8

Chapter

WORD

Chemicals in Industry
Bahan Kimia dalam Perindustrian

UP!

Chemicals in
industry

Aloi Alloy
Proses Haber Haber process
nductor alloy
Aloi superkonduktor Superco
r
ilise
fert
Baja urea Urea

Alloy

make

properties

Steel
example

Hard
Shiny
surface
Corrosion
resistant

Superconductor
alloy
used in

Paper 1

2007

Q23, Q24

2008

Q20 Q22

2009

Q23 Q24

2010

Q23 Q24

2011

Q22 Q24

Sec. A

Sec. B

pressure

Sec. C

Q11, Q12(a)

Atmospheric
pressure of
200500 atm

Q2

165

sources

Burning
of
fossil fuel
Industrial
toxic
wastes

catalyst

450500

Q10, Q11(a)

is produced
through

requires

temperature

Year

Nitrogen
fertiliser

Haber
process

Transportation
Industr y
Medicine

Paper 2

Pollution

Urea

Ammonia

example

SPM Past-year Questions

cause

involve

Iron filings

Wastes from
agricultural
industr y
produces

Acidic gas
Haze and
dust
Carbon
dioxide
Carbon
monoxi de
For further practice, refer to Koleksi Soalan Topikal
Form 4, Chapter 8.

Learning Objective

INQUIRY

8.1

Experiment

8.1 Understanding the properties of alloys and their uses in industry

Alloying

Inquiry-discovery

Proses pengaloian

2005 Sec. B, Q7

AIM

materials

2009 Sec. C, Q11(b)

To study the process of alloying/Mengkaji proses pengaloian

Magnesium ribbon/Pita magnesium

1 You are supplied with magnesium ribbon./Anda dibekalkan dengan pita magnesium.
PROCEDURE
2
Bend the pure metal and record your observation.

Bengkokkan logam tulen tersebut dan catat pemerhatian anda.
3 Relate what you observe to the arrangement of the metal atoms.

Kaitkan apa yang anda perhatikan kepada susunan atom-atom logam tersebut.

Magnesium ribbon can be easily bent/mudah dibengkokkan

OBSERVATION

Pita magnesium

1 State one characteristic of pure metals. Easily bent/soft/Mudah dilentur/lembut

ANALYSIS

Nyatakan satu sifat bagi logam-logam tulen.

2 Explain the characteristics of pure metals in terms of atom arrangement.

Terangkan sifat logam-logam tulen yang anda nyatakan dari segi susunan atom.
Pure metal atoms have the same
size
shape
and
. When
force is applied, the metal atoms
slide
easily over one another.

pure metal atom

atom logam tulen

Atom-atom logam tulen mempunyai

saiz
bentuk
dan
yang
sama. Apabila daya dikenakan, atom-atom
menggelongsor
logam mudah
di atas

Force
Daya

satu dengan yang lain.

3 How can you strengthen pure metal? Explain it in terms of the arrangement of atoms in
alloy.Then, draw a labelled diagram for the alloy formed in the space provided.
Bagaimanakah anda dapat menguatkan logam tulen? Terangkan dari segi susunan atom dalam

aloi. Kemudian, lukis rajah yang berlabel bagi aloi yang terbentuk dalam ruang yang disediakan.

By adding

foreign atoms

CHAPTER

into the space

between pure metal atoms , the foreign atoms
prevent the pure metal atoms from sliding over

pure metal atom

atom logam tulen

one another easily.

atom-atom asing
Dengan memasukkan
atom-atom logam tulen
ruang antara

ke dalam

,
atom-atom asing menghalang atom-atom logam tulen
daripada menggelongsor di antara satu sama lain dengan
mudah.

8.1 LO Explain how the formation of alloys can change the properties of
metals

Relate the changes in the properties of metals when they are
converted to alloys to the arrangment of particles in the alloys

166

foreign atom
atom asing

Refer to Esential Science Form 4 & Essential Science

SPM, Form 4, Relationship between the properties of
alloys and the arrangement of their particles.

4 Complete the table below to show the content of alloys.

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah ini tentang kandungan aloi
Alloy

Pure metal atom

Foreign atom

Steel/Keluli

Iron/Besi

Carbon/Karbon

Bronze/Gangsa

Copper/Kuprum

Tin/Timah

Brass/Loyang

Copper/Kuprum

Zinc/Zink

Pewter/Piuter

Tin/Timah

Copper/Kuprum

Duralumin/Duralumin

Aluminium/Aluminium

Copper/Kuprum

Aloi

CONCLUSION

Foreign atoms

Atom logam tulen

Atom asing

prevent pure metal atoms from sliding over one another easily.

Atom asing

menghalang atom-atom logam tulen daripada menggelongsor di atas satu

dengan yang lain dengan mudah.

Learning Objective

GUIDED

8.2

Experiment

5.3 Synthesising the reactivity series of metals

Hardness of alloy as compared to pure metal

Inquiry-discovery

Kekerasan aloi berbanding logam tulen

2007 Sec. C, Q10

AIM

PROBLEM
STATEMENT

HYPOTHESIS

To study the hardness of alloy as compared to its pure metal

Mengkaji kekerasan aloi berbanding logam tulen

Is brass (copper alloy) harder than pure copper?

Adakah loyang (aloi kuprum) lebih keras daripada kuprum tulen?

The diameter of the dent on brass is

copper.
Diameter lekuk pada loyang

lebih kecil

smaller

than the diameter of the dent on pure

daripada diameter lekuk pada kuprum tulen.

(a) that is kept constant: Height of the weight from the metal block/mass of the weight

yang dimalarkan: Tinggi pemberat dari bongkah logam/jisim pemberat
VARIABLE

(b) that is manipulated: Type of metal block/Copper and brass blocks

yang dimanipulasikan: Jenis bongkah logam/Blok kuprum dan loyang

(c) that responds: Diameter of the dent

yang bergerak balas: Diameter lekuk
MATERIALS

metre ruler

Bongkah kuprum, bongkah loyang, bebola keluli (bebola

logam), pita selofan, benang
APPARATUS

pembaris meter

thread
benang

Metre ruler, 1 kg weight, retort stand

Pembaris meter, pemberat 1 kg, kaki retort

loyang dengan menggunakan pita selofan.

2
Hang a 1 kg weight 50 cm above the surface of the
brass block.

Gantung satu pemberat 1 kg setinggi 50 cm dari

kaki
retort

pemberat

steel ball bearing

bebola keluli

cellophane tape
pita selofan

metal block
bongkah logam

permukaan bongkah loyang.

8.2 LO State what an alloy is

Give examples of alloys

Explain how the formation of alloys can change the properties of metals

167

Refer to Essential Science Form 4, Experiment 8.1;

Essential Science SPM, Form 4, Experiment 8.1.

1 Stick a steel ball bearing on the surface of a brass

block using cellophane tape.

Lekatkan sebiji bebola keluli pada permukaan bongkah
PROCEDURE

50 cm
retort
stand

weight

CHAPTER

Copper block, brass block, steel ball bearing (metal

ball bearing), cellophane tape, thread

 3 Release the weight so that it falls on the steel ball bearing.

Lepaskan pemberat itu supaya ia jatuh pada bebola keluli.
4 Measure the diameter of the dent produced on the surface of the brass block using a metre
ruler and record it in the table.

Ukur diameter lekuk yang terhasil pada permukaan bongkah loyang dengan menggunakan pembaris
meter dan catat dalam jadual.

5 Repeat steps 1 to 4 using a pure copper block.

Ulang langkah 1 hingga 4 dengan menggunakan bongkah kuprum tulen.

RESULTS
Type of block
Diameter of dent (mm)
Jenis bongkah

Diameter lekuk (mm)

Brass

3.1

Loyang

Pure copper

4.3

Kuprum

(Students answer)(Jawapan pelajar)

1 Which metal block has a smaller dent? Brass block/Bongkah loyang

Bongkah logam yang manakah mempunyai lekuk yang lebih kecil?
ANALYSIS

2 Between brass and pure copper, which is harder? Brass/Loyang

Antara loyang dan kuprum tulen, yang manakah lebih keras?
3
What is used to make brass?/Apakah yang membentuk loyang?
copper
zinc
A mixture of
and
.
kuprum
zink
dan
Campuran


4 What is the name given to brass? Alloy/Aloi

Apakah nama yang diberi kepada loyang?
5 Define alloy operationally./Berikan definisi secara operasi bagi aloi.
a small diameter of dent is produced
Alloy is a substances on which
Aloi ialah bahan yang padanya


6 Can the hypothesis be accepted? Yes/Ya

Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima?
CONCLUSION

diameter lekukan kecil terhasil

What is the conclusion that can be made?/Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat?
harder
Alloy is
than pure metal.
Aloi lebih

keras

daripada logam tulen.

CHAPTER

8
168

8.3

UNGUIDED

Experiment PEKA

Resistance of alloy to corrosion

STS

Ketahanan aloi terhadap kakisan

2006 Sec. C, Q10

2010 Sec. A, Q2

Alloys are made of mixtures of metals that are rust resistant. For example, steel, a type of alloy, which is
resistant to corrosion, is used to make bridges and railroads.
Aloi yang terbentuk daripada campuran logam adalah tahan terhadap kakisan. Misalnya, keluli iaitu sejenis aloi yang tahan
terhadap kakisan, digunakan untuk membuat jambatan dan landasan kereta api.
aim

To study the

resistance

ketahanan

Mengkaji
HYPOTHESIS

Paku keluli (aloi)

VARIABLE

lebih tahan

to rust than an iron nail (pure metal).

karat berbanding paku besi (logam tulen).

C1P2

(b) that is manipulated: Type of nail

Jenis paku

(c) that responds: Rusting of nail

yang bergerak balas: Pengaratan paku
MATERIALS

APPARATUS

C1P3

0.5 mol dm3 of sodium chloride solution, iron nail, steel nail
Larutan natrium klorida 0.5 mol dm3, paku besi, paku keluli

Test tube rack, test tubes/Rak tabung uji dan tabung uji

Planning the Experiment

C1
P

Berdasarkan
rajah
yang
diberi,
rancangkan
satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji ketahanan keluli (aloi) terhadap
kakisan. Se
narai
kan langkah-langkah untuk eksperimen yang
dirancang.

STEPS

C1P4

Checklist

Based on the diagram given, plan an experiment

to study the resistance of steel (alloy) to rusting.List the
steps of the planned experiment.

1
2
3
4
5
S

C1P1

Isi padu dan kepekatan larutan natrium klorida

yang dimanipulasikan:

kakisan (pengaratan)

(a) that is kept constant: Volume and concentration of sodium chloride solution

yang dimalarkan:

keluli (aloi) terhadap

more resistant

A steel nail (alloy) is

corrosion (rusting)

of steel (alloy) to

1 Are all the materials and apparatus

ready?
Adakah semua bahan dan radas telah
disediakan?

2 Have you obtained your teachers

approval for your experiment?
Adakah guru anda setuju dengan rancangan
eksperimen anda?

1 5 cm3 of sodium chloride solution was poured

into two separate test tubes.

CHAPTER

8.3 LO State what an alloy is

Give examples of alloys

Explain how the formation of alloys can change the properties
of metals

169

sodium
chloride
solution
larutan
natrium
klorida

5 cm3 larutan natrium klorida dituang ke

C2

dalam dua tabung uji yang berasingan.
P
1

2 An iron nail and a steel nail was put into each
iron
2
nail

test
tube.
3
paku
besi
4

Sebatang paku besi dan sebatang paku keluli
S
dimasukkan masing-masing ke dalam setiap tabung uji.

steel
nail
paku
keluli

C2P4

Refer to Essential Science Form 4, Experiment 8.2;

Essential Science SPM, Form 4, Experiment 8.2.

3 Both test tubes were left on the test tube rack for two days.

Kedua-dua tabung uji itu dibiarkan pada rak tabung uji selama dua hari.

4 The observation was recorded on the condition of the nails after two days.

OBSERVATION

Pemerhatian tentang keadaan paku dicatat selepas dua hari.

Rusting of nail

Type of nail
Jenis paku

C3
P
1
2
3
S

C1P5

Pengaratan paku

Iron nail

Rust

Paku besi

Berkarat

Steel nail

No rust

Paku keluli

Tidak berkarat
C3P1

ANALYSIS

C3P2

C3P3

1 What is the function of sodium chloride solution?/Apakah fungsi larutan natrium klorida?

To quicken the rusting process./

Mempercepatkan

proses pengaratan.

2 Based on the results of this experiment, which nail is more resistant to rust?

Berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen ini, paku yang manakah lebih tahan terhadap pengaratan?

Steel nail/Paku keluli
3
What inference can be given for your answer in (2)?

Apakah inferens kepada jawapan anda di (2)?
more resistant
An alloy is
to rusting (corrosion).
Aloi ialah bahan yang

lebih tahan

terhadap pengaratan (kakisan).

4
Give the operational definition for alloy./Berikan definisi secara operasi bagi aloi.

does not rust easily/tidak mudah berkarat
An alloy is a substance which
Aloi ialah bahan yang

C4P1

5 Predict the condition of the steel nail after one week.

Ramalkan keadaan paku keluli selepas satu minggu.
does not rust/tidak berkarat

The steel nail/Paku keluli

6
Is the hypothesis accepted or rejected?/Adakah hipotesis diterima atau ditolak?
Accepted/Diterima

C4P2
CONCLUSION

CHAPTER

What is the conclusion that can be made?/Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat?
Steel (alloy) is more resistant to rust than iron (pure metal).
Keluli (aloi) lebih tahan kakisan daripada besi (logam tulen).
C4P3

8
170

8.4

research

Properties and uses of alloys

Activity LIBRARY

Contextual

Sifat aloi dan kegunaannya

2009 Sec. C, Q11(a)

1 State the type of alloy based on its products.

Nyatakan jenis aloi berdasarkan barangan yang dihasilkan.
Stainless steel
Keluli nirkarat

Brass

Pewter

Loyang

Duralumin

Piuter

Duralumin

Alloy/Aloi

Cupronickel

Steel

Kupronikel

Bronze

Keluli

Gangsa

Products/Produk

Steel/Keluli

Vehicle, bridge, railroad

Kenderaan, jambatan, landasan keretapi

Stainless steel/Keluli nirkarat

Pot, wok, knife, fork

Periuk, kuali, pisau, garpu

Pewter/Piuter

Trophy, photo frame

Piala, bingkai gambar

Brass/Loyang

Key, musical instrument

Kunci, alatan muzik

Duralumin/Duralumin

Parts of a plane and racing bicycle

Bahagian kapal terbang dan basikal lumba

Bronze/Gangsa

Coin, medal, statue

Duit syiling, pingat, patung

Cupronickel/Kupronikel

Coin
Duit syiling

2 What properties of duralumin enable them to be used to make the products in (1)?

Apakah sifat pada duralumin yang membolehkannya digunakan untuk membuat barangan di (1)?
Light/Ringan
strong/kuat

and/dan
3 What properties of alloys make them suitable for a wide range of uses?

Apakah sifat yang ada pada aloi bagi membolehkannya sesuai digunakan secara meluas?
stronger
harder
Alloys are
,
, more corrosion resistant and
Aloi adalah

lebih kuat

keras

4 What is a superconductor alloy?

Apakah aloi superkonduktor?
conducts electricity
It is an alloy that
elektrik

resistance

without

dalam keadaan tanpa

Pengangkutan

8.4 LO Relate the properties of alloys to their uses in daily life

Describe the importance of alloys in industry

Telekomunikasi

171

rintangan

(c)

Electronics
Elektronik

8.4 LO State what superconductor alloys are

5 State three fields which uses superconductor alloys.

Nyatakan tiga bidang yang menggunakan aloi superkonduktor.
Transportation
Telecommunications
(a)
(b)

dan

lebih berkilau

CHAPTER

Aloi yang mengalirkan

tahan kakisan

more shiny

Learning Objective

8.2 Analysing the production and uses of ammonia in industry

8.5

DISCUSSION
Activity

Haber process

STS

Proses Haber

2001 Sec. C, Q2(c)

Study and complete the diagram below which shows the production of ammonia in industries. Then, answer
the questions.

Teliti dan lengkapkan rajah di bawah ini yang menunjukkan penghasilan ammonia secara industri. Seterusnya, jawab
soalan-soalan.

condenser

converter chamber

kondenser

kebuk penukar

iron catalyst

cooler chamber
kebuk pendingin

liquid ammonia

mangkin besi

compressor chamber

cecair ammonia

compressor
chamber

kebuk pemampat

converter chamber

kebuk pemampat

kebuk penukar

iron catalyst
mangkin besi

purified and
dried gas
mixture
campuran gas
yang ditulenkan
dan dikeringkan

pump
pam

condenser
kondenser

cooler chamber
kebuk pendingin

nitrogen

hydrogen

nitrogen

hidrogen

pipe

liquid
ammonia

pili

cecair ammonia

1 What is the ratio of the volume of nitrogen to hydrogen in this process?

Apakah nisbah isi padu nitrogen kepada hidrogen dalam proses ini?

QUESTIONS

2
Why is an iron catalyst used?/Mengapakah mangkin besi digunakan?
To increase the

rate of reaction

Mempercepatkan

kadar tindak balas

for the production of ammonia.

bagi penghasilan ammonia.

CHAPTER

3
Complete the word equation below to show the Haber process.

Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan di bawah untuk menunjukkan proses Haber.

Nitrogen/Nitrogen + hydrogen/hidrogen

8.5 LO Describe how ammonia is produced in industry

State the factors which affect the production of ammonia in
industry

172

ammonia/ammonia

1:3

 4
State the conditions needed for Haber process.

Nyatakan keadaan-keadaan yang diperlukan untuk proses Haber.
Catalyst/Mangkin:  Iron powder/Serbuk besi Temperature/Suhu: 450500 C
Pressure/Tekanan: 200500 atmospheric pressure/tekanan atmosfera
5 Complete the chemical reactions below to show the production of ammonium salt
(fertiliser).

Lengkapkan persamaan kimia di bawah ini untuk menunjukkan pembentukan garam ammonium
(baja).

(a) Ammonia aqueous + sulphuric acid

larutan ammonium sulfat

larutan ammonia + asid sulfurik

(b) Ammonia aqueous + phosphoric acid

larutan ammonia + asid nitrik

Ammonium phosphate solution

larutan ammonium fostat

larutan ammonia + asid fosforik

Ammonium nitrate solution

(c) Ammonia aqueous + nitric acid

Ammonium sulphate solution

larutan ammonium nitrat

6 State four uses of ammonia./Nyatakan empat kegunaan ammonia.

colouring
fertiliser
To produce nitric acid , cleansing agents ,
and
asid nitrik
agen pencuci
baja
pewarna
,
Untuk menghasilkan
,
dan

8.6
MATERIALS

GUIDED

Experiment

Production of ammonium salt fertiliser

Penghasilan baja garam ammonium

Red litmus paper, 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution,

1 mol dm3 dilute sulphuric acid
Kertas litmus merah, larutan ammonia 2 mol dm3,
asid sulfurik cair 1 mol dm3

APPARATUS

Inquiry-discovery

Science BLOG!
Ammonium carbonate is
used to help an
unconscious person
regain consciousness.

100 cm3 beaker, glass rod, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, filter funnel, filter paper,
measuring cylinder, evaporating dish
Bikar 100 cm3, rod kaca, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, kasa dawai, corong turas, kertas turas,
silinder penyukat, mangkuk penyejat

1 Measure 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm3 dilute sulphuric acid with a measuring cylinder. Pour it into
a beaker.

Sukat 25 cm3 asid sulfurik cair 1 mol dm3 dengan silinder penyukat dan tuang ke dalam bikar.
2
While stirring, add 2 mol dm3 ammonia aqueous solution drop by drop into the beaker
using a dropper.

Sambil dikacau, titis larutan ammonia 2 mol dm3 setitik demi setitik dari penitis ke dalam bikar
PROCEDURE

8.6 LO Describe how ammonia is used to produce ammonium salt fertilisers and urea

CHAPTER

tadi.

173

Refer to Essential Science Form 4, Experiment 8.3;

Essential Science SPM, Form 4, Experiment 8.3.

 3 Test the solution produced with a red litmus paper from time to time. When the red litmus
paper turns blue, stop adding the ammonia aqueous solution.

Uji larutan yang terbentuk dengan kertas litmus merah dari semasa ke semasa. Jika kertas litmus
merah bertukar kepada biru, hentikan pencampuran larutan ammonia

4 Pour the mixture from the beaker into an evaporation dish. Heat the mixture until it
becomes saturated. (The volume of the solution becomes 1 or 1 of the original volume).
3

Tuang campuran dalam bikar ke dalam mangkuk penyejat. Panaskan campuran sehingga tepu. (Isi
padu larutan menjadi

1
1
atau
daripada isi padu asal.)
3
4

5
Cool the saturated solution to room temperature. White crystals of ammonium sulphate
will form.

Sejukkan larutan tepu ini pada suhu bilik. Hablur-hablur putih ammonium sulfat akan terbentuk.
6
Filter the crystals and rinse them with some cold distilled water.

Turas hablur-hablur dan bilas dengan sedikit air suling yang sejuk.
7
Dry the crystals produced on a piece of filter paper.

Keringkan hablur-hablur yang terbentuk di atas kertas turas.

observation

White
Hablur

crystals of ammonium sulphate salt are formed.

putih

garam ammonium sulfat terbentuk.

1 What happens when the red litmus paper turns blue?

ANALYSIS

Apakah yang berlaku apabila kertas litmus merah bertukar warna menjadi biru?
ammonia aqueous solution
Excess
has been added.
Larutan ammonia

yang berlebihan telah ditambahkan.

2 Why must the saturated solution be cooled to room temperature?

Mengapakah larutan tepu perlu disejukkan pada suhu bilik?
crystallisation
To enable
to occur.
Membolehkan

penghabluran

berlaku.

3 Write a word equation to show the reaction between ammonia solution and sulphuric
acid.

Tulis satu persamaan perkataan untuk menunjukkan tindak balas antara larutan ammonia dan
asid sulfurik.

ammonia solution + sulphuric acid
larutan ammonia + asid sulfurik

ammonium sulphate
ammonium sulfat

4 What other nitrogenous fertiliser can be used to replace ammonium salt fertiliser?

Apakah baja bernitrogen lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan baja garam ammonium?
Urea

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER

Ammonium sulphate salt can be prepared from a reaction between

aqueous
sulphuric acid
solution and
.
Garam ammonium sulfat boleh disediakan daripada tindak balas antara larutan
asid sulfurik
dan

APPLICATION
OF IDEA

Ammonium salt fertiliser is used widely in the

Baja garam ammonium digunakan secara meluas dalam sektor

174

agricultural
pertanian

ammonia
ammonia

sector.

Learning Objective

8.3 Analysing the effects of industrial waste disposal on the environment

8.7

research

Sources of pollution from industrial activities

Activity LIBRARY

STS

Punca pencemaran daripada aktiviti perkilangan

2007 Sec. C, Q11(a)

2009 Sec. C, Q12(a)

Gather information from the resource centre or Internet. Then, complete the chart below on the sources of
pollution from industrial activities and the effects of industrial waste disposal on the environment.
Kumpulkan maklumat daripada pusat sumber atau Internet. Kemudian, lengkapkan carta di bawah tentang punca pencemaran daripada aktiviti perkilangan dan kesan pembuangan bahan sisa industri terhadap alam sekitar.

Sulphur dioxide

Acid

Lead

Mercury

Arsenic

Sulfur dioksida

Asid

Plumbum

Merkuri

Arsenik

Haze

Nitrogen dioxide

Dust

Nickel

Carbon dioxide

Jerebu

Nitrogen dioksida

Debu

Nikel

Karbon dioksida

Cadmium

Carbon monoxide

Alkali

Nitrate

Phosphate

Kadmium

Karbon monoksida

Alkali

Nitrat

Fosfat

Burning of fossil fuel causes air pollution.

Pembakaran bahan api fosil menyebabkan pencemaran udara.

(a) Acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

cause acid rain which lower the pH value of water and soil:
sulfur dioksida
nitrogen dioksida
Gas berasid seperti
dan

menyebabkan hujan asid yang merendahkan nilai pH air dan tanah.

(b)

Haze

(c)

Jerebu

(d)

2

and

dust
debu

dan

Carbon dioxide

cloud vision.
mengaburi pandangan.

causes greenhouse effect.

Karbon dioksida

menyebabkan kesan rumah hijau.

Carbon monoxide
oxygen in the body.

reduces the ability of blood to transport

Karbon monoksida
mengurangkan kebolehan darah untuk
mengangkut oksigen dalam badan.

Toxic industrial waste causes water pollution.

Bahan sisa industri menyebabkan pencemaran air.

(a)

Acid
alkali
and
and endanger the aquatic life.

Asid
alkali
dan
membahayakan hidupan akuatik.

(b)

Nitrate
phosphate
and
increase the contents of
mineral in river water or lake water.

Nitrat
fosfat
dan
dalam air sungai atau air kolam.

(c) (i)

Plumbum

dan
dan sistem saraf.

(ii) Nickel

merkuri

mengubah nilai pH air dan

menambahkan kandungan mineral di

(heavy toxic metals) poison the brain

(logam berat toksik) meracuni otak

causes lung cancer./

Nikel

menyebabkan kanser

cadmium
(iii) Arsenic
and
(heavy toxic metals) poison
the lungs and kidneys.
Arsenik
kadmium
dan
(logam berat toksik) meracuni

peparu dan ginjal.

8.7 LO Identify manufacturing activities which are sources of pollution

175

8.7 LO Explain the effects of improper industrial waste disposal

peparu.

CHAPTER

Lead and mercury

and nervous system.

change the pH value of water

DISCUSSION

8.8

Effects of improper agricultural waste disposal and

the controlling methods

Activity

Mastery

Kesan pencemaran sisa daripada industri pertanian dan cara pengawalannya

You are required to discuss with your friends on the main effects of improper agricultural waste disposal to
the survival of living things. Then, fill in the blanks.
Anda dikehendaki berbincang sesama rakan-rakan anda mengenai kesan utama pencemaran sisa daripada industri
pertanian terhadap kemandirian hidupan. Kemudian, isi tempat kosong.

Toxic

Smelly

Oil spills

Processed

Decay

Beracun

Busuk

Tumpahan minyak

Diolah

Pereputan

Chemicals

Bahan kimia

Open burning

Reused

Pembakaran terbuka

Digunakan semula

Bacteria

Bakteria

Oxygen

Oksigen

1 Burning of oil palm waste causes/Pembakaran sisa kelapa sawit menyebabkan

(a) Air pollution/Pencemaran udara

Open burning

of bunches, fruit husks and fibre waste pollute

the air.
Pembakaran terbuka tangkai, kulit buah dan hampas mencemarkan udara.

(b) Water pollution/Pencemaran air

Oil spills

(i)
cover the river, lake or pond surfaces.
Tumpahan minyak di dalam air menutupi permukaan sungai, tasik

atau kolam.

(ii) Organic waste is decomposed by

the oxygen content in water.

Sisa organik yang direput oleh

dalam air.

bacteria

bakteria

which lowers

mengurangkan kandungan

oksigen

di

Controlling methods/Cara pengawalan

processed
Waste such as fruit bunches, fruit husks and fibre waste can be
as feedstock and
fuel.
diolah
Sisa-sisa seperti tangkai buah, kulit buah dan hampas boleh
kepada bahan-bahan seperti
makanan ternakan dan bahan api.

2 Rubber waste/Sisa getah

CHAPTER

(a) The burning causes air pollution/Pembakaran menyebabkan

pencemaran udara

Smelly
Gas berbau

and
busuk

dan

toxic

gas is released.

beracun

8.8 LO Relate the effects of industrial waste disposal to the survival of

living things

terbebas.

176

8.8 LO State with examples the methods of controlling industrial

waste disposal to avoid pollution

(b) Disposal causes water pollution/Pembuangan menyebabkan pencemaran air

Decay

(i)
of organic waste lowers the oxygen content in water.
Pereputan

Chemicals

(ii)

make the water unsuitable for aquatic organisms.

Bahan kimia

sisa organik mengurangkan kandungan oksigen di dalam air.

menjadikan air tidak sesuai untuk organisma akuatik.

Controlling methods/ Cara pengawalan

reused
Waste substances can be
to make products such as the soles of shoes and slippers.

Bahan sisa boleh

digunakan semula

untuk membuat bahan-bahan seperti tapak kasut dan selipar.

Learning Objective

Realise the need for preservation and conservation of the environment from industrial waste pollution for the
well-being on mankind

8.9

PROJECT

Activity COLLABORATIVE

Effects of improper industrial waste disposal on the

environment

STS

Kesan pembuangan bahan sisa industri terhadap alam sekitar

2007 Sec. C, Q11

AIM To create awareness among students of the need to foster a love for the environment

Menimbulkan kesedaran pelajar tentang keperluan untuk mencintai alam sekitar
1 Conduct the project in groups of two to three persons.

Jalankan projek dalam kumpulan yang terdiri daripada dua atau tiga orang.
2 Each group is required to collect information on the effects of improper industrial waste disposal on the
environment.

Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki mengumpulkan maklumat tentang kesan pembuangan bahan sisa industri terhadap

alam sekitar.

Effects of burning
fossil fuel

Kesan pembakaran bahan

api fosil

Effects of toxic
industrial waste

Effects of
agricultural waste

Kesan sisa industri

toksik

Kesan sisa industri

pertanian

Controlling methods
to be taken
Langkah pengawalan
yang perlu diambil

3 An action plan for collecting information has been proposed below.

Satu pelan tindakan aktiviti pengumpulan maklumat dicadangkan di bawah ini.

Peringkat

Tempoh masa
(Date) (Tarikh)

Aktiviti

Action

Tindakan

Collect information on the effects of

burning fossil fuel on the environment

Duration of time

Activity

Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang kesan

pembakaran bahan api fosil terhadap alam
sekitar
8.9 LO Describe the consequences of uncontrolled and haphazard disposal of industrial waste

177

CHAPTER

Stage

8.9 LO Explain the importance of practising responsible ways of

disposing industrial waste

Duration of time

Stage

Activity

II

Collect information on the effects of toxic

industrial waste disposal on the
environment

Peringkat

Tempoh masa
(Date) (Tarikh)

Aktiviti

Action

Tindakan

Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang kesan

pembuangan sisa industri toksik terhadap
alam sekitar
III

Collect information on the effects of

agricultural waste disposal from rubber
and oil palm industry on the
environment

Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang kesan

pembuangan sisa industri pertanian daripada
industri getah dan kelapa sawit terhadap
alam sekitar
IV

Collect information on the controlling

methods that need to be taken

Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang langkah

pengawalan yang perlu diambil

4 Students are advised to follow the action plan. This plan is divided into four stages to enable easier
collection of information.

Pelajar dinasihatkan untuk mengikuti pelan tindakan. Pelan ini dibahagikan kepada empat peringkat untuk memudahkan pengumpulan maklumat

5 Then, a 15-page folio is prepared which must contain the following items in sequence:

Kemudian, satu folio yang mempunyai kira-kira 15 muka surat disediakan dan folio anda perlu mengandungi
perkara-perkara mengikut urutan seperti di bawah:

(a) Title
(e) Action plan

Tajuk
Pelan tindakan
(b) Name list of group members
(f) Contents

Senarai nama ahli kumpulan
Isi kandungan
(c) Introduction and acknowledgement (g) Conclusion

Pendahuluan dan penghargaan
Kesimpulan
(d) Objective of project
(h) Appendix (reference)

Objektif projek
Lampiran (bahan rujukan)
6 Plan and make a visit to a nearby industry area. Take photos of the pollution that you see.

Rancang dan buat satu lawatan ke kawasan perindustrian yang berhampiran. Ambil gambar foto tentang pencemaran
yang dapat anda perhatikan.

CHAPTER

8 You are given two weeks to finish the folio.

Tempoh masa selama dua minggu diberi untuk menyiapkan folio ini.
7 The folio must be prepared using software such as Microsoft Word.

Folio perlu dibuat dengan menggunakan perisian komputer seperti Microsoft Word.
9 Each group is required to present their findings in class.

Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki membentangkan hasil projek dalam kelas.

8
178

Science BLOG!
If waste management is
not done properly, these
wastes can have an
adverse impact on the
environment and public
health arising from the
contamination of soil,
water and pollution of
air and through the
spread of diseases via
vectors living on waste.

SPM

Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are

frequently tested in the SPM exam. Make sure you can
answer all the questions correctly.

Key To Success

1 Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of atoms in an alloy. Determine the atoms X and Y.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan atom dalam suatu aloi. Tentukan atom X dan atom Y.
atom X
atom Y

Diagram 1/Rajah 1
Alloy

Atom X

Atom Y

Steel/Keluli

Iron/Besi

Carbon/Karbon

Bronze/Gangsa

Copper/Kuprum

Tin/Stanum/timah

Brass/Loyang

Copper/Kuprum

Zinc/Zink

Pewter/Piuter

Stanum/tin/Stanum/timah

Copper/Kuprum

Duralumin/Duralumin

Aluminium/Aluminium

Copper/Kuprum

Aloi

2 (a) Give one product each (use) for the alloys in the table below.
Berikan satu hasil buatan (kegunaan) setiap aloi dalam jadual di bawah.

Alloy

Products

Aloi

Hasil buatan

Steel/Keluli

Bridge/Jambatan

Bronze/Gangsa

Medal/Pingat

Brass/Loyang

Key/Kunci

Pewter/Piuter

Photo frame/Bingkai gambar

Duralumin/Duralumin

Aeroplane/Kapal terbang

Menambahkan
(ii) Prevents/Mencegah

Membaiki

logam

corrosion/kakisan
appearance
rupa bentuk

of metals
logam

179

(iii) Improves the

kekerasan

CHAPTER

(b) State three reasons for alloying./Nyatakan tiga tujuan pengaloian.

hardness
of metals
(i) Increases the

3 Complete the Haber process below.

Lengkapkan proses Haber di bawah.

500

Suhu =

Nitrogen

ammonia

hydrogen

Pressure =

Nitrogen

ammonia

hidrogen

200500
200500

Tekanan =

500

Temperature =

Catalyst =

atmosphere
atmosfera

iron

Mangkin = serbuk

filings
besi

4 Complete the chemical equations below to show the production of ammonium salt (fertiliser).
Lengkapkan persamaan kimia di bawah untuk menunjukkan pembentukan garam ammonium (baja).
(a) Ammonia solution +

nitric acid

Larutan ammonia +

ammonium nitrat

asid nitrik

(b) Ammonia solution +

sulphuric acid

Larutan ammonia +

(c) Ammonia solution +

phosphoric acid

asid fosforik

SPM
PAPER

ammonium sulphate
ammonium sulfat

asid sulfurik

Larutan ammonia +

ammonium nitrate

ammonium phosphate
ammonium fosfat

Enhancement Corner

Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Questions 1 and 2 are based on
Diagram 1.
Soalan 1 dan 2 berdasarkan Rajah 1.

1 Diagram 1 shows a bronze alloy

with its atoms.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu aloi
gangsa dengan atom-atomnya.

CHAPTER

Diagram 1/ Rajah 1

Which of the following represent X

and Y?

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah

mewakili X dan Y?

X
Y
A Carbon
Iron
Karbon Besi
B Copper
Tin
Kuprum Timah
C Copper
Zinc
Kuprum Zink
D Lead
Tin
Plumbum Timah
2 What is the function of Y?
Apakah fungsi Y?
A Increases the mass of the alloy
Menambahkan jisim aloi
B Increases the melting point of
alloy
Meningkatkan takat lebur aloi
C Prevents atoms X from sliding
easily
Menghalang
atom-atom
X
daripada menggelongsor dengan
mudah.

180

D Decreases the electrical

conductivity of alloy
Merendahkan kekonduksian

elektrik pada aloi

3 What is the main metal used in the

formation of bronze?
Apakah logam utama yang digunakan
dalam pembentukan gangsa?

A Copper
Kuprum
B Aluminium
Aluminium
C Tin
Timah
D Iron
Besi

CLONE
2006

CLONE
2010

4 Which of the following processes

can increase the hardness of a
metal?
Antara proses-proses yang berikut, yang

A

B

C

D

manakah menambahkan kekerasan

logam?

A Crystallisation
Penghabluran
B Alloying
Pengaloian
C Polymerisation
Pempolimeran
D Electrolysis
Elektrolisis

CLONE
2005

Tin and copper

CLONE

Timah dan kuprum

2008

pemanasan global

Iron and carbon

B Thinning of the ozone layer

Menipiskan lapisan ozon
C Reduction in world temperature
Merendahkan suhu dunia
D Lower the oxygen content
in water
Mengurangkan kandungan oksigen
dalam air
CLONE
CLONE

Besi dan karbon

Copper and zinc

Kuprum dan zink

kegunaan bahan Y.

manakah disebabkan oleh pelupusan

bahan toksik dari industri kimia ke
alam sekitar?

A Depletion of ozone layer

Penipisan lapisan ozon
B Destruction of aquatic life
Kemusnahan hidupan akuatik
C
Increase
in
the
world
CLONE
temperature
2007
Peningkatan suhu dunia
D Disruption of photosynthesis in
green plant
Gangguan ke atas fotosintesis pada
tumbuhan hijau
6 Which of the following methods
enables a pure metal to become
harder?
Antara cara yang berikut, yang

Untuk menghasilkan baja

To prevent the coagulation of
latex
Untuk menghalang penggumpalan
lateks

Which of the following is Y?

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah

Y?

A Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
B Ethanol
Etanol
C Ammonia
Ammonia
D Sodium chloride
Natrium klorida

menun
jukkan tindak
menghasilkan baja X.

B Plate one layer of another metal

Menyadurkan satu lapisan logam
yang lain

C Immerse it in concentrated acid

Merendamkannya di dalam asid
pekat

CLONE
2003

Antara campuran yang berikut, yang

manakah membentuk loyang?

CLONE
2009

12 The word equation for Haber

process
below
shows
the
production of compound P in industry.
Persamaan perkataan bagi proses
Haber di bawah ini menunjukkan
penghasilan sebatian P dalam
industri.

yang

Ammonia + nitric acid fertiliser X

Nitrogen + hydrogen compound P

Ammonia + asid nitrik baja X

2007

Nitrogen + Hidrogen Sebatian P

What is fertiliser X?

Apakah baja X?

A

B

C

D

Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium sulfat

Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrat
Ammonium chloride

CLONE
2005

Ammonium klorida

Ammonium phosphate
Ammonium fosfat

10 Which of the following is a negative

effect of burning fossil fuel?
Antara yang berikut, yang mana
kah
merupakan kesan buruk pembakaran
bahan api fosil?

181

What is compound P?
Apakah sebatian P?

A Nitric acid
Asid nitrik
B Ethanol
Etanol
C Ammonia
Ammonia
D Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik

CLONE
2010

CLONE
2011

7 Which of the following mixtures

form brass?

Aluminium
B Duralumin
Duralumin
C Steel
Keluli
D Bronze
Gangsa

CHAPTER

another

manakah sesuai digunakan untuk

membina badan kapal terbang yang
ringan dan kuat?
CLONE
A Aluminium

2008

balas

2008

11 Which of the following substances

is suitable to be used to build the
body of an aeroplane, which is light
and strong?
Antara bahan yang berikut, yang

CLONE

9 The word equation below shows

the reaction to produce fertiliser
X.
Persamaan perkataan di bawah

A Add more pure metal

Menambahkan logam tulen yang
lebih banyak

2007

To produce fertiliser

manakah menjadikan suatu logam tulen

lebih keras?

A Causes acid rain and global

warming
Menyebabkan hujan asid dan

8 The following information shows

the uses of substance Y.
Maklumat yang berikut menunjukkan

5 Which of the following effects is

caused by the disposal of toxic substances from chemical industries
to the environment?
Antara kesan-kesan yang berikut, yang

D Melt it and add

element
Dilebur dan unsur

lain ditambah

Aluminium and copper

Aluminium dan kuprum

PAPER

Section B/Bahagian B
Answer all questions in this section./Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
1 Bronze and steel are two examples of alloys. Bronze which consists of copper and other elements, is harder than pure copper.
Gangsa dan keluli adalah dua contoh aloi. Gangsa yang terdiri daripada kuprum dan unsur-unsur lain adalah lebih keras
daripada kuprum tulen.

Tin/Stanum/timah
(a) What is the main element added to copper to produce bronze?

Apakah unsur utama yang dicampur kepada kuprum untuk membentuk gangsa?
Atoms/Atom
(b) What type of particles is found in pure copper?

Apakah jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam kuprum tulen?

copper atom
atom kuprum

(c) Draw and label the arrangement of particles in pure copper and in bronze.

Lukis dan labelkan susunan zarah yang terdapat dalam kuprum dan gangsa.
(i) Pure copper
(ii) Bronze
Kuprum tulen (ii) Gangsa

copper atom
atom kuprum

copper atom
atom kuprum

tin atom

atom stanum

(d) Explain why bronze is harder than purecopper

copper./
Terangkan mengapa gangsa lebih keras daripada kuprum tulen.
atom
atom
kuprum

In bronze, tin atoms prevent copper atoms
from
sliding over one another easily.

Dalam gangsa, atom-atom timah menghalang atom kuprum daripada tergelongsor antara satu sama lain dengan mudah.
tin atom
atom stanum

2 Diagram 2 shows the disposal of industrial waste from a chemical factory that manufactures chemicals needed for
the growth of crops.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan pembuangan bahan sisa industri daripada kilang kimia yang mengeluarkan bahan kimia yang diperlukan untuk
pertumbuhan tanaman.
ON
CL

Fertiliser/Baja

2008

(a) State one product that could be produced by the

factory.

Nyatakan satu bahan yang dihasilkan oleh kilang itu.

CLONE
2010

Sec. B, Q7
Sec. B, Q8

chemical factory

(b) State two pollutants that might be disposed from the

factory into the river.

Nyatakan dua bahan pencemar yang mungkin dibuang

kilang kimia

river
sungai

daripada kilang itu ke dalam sungai.

Nitrate and phosphate/Nitrat dan fosfat

(c) State one adverse effects of the pollutants in (b) on the

environment.

Nyatakan satu kesan buruk bahan pencemar di (b) terhadap

CHAPTER

alam sekitar.

disposal of industrial waste

pembuangan bahan sisa industri

Diagram 1/ Rajah 1

Disrupt the balance of aquatic ecosystem/Mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem akuatik

(d) The factory uses petroleum as the source of energy./Kilang itu menggunakan petroleum sebagai sumber tenaga.

(i) State one acidic gas produced from the burning of fossil fuel.

Nyatakan satu gas berasid yang dihasilkan daripada pembakaran bahan api fosil itu

Sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide./Sulfur dioksida/Nitrogen dioksida

182

 (ii) State one method to control the air pollutant in (d)(i) from the factory.
Nyatakan satu kaedah untuk mengawal pencemar udara di (d)(i) daripada kilang ini.

Dissolve the gas using air cleaner system before releasing into the air
Melarutkan gas itu dengan menggunakan sistem pembersih udara sebelum melepaskannya ke dalam udara.

Section C/Bahagian C
Answer the following questions./Jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut.
3

CLONE
2006

Sec. C, Q10

An iron nail rusts faster than a steel nail.

Paku besi berkarat lebih cepat daripada paku keluli.

(a) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement.

[1 mark]

Cadangkan satu hipotesis untuk menyiasat pernyataan di atas.
[1 markah]
(b) Describe one experiment that you can carry out in the laboratory to test the hypothesis. Your explanation must
contain the following:

Huraikan satu eksperimen yang boleh anda jalankan di makmal untuk menguji hipotesis itu. Huraian anda hendaklah
mengandungi perkara berikut:

(i) Aim of experiment

Tujuan eksperimen
(ii) Identification of variables

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

[2 marks]

Mengenal pasti pemboleh ubah
(iii) List of apparatus and material

Senarai radas dan bahan
(iv) Procedure

Kaedah
(v) Tabulation of data

Penjadualan data
(vi) Conclusion

Kesimpulan

[2 markah]

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

[3 marks]
[3 markah]

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

4 (a) Brass is an alloy of copper. State two similarities and two differences between brass and copper.
[4 marks]
Loyang merupakan aloi kuprum. Nyatakan dua persamaan dan dua perbezaan bagi loyang dan kuprum.
[4 markah]

CLONE
(b) Diagram 4 shows the arrangement of atoms in alloys.
Sec. C, Q11
2009

Rajah 4 menunjukkan susunan atom dalam aloi.

Study the information provided in Diagram 4. Construct the concept of alloy. Your explanation should be based
on the following aspects:

Teliti maklumat yang diberi dalam Rajah 4. Bina konsep aloi. Penerangan anda hendaklah berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut:
(i) Identify two common characteristics.
[2 marks]
Steel

Kenal pasti dua ciri sepunya.
[2 markah]
Brass
keluli
Loyang
pure
(ii) Give one other example of an alloy
[1 mark]
atom

Berikan satu contoh lain bagi aloi.
[1 markah]
atom tulen
(iii) Give one example of a non-alloy and
foreign
give one reason.
[2 marks]
atom

Berikan satu contoh bukan aloi dan berikan
atom

satu sebab.

ciri-ciri sepunya.

2 markah]

Bronze

asing

[1 mark]
[1 markah]

Pewter
Piuter

Gangsa

Diagram 4/Rajah 4

CHAPTER

(iv) State the concept of alloy from the

common characteristcs.

Nyatakan konsep aloi berdasarkan

183