1) TUBE CURRENT EXPOSURE TIME FORMULA

mA1 X T1 = mA2 x T2
2) Reciprocity law (Bunsen Roscow law)
1hour 10 min
20min

10curie
35 curie

3) Half-life calculation formula

St=S0x2-(t/h)
4) FILM DENSITY
Density =Log10 (incident light intensity /transmitted
light intensity)
5) Geometric unharness
UG=F x (OFD)/FOD
6) Absorption
I=I0 x e-ut
I0 ___intensity of incident radiation
intensity of transmitted radiation:
U ___ coefficient of linear absorption
thickness

I ____

t _ penetrated

7) INVERSE SQUARE LAW.

I1(unit curie or r/hr)/I2=D22/D12(unit ft)
R/Hr

1curie Ir192 = 5,9

8)Exposure factor
New exposure =Old exposure/Film factor A
factor B
9) Exposure distance
E1/E2=D12/D22
10) Exposure time Source to film distance.
1

Film

T1/T2 = SFD12/SFD22

11) Film density___________ Exposure(mA/min)

E1/FD1=E2/FD2
12) Dose rate proportional to 1/intensity
700 mR/hr ____________ 7 feet
?
x=40,78

____________ 29 feet

700/x = 292/72

13) Dose(milli roentgen) = Dose rate(milli roentgen /Hr

x Time(Hr)
14) Dose rate

Radiation Exposure / Time

Example
A radiographer is found to receive an exposure of 1
mSv after he stands for 2 minutes at certain distance
from the source. What is the total radiation exposure
received if he stands for a period of 5 minutes at the
same distance?
Dose rate = Radiation exposure /Time
Dose rate = 1 mSv / 2 minutes = 0,5 mSv / minute
Thus if he stands 5 minutes, total exposure will be
Radiation exposure = Dose rate x Time =
=

0,5 mSv / minute x 5minute = 2,5 m Sv

15) Half value layer (HVL)-attenuation equation may be

written as:
In= I0/2n
n_ number of HVL
I0_ Original rad intensity
Intensity after shielding

In ____

Tenth value layer

I0/In = 10n

n- number of tenth value layer

Example
What is the concrete thickness required to reduce
radiation dose rate of 80 Sv/hr from Co 60 source to 2,5
Sv/hr ( Given u for concrete is 0,105 sm-1)
80-40-20-10-5-2.5 = 5 HVL
HVL= 0,693/u =0.693/0.105=6.6 sm
6.6sm x 5 = 33sm
16) Safe distance calculation formula:
= Output x source strength x 1000
/
17) Safe working distance
1 meter / Distance in m2

Safe distance2
7, 5

Dose rate = Dose rate at

18) Dose rate at 1 meter =source strength

19)

output

Shielding dose rate calculation formula using HVL

Rs= Ru / 2(t/HVL)

Rs

Shielding dose rate

Ru

Unshielded dose rate

Thickness of shielding material

3

HVL

Half value layer

20) Shielding dose rate calculation formula using TVL

Rs= Ru / 10(t/TVL)
Rs

Shielding dose rate

Ru

Unshielded dose rate

Thickness of shielding material

TVL

21)
22)

Tenth value layer

= V(CONSTANT LIGHT SPEED) /F(FREQUENCY)

a) EXPOSURE FACTOR = mA x Time
b)EXPOSURE FACTOR =

Curie

x time

23) Density time calculation formula:

DN1 x T2 = DN2 x T1
24) Focal spot size (FSS)(inch)
FSS=Image size -2 pin hole size
25) SOD/F=15(CLAS B) OR 7,5(CLAS A) * OFD3/2
26)Exposure time calculation Exposure time =
BQ(Curie) x Time/Bq (Ci)x New Film Speed/Old Film
Speed x D22/D12