:

.


.


.

.

. .

.

.



.
...
./

10

10

12

12

14

15

18

19

20

24

31
39-32

)(

33

)(

36

45-40

41

43

53-46

47

51

62-54

56

60

Dr El-Abassi

31-21
22

20-1
2

Dr El-Abassi

63

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

:



.


.



.


.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

" "
.


" "Statistics " " State .
.
.

.
:
.

.

.
.
)( ) (
. .
.
1601
) ( 1674-1624
.
.
) (1858 - 1777 ) . ( 1827 1749
) ( 1936 1857
.
) ( 1962 1890
.
Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

.
.
.

.
:

:


.
.

.

.

.
.
.
:


.
1853
1878 .
.
1974
.
Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

.
:
:
.1 .
.
.2
.3 .
.4 .
.5
.
:

.
. :


...

. .
.
. .

...

...
( (
.
...

...

.
Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

.
.
Proposition
" " "
" . .
.



. Operational definitions


.
.
Population
) ( .

.

Sample
.
Representation ,Random
. :
.

%5 %10
.
.
. .
Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

. .

. .
.

. .
.
.

.

.


. .

.


)( . Statistical Inferences

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

:


.
.
.
:
-1

-2

-3

.


.
.
.

)( :
.
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3
.
Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

.
:
.

Nominal
) (

.
...

.
.
. Ordinal

) (
.


.2
. Interval

.

.
.
)(
)(
.

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

. Ratio

.
.
180 90 .

.

:



.
:
-

.


:
: :


.
: :

.
Dr El-Abassi

10

Dr El-Abassi

: :

.
: :

.
: :


.

.
: :


.

Dr El-Abassi

11

Dr El-Abassi

.

.

.
.
.
-1

:
.

-2

:
.

-3

:
.

:
:

-1

.
.
-2

.
-3

Dr El-Abassi

12

Dr El-Abassi

.
.
-4

.

.
-5

:
.

.
.


.
-6

.
.

.

Dr El-Abassi

13

Dr El-Abassi

-

. Descriptive
Method
.

1991 .
Experimental Method

)
( Experimental Group )
.( Control Group




.
) ( Explonatory


.

Dr El-Abassi

14

Dr El-Abassi

-:
. .
. .
. .

.
- :


.
-

:
.

.
-

:
.

-:
-1

.
-2

Dr El-Abassi

15

Dr El-Abassi

Frame
.
-3

.
.
.
-4

.
Questionnaire
.
-5

.
) ( .
-6

.
.Pilot Study -:
.

. .
. .

.

Dr El-Abassi

16

Dr El-Abassi

:


.
:
. Observation
.Mail
. Telephone
. Interview
.

.
-:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 " " " " .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
.9 .
.10 .
.
.11
.12 .
.13 .
.14 .
.15 .
Dr El-Abassi

17

Dr El-Abassi

.

.

.


.

:

.
.
Surveys
.

.

.


.

Dr El-Abassi

18

Dr El-Abassi

:
-1 :

.
-2 :
.
.
-3 :

.
:
:
. .
. ) ( .
. ) (.
)( :
-1 :
) (
.
-2 :

,Z, T

.2

-3 :

.
.

Dr El-Abassi

19

Dr El-Abassi

20

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

21

Dr El-Abassi

) (
.

.

.

) (

Harvard Graphics, K-Plot
.Offeice .
.
:
: ) ( Statistical Tables
)(
.
. :
1 : )(

.
- 2 : )(
.
.
3 : )(
... .
- 4 : )(

. .

Dr El-Abassi

22

Dr El-Abassi

.
.
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
:
:
.
2001

2026

1367

526

1149

614

330

6012

:
.
2001

190
1397
601
2349
4537

48
732
195
4105
5080

238
2129
796
6454
9617

2000 2001
Dr El-Abassi

23

 2000

64
342
794
1911
252
814
4690
2922
5800
5989

Dr El-Abassi

2001

48
190
732
1397
195
601
4105
2349
5080
4537

: ) ( Graphs
.
.
.
.
1 ) : ( Pictograms

.
.
.
. 2000

24774

3686

Dr El-Abassi

24

Dr El-Abassi

2 ) ( Pie Charts

. :
.
.
.

2001 :

48
732
195
4105
5080

190
1397
601
2349
4537

238
2129
796
6454
9617

:
1 .
2 .
3 360 .
.

2.5

22.1

8.3

67.1

80

30

241

.
) ( .

Dr El-Abassi

25

Dr El-Abassi

8.3%

22.1%

2.5%

67.1%

3.8%

30.8%

14.4%

13.2%

4.2%

0.9%

80.8%

51.8%

25.2%

67.3%

3163

6454

7.5%

3 ) ( Bar Charts

.
. :
1 ,
.
.


.
Dr El-Abassi

26

Dr El-Abassi

:
: ) ( Simple Bar Charts

.

. 2001

2467
2315
991
1685
1553
606
9717

.
2000

2000

2315

1500
1553
606

500

1500
1000

991

500

1685

1000

2467

2500

2500

.
.
: ) ( Multiple Bar Charts

.
.

Dr El-Abassi

27

Dr El-Abassi

2000 .2001

2000

2001

2762

2467

2713

2315

1467

991

2102

1685

1994

1553

751

606

11789

9617

.

.
3000

2000
1500

500

606
751

1553

1000

991

1685

1467

2102

1994

2713
2315

2467
2762

2500

: ) ( Component Bar Charts

.

.

. .

Dr El-Abassi

28

Dr El-Abassi

2000 2001
. .

2001
2000

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

2001
2000

: Scatter

.

.
. . 2000 1996
1600

1447
1190

1171

1200

1046

1147

894

929

1000
800

1346

1369

1400

600
400
2000

1999

1998

1997

1995

1996

1994

1993

1992

1997
. 2001
Dr El-Abassi

29

Dr El-Abassi
50

Deaths

40

30

20

10
M
01
20

01

00
20

20

AY

N
JA

00
20

99
19

00
20

AY

P
SE

N
JA

99
19

98
19

99
19

AY

P
SE

N
JA

98
19

98

97
19

97
19

19

AY

P
SE

N
JA

P
SE

97
19

AY
M

N
JA

Month

. )(
140000

120000

Current Salary

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0
0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

Beginning Salary

30

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

Definitions
Indicator: Unlimited number of a specific event
in specific area in particular time.
Proportion: It is the relation between a
category and the total, which means
dividing one category by another.

Ratio:

Arithmetic relation between two

categories belong ton the same group.
Which means dividing one category on
another.
Rates: Consecution of events among
population in a particular time, Rates
clarify degree of repetition of events
and spreading degree. Row rates are
accounted according to the total
population where as private rates are
accounted according to limited branch
group.

:

.

Constant: It is, arbitrary number for example

(100, 100.000) we can multiply it with
rates, proportion quantities to express
this measurement in order to simplify
it to the readers.

(100.000 , 100 ) :


.

Period Measures: It is the statistics, which

measures the events that happen for
whole population on part of them
during a certain period of time.

Change Ratio: change amount (the difference)

in comparing between two years and
the original year.

)( :
.

, :
.

, :
,

.
.

Mean: A measure of central tendency. The

arithmetic average; the sum divided by
the number of cases.

:( )
.

Standard Deviation: A measure of dispersion :

around the mean.
.
Coefficient of Variation: Data is considered ill
conditioned if has a small coefficient of
variation (the standard deviation
divided by the mean), to compare the
measurement not the same .

:


.

31

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

32

Dr El-Abassi

:
- )( . Categorical
- )( Numerical :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
: )( Categorical

:
)(
Proportion , Percentages , Ratio & Rates
.
) ( Counting ) ( Category
.
) ( ) ( 20 ) ( 40 .
)( Proportions
. ) ( P ) ( F ) ( N
. ) . ( 1 :

F
) ( =
N

=P

. )
( .
.

20 12 = 12 / 20 = 0.6

Dr El-Abassi

33

Dr El-Abassi

Percentage % :
= 100 x
: = 12
= 20
= 100 x 12 % 60 = 20

12 100 / 20 = 60%
Ratio :

= 12 / 8 = 1.5

1.5 1 : 1.5 :
:
) ( 1 *

147

182

191

59

75

108

206

257

299

* .

.
) ( 2 )( .

147

71.4

0.714

182

70.8

0.708

191

63.9

0.639

59

28.6

0.286

75

29.2

0.292

108

33.1

0.331

206

100

1.000

257

100

1.000

299

100

1.000

1 : 2.43

1 : 2.49

1 : 1.77

Dr El-Abassi

34

Dr El-Abassi

Rates

.

.
) (

:
= 115,000
= 175,000
= 540,000
: / 100,000 x
100,000 :
= 51,3 =100,000x115,000\59
= 42,9=100,000x175,000\75
= 20=100,000x540,000\108
.

Dr El-Abassi

35

Dr El-Abassi

: )( Numerical

:
. Central Tendency
.
.
Mean
)( Average .
: 9 , 8 , 6 , 5 , 3 ,1 :

= x / n

=6 = 6\36 = 6 \ 9+8+6+5+3+1

1 :
2 .
3
.
4 .
Median
%50 %50 .
12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ,18
.
. 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
= ) ( 1 + 2
= )4 = 2 \ ( 1 + 7
= 4 15 %50 ) 3 (
% 50 ) ( 3 .
=

x / n = 105 / 7 = 15

.
12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17
.
. 1 12 13 14 15 16 17
Dr El-Abassi

36

 = ) ( 1 + 2

Dr El-Abassi

=)3.5=2/(1+6
= 3.5 4 3
14 15 = ). 14.5=2\(15+14
=

x / n = 88 / 6 = 14.7

.
12 , 13 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 14
:
1
2
3
:
.1 Mode
.2 Geometric
.3 Harmonic
. Dsipartion
)
( . .
Range

.

Range = Max Min

. :
.

110 111 112 113 114 116 117 118 119 120

40 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 160 175 190

= 115 .
.
= 10 = 110-120
= 50 = 40-190
. .

Dr El-Abassi

37

Dr El-Abassi

:
1
2
3
4
Variance & Standard Deviation
.

( x x )2
n x 2 ( x) 2

= S
Or
2

n 1

n 1

S = S 2
:

100
64
810
144
36
612
196
16
414
225
9
315
289
1
117
361
1
1+
19
400
4
2+
20
529
25
5+
23
576
36
6+
24
676
64
8+
26
________________________________________________________
3496
256

180

1 = 18 = 10\180
-2 =
3
= 28.4 = 256/9 = 3496 (180 180) / 10 = 256 / 9 = 28.4 = 5.3
9

:
.1 C. V
.2 Standardized Value
.3 Mid Range

Dr El-Abassi

38

Dr El-Abassi

.
Statistics
X
N

Valid
Missing

Mean
Median
Mode
Std. Deviation
Variance
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Percentiles

10
0
18.0000
18.0000
10.00a
5.3333
28.4444
16.00
10.00
26.00
13.5000
18.0000
23.2500

25
50
75

a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

No of obs

0
8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

Statistics

F 100
r
e
q
80

60

40

20
Std. Dev = 11.78
Mean = 43.7
N = 473.00

39

70.0

67.5

65.0

62.5

60.0

57.5

55.0

52.5

50.0

47.5

45.0

42.5

40.0

a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is show

37.5

0
35.0

Mean
Median
Mode
Std. Deviation
Variance
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Percentiles
25
50
75

473
1
43.67
38.00
36a
11.78
138.86
42
29
71
35.00
38.00
52.50

32.5

Valid
Missing

30.0

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

40


TEST OF HYPOTHESES

Dr El-Abassi

:


.
) (.
-

- ) ( ) ( Null hypotheses

- ) (

Alternative hypotheses

.
-

... ... ... . . . %5 %1

.
*
-

.
.

Dr El-Abassi

41

Dr El-Abassi

.
.
:

II

.
) ( = P ( Type I Error ) .

.
) ( = P ( Type II Error ) .

.

.

.

D 2

= n

, , D Z
) (.
:
p q

D 2

= n

P . q = 1-P
P . 0.5

Dr El-Abassi

42

Dr El-Abassi

%5
% 10 .
.

)P - Value (Significance

.1

)(Null hypotheses

1. H0 :

.2

)(Alternative hypotheses

2. H1 :

.3

.4

4. Compute P - value

.5

5. Compare p - value

H1

or

Accept
H0

3. Calculate Statistic

H0

Reject
Dont

Reject

Significant Level

...
...

Nominal

<

P - value

.05

>= .05

P - value

P - value ...
Where
Observed Significant Level
.05 or .01 ...

Significant

...

. 01 < p < .05

Highly Significant

...

.001 < p < .01

Very Highly Significant

...

P < .05

P < .0001
P-value

Not Significant

P > .05

P Value
. 2

Dr El-Abassi

43

Dr El-Abassi

TEST
DATA

Numerical

Categorical
Non Parametric

) ( dist. free

Parametric

) ( dist. known

* Binomial - test
* Mcnemar - test

2 - test

2 - test

* Sign - test
* Wilcoxon - test
* Sign - test
* Wilcoxon - test
* Mamn - Whitney
test
* Kruskal - Wallis
test

One Sample problem * T - test pairs

* T - test pairs

Related
)(paired

Two

Sample Independen
* T- test groups
t
s
* F-test

Multi samples
problem

:
.1 :
- ) ( .
- .
.2
.
.3
.

Dr El-Abassi

44

Dr El-Abassi

. % 5 25 = X

Cases
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

X
26.00
29.12
22.88
24.63
33.11
28.21
29.20
23.12
27.15
28.90
27.40
29.16
28.41
30.20
36.17
28.62

Statistics
Mean

Std. Deviation
Variance
Skewness

Kurtosis

Statistic
Std.
Error
Statistic
Statistic
Statistic
Std.
Error
Statistic
Std.
Error

H0 :
H1 :

3-

Calculated Statistic

45-

Tabulated Statistic T15 = 2.131 at = 5%

Compare Tabulated Statistic < Calculated Statistic
We accept H1

5-

.8378
3.3513
11.2314
.531
.564
1.199
1.091

P - Value

= 25
# 25

12-

1234-

X
28.2675

T=

28.27 25
=
= 3.9
s
3.35
n
16

H0 : = 25
H1 : # 25
Calculated Statistic = 3.9
Calculate P- Value
P ( T < 3.9 )
= 1 - P ( - < T < 3.9 ) = 0.0007 (< 0.005)
Compare P Value < (0.05)
We accept H1

45

Note T15,.005 =2.947

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

46

Dr El-Abassi

Correlation

.
- -
.
Correlation
. Regression

Scatter Diagram
:
:

Ratio or Interval

.1

. Simple Linear Correlation Coefficient

.2

Eta Coefficient

: Ordinal
.3

Goodman & Kurskall Gama

.4

Kendell's Taw - B

.5

Kendell's Taw - C

.6

.7

Somer's D

.
.

Spearmans rho

: Nominal
.8

.9

.10

. Cramers Coefficient

.11

. Lambda Coefficient

.12

The Phi Coefficient

.The Coefficient of Contingency

. Uncertainty Coefficient

Dr El-Abassi

47

Dr El-Abassi

:
Simple Linear Correlation Coefficient

-1

:
.1
.
.2 1- 1 1
1-
.
.3
.
.4 R 2
.
:

xy
x

= r

:
X

Standard deviation for variable

,,

Y
xy

-2

,,

,,

,,

x
y

Covariance between X, Y .

Explaind Variance
Total Variance
.
.

Dr El-Abassi

48

Dr El-Abassi

:
-3

Q-P
Q+P

= Gama

P : Q .
-4

B
TX TY :
PQ
) ( P + Q + TX ) ( P + Q + TY

= b

.
-5

C
:

) 2 m( P Q
)N 2 ( m 1

= c

m : .
-6

D

.

-7

:
=

d2
n

Dr El-Abassi

6 d 2
)n ( n 2 1

49

Dr El-Abassi

:
-8

2 N :

2
N
-9

2 X 2 2 N :

= CC

2 + N
-10

2 N ) (K
:

2
)N (K 1
-11

=V

Misclassified in situation 1 - Misclassified in situation 2

Misclassified in situation 1
-12

.
.
:
Odds Ratio, Relative Risk, Kappa

Dr El-Abassi

50

Dr El-Abassi

Regression
:
X , Y :
Y = A + BX
:

Y
X

Dependent variable .
Independent variable .

). (OLS
Model Summary , SPSS

R R 2

R, R 2 , adj.R 2 , S .E

2
adj.R S.E .

Anova

-2

) ( .
F . %5
-3

Coefficients

Value in Equation and Testing

:
-

B .

Beta .

( Slope) B (Constant) A
) SE(B B
T test )B / SE (B
Sig. T test . % 5

Dr El-Abassi

51

Dr El-Abassi

:
:

Y = b0 + b1 X1 + b2 X2 + b3 X3 + ... + bn Xn
:

X1 to Xn

. Dependent variable

. Independent variables

:
-1 Standard Regression
.
-2 Hierarchical Regression
.
-3 Stepwise Regression
Criteria
Forward .Backward

.
.

:
)
-1 .

-2 .
-3 .

(
- ( r

) - (
) -

-4 .

) - (

-5 ) . -
-6 .

Dr El-Abassi

) - (

52

Dr El-Abassi

:


.
) ( Y
) ( } X = { X1 , X2, ... , Xp
P ) ( :
pk

+ ... +

2k

= + x + x
2

1k

) ( 0 k 1 .
:

)exp( \
= ) r ( k = 1/X
)= (
1 + exp( \ ) r

Dr El-Abassi

53

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

54

Dr El-Abassi

Rough guide to multivariable methods

Classification of Variables
Method

Dependent

Independent

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Multiple
Continuous
Classically all continuous, but in practice any type(s) can be used.
regression
analysis
(To describe the extent, direction, and strength of the
relationship between several independent variables and a
continuous dependent variable.)
Analysis of
variance

Continuous

All nominal.
(To describe the relationship between a continuous
dependent variable and one or more nominal independent
variables.)

Analysis of
covariance

Continuous

(To describe the relationship between a continuous

dependent variable and one or more nominal independent
variables, controlling for the effect of one or more continuous
independent variables.)
Nominal Classically all continuous, but in practice a mixture
of various types analysis can be used as long as some are
continuous.

Discriminant

(Logistic)

Factor

Mixture of nominal variables and continuous variables.

(the latter used as control variables)*

(To determine how one or more independent. variables can

be used to discriminate among different categories of a
nominal dependent variable.) logistic if dependent variable
two category only.
(The variables used in a factor analysis are classically continuous, but in practice
analysis may be of any type. These variables are not clearly identifiable as either
dependent or independent, although the resulting factors may be used as
dependent or independent variables in a later analysis.)
(To define one or more new composite variables called factors from other, specially
constructed or reduced variables.)

Categorical

Nominal

data analysis

Mostly nominal, but sometimes ordinal using linear models.

(To describe the relationship between a nominal dependent
variable and several nominal or ordinal independent
variables, although applications to situations involving only
dependent variables are possible.)

____________________________
* Generally speaking, a control variable is a variable that has to be considered before any
relationships of interest can be quantified; this is because a control variable may be related to the
variables of primary interest and must be taken into account in studying the relationships among
the 'primary variables. For example, in describing the relationship between blood pressure and
physical activity, we would probably consider "age" and "sex" as control variables because they
are-related to blood pressure and physical activity and so, unless taken into account, could
confound any conclusions regarding the primary relationship of interest.

55

Dr El-Abassi

Dr El-Abassi

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.
Principle Components and Factor Analysis

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Multiple Regression Analysis

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Multiple logistic Regression Analysis
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Multivariate Analysis of Variance & Covariance
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Dr El-Abassi

56

 Multiple Discriminant Analysis

Dr El-Abassi

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Conjoint Analysis
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Dr El-Abassi

57

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58

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Dr El-Abassi

ANOVA 2- Way Or more

ANCOVA

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Multiple Regression

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62

Principle Component Analysis

Expletory Factor Analysis
Confirmatory Factor Analysis

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Cluster Analysis

Multidimensional Scaling

Path Analysis
LISREL

Dr El-Abassi

. " " :(1965)

. " :(1993)
: " :(1985)
."
. - " " :(1994)
" SPSS " :(2002)
.
" SPSS " :(1999)
.
: " :(1996)
.
Aitkin, M., Anderson, D. A., Francis, B. and Hinde, J. P. (1989). Statistical
Modeling in GLIM, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Anderson, T.W, (1984), An Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis (2nd)
New York John Wiley.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1989). On the use of structural equation models in
experimental design. Journal of Marketing Research , 26 , 271-284.
Cronbach, L. J. (2004). My current thoughts on Coefficient Alpha and successor
procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 391-418.
Dobson, A. J. (1990). An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models, Chapman
and Hall, London.
Draper, N.R. and H. Smith (1981). Applied Regression Analysis, Second Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Johnson, Richard A.

and W. Wichern, (1996). Applied Multivariate Statistical

Analysis (4th), New York Partice-Hel international.

Ostle, B., & Malone, L. C. (1988). Statistics in research: Basic concepts and
techniques for research workers (4th ed.). Ames, IA: Iowa State Press.
Stevens, J. (1986).

Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences.

Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

63

Dr El-Abassi

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