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Module 22 Resource Estimation Exercises PDF
Module 22 Resource Estimation Exercises PDF
Module 22 Resource Estimation Exercises PDF
Table of Exercises
Exercise 22.1 Classical Stats .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Exercise 22.2 Generate Downhole Coordinates ..................................................................................................................... 11
Exercise 22.3 Flagging using solid wireframe ........................................................................................................................ 16
Exercise 22.4 Balancing Cut ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Exercise 22.5 Compositing ..................................................................................................................................................... 21
Exercise 22.6 Nugget .............................................................................................................................................................. 30
Exercise 22.7 Omni Variogram .............................................................................................................................................. 33
Exercise 22.8 Horizontal Fan Variogram ............................................................................................................................... 35
Exercise 22.9 Vertical Fan Variogram.................................................................................................................................... 37
Exercise 22.12 Creating a Blank Block Model ....................................................................................................................... 58
Exercise 22.13 Inverse Distance Weighting ........................................................................................................................... 70
Lesson 1 Resource
Estimation Concepts
Notes:
Concepts
Resource estimation can be conducted for 1D, 2D and 3D models. The resource
sector generally requires 3D models except for gridding and other 2D techniques
which use surface data to identify anomalous areas that are indicative of
prospective subsurface mineralisation.
Important considerations for 3D modelling are the search ellipse, compositing,
domaining, the interpolation method, dealing with erratic high grades, anisotropy,
block sizes and validation
(1) The search ellipse includes sample grades relevant to the estimation of block
grades and excludes redundant (not required) grades;
(2) The compositing ensures the grades used for estimation are weight averaged
back to the same length so the estimation process is not biased.
(3) Domaining divides the deposit into separate areas such as lodes that have
unique geological or grade characteristics that must be interpolated and
modelled independently.
(4) The interpolation method is the method selected for modelling. This may be
Inverse distance weighting (which does not require variography); ordinary
kriging; median indicator kriging or multiple indicator kriging. Classical statistics,
in particular the shape of the histogram, the shape of the probability plot and the
coefficient of variation are useful to select the most appropriate interpolation
method.
(5) Erratic high grades can be allowed for by applying balancing cuts to grades
or by using nonlinear methods such as multiple indicator kriging. An allowance
must be made for high grades so that they do not bias the entire model and
affect large areas of the model to bias the model higher.
(6) Anisotropy is the preferred continuity of grade in one direction; isotropy
means the grade is equal in all directions. All deposits should exhibit anisotropy
and this reflects the nature of deposition and the style of mineralisation. Gold in
particular is very changeable and more prone to continuity in one direction to
another
(7) The size of the blocks required can be directed by the engineers who
indicate the SMU (Smallest Mining Unit) or by the drillhole spacing, and by the
Page 22.1
style of the deposit. The parent cells can be used for estimation and subcells
can improve the definition to provide an accurate volume.
Notes:
(8) Validation can be both global and local. Global validation means the raw
sample data and the wireframe envelope are compared to the block model
tonnes and grade to ensure the model reflects the data that was used for
the estimation.
Numeric Exceptions
Always have the numeric exceptions ticked on for all three categories: Ignore
characters, Ignore blanks and <x = 0.5x. <x = 0.5x means that any below
detection value such as <0.01 g/t is actually taken by MICROMINE and halved in
value to become 0.005 to be used as a real number in the interpolation process.
There is no zero value in a geology database, ensure that below detection values
are used and not zeros.
Page 22.2
Notes:
Lesson Summary
This lesson has introduced some of the fundamental concepts involved in
Resource Estimation. In the following lessons, we will put these concepts into
use:
search ellipse
compositing
domaining
the interpolation method
dealing with erratic high grades
anisotropy
block sizes
validation
numeric exception
Good Practice
Use Numeric Exceptions throughout.
Help Topics
For information on:
See:
Numeric Exceptions
Numeric Exceptions
Page 22.3
Notes:
Tables
To obtain statistical parameters, run Stats | Descriptive | Normal/Ln for
each element and for each potential domain separately.
The statistical
parameters are to be recorded in the output file, tabulated and included into the
report.
Histogram
The histogram bin size is selected so the shape of the distribution is apparent, it
must be small enough to show the shape and large enough to contain sufficient
data. The histogram shows two populations, one at low background grades and
another at higher grades; there is a discreet break between the two. The
moments such as mean, medium etc are displayed on the right of the histogram.
Probability plot
The change in the angle of the line on the probability plot helps to indicate the
grade at which mineralisation grades occur as opposed to background grades.
In other words this is the cut-off grade separating country rock from the ore
zone. This grade is used for the grade to design the outlines on the drillholes for
the ore zone interpretation. This grade is applied for the delineation of
mineralisation polygons.
Histograms, Log Histograms and (Log) Probability Plots should be generated for
each element and potential domain using Stats | Distribution process. Use
filters to separate domains if possible. All graphs should be plotted, studied and
Page 22.4
included into the report. The potential mixing of grade populations, grade cutoffs for interpretation and top-cuts for grade interpolations should be determined
from the histograms and cumulative frequency plots. One of the most important
questions is to identify the number of grade populations. The number of
populations can be estimated using the Stats | Distribution, (select
Probability Plot and Natural Log options). When the probability plot is
displayed, run Model | Decompose from the top menu to obtain the statistical
parameters of grade populations. This can subsequently be displayed on the drill
traces and checked against the geological model and structures.
Notes:
Obtain the grade value that separates background grades from mineralization
grades. This is the inflection point on the probability plot. Alternatively this
figure may be stated by the Government. This grade value is the grade at which
all mineralization polygons will be interpreted in section.
This Stage can take from several hours to several days depending on number of
elements and number of domains. Domains are separated data for different
block models, such as different lodes, or weathering or very high grade, high
grade and low grade areas.
Please note, it is a good practice to calculate a coefficient of variation that might
indicate a potential quality of variograms (COV = St. Dev. / Mean) and the
nature of interpolation method required. For a COV of 1 or less than 1.5 IDW
may be appropriate, above 1.5 a kriging method should be applied.
Interpretation
When interpreting the orebodies and wireframing the ore zones and
mineralisation, a decision needs to be made whether a hard boundary or soft
boundary is used. A typical hard boundary is where mineralisation is truncated
by a fault; a typical soft boundary may be where a stockwork of veins extends
from the main mineralisation zone into the country rock. A wireframe can be
used for the hard boundary, however grades outside the wireframe or indeed no
wireframe may be used when modelling the soft boundary.
CHECKLIST
Classical stats tables are generated for all elements and domains
Histograms, log histograms and probability plots are generated for all
elements and domains
Use numeric exceptions if there are any character values in numeric fields
Page 22.5
Notes:
1.
2.
Setting
Input File
IRON ASSAY
Type
DATA
T FE
SIO2
Output File
DESCRIPT IRON
Setting
File
IRON ASSAY
Type
DATA
Graph field
T FE
Graph type
HISTOGRAM
Values used
NORMAL
6.
7.
Setting
Graph min
Bin Size
Graph max
71
Graph increment
10
Page 22.6
8.
9.
Notes:
The histogram of the exhaustive (total) iron population shows a very strong
normal distribution suitable for Inverse Distance Weighting or Ordinary Kriging
interpolation, which will be explored in later lessons.
Page 22.7
11. From the menu, select Mode to change the Graph type to CUM
FREQUENCY to display the following cumulative frequency graph:
Notes:
The cumulative frequency curve shows the frequency of grades at varying grade
cut-offs.
12.
Change the Graph type again to PROBABLITY PLOT for this graph:
With the probability plot set Normal, the major inflection point around a grade of
10% indicates the change from background to the mineralised grades.
Page 22.8
13.
Notes:
When the probability plot is set to natural log and the population plots as a
straight line then the distribution is normal, this is the case for the iron
population.
Page 22.9
Notes:
Lesson Summary
This lesson has introduced the concepts of:
Descriptive stats
Histograms
Probability plots
To create these outputs and graphs, we used Stats | Descriptive and Stats |
Distribution.
Good Practice
Keep saving your outputs into a document or folder so that you can build a
resource estimation report as you work through the process. This will be easier
while you have the data fresh in your mind.
Label everything carefully so that it will be easy to understand what it is in a
months time or to a third party reader.
Help Topics
For information on:
See:
Descriptive stats
Descriptive stats
Distribution stats
Distribution stats
Page 22.10
Notes:
Prior to interpolation, the assay data file should be desurveyed (i.e. 3D coordinates should be calculated for the centroid of each sample interval) using
Dhole | Generate | Downhole Coordinates.
All geological domains and mineralised envelopes (or seams) can be interpreted
interactively on screen using Strings or Outlines in VizEx. These Strings or
Outlines are used to generate solid wireframes; Strings are generally used to
create surfaces or DTMs such as weathering surfaces.
When all strings or outlines have been generated, they should be loaded into the
3D Viewer and checked for potential errors (missing interpreted sections or
drillholes etc).
Interpretation can take from 1 to 2 days, to several weeks depending on the
complexity of deposit, necessity to interpret geology, domains and multiple
elements.
Page 22.11
2.
3.
You will need to write in new field names for the new Interval file fields
(East, North and RL):
4.
5.
If you are using the Drillhole Database option on the 3D Coordinates form,
you can just tick the Create new Coordinate fields tickbox and the new
fields in the Interval file will be generated in accordance with you Form
Options under Options | Forms.
Page 22.12
Wireframing
Notes:
Page 22.13
Notes:
Lesson Summary
This lesson has introduced the concepts of
Wireframing
Good Practice
Checklist
Help Topics
For information on:
Page 22.14
See:
Notes:
FLAGGING/SELECTION
When all the wireframes are generated, they should be used to code the assay
database in order to select the part of the database to be used for geostatistics
and grade interpolation. If the wireframing stage was not required, the
interpreted outlines can also be used to flag the Assay database. Prior to
flagging, additional fields should be generated in the files where the flags will be
recorded. The Assay file should be de-surveyed. By this method the assay file
will be coded for those intervals inside the wireframe and those outside of the
wireframe, and then a filter can be applied to consider grades only in the
wireframe.
Page 22.15
Notes:
Page 22.16
Notes:
Lesson Summary
This lesson has introduced the concepts of
Good Practice
Help Topics
For information on:
M
See:
Page 22.17
Notes:
The balancing cut is used for block models produced using a linear estimation
method such as Inverse distance weighting or ordinary kriging. A balancing cut
is the use of a more conservative grade instead of a few higher grades in the
interpolation process. A balancing cut is determined by using a Cumulative
Frequency plot for the mineralized grades only, mineralised grades are those
inside the wireframe. At the grade where 97.5 percent of the grades occur, read
from the cumulative frequency curve, is the grade to be used for the balancing
cut.
Setting
File
ASSAY IRON
Type
DATA
Filter
Selected
WFCODE = 1 numeric
Graph field
T FE
Graph type
HISTOGRAM
Values used
NORMAL
2.
3.
In the plotted example the grade at which 97.5 percent of the population
occurs is 65.
Page 22.18
4.
Setting
File
IRON ASSAY
Type
DATA
Filter
Selected
Notes:
Mineralisation
5.
6.
Setting
Field
TFe Cut 65
Type
Width
Decimals
7.
8.
Setting
Input
T Fe
Function
Cut highs to
Input
65
Result
TFe Cut 65
9.
Click Run.
10.
Right-click IRON ASSAY and you can check that rows 11 and 12 have
been reduced down to 65.
The cut grades will be used for the interpolation process and for reports on the
resource and the reserve.
Page 22.19
Notes:
Lesson Summary
This lesson covered the concepts of :
Good Practice
Help Topics
For information on:
Fields Calculate
Page 22.20
See:
Lesson 6 - Compositing
Notes:
When deciding upon interval length, if the composite length is not obvious, a
histogram should be produced for the Assay file, it should be calculated in File |
Fields | Calculate by subtracting FROM from TO. Then run the process Stats
| Distribution for the INTERVAL field, study the obtained histogram and
make a decision on the composite length. Produce the balancing cut prior to
compositing.
Samples can be composite using Dhole | Compositing | Downhole process.
Set up sample composite length equal to average sample interval length. Avoid
mixing of samples from different populations or geological domains when
composites are generated. It can be achieved by applying filters and then
appending the result files together.
Generally wireframes will be assigned to the assay file before compositing, if so
then use the wireframe assign field as the Constant field in the compositing
routine.
CHECKLIST:
Run stats and make sure there are no strange composite interval
lengths
composite length)
fields
We already have interval lengths in the field INT. Determine the most
frequent sample interval to composite to for the iron data. Plot the interval size
on the histogram as follows
Page 22.21
2.
Clearly a two metre interval should be used for the composite length, by using
two metres most assays will remain unaltered for the estimation but ultimately
all will be of equal length.
3.
Select Dhole | Compositing | Downhole and fill in as below (Output
File is IRON ASSAY COMP1):
There will be errors reported but they are only where there are breaks in
mineralisation within a given drillhole. The first item in the report file rep will be
in hole CK2 at a depth of 326.3m. This is the start of the second mineralisation
in that drillhole.
Where the last interval of the mineralisation is less than 2 metres, the same TO
value is used and the actual interval is written in.
Page 22.22
4.
Intervals (INT) in uncomposited IRON ASSAY.DAT file vary. The image
below has less relevant fields hidden.
Notes:
5.
Recalculate your intervals by right-clicking on IRON ASSAY COMP1 and
selecting Edit, then select Calculations from the toolbar.
Prompt
Setting
Input
TO
Function
Minus
Input
From
Result
INT
Selected
Selected
6.
The composited IRON ASSAY COMP1.DAT file has 2 metres intervals
and values for the mineralisation only (again some fields are hidden). This file is
then used for all further interpolation.
Page 22.23
Notes:
Lesson Summary
This lesson has introduced the concepts of
Good Practice
Help Topics
For information on:
Page 22.24
See:
Lesson 7 - Geostatistics
Notes:
Theory
Classical statistical analysis should be repeated using the same procedures
described in the Lesson 2. However, this classical stats analysis will have the
following differences:
Only flagged composites will be used for the analysis, those assays inside the
wireframe
Variography
Variography will be run for each element and domain separately. For every
domain there are three variograms, each at right angles to each other. For
example, if we have three elements and five domains, the task will be to
generate 45 directional variograms. If MIK is applied, then the number of final
variograms will be 450 (if 10 thresholds are used).
The first step would be to generate omni variograms. Omni variograms will
indicate the general ranges and variances of grade populations and whether the
chances of getting good directional variograms are good or bad. They also assist
with the lag sizes. Variograms are to be generated using the process Stats |
Semi Variograms.
The second step would be to identify the main axis of directional anisotropy if
any. If omni variograms are reasonable, a rosette of horizontal directional
variograms should be generated. Ideally, a variogram map should also be
generated which will clearly show the minimum and maximum ranges and
directional anisotropy of grade distribution.
A direction of maximum continuity should be identified from the horizontal
variogram rosette. That will be the azimuth of the main axis. Then a rosette of
vertical variograms should be generated with the azimuth of dipping equal to the
azimuth of the longest continuity of horizontal variograms. A variogram with
longest ranges will show the angle of dipping of the main axis of directional
anisotropy.
Downhole variograms are to be used to model nugget effect.
Once the azimuth and dipping of the main axis of directional anisotropy is
identified, three variograms are to be generated and modelled. The first
variogram will be in the direction of the main axis, the second one
Page 22.25
perpendicular to the first variogram, and the third one perpendicular to the
first two variograms.
Notes:
If geology and mineralisation are well studied and interpreted, sometimes the
main directions of directional anisotropy are obvious and the above steps could
be simplified or skipped. The directional variograms are to be displayed and
modelled in Stats | Semi Variograms. It would be a good practice to
generate Direct, Log and Relative semi variograms to obtain the main features.
When experimental variograms are displayed on screen, they can be modelled
using the Model menu.
Select the variogram type (e.g. Model | New |
Spherical). Then you will be prompted for the number of structures. Select the
number of structures (for example 2). Then you will be able to model the
nugget effect and sills of every structure using the mouse. When you specify the
model parameters with the mouse, MICROMINE will display the modelled
variogram parameters. Please note that Sill parameters there are actually C
values. Sill values will have to be calculated (Sill = C partial sill + Nugget).
All modelled variogram parameters should be saved to a Form.
Variography can take from several days to several weeks depending on the
number of elements, domains and selected interpolation method. If MIK is
selected, the exercise could be very time consuming due to the large number of
variograms to be modelled.
CHECKLIST:
Make sure all 3 variograms have the same nugget, C value and total
sill
variograms
Sill co + c
Nugget co
Range m
gamma
Variogram properties
Page 22.26
Anisotropy
Notes:
(h ) =
1 N (h )
( xi y i )
2 N (h ) i =1
Once the semi variogram has been displayed then a model must be fitted to the
gamma values.
Page 22.27
Notes:
The parameters entered here define a search ellipse used to select samples for
modelling. That is, the samples that will be used to calculate the estimated
value.
Radius - Enter the primary radius of the search ellipse. This value is a length or
distance that becomes the base value by which the three factors below are
multiplied to determine the dimensions of the search ellipse.
Azim (deg)
Enter the Azimuth (bearing in degrees) of the long axis of the search ellipse. This
has a range of values 0 - 360 measured clockwise from north = zero. It
corresponds to geological strike, or the trend of the long axis of a plunging body.
Azim factor
Enter the factor for the length of the long axis of the ellipse. This will be
multiplied by the Radius to determine the actual length of the Azimuth axis.
The Azimuth factor is generally the longest dimension of the search ellipse.
Commonly the Radius is set equal to the along-strike search, typically 1.25 to 1.5
times the average section spacing, and the azimuth factor set to 1. The other
two factors would then be defined as decimal values between zero and one.
Plunge (deg)
The plunge is the downward inclination of the orebody along the strike. It must
be positive; plunge values are always in the range 0 - 90.
For example, a tabular structure with Azimuth 30 degrees and a Dip of 60
degrees to the South-East will have Azim = 30 and Dip = -60. If the plane
Page 22.28
Notes:
If the same tabular structure has a tubular or elliptical structure that plunges
downward at 30 degrees to the south-west then the value required is still Plunge
= 30 but the Azim must be 210 and the Dip required is 60.
Thick factor
This describes the thickness component of the search ellipsoid. Enter a factor for
the length of the search axis perpendicular to the plane of the Azimuth and Dip
values. This value is multiplied by the Radius value to determine the actual
length of the Thickness search axis. The thickness factor usually describes the
short axis of the search ellipsoid.
Dip (+/- deg)
Dip is an angle, with range -90 to 90 measured from the horizontal,
perpendicular to the azimuth axis. It corresponds to geological dip. The
convention used throughout MICROMINE is that clockwise rotation, looking in
the Azimuth direction, has negative dip values and counterclockwise rotation has
positive dips. Thus a bed striking at zero degrees and dipping 60 degrees east
will have a Dip angle of -60.
Dip factor
Enter a factor for the length of the dip axis of the ellipse. This value is multiplied
by the Radius value to determine the actual length of the Dip axis search. This is
the down dip search dimension of the search ellipsoid.
Page 22.29
Practice
Notes:
Iron deposit (3d): The iron deposit will be modelled using ordinary kriging and
median indicator kriging. The iron deposit is a good example because it has an
excellent linear population and produced strong variogram models with
geometric anisotropy.
Files:
Collar: IRON COLLAR.DAT
Survey: IRON SURVEY.DAT
Assay: IRON ASSAY.DAT
Assay: IRON ASSAY COMP.DAT
Wireframe: IRON.TDB
Review
After the 3d coordinates were created for the assay file, the wireframe was
assigned to the assay file. This ensures we know which grades are the relevant
mineralised grades and which grades fall outside the wireframe and are
redundant. This file has already been produced and is IRON ASSAY.DAT; the
code field should be WFCODE with the code iron. A 2 metre composite file was
also created called IRON ASSAY COMP.DAT.
Nugget
The IRON ASSAY.DAT file is now used to calculate the variograms and so, to
create the variogram models. Do not use the composite file at this stage
because it may inadvertently display zonal anisotropy because compositing
smooths the data in the file and will change the variance to a greater degree in
one direction than another. The composite file is only used for the interpolation.
Page 22.30
2.
3.
Select the IRON ASSAY.DAT as the Raw Data file. We initially have to
create a semi variogram file from a raw data file. Later these semi variogram
files can be re-used by clicking the second option.
4.
Apply a filter to the Raw Data file in order to only use data inside the
wireframe. Make sure you save this filter using Forms | Save as.
5.
Select Show Variance under Data Values and complete the form as
shown below:
6.
Under Semi Variograms, select Show semi variograms and Write semi
variograms to file. The name of the File will be Vario DH of Type DATA.
7.
You will of course have set Numeric Exceptions and then saved the
form using the Forms button (third from left on the Toolbar) as Downhole
Nugget.
8.
Page 22.31
Notes:
When you create a semi variogram, you will notice that the menu at the top of
the screen changes. The two menu items of particular interest are Display and
Variogram.
The menu items with icons are available from the Semi Variogram Toolbar. The
ones that are probably used the most under Display menu are:
Form you should always save your forms so that you can easily reproduce a
result.
Dump creates a screen shot of the active window that you can paste into a
report that you might be generating as you work.
Zoom + Area allows you to zoom into the area of interest. The relevant scale
will also be shown automatically.
Display Mode takes you to the variogram parameters page where you can
make changes or check entry details.
Show Together if you have more than one set of parameters, all of them can
be shown on the screen at the same time. This is an alternative to leafing
throught them by using the Page Up and Page Down keys on your keyboard.
When using Show Together, you might want to use Display Mode first and
change the Display Mode of some of the less likely candidates to None. This will
simplify the display and let you focus on the more likely candidates.
All of the items under the Variogram menu are of use:
Previous lets you leaf back through individual variograms. This can be done
more easily by using the Page Up key on the keyboard.
Next lets you leaf forward through individual variograms. This can be done
more easily by using the Page Down key on the keyboard.
Model lets you model a curve through the points to represent a best fit
representation of an ideal curve.
Page 22.32
Optimum Lag
Notes:
Determine the optimum lag size by using an omni directional variogram with
various lag sizes. The omni directional variogram displays the average of lags.
We will use the composited data found in the IRON ASSAY COMP.DAT file.
For this iron example, lags of 50 to 60 metres produce well behaved variogram
results. This distance can now be used to find the direction of maximum
continuity.
Page 22.33
4.
Select Show Variance under Data Values, click the Omnidirectional
Semi Variograms button and complete the form as shown below:
Notes:
Page 22.34
This gives a
10. We should now repeat the search with a tighter range of say 35 to 75, or
even tighter.
Notes:
We will use a value of 50 for our lag or interval for now. The next step is to
discover the direction of maximum continuity. This will have the longest total
range. Set the variogram fan for 30 degree increments for 180 degrees, it is not
necessary to do 360 degrees as one half is the mirror of the other. Set the
tolerance to 15 degrees so they do not overlap and apply a conical search. The
geology is often a very good guide to the direction of maximum continuity.
The Mode button applies the value in the first row to all other valid rows. The
display modes you can choose from are:
None: The data for that azimuth will not be displayed. Useful when you want to
switch a direction off temporarily to simplify the display.
Line: Data for the azimuth will be plotted as a simple line graph. You can enter
a symbol number when LINE is selected. The corresponding symbol will
appear at each interval distance. Its size will vary proportionally to the
number of pairs in that interval.
Graph: The data will be displayed as a graph with two lines. The area between
the lines can be hatched. To generate the lines, alternate values from
interval one to the maximum calculated distance interval are connected.
The intervening values are then connected back to the first interval value.
This displays the difference between values in adjacent intervals (but loses
information on the number of pairs in each interval).
Symbol: The interval semi-variogram value for the azimuth will appear as a
symbol. The symbol size is relative to the number of pairs in the interval.
Pairs: The Pairs display option displays a fixed size symbol with the number of
pairs written beside the symbol.
Page 22.35
2. Change the Semi Variograms File to Var Horiz Comp. The rest of the
form stays unchanged.
Notes:
3. You will notice that the button under Data Values has changed to Semi
Variograms Directions. Click this and complete the form as shown below:
Page 22.36
Notes:
Page 22.37
8. Again leaf through the displays using the Page Up and Page Down buttons
on your keyboard. It is still advisable to zoom in to the left-hand side using the
magnifying glass with the square inside it from the toolbar.
Notes:
9. Your graphs should show that the best fit will be -6.
Page 22.38
Notes:
Page 22.39
Notes:
Page 22.40
Notes:
Clearly the lag of 50 or 60 metres and a zero degree plunge produce the best
behaved semi variograms. The variograms have a good regular pattern, sill out
close to the variance and do not have a saw toothed appearance.
Page 22.41
Notes:
Page 22.42
Notes:
Page 22.43
Notes:
Indicator variograms:
Only use indicator variograms if you intend to interpolate using a non linear
model method such as median or multiple indicator kriging.
For median indicator kriging determine the median of the grades inside the
wireframe by plotting the cumulative frequency curve of the data. The also find
the grade ranges at 10 percent, 20 percent etc up to 90 percent. These grade
cut-offs will be used for the bins in the median indicator kriging routine and the
50th percentile or median will also be used at the cut-off grade in the indicator
variogram modelling procedure.
Page 22.44
Notes:
Fe %
10
26.3
20
29
30
33.8
40
37.6
50
42
60
46.8
70
51.8
80
56.9
90
61.1
Page 22.45
Notes:
The median occurs at a cut-off grade of 42% Fe; use this cut-off grade for the
indicator variograms. Use the same procedure as for semi variograms to find the
direction of maximum continuity, the intermediate variogram and the third
direction. Note the nugget and partial sill must still be the same for all three
indicator variograms.
Page 22.46
Notes:
Page 22.47
Notes:
Relative variograms:
If the model area exhibits proportional effect, where the mean and variance
change in proportion to each other across the model area then a relative
variogram must be used to ensure the sills of the lags are all at the same level so
the variograms appear sensible and will allow the fitting of a variogram model. A
test for proportional effect can be conducted by using modelling | 3d block
estimate | statistical.
Display the result in Stats | scattergrams | simple linear, plotting the mean on
one axis versus the standard deviation on the other axis.
If the result plots as close to a straight line then a proportional effect is present,
if the cloud is wide as is the case with the iron example then no proportional
effect exists and relative variograms are not required.
Page 22.48
Notes:
Page 22.49
Notes:
Page 22.50
Notes:
Cross Validation:
Cross validation is conducted by removing a raw data value and using the
surrounding raw data values to estimate the removed value. The value is then
compared to the estimate and is repeated throughout the dataset. The total
average estimates are compared to the actual estimates; if the variogram model
is robust the figures should be very close.
Page 22.51
Notes:
The average error statistic should be close to zero and the standard deviation of
the error statistic close to one.
The results of the iron estimation by cross validation were 8.0575 for the
standard error and -0.005125 for the error statistic. The standard error is a little
high and could be improved but the error statistic is close to zero and is a good
result.
Page 22.52
Actual versus estimated values can be plotted on a scattergram to see how well
the kriging process reproduces the sample data. Actual value versus the error
statistic demonstrates the conditional bias
Notes:
The Means are very close so the global cross validation is good, the precision is
19%, and the result was influenced by some low grades that did not produce a
low estimate because of the amount of data found by the search ellipse. The
cross validation is reasonable for the direct variograms to be used for ordinary
kriging.
Page 22.53
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Page 22.54
Notes:
Grades can also be interpolated into an empty cell block model generated (or
imported) earlier.
Flagging
If wireframe solids and DTMs are modelled, then they should be used to flag the
block model. Basically, flagging should be carried out the same way as
described in the section 6. The only difference would be if sub blocking is
required.
When the block model is flagged for all possible domains / zones / ore bodies
etc, all other cells (unflagged) should be deleted from the model to reduce the
size of the file and number of records (File | Filter | Subset). That will also help
to control the interpolation process.
The process should not take more than several hours.
Checklist
The model should not have too many cells. An average block model has
several hundreds of thousands cells.
Page 22.55
Notes:
The block size of 10 metres east, 20 metres north and 5 metres in rl is displayed
at the centre of the search ellipse. This block size for iron estimation is
appropriate given the sample spacing of 100 metres. The blocks must reflect
grade distribution, showing a local map of grade occurrence, so the block cannot
be too big as the grade change will not be shown and cannot be too small
because the file will be unnecessarily large and the grade estimate will become
less reliable.
The block size for an iron deposit will be bigger than the block size for more
densely spaced shear hosted gold deposits or VMS hosted base metals because
the samples are more closely spaced and the geology is far more variable.
Page 22.56
If the sample spacing for a gold deposit was 25m between sections, 10m
between the drillholes along the section and 1m sample intervals then an
appropriate block size would be 5m by 2m by 2.5m in rl.
Notes:
Subcelling
Subcelling is the creation of smaller blocks on the edge of the wireframe when
the parent cell is not fully inside the wireframe. The numbers entered into the
sub block boxes are how much the parent cell is divided by to define the subcell
in metres. If the parent cell is 10 metres in east and the sub blocks east is
entered as 5 then the subcells will be 2 metres in the easterly direction. A sub
block factor is different, the cells are not subblocked, rather a number between
zero and one is defined for the percentage of the block inside the wireframe.
Page 22.57
Notes:
1. We know we are going to be asked for the extents of the Iron wireframe, so
firstly open that in Vizex in Plan view. Jot down values to encompass the
wireframe in Eastings and Northings. You should have jotted down something
like: 19000mE-19900mE and 35000mN-36500mN.
2. Switch to Looking North view and note the RLs as well. You should have
something like -650mRL-0mRL.
3. Select Modelling | 3D Block Estimate | Blank Block Model and fill in
as below. The Output entries are all typed in as we are creating a new file.
5.
Page 22.58
Notes:
6. Click on the Block Definitions button. This is where we use the values that
we jotted down earlier.
7. Enter the values but notice that you are asked for the Block Centre. To
accommodate this and keep our blocks on round number co-ordinates, add half
the relevant block size (Spacing) to each Origin Block Centre and subtract
half the relevant block size from each End Block Centre.
8.
Select Forms | Save As and save the form for later use as Iron OBM.
9.
10. Select Forms | Save As and save the form as Iron OBM.
11. Click the Run button. This may take a couple of minutes and progress is
shown in the bottom left of the screen.
12. Right-click on Iron OBM in the Output File box and firstly select
Min/Max. You will notice various details including the creation of about
110,000 records and that the data does not start until 19025mE.
13. Right-click on Iron OBM a second time and select view. Notice that the BF
field stores a value between 0 and 1 representing the number of virtual subblocks inside the wireframe as a fraction.
Page 22.59
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Page 22.60
Notes:
Declustering
If samples are clustered then the samples must be declustered to allow a fair
estimation of the unknown value in the search ellipse. Declustering is required to
minimise interpolation bias from high-density assay areas, which often occur in
high-grade zones. If data is not declustered the clustered data has an undue
overwhelming influence in the grade interpolation on the surrounding area. If a
large number of raw data values are picked up by the search ellipse from one
area then these points will preferentially ensure that this area weights the
interpolation of the point of estimation more so than the scattered data points.
Sectors or cells can be employed to decluster the data, a maximum and
minimum number of points can be stipulated for each sector.
MICROMINE currently employs a sector method in some model modules to
subdivide the search ellipse and allow the thinning of the number of points to be
interpolated by specifying the maximum number of points allowed within the
sector.
Page 22.61
Notes:
Change of Support
Discretisation is where ordinary kriging in this case estimates point grades inside
the block which are then averaged to produce the block grade. Block kriging was
designed to combat the change of support, where the grade of a truck load of
ore is more even and reliable compared to the grade of a far smaller often more
variable sample. Block kriging is now not considered the best method of dealing
with the change of support but there are few practical alternatives.
Proportional effect
When the local variability of data changes across the model area this is known as
heteroscedasticity, the proportional effect is a form of this. For the positively
skewed distributions the local variance increases with the local mean. The
proportional effect is detected from a scatterplot of the local mean versus the
variance-calculated from moving window statistics. The proportional effect can
be calculated in Micromine by using the Modelling | 3d | statistical, defining a
block size and writing a file containing the local mean and variance.
Proportional effect will render the sample semi variogram uninterpretable.
Clustering combined with the proportional effect results in the high clustered
values contributing to the lower lags. The corresponding lag mean is large and
because of the proportional effect the lag variance is also large. As distance (h)
increases the data that contributes to the lag becomes more representative, the
Page 22.62
lag mean and variance decrease. The trend results in the lag variance results in
overestimation of the semi variogram value at short range and also the relative
nugget effect. An inaccurate variogram model generates inaccurate weighting. A
relative variogram is required as opposed to a traditional variogram. The relative
variogram is standardised by the gamma value divided by the lag variance.
Notes:
Multiple runs
Often when the blank model is created and interpolated into the first search
ellipse size is not sufficiently large enough to populate all blocks. When the name
of the block model file is the same for Define blocks from file and the output
block model file then the grades will be written into the blank model. Note that
the input field name, width, type and decimals must be the same in the input file
as the define blocks from file data file. If they are different then a result will not
be written. After the first run with the first search ellipse then increase the
search ellipse size for run 2 and possibly run 3 until all blocks been populated
with an estimated value.
Page 22.63
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Page 22.64
Lesson 10 Grade
Interpolation
Notes:
INTERPOLATION
The block model is generated simultaneously with interpolation of grades. This
means the following routine should be used:
1. Specify all input parameters, files, search ellipse and variogram parameters
in the processes Modelling | 3D Block Estimate | IDW or Modelling |
Kriging. Run the interpolation.
2. The generated block model should now be flagged for domains etc. using
wireframes or outlines (as specified in chapter 8).
3 All unflagged cells (above the surface, outside of wireframes etc.) should be
filtered out (File | Filter | Subset).
4 All the assigned cells should be checked for whether all cells are populated
with grades or not (Stats or Min/Max). There should be no missing grades in
the block model.
5. If not all cells are all populated, then repeat the steps from 1 to 4 with
altered (increased) search parameters until all cells are informed with grades.
Generate a Run Number field in the output model file. You will have several
saved search ellipses that increase in size, each one represents a grade
interpolation run.
6. Add all the generated models together in such a way, that earlier models
would update the later ones (File | Merge | MM).
7.
Repeat all steps from 1 to 6 for all domains and for all elements.
The interpolation process can take from several hours to several days.
CHECKLIST:
Apply top cuts if necessary
Interpolate grades using several methods for validation
All cells in the Resource model should be informed with grades.
If Kriging was used, run cross validation to check if the variogram is
appropriate. Run the variogram model that produces a good estimate with
the lowest kriging error.
If MIK is used, make sure the search parameters are the same for all bins
for a particular interpolation run
The number of interpolation runs should be equal minimum to: No of
elements x No of domains x No of interpolation volumes x No of
interpolation methods. It is a good idea to save all these runs in a macro.
Page 22.65
Search ellipse
Notes:
Page 22.66
Notes:
The search ellipse radius is determined from the variogram parameters or from
the sample spacing. For the iron example the radius of 250 metres above
contains around seven drillholes in the ellipse each with two metre interval
samples, so there are abundant samples for the first pass estimation because the
drillholes are spaced around 100 metres apart.
Save the search ellipse forms. Load the search ellipse in 3D Viewer, bring up the
grid and look from different angles with the ellipse transparency on to observe
that the attitude of the search ellipse is the required design. This is an important
validation step.
Page 22.67
Notes:
Distance
1/d2 (m)
As fraction
% weight
Weighted
grade
0.31
110
1/12100
0.000083
0.162
0.05
0.25
80
1/6400
0.000156
0.304
0.076
0.18
120
1/14400
0.000069
0.135
0.024
0.21
70
1/4900
0.000204
0.399
0.084
0.234 kg/m3
Using a power of 2 for the inverse distance weighted calculation the point of
estimation equates to 0.234 kg/m3.
n
Algorithm =
vi
w
i
w
i
i =1
n
i =1
Page 22.68
For the different powers, 1, 2 and 5, as the power is increased then the
weighting on the nearest sample to the point of estimation increases, the higher
the power then the greater this weighting to the nearest samples.
Notes:
With an inverse power of 1 the grade weights are more evenly spread amongst
the samples, based evenly on the distance from the point of estimation. As the
power increases to a power of 5 then the samples closest to the point of
estimation at 6 and 7 metres respectively receive nearly all the weighting. The
grade estimate increases to 4.28 since the 2 nearest grades are also the highest
grades; most of the other samples have very little influence on the grade
estimate.
POWER = 1
GRADE
DISTANCE
DISTANCE
to POWER
3.1
4.5
2.1
1.2
4.2
10
6
12
18
7
10
6
12
18
7
GRADE
DISTANCE
DISTANCE
to POWER
3.1
4.5
2.1
1.2
4.2
10
6
12
18
7
100
36
144
324
49
1/
DIST
GRADE
WEIGHTING
GRADE
* WEIGHT
0.1823
0.3039
0.1520
0.1013
0.2605
1.0000
0.5653
1.3676
0.3191
0.1216
1.0941
3.4676
GRADE
WEIGHTING
GRADE
* WEIGHT
0.010000
0.027778
0.006944
0.003086
0.020408
0.1466
0.4072
0.1018
0.0452
0.2992
0.4544
1.8324
0.2138
0.0543
1.2565
0.068217
1.0000
3.8114
GRADE
WEIGHTING
GRADE
* WEIGHT
0.04935
0.63460
0.01983
0.00261
0.29361
1.00000
0.15297
2.85571
0.04165
0.00313
1.23315
4.28662
0.100000
0.166667
0.083333
0.055556
0.142857
0.548413
POWER = 2
1/
DIST POW
POWER = 5
GRADE
DISTANCE
DISTANCE
to POWER
3.1
4.5
2.1
1.2
4.2
10
6
12
18
7
100000
7776
248832
1889568
16807
1/
DIST POW
0.000010
0.000129
0.000004
0.000001
0.000060
0.000203
Recommended Values
When using MICROMINE for inverse distance weighting for iron, interpolate both
the cut and uncut fields in the composite file. For gold set a power of 2 or 3; 3
is most commonly used for gold. For iron a power of 2 is appropriate.
Interpolate only the grades in the wireframe and define the blocks from the file
to update the block model. The composite file must be used; if grade intervals
are not of equal length then the model will be biased and will be a less accurate
estimate.
Page 22.69
Notes:
Ordinary kriging
Kriging is an interpolation method, which uses the measured anisotropy of the
deposit to preferentially weight the samples to varying extents in the three
defining directions within the deposit. Anisotropy may or may not be present
dependent upon the nature of the deposit. Anisotropy is the uneven distribution
of grade within the deposit. If the deposit is isotropic and the variogram range
does not change with direction then an omnidirectional variogram may be fitted.
The omnidirectional variogram will have a tolerance of 90 to look in all directions
and will weight the samples as an average of all variogram models. The
weighting mechanism is determined by the variograms that are modelled. The
variogram model is then applied to the kriging algorithm to estimate block
values. The variogram models are a geostatistical measure of variation in grade
with distance along a spatially defined direction. Three variogram models will be
Page 22.70
produced for 3d modelling in x,y,z and two in x and y for 2d modelling. Kriging is
dependent upon being able to model variogram models, variography will confirm
or disprove the geologists intuition and assumptions relating to the deposit.
Notes:
n(u )
*
Z OK
(u ) = OK (u ) Z (u ) with
=1
n(u )
OK
(u ) =1
=1
Where gamma is the mean squared differences between pairs such that the
mean squared error in the matrix column sums to zero. The matrix is the K
matrix. A second matrix is set up which calculates the mean squared differences
between the data points and the cell nodes. This is accomplished using gamma
values from the variogram models. This matrix is the M2 matrix. The K matrix is
divided by the M2 matrix to obtain the kriging weight, which is . Any left overs
are accounted for by the Lagrange coefficient,. The Lagrange parameter is a
condition in the equation that requires that the total kriging weights sum to one.
The ordinary kriging dialog boxes are the same as the Inverse distance weighting
with the exception that the routine uses not only distance but also the variogram
models in the three orthogonal directions to weight the estimation. The three
variogram models are setup as saved forms in the semi variogram parameters
box. The longest range is the main direction, followed by the intermediate and
the third is the shortest direction. Some rules apply to the form for saving the
variograms
The nugget must be the same for all three variograms
The partial sills must be the same for all variograms
The three variograms must be orthogonal to each other, note that if the
main direction is 180 degrees with zero dip, then the second direction
must be 270, not 90 degrees, the angle must be bigger.
If these parameters are wrong then the kriging variogram form will not be
saved, this is a validation step in MICROMINE.
Block kriging can be used which will then enable the discretisation, this means
that several points can be estimated into the block and are then averaged for the
block estimate.
Iron example;
Page 22.71
Notes:
Page 22.72
Notes:
Page 22.73
Example:
Notes:
Apply a cut-off; model the variography, run the model with the indicator cut-off
and associated variogram model. Do this for each cut-off; you will then have five
kriged models.
Indicator bins, Au, more importantly the range will vary for each indicator.
0.2 g/t everything above 0.2 has a primary variogram attitude of 260 degrees
0.5 g/t everything above 0.5 has a primary variogram attitude of 260 degrees
0.9 g/t everything above 0.9 has a primary variogram attitude of 265 degrees
1.5 g/t everything above 1.5 has a primary variogram attitude of 275 degrees
6.5 g/t everything above 6.5 has a primary variogram attitude of 290 degrees
Do for the three directions and save the formset, repeat for each grade cut-off;
alternatively do once at the 50th percentile, this is called median indicator kriging
and is much faster as only three variograms and one variogram formset is
needed. Also the variograms at the 50th percentile are always the easiest to do.
Create a blank block. Setup the cut-offs and enter the corresponding variogram
formset. Then run to generate an MIK model that applies different weights from
the different variograms at various grade levels. An e type estimate for each
block will be produced. MIK is more likely to be employed in resource estimation
than grade control; however some of the large nickel operations do use this
method in addition to others. Production pressures restrict its use.
How the estimate is produced:
Indicator kriging is a non-parametric estimation method, in that it does not
assume that the population conforms to some type of distribution. Indicators
below certain cut-offs flag the grades, the indicators are modelled with
variograms which produce probability maps of the indicators. The mean bin
grade is applied as the E type estimator to the probability maps to produce a
grade estimate. Once the kriged probabilities are adjusted in the Micromine file
then an estimate can be obtained.
If the grade thresholds are as follows
1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 and the probabilities are 1, 0.82, 0.61, 0.46 and 0.12
respectively then this means that
= 0% below 1 g/t
1 0.82 = 18% of the material is between 1 and 2g/t @ 1.45
0.82 0.61 = 21% of the material is between 2 and 32g/t @ 2.47
0.61 0.46 = 15% of the material is between 3 and 5g/t @ 3.81
0.46 0.12 = 34% of the material is between 5 and 10g/t @ 7.1
= 12% of the material is above 10g/t @17.31
You need to obtain the mean of each bin; ex the mean of the raw data below 1
g/t is 0.5
Page 22.74
The mean of the data between 1 and 2 g/t is 1.45 g/t. MICROMINE calculates
the mean value automatically and then produces the e type estimate.
Notes:
The cut-off box allows a form to be saved that should include all of the cut-offs
for the grade bins and the indicator variogram form containing the 3 orthogonal
indicator variograms; in this case the form is as saved as IND and is defaulted to
Page 22.75
each grade cut-off. The grade estimate is the method to calculate the bin grade
to be used for the weighted estimate, if mean is selected it is the average of
grades between 0 and 10%, 10 and 20% etc; if median is selected then it is the
median grade for grades between 0 and 10%, 10 and 20% etc.
Notes:
The deciles do not have to be used for all bins, the top bin may be at 95% or
some other figure that in the opinion of the modeller appropriately deals with the
influence of a few high grades.
The IND formset includes the 3 saved indicator variograms for the median.
Page 22.76
Notes:
The second indicator variogram is the intermediate variogram with the second
longest range.
Page 22.77
Notes:
The third indicator variogram is the variogram with the shortest range.
Again use block kriging and interpolate the parent cells only. Run the MIK routine.
Kriging variations
Page 22.78
The kriging calculations are not straightforward and only the advent of fast
processing of millions of multiple equations by computers has allowed their
application as an alternative to simpler methods. Numerous variations exist upon
the listed algorithm with ordinary, universal, disjunctive, indicator kriging etc also
available.
Notes:
Note that
Simple kriging differs from ordinary kriging in that simple kriging interpolates
from a constant or known mean whilst ordinary kriging applies a local mean
which varies across the sample area. MICROMINE supports ordinary kriging.
Cokriging requires an inverse relationship of one element to another in the model
area such as nickel and magnesium.
Disjunctive kriging is another name for co indicator kriging.
Page 22.79
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Page 22.80
Notes:
There are three types of validation local (section grades compared to model
grades), global (tonnes and grade of data compared to model) and reconciliation
(predicted versus modelled reconciled at the time of mining) the model result
was validated globally and locally
Globally means the total raw data grade was compared to the model result for
each lode and totally
Locally means that the drillholes were overlain on the block model and the raw
grades were compared to the interpolated grades
The generated grade model should be carefully validated for potential errors.
There are several steps
Check the block model tonnes and grade against the Modelling | Polygonal
wireframe estimate | grade tonnage report. This is your best reference tonnes
and grade check; if there are big differences then look for the reason why.
Visual display of block model. Comparison of block grades against drill hole
sample grades.
Plotting sections and plans together with geological outlines. General trends and
continuity of interpolated mineralisation should not be too different from the
expected trends.
Interpolation of grades using different methods. Comparing the global figures
between different interpolation methods (e.g. Kriging vs IWD or IWD2 vs IWD3)
Comparison of resource figures with previous reports.
Compare wireframe volume with the block model volume.
Page 22.81
Notes:
Global validation:
The model and wireframe volume should correlate very closely, less than one
percent variation. The grade comparison between the model and the wireframe
can vary because often the raw samples are clustered and not evenly spaced
whilst the model blocks are evenly distributed. The grade can vary up to 5
percent.
Page 22.82
Notes:
Place the grade against the block dimensions for x and y, repeat the process until
a grid of cells versus estimates is created that can then be contoured, the lowest
value is the optimum cell size and the declustered estimate. Repeat from x and z
for three-dimensional data. Then use the cell dimensions to obtain a single
estimate which is the declustered global estimate.
Note if your data is very regular and spaced on a grid then the data is not
clustered and this process is not required, the global estimate will be immediately
apparent.
Local validation:
The drillhole grades and the block model grades can be compared to look for any
aberrations.
Page 22.83
Model validation:
Notes:
Use the modelling | subblocking | validate block model routine to check for any
overlapping, duplicate blocks, or any blocks beyond the permitted project
boundary. The report file should not report any errors. This is an important
validation step.
Page 22.84
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Page 22.85
Notes:
The block model can be displayed in Vizex. Do not load the block model in the 3d
viewer; the speed of a large block model is such that it should be viewed in Vizex.
Page 22.86
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Page 22.87
Lesson 13 Resource
Classification
Notes:
There are no standard rules and procedures how to classify resources however
the JORC code provides guidelines. Different users have different approaches.
The most common approaches follow:
Variogram ranges can be used to classify resources. For example, if cells are
populated using search radii equal to 2/3 of short ranges of variograms and
more than 3 samples were used; those cells can be classified as Measured. If
cells are informed using search radii equal to long ranges of variograms and
more than 1 sample was used, those cells can be classified as Indicated. All
other cells are classified as Inferred or not coded at all. If this approach is
accepted, interpolation run will actually be the Resource Class.
Drilling density or exploration grid can also be used for resource classification.
Some users accept an idea that for the given commodity and given complexity of
deposit, resources can be classified on the basis of the generally accepted
exploration grid (e.g. 50 x 50 m for Measured Resources, 100 x 100 m for
Indicated and 250 x 250 m for Inferred). If this approach is accepted, the user
should digitise outlines in plans or sections for each resource category and use
the Assign processes to classify model cells. If necessary, wireframe solids for
Resource Classes can be generated and used to assign Categories to block model
cells.
If Kriging was applied for grade interpolation, estimated kriging variance can also
be used for resource classification. Obviously, the estimated variance reflects the
reliability of grade estimate in each cell. If this approach is accepted, then user
should define a range of variances for each Resource Category and run File |
Fields | Generate to assign Categories.
When classifying resources, the user should remember that other parameters
should also be considered, such as:
Other parameters
CHECKLIST:
Page 22.88
Kriging variance:
Notes:
There is no single kriging variance value; rather kriging variance and kriging
standard error are calculated for every interpolated block in the block model. The
size of the error can be used as a guideline to the confidence of the accuracy for
block estimation, and can be used to categorise the deposit. Categorisation
divides the deposit into different confidence levels for the accuracy of estimation;
often it will reflect the need for further drilling or more accurate data, if poor
recovery, sampling and analysis contribute to doubt.
The model can be colour coded on the kriging variance, reflecting regions of
lower sample density and estimation reliability.
Page 22.89
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Page 22.90
Lesson 14 Resource
reporting
Notes:
The block model is comprised of underscore fields which is the block size, a
subblock factor, an sg and an estimated grade.
Page 22.91
Notes:
For each block tonnes = _EAST X _NORTH X _RL X sbf X sg; if subcelling is used
and not the sub block factor then block tonnes = __EAST X _NORTH X _RL X sg
Grade = estimated grade, seen in the coloured field.
The model can be queried on a bench by bench level by using the multi types
thickness field with the _RL field.
Page 22.92
Notes:
By using the thickness field and the material field the model can be reported for
different levels with different grade cutoffs, this is useful for planning purposes.
Page 22.93
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Page 22.94
Notes:
When Resource Class is assigned to each block model cell, resources can be
calculated and reported in terms of tonnes, volumes and average grades
(Modelling | Block Reserves | Report). Usually Resources are reported for
various cut-off grades and for each resource category separately (other
subdivisions could be areas, zones, lenses, ore bodies etc.) as well as the total
figures.
When resource figures are generated for various cut-off grades, they can be
imported into Excel and used to generate grade-tonnage curves or use Display |
graphs | general.
By using a cut-off set with the largest value down a report file on resources can
be produced that can be used to display a grade tonnage curve. Run the model
report to create the report file.
Page 22.95
Notes:
Move the cursor along the grade tonnage curve to see the active reading of
available tonnage with a change in cut-off grade of mining.
Page 22.96
Notes:
Lesson Summary
This lesson has introduced the concepts of
Good Practice
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Page 22.97
Notes:
Page 22.98
Clearly the distribution is neither normal nor lognormal, the background versus
mineralisation cutoff evident on the probability plot is around 0.6 g/t.
Notes:
Run the routine; the east, north and rl fields are now populated with the
coordinates of the interval centroid.
Page 22.99
Notes:
Go to Modelling | assign | wireframes and write a code into a field in the assay
file to identify which intervals are inside the wireframe and which intervals are
outside the wireframe. Use the All ore wireframe set.
Note this exercise assumes that the interpretation and wireframing has been
completed from a previous exercise.
Page 22.100
Notes:
Use file | fields | replace to replace the grades in a new field auavecut with those
above 27 g/t back to 27 g/t.
Page 22.101
Notes:
If the coordinates are now badly affected then rerun the generate downhole
coordinates to fix the problem in the composite file. Check that intervals are to
one metre and grades are recalculated by opening the file to have a look.
Page 22.102
Step 7: Geostatistics
Notes:
Begin the search for the three orthogonal semi variogram models to be used for
the ordinary kriging model by following the same procedures for the NVG data as
used for the iron data.
The first step is to investigate the size of the nugget from the downhole semi
variogram. The best lag size to use is obviously the most common sample
spacing. For the NVG data if a choice is made to use the composite file and the
data has been composite to 1 metre then clearly three lag should be set to 1
metre for the downhole variogram. Set the mode to calculate from raw data and
the semi variogram type to Downhole, fill out the remaining dialog boxes using
the lag of 1 metre, and ensure a filter is used so that only the data in the MV1S
ore envelope is used for the analysis.
Page 22.103
Notes:
The downhole variogram indicates the size of the nugget, the nugget is set at 2.
Page 22.104
Notes:
The omnidirectional variogram indicates an optimum 7 metre distance for the lag
size.
Page 22.105
Notes:
A two component semi variogram model is fitted to the gamma values, nugget 2,
partial sill 9 and second partial sill 8. The first range is 22 metres and the second
range is 40 metres.
Tick on, let MICROMINE calculate the angles for the second and third directions,
MICROMINE will then create the orthogonal directions so the gamma values can
be modelled.
Save all variogram models as formsets and ensure the nugget and partial sills
are the same for each variogram.
Page 22.106
Notes:
Page 22.107
Notes:
Finally the third variogram is modelled, again only the ranges vary between the
three variograms.
Page 22.108
Notes:
The three variograms are combined into a single formset, enter a name in model
parameters and click right to create the new combined formset. Then double
click to select the saved forms for the first, second and third directions, the
ranges should decrease from the principle direction to the third direction. Save
the combined form, if a mistake was made then MICROMINE will not allow the
form to be saved. Once the form is saved run the cross validation routine, the
actual versus estimated mean should be similar, 7.69 versus 7.74, an acceptable
result.
The results of the iron estimation by cross validation were 2.28 for the standard
error and -0.0122 for the error statistic. The standard error is acceptable and the
Page 22.109
error statistic is close to zero, a good result. The variograms are accepted for
interpolation.
Notes:
Create a blank model that can be populated during the interpolation process,
select on the fly optimise to reduce the number of blocks in the model. Subcell
the parent blocks, in this case by a factor of 10 for each direction.
Name the model appropriately and run the routine.
Page 22.110
Notes:
Setup the ordinary kriging dialogs boxes selecting define blocks from file on the
main dialog. This file is the unpopulated block model produced in the blank block
model. Set a filter to interpolate only the blocks in the wireframe, these are the
only grades relevant for the interpolation. Ensure the auavecut field in the assay
composite file is the sale as in the blank block model file. Select block kriging,
this will estimate to points regularly spaced in the block which are then averaged
to produce a block grade.
The disretisation sets the spacing of the points to be estimated within the blocks.
Add an extra field called run, several runs with different search ellipses may be
required to populate the entire model, set the value to 1 for the first run, this will
be written to the file.
Page 22.111
Notes:
Select the saved form name by double clicking on parameters to call on the
combined variogram form.
Complete the search ellipse first run form and view in 3d to ensure that it
accomplishes the aim of including relevant samples and excluding redundant
Page 22.112
samples for the first run. Increase the search radius and save the forms for
second and third runs.
Notes:
Page 22.113
Notes:
Model report
Go to modelling | model report | block report. Use the block factor field to
ensure the correct tonnage and select usecutoff set with largest value down.
Enter a report file and run the report.
Validation
Page 22.114
Notes:
The validation is acceptable and there can be high confidence in the result of the
ordinary kriging estimation.
Complete local validation and display the model result.
Page 22.115
Notes:
Data preparation
and import
Correct Errors
Data Validation
Tables
Classical Stats
Graphs
Interpretation
Wireframing
Obtain Reference
Wireframe Volume
Sample Compositing
Classical Stats
Proportional Effect
Obtain Reference
Global Estimate
Declustering
Empty Cell BM
Variography
Grade Interpolation
Resource Classification
Resource Reporting
Tables
Grade-Tonnage Curves
Report
Page 22.116