.222)= 56.25 KN

Vc=

0.17 f 'c +17 w

Vud
bd
Mm

( 4 hd )
= 33.21 18.68
8

Mm= Mu Nu
Vud
Mm

w =

Vc=

56.25(0.222)
31.11

As
603.19
=
bd ( 200 ) (222)

4 ( 0.28 )0.222
8

= 31.11 KNm

= 0.401 ;

= 0.01359

[ 0.17 ( 1 ) 28+17 ( 0.01359 )( 0.401 ) ] ( 200 )( 222 )

Vc= 44057.34 N or 44.06KN

Vc shall not be greater than:
Vc= 0.29

1+

Vc= 0.29

1+

0.29 N u
f 'c bd
Ag
0.29 ( 18680 )
( 1 ) 28 ( 200 )(222)
( 200 ) ( 280 )

Vc= 74724.32 N or 74.72 KN > 44.06 KN ;

Use: Vc= 44.06 KN

Vc= 0.85(44.06)= 37.45 KN

Vc < Vu

( Stirrups are necessary )

Use 10 mm stirrups.
Vn= Vu/= 56.25/0.85= 66.21 KN
Vs= Vn Vc= 66.21 44.06= 22.15 KN
2
f ' bd
3 c

2
28(200)(222) = 156628.48 N or 156.62 KN
3

Vs <

2
f ' bd
3 c

Maximum spacing:
1
f ' bd
3 c

1
28(200)(222) = 78314.24 N or 78.31 KN
3

Vs= 22.15 KN < 78.31 KN

smax= d/2= 222/2= 111 mm or 600 mm;

Use smax= 111 mm

Av= 2 ( (10)2= 157.08 mm2

4
s=

Av f d
Vs
y

( 157.08 )( 345 ) (222)

22150

= 543.11 mm say 540 mm > smax

Use s= 50 mm O.C. near the support

x1
62.4537.45

2.00
62.45

x1= 0.80 m

x2
62.4518.73

2.00
62.45

x2= 1.40 m

@ 0.30 m from support

Vu= 62.45 27.95(0.30)= 54.07 KN > Vc
Vn= Vu/= 54.07/0.85= 63.61 KN

Vs= Vn Vc= 63.61 44.06= 19.55 KN

s=

Av f d
Vs
y

( 157.08 )( 345 ) (222)

19550

= 615.38 mm say 600 mm > smax

Summary of spacing (Symmetrical with the centreline)

Length

Total distance
From support

150 mm
400 mm
200 mm

150 mm
550 mm
750 mm

Spacing
3 @ 50 mm
5 @ 80 mm
2 @ 100 mm
The rest @ 110 mm

BEAM 1 DESIGN

DATA:

FIGURE:
Beam dimension:
b= 250 mm

h= 350 mm

Clear cover = d= 50 mm
L= maximum length of B 1= 4.00 m
Allowable stresses:
For Concrete:
fc= 28 MPa ;

1= 0.85 ;

= 0.90 ;

Ec= 24.90 GPa

For Steel:
Use A606 steel:

CL

FY= 345 MPa

Es=200 Gpa

Loadings:
@ 2nd Floor:
wu= 99.82 KN/m

Vmax= 229.93 KN

Axial Load= Nu= 40.13 KN (C)

End Mmax= 132.45 KNm

Solve max and Mumax:

max= 0.75

max

= 0.75

Use:

0.85 f 'c 1
fy

](

600
600+ f y

](

0.85 ( 28 ) (0.85)
600
345
600+345

= 0.027922

= max= 0.027922

= fY
fc

= (0.027923)(345) = 0.34405
(28)

Using 25 mm for Main reinforcement:

Effective depth (d):
d= h clear cover /2= 350 50 25/2= 287.50 mm
FOR SUPPORT:

( Tension @ TOP )

Mu= End Mmax= 132.45 KN/m

Mumax= fcbd2(1 0.59)= (0.90)(28)(250)(287.50)2(0.34405)[1(0.59)(0.34405)]
Mumax= 142.79 x 106 Nmm or 142.79 KNm < 132.45 KNm
( The beam will be designed as DOUBLY REINFORCED )

Assume compression steel yields ( fs= fy ; As2=As )

As1= maxbd= 0.027922(250)(292)= 2038.31 mm2
Solve for Mu1, Mu2, and As2
Mu1= Mumax= 117.84 KNm
Mu2= Mu Mu1= 132.45 117.84= 14.61 KNm
M u2
As2=

f y ( dd ' )

14.61 x 106
( 0.90 ) (345) ( 2925016 /2 )

= 201.08 mm2

Solve for a and c:

[C1= T1]
o.85fcab= As1fy
a=

As 1 f y
0.85 f c ' b

c=

a
1

fs= 600

2038.31( 345)

= 0.85 ( 28 )( 250) = 118.19 mm

118.91
0.85

cd '
c

= 139.04 mm

= 600

(139.0450
139.04

16
)
2

= 349.73 MPa > fy

(Compression steel yields)

As= As2= 201.08 mm2 (Compression steel)
As= As1 + As2= 2038.31 + 201.08= 2239.39 mm2 (Tension steel)
Using 16 mm bars for compression:
Ao=
Let:

(16)2= 201.06
4

N= number of bars required

@ Compression steel

FIGURE:

N=

As '
Ao

201.08
201.06

= 1.01 say 2 pcs.

Using 25 mm bars for tension:

Ao=

(25)2= 490.87
4

@ Tension steel
N=

As
Ao

2239.39
490.87

= 4.56 say 5 pcs

Checked for actual :

min= 0.004058 ;

max= 0.027922

(actual) As= 2 (16)2 + 5 (25)2= 2856.49

4
4
(actual) =

(actual) A s
bd

FOR MIDSPAN:

2856.49
( 200 ) (292)

= 0.01359 < max ;

( Tension @ BOTTOM )

Mu= 97.48 KN/m

For Steel requirement
= 0.90
Mu= fcbd2( 1 0.59)
29.24 x 106= (0.90)(28)(200)(222)2( 1 0.59)
( 1 0.59)= 0.11772
0.592= 0.11772
2 1.6949 + 0.19952= 0 ;

= 0.12728

0.01359 > min (OK)

fc
(0.12728)(28)
=
fY
(345)

= 0.01033

min= 1.4 = 1.4_ = 0.004058 ;

fY
(345)

Use:

= 0.01033

As= bd= 0.01033(200)(222)= 458.65 mm2 ;

Using 16 mm bars:
Ao=
Let:

FIGURE:

(16)2= 201.06
4

N= number of bars required

As
Ao

N=

458.65
201.06

= 2.28 say 3 pcs.

Checked for actual :

min= 0.004058 ;

(actual) =

(actual) A s
bd

max= 0.027922

603.19
( 200 ) (222)

= 0.01359 < max ;

0.01359 > min (OK)

Spacing of stirrups:
Solve for Vc where beam is subjected to a compressive force 18.68 KN,
Mu= 33.21 KNm , Vmax= 62.45 KN ; = 1.0 ( normal weight of concrete)
Vu= Vmax wud= 62.45 27.95(0.222)= 56.25 KN

Vc=

0.17 f 'c +17 w

Mm= Mu Nu

Vud
bd
Mm

( 4 hd )
= 33.21 18.68
8

4 ( 0.28 )0.222
8

= 31.11 KNm

Vud
Mm

w =

Vc=

56.25(0.222)
31.11

As
603.19
=
bd ( 200 ) (222)

= 0.401 ;

= 0.01359

[ 0.17 ( 1 ) 28+17 ( 0.01359 )( 0.401 ) ] ( 200 )( 222 )

Vc= 44057.34 N or 44.06KN

Vc shall not be greater than:

Vc= 0.29

1+

Vc= 0.29

1+

0.29 N u
f 'c bd
Ag
0.29 ( 18680 )
( 1 ) 28 ( 200 )(222)
( 200 ) ( 280 )

Vc= 74724.32 N or 74.72 KN > 44.06 KN ;

Use: Vc= 44.06 KN

Vc= 0.85(44.06)= 37.45 KN

Vc < Vu

( Stirrups are necessary )

Use 10 mm stirrups.
Vn= Vu/= 56.25/0.85= 66.21 KN
Vs= Vn Vc= 66.21 44.06= 22.15 KN
2
f ' bd
3 c

2
28(200)(222) = 156628.48 N or 156.62 KN
3

Vs <
Maximum spacing:

2
f ' bd
3 c

1
f ' bd
3 c

1
28(200)(222) = 78314.24 N or 78.31 KN
3

Vs= 22.15 KN < 78.31 KN

smax= d/2= 222/2= 111 mm or 600 mm;

Use smax= 111 mm

Av= 2 ( (10)2= 157.08 mm2

4
s=

Av f d
Vs
y

( 157.08 )( 345 ) (222)

22150

= 543.11 mm say 540 mm > smax

Use s= 50 mm O.C. near the support

x1
62.4537.45

2.00
62.45

x1= 0.80 m

x2
62.4518.73

2.00
62.45

x2= 1.40 m

@ 0.30 m from support

Vu= 62.45 27.95(0.30)= 54.07 KN > Vc
Vn= Vu/= 54.07/0.85= 63.61 KN
Vs= Vn Vc= 63.61 44.06= 19.55 KN

s=

Av f d
Vs
y

( 157.08 )( 345 ) (222)

19550

= 615.38 mm say 600 mm > smax

Summary of spacing (Symmetrical with the centreline)

Spacing
3 @ 50 mm
5 @ 80 mm
2 @ 100 mm
The rest @ 110 mm

Length

Total distance
From support

150 mm
400 mm
200 mm

150 mm
550 mm
750 mm

COLUMN 1 DESIGN
DATA:
Allowable stresses:
For Concrete:
fc= 28 MPa ;
For Steel:
Use A606 steel:

FY= 345 MPa

Es=200 Gpa

Loadings:
@ Roof Level:

wur= 27.95 KN/m;

@ 2nd Floor Level:

wu2= 99.82 KN/m

@ 1ST Floor Level: ( Interior Column )

Vmax= 55.04 KN
Axial Load= 521.38 KN (C)
End Mmax= 139.46 KNm
Solve for Ag:
Assume: As= 0.02Ag
Pu= 521.38 + (27.95)(0.50)(4.00 + 3.50) + (99.82)(0.50)(4.00 + 3.50)= 1000.52 KN
= 0.70 ( Tied Column )
Pu= (0.80)Pn= 0.70(0.80)[ 0.85fc(Ag As ) + AsFy ]
(1000.52 x 103)= 0.70(0.80)[ 0.85(28)(Ag 0.02Ag) + (0.02Ag)(345)]

Ag= 59113.30 mm2 ;

b2= Ag ;

b= 243.13 mm say 300 mm

Use 300 mm x 300 mm for C 2

Solve for actual As:
Ag= (300)(300)= 90000 mm2
As= 0.02(90000)= 1800 mm2
Solve for number of bars (N):
As
N= A o
Use 25 mm for longitudinal bars

Ao= 4

N=

As
Ao

(25)2= 490.87 mm2

1800

= 490.87 = 3.67 say 4 pcs.

Use 4 25 mm for longitudinal bars

Spacing of lateral ties:
Using 10 mm for lateral ties:
a.) 16db= 16(25)= 400 mm
b.) 48(diameter of lateral ties)= 48(10)= 480 mm
c.) Minimum dimension= 300 mm
( Use least value of spacing )

Use spacing of lateral ties= 300 mm O.C.

COLUMN 2 DESIGN
DATA:
Allowable stresses:
For Concrete:
fc= 28 MPa ;
For Steel:
Use A606 steel:

FY= 345 MPa

Loadings:
@ Roof Level:

wur= 27.95 KN/m;

@ 2nd Floor Level:

Vmax= 17.48 KN
Axial Load= 122.10 KN (C)
End Mmax= 113.32 KNm
Solve for Ag:
Assume: As= 0.02Ag
Pu= 122.10 + (27.95)(0.50)(4.00 + 3.50)= 226.91 KN
= 0.70 ( Tied Column )
Pu= (0.80)Pn= 0.70(0.80)[ 0.85fc(Ag As ) + AsFy ]

Es=200 Gpa

(226.91 x 103)= 0.70(0.80)[ 0.85(28)(Ag 0.02Ag) + (0.02Ag)(345)]

Ag= 13406.59 mm2 ;

b2= Ag ;

b= 115 mm say 300 mm

Use 300 mm x 300 mm for C 2

Solve for actual As:

Ag= (300)(300)= 90000 mm2
As= 0.02(90000)= 1800 mm2
Solve for number of bars (N):
As
N= A o
Use 25 mm for longitudinal bars

Ao= 4

N=

As
Ao

(25)2= 490.87 mm2

1800

= 490.87 = 3.67 say 4 pcs.

Use 4 25 mm for longitudinal bars

Spacing of lateral ties:
Using 10 mm for lateral ties:
a.) 16db= 16(25)= 400 mm
b.) 48(diameter of lateral ties)= 48(10)= 480 mm
c.) Minimum dimension= 300 mm
( Use least value of spacing )

Use spacing of lateral ties= 300 mm O.C.