TRNG I HC TI CHNH - MARKETING

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

Website: www.ufm.edu.vn/khoacntt

Chng II :

GV : Ths.L nh Ngn
dinhngan@saigonnet.vn

I/ KHI QUT V H QUN TR CSDL.

H QTCSDL (Database Management System) xut
hin vo u nhng nm 1960, l hnh thc pht
trin t h qun l tp tin (FMS), vi mc ch pht
trin mt cch lu di v n nh cc h thng
thng tin x nghip.
H QTCSDL c xy dng vi cc chc nng :
M t v qun l tp hp cc thng tin theo quy
c ca mt m hnh d liu, qua cho php
lm ch vic phn chia thng tin trong mt mi
trng nhiu ngi s dng.
m bo n gin ho vic truy xut v x l
d liu cho cc i tng s dng CSDL nh:
tho chng vin, ngi qun tr CSDL v
2
ngi s dng.

Khi t chc CSDL ,khng cho php m t mt

cch d tha. Mt khc, thng qua tp hp cc
thng tin cn thit, phi bit t chc hp l v
hiu qu trong vic s dng.
Bo m vic trao i thng tin vi cc h thng
khc nh: h qun l tp tin, bng tnh in t,
Foxpro, SQLServer,

MS.Access l mt h QTCSDL da trn m

hnh quan h. Access c th cha 7 loi i
tng: Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports,
Macros, Modules v Pages.
3

II/ S LC V CC M HNH D LIU .

Mt m hnh d liu l mt tp hp cc nim, mt
quy c v s biu din, cho php m t d liu
mun qun l.
C 4 m hnh c trng v thng gp :
M hnh phn cp.
M hnh mng.
M hnh quan h.
M hnh thc th - kt hp.

II.1/ M hnh quan h .

Theo m hnh ny :
D liu c t chc di dng bng 2 chiu .
Bng l kiu cu trc cho php tp hp v biu
din thng tin cn qun l .
Mi bng bao gm nhiu ct, mi ct m t mt
thng tin v i tng cn qun l, thng tin trn
cc ct phi c mi quan h vi nhau.
Mi dng ca bng c nhn dng bi mt
hoc nhiu ct gi l kho s cp.
5

Th d : Bng d liu m t thng tin v danh mc

qun/huyn:
Ct nhn dng

M QUN

Thng tin cn m t

TN QUN DIN TCH

01

Qun 1

02

Qun 2

03

Qun 3

DN S

II.2/ M hnh thc th - kt hp :

Theo m hnh ny :
D liu c nhm li thnh cc thc th (hay
cn gi l i tng).
Th d : Thc th sinh vin
thc th chng t,
Trong s cc thuc tnh cu thnh thc th, c t
nht mt thuc tnh cho php phn bit cc xut
hin ca thc th, ngi ta gi l nhn dng
thc th. Cc thc th c lin h vi nhau thng
qua mt kt hp no (Kt hp th hin ng
ngha lin kt cc thc th li vi nhau).
7

Th d : Kt hp gia 2 thc th :
Nhn vin v B phn
NHN VIN

B PHN
THUC

MANV
HOLOT
TEN

MABP
TENBP

Ta c :
2 thc th Nhn vin v B phn.
Thc th Nhn vin c cc thuc tnh sau :
MANV (M nhn vin).
HOLOT (H v tn lt).
TEN (Tn).
Trong MANV l thuc tnh nhn dng (Mi nhn vin c mt m s ring
phn bit vi cc nhn vin khc).
Thc th B phn c cc thuc tnh sau: (Tng t) .
2 thc th Nhn vin v B phn lin h vi nhau thng qua kt hp Thuc.8

III/ T CHC D LIU TRONG ACCESS .

III.1/ Bng (Tables).
c t chc nh mt bng 2 chiu gm cc
hng v cc ct.
Cc ct m t thuc tnh ca i tng cn
qun l, mi ct l mt vng tin (Field) trong cu
trc ca bng.
Th d : i tng Danh mc ti khon gm
cc thuc tnh c m t bng cc Fields nh
sau:
MATK (M ti khon)
MATIEU (M tiu khon)
TENTK (Tn ti khon)
9

 MI dng ca bng l mt mu tin (Record), bao

gm mt s Fields c mi lin h vi nhau nhm m

t y cc thng tin v i tng cn qun l.
t chc lu tr thng tin, ta phi qua cc bc
sau :
Bc 1 : M t cu trc ca bng .
Th d : Cu trc ca bng Chung tu 02-2005
MACT
Text
6
(M chng t)
NGAYVIET
Date/Time
(Ngy vit)
NGUOIVIET
Text
20
(Ngi vit CT)
LOAICT
Yes/No
(Loi chng t)
DIENGIAI
Text
40
(Din gii thu/chi)
SOTIEN
Number
(S tin)
TKNO
Text
4
(Ti khon ghi n)
TKCO
Text
4
(Ti khon ghi c)
10

Bc 2 : Nhp cc mu tin cn lu tr vo bng.

MACT

NGAYVIET

NGUOI
VIET

LOAICT

DIENGIAI

CT0001

01/02/2005

B.Tho

Yes

Thu tin bn hng

CT0002

05/02/2005

B.Tho

Yes

Li ngn hng

CT0003

06/02/2005

B.Tho

Yes

Np thu doanh thu

01/2005

SOTIEN

TKNO

TKCO

5.000.000

1121

131

25.000.000

1121

711

5.000.000

333

1121

CT0004

11

III.2/ Kho (Keys).

L thuc tnh dng nhn dng i tng. xc
nh mt i tng, ta phi m t cc thuc tnh ca
i tng , trong cc thuc tnh c m t, phi
chn mt thuc tnh dng nhn din i tng,
thuc tnh gi l kho (Key).
III.2.1/ Kho chnh (Primary Key) .
Khi m t cc Fields ca mt bng (Table), c
th c nhiu thuc tnh c dng lm kho,
nhng ch c mt kho duy nht c lm
kho chnh.
12

Th d : i tng Danh mc hng ho

MAHANG
#MANCC
TENHANG
DVT
QUYCACH
GIAVON

(M hng)
(M nh CC)
(Tn hng)
(n v tnh)
(Quy cch)
(Gia von)

Primary Key
Foreign Key

13

III.2.2/ Kho ngoi (Foreign Key).

Khi m t cu trc ca mt bng, c th c mt
hoc nhiu kho; nu mt bng c nhiu kho
th ch c mt kho duy nht c lm kho
chnh, cc kho cn li c xem l kho ngoi.
Kho ngoi l mt thuc tnh (Property) ca
bng c th tham chiu n mt (hay nhiu)
Field l kho chnh trong mt bng khc. D liu
trong kho chnh v kho ngoi tng ng phi
ph hp vi nhau.
Th d :
DMNCC (MACC,TENNCC,DIACHI,DIENTHOAI)
DMHH (MAHANG,#MACC,TENHANG,DVT,QUYCACH,)
14

III.3/ Thit lp quan h .

Trong mt Database c th c nhiu Tables, v
cc Tables c quan h nht nh vi nhau.
Mi Table c th tham gia vo quan h vi mt
(hay nhiu) Table(s) khc.
Mi Table c th tham gia vo mt mi quan h
bng mt hay nhiu Field(s).
2 Records thuc 2 Tables c gi l tng ng
vi nhau khi gi tr ca cc Fields tham gia vo
quan h bng nhau.
15

Th d :

16

III.4/ Cc kiu quan h (Relationship Type) .

Quan h gia cc Fields ca cc Tables c th
thuc cc kiu sau :
III.3.1/ Quan h Mt - Nhiu (One-To-Many) :
Bao gm cc bc sau :
Bc 1 : Xc nh Table chnh (Primary Table), l
Table c kho chnh (Primary Key) hoc Field ch
mc duy nht (Unique Index Field). Kho chnh
ca Table ny tham gia vo quan h bn mt.
Bc 2 : Xc nh Table c quan h (Related
Table), l Table c cha kho ngoi (Foreign Key).
Kho ngoi ca Table ny tham gia vo quan h
bn nhiu.
17

Trong mi quan h Mt - Nhiu :

Mi Record trong Table chnh c th c nhiu
Record tng ng trong Table c quan h.
Mi Record trong Table c quan h ch c mt
v ch mt Record tng ng trong Table chnh.

18

III.3.2/ Quan h Mt - Mt (One-To-One) :

Bao gm cc bc sau :
Bc 1 : Xc nh cc Tables tham gia vo quan h.
Cc Tables tham gia vo quan h phi thng qua
kho chnh (Primary Key) hoc bng Field ch mc
duy nht.
Bc 2 : Thc hin kt ni gia cc Tables.
Trong mi quan h ny:
Mi Record trong Table chnh ch c ti a mt
Record tng ng trong Table c quan h.
Mi Record trong Table c quan h ch c mt
v ch mt Record tng ng trong Table chnh.
19

Nhn xt :
Thuc tnh MANV thuc 2 Tables TblHosonhanvien v
TblLylich u l kho chnh. Thc cht ta c th kt hp 2
Tables ny lm mt, nhng khng hiu qu v mt b nh
v t chc d liu khi truy xut (v khng phi lc no ta
cng cn ht tt c cc thng tin c lu tr trong 2 Tables
ny).
Vic chia ct thng tin thnh 2 Tables bo m tnh hiu
qu trong vic t chc v lu tr thng tin.
Rng buc trong quan h ny: mi mu tin trong Table
TblHosonhanvien ch c quan h tng ng vi mt mu
20
tin duy nht trong Table TblLylich.

III.3.3/ Quan h Nhiu - Nhiu (Many-To-Many):

Thc cht ca quan h Nhiu - Nhiu l 2 quan
h Mt - Nhiu t 2 Tables ti mt Table th 3.
Theo , mi mu tin ca Table ny c th quan h
vi nhiu mu tin tng ng trong Table kia v
ngc li.
Th d : Trong chng trnh qun l th vin.
Mt c gi c th mn c nhiu loi sch.
Mt loi sch c th c mn bi nhiu c
gi.
21

Th hin mi quan h Nhiu - Nhiu gia 2 Tables trn c

thc hin thng qua Table trung gian l Table Mn sch
nh sau:
Table Danh mc bn c c kho chnh l MABD.
Table Danh mc sch c kho chnh l MASACH .
Trn Table Mn sch c 2 kho ngoi l MADG v
MASACH.
Quan h gia 3 Tables trn c th hin nh sau:

22

23

IV/ THIT K BNG (TABLE).

IV.1/ Cc bc thit k .
Xc nh cc i tng cn m t thng tin, tc l
xc nh thc th cn qun l .
Th d : Qun l gi nh t, ta cn xc nh cc i
tng nh:
DMQUAN
(Danh mc qun)
DMDUONG
(Danh mc ng)
DMNHA
(Danh mc nh)
BANGGIA
(Bng gi nh t)
.v.v..
M t thuc tnh ca tng i tng, thuc tnh nhn
dng i tng.
Xc nh quan h gia cc i tng.
24

IV.2/ Thit k tng i tng :

B1 : Chn Table
B2 : Chn New
B3 : Chn Design View + OK

25

B4 : M t cc Fields, gm:
Field Name
Data Type
Description (Din gii ngha ca Field)
General

26

B5 : Chn Field lm kho chnh.

Click vo Field chn lm kho chnh
Chn Edit \ Primary Key

B6 : Chn Save
B7 : t tn cho bng d liu

Ch thch vng tin

M t vng tin
M t kiu d liu

Thuc tnh ca
vng tin

27

IV.3/ Cc kiu d liu ca Field (Data Type):

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Kiu DL
Text
Number
AutoNumber
Date/Time
Currency
Yes/No
Memo

ngha
Cha k t ,ti a 255 k t
Cha cc gi tr s
Cc s (T ng tng 1 n v)
Lu tr kiu ngy gi
Kiu s c du tin t
Yes/No, True/False, On/Off
Cha vn bn
Cc i tng nhng nh :hnh
8 OLE Object
nh, ti liu ca Word, Excel,
9 HyperLink
Cha a ch hyperlink
28
10 Text Lookup to ComboBox trong Field

IV.4/ Thuc tnh ca Fields(Field Properties).

IV.4.1/ Field Size:
a) Field Size: Text

n nh kch thc ph hp (T 0 .. 255)

Nguyn tc: Xc nh gi tr ln nht, khng
tha, khng thiu
b) Field Size: AutoNumber.

Thuc tnh ny c th t l Byte / Integer /

Long Integer hay Replication ID
T ng tng gi tr khi thm mu tin mi
c) Field Size: Number
29

Data Type

Lu tr

Thp
phn

Kch
thc

Byte

0 255

Khng 1 Byte

Integer

-32.768 32.767

Khng 2 Bytes

-2.147.483.648
Long Integer
2.147.483.647

Khng 4 Bytes

Single

4 Bytes

Double

15

8 Bytes

Replication

Lu tr nh danh duy
nht cp ton cc.

16 Bytes
30

IV.4.2/ Format .
nh dng cch hin th v in ca d liu kiu s, ngy
gi v vn bn
Thuc tnh ny ch thay i cch hin th s liu, khng
nh hng n d liu lu tr
Cc kiu nh dng cho bt k d liu no:
Khong trng
ABC

Hin th khong trng nh cc k t

Hin bt c th g trong ngoc kp nh cc k t

Bt buc canh tri (thay v canh phi)

in cc khong trng kh dng vi k t k tip

in cc k t k tip nh mt k t bnh thng

Hin

[Color]

th d liu vi mu c ch nh.
Bao gm : Black ,Blue ,Green ,Cyan, Red, Magenta
,
31
Yellow , White

 nh dng kiu Date/Time:

nh dng kiu Number v Currency:

32

 nh dng kiu Text v Memo:

@
&
<
>

Bt buc l mt k t hay khong trng

Khng bt buc l mt k t hay khong trng
i tt c k t thnh ch thng
i tt c k t thnh ch IN

IV.4.3/ Decimal Places:

Xc nh s ch s phn thp phn
C 2 kiu nh dng:
Auto: T ng hin th theo thuc tnh Format
T 0 15: Xc lp s ch s phn thp phn (Nu
khng s dng th chn s 0)
33

IV.4.4/ Input Mask

Xc nh khun dng nhp liu
C th chn tr gip ca Wizard
Gi Wizard

34

IV.4.5/ Validation Rule, Validation Text:

a) Validation Rule:

Ch nh cc quy tc kim tra tnh hp l ca d

liu nhp
t ra cc gii hn hay iu kin p dng i
vi d liu khi cp nhp vo mt Field no
trn Table
C th xc lp Validation Rule l mt biu thc
hp l bt k, nhng biu thc ny khng th
cha:

Cc Users Defined Functions

Cc hm th vin ca Access nh : Sum, Count ,
Avg ,

b) Validation Text: Hin th thng tin rng buc

qua Validation Rule. Khi s liu nhp khng
hp l th thng bo Validation Text s xut hin
35

Th d :
Validation Rule

Validation Text

<>0

Gi tr nhp phi khc 0

>1000 Or Is Null

Gi tr nhp phi ln hn 1000

hay rng

Like ?????

Ch c php nhp 5 k t

>=#1/1/2005# And Ch nhp ngy thuc thng

<#1/2/2005#
1/2005
Nhp ngy nh hn ngy hin
<Date()
hnh
36

IV.4.6/ Required
ch nh trng hp no mt Field phi c gi tr
Cc ch nh nh sau:
Required: Yes Bt buc phi nhp gi tr vo Field , v khng
th l gi tr Null
Required: No Khng bt buc nhp gi tr vo Field. Trng
hp ny lu Validation phi cng xc lp l Or Is Null

IV.4.7/ Allow Zero Length

Yes: Cho php lu tr chui rng, bt chp thuc tnh
ca Required
No: Khng chp nhn lu tr chui rng. Nu Allow Zero
Length l No v Required l Yes th bt buc phi nhp
s liu vo Field, chui rng s khng hp l
Ch : Allow Zero Length c hiu lc u tin hn
Required.
37

IV.4.8/ Indexed :
to ch mc cho mt Field, gip tng tc truy xut
d liu. Th d: to ch mc trn Field TEN cho php tng
tc truy xut.
C th to Index trn mt Field m gi tr l duy nht .Th
d: m hng ho hoc Index trn mt Field m gi tr c
th trng (th d h v ch lt), hoc c th Index trn
nhiu Field phi hp.
Cc trng hp xc lp Index:

No
(Default) Khng c Index
Yes (Duplicates OK) Index c php trng
Index duy nht, khng
Yes (No Duplicates)
c trng .
38

 Cch to Index:
Cch 1:
B1: Chn Field cn to ch mc
B2: Chn dng Index trong Field Properties
Ch :
1) Khi chn Primary Key trn mt
Field, Access s t ng xc lp
Indexes cho Field l Yes
(No Duplicates).
2) Khng th Index trn cc Field
c kiu d liu l Hyperlink,
Memo hay OLE Object.

39

Cch 2 :
B1: M Table cn lp ch mc
B2: Chn View \ Indexes
B3: Xc lp ch mc

40

V/ THIT LP QUAN H (RELATIONSHIP).

Sau khi thit k cc bng d liu, bc tip theo l
phi thit lp cc mi quan h gia cc bng phc
v qu trnh x l, tnh ton .
Cc bc thit lp quan h gia cc bng:

B1: ng tt c cc Tables (Khng th to quan h

trong khi cc bng ang tnh trng m)
B2: Chn th Tables
B3: Tr Mouse Pointer vo vng trng trn Database
(Right Click).Chn Relationship
41

B4 : Chn Tables a vo thit lp quan h

B5 : Add
Chn th Tables

Right Click v chn

Relationship
42

B6: Thc hin Drag & Drop:

T Field ca Table cha kho chnh n Field ca Table
cha kho ngoi (nu l quan h 1-N)
T Field ca Table cha kho chnh ca Table quan h
n Field cha kho chnh ca Table c quan h (nu
l quan h 1-1-)

B7:Thc hin ton vn quy chiu (Referential Integrity)

43

B7: Kiu mc nh ca quan h l Inner Join,

nu mun thay i kiu quan h th chn
nt lnh Join Type.
B8: Kt qu thc hin quan h

Quan h 1-N
44

Quan h 1 - 1

Left Outer Join

45

B9: t ch thch cho cc bng d liu

Tr Mouse Pointer vo Table (Right Click)
Chn Properties
t ch thch trong khung Description

46

VI/ Lookup d liu

Cho php d tm d liu t mt bng d liu
khc di dng mt Combo Box
Thao tc:
B1: Di chuyn n Field mun to Lookup
B2: Chn Lookup
B3: Chn dng Lookup (List Box /Combo Box)

47

B4: Chn bng d liu cha s liu Lookup

(hoc vit mt cu lnh SQL)

48