In linguistics, code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or

language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. Multilingualsspeakers of more than one
languagesometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other. Thus,
code-switching is the use of more than one linguistic variety in a manner consistent with
the syntax and phonology of each variety.
Code-switching is distinct from other language contact phenomena, such
as borrowing, pidgins and creoles, loan translation (calques), and language transfer (language
interference). Borrowing affects the lexicon, the words that make up a language, while code-switching
takes place in individual utterances.[1][2][3] Speakers form and establish a pidgin language when two or
more speakers who do not speak a common language form an intermediate, third language. On the
other hand, speakers practice code-switching when they are each fluent in both languages. Code
mixing is a thematically related term, but the usage of the terms code-switching and codemixing varies. Some scholars use either term to denote the same practice, while others apply codemixing to denote the formal linguistic properties of language-contact phenomena, and codeswitching to denote the actual, spoken usages by multilingual persons. [4][5][6]

Code-mixing refers to the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech.[1]
Some scholars use the terms "code-mixing" and "code-switching" interchangeably, especially in
studies of syntax, morphology, and otherformal aspects of language.[2][3] Others assume more specific
definitions of code-mixing, but these specific definitions may be different in different subfields
of linguistics, education theory, communications etc.
Code-mixing is similar to the use or creation of pidgins; but while a pidgin is created across groups that
do not share a common language, code-mixing may occur within a multilingual setting where speakers
share more than one language.

Code Mixing and Code Switching

Code Mixing
Wardhaugh (1986: 102) says that code is the particular dialect or language one chooses to use on any
occasion, and a system for communication between two or more parties. Poedjosoedarmono (1978: 4) says
that a code is a system of speech whose elements of language has special characteristic, and it is proper to
the background of the speaker, the relation of the speaker to address and the situation.
Another linguistic phenomenon in bilingual or multilingual society is code mixing. Code switching
and code mixing are terms that are used to call the dependence upon aspect of language. The difference of
those terms that can be found is the dependence indicating characteristics. In the phenomenon of code
mixing the dependent characteristics are indicated by the relationship between the function and role of
language. The role means that who uses the language and function means what will be acquired by the
speaker (Suwito in Sutana 1999: 17).
Mackey in Suwito (1985: 65) states that Code Mixing is one characteristic of language dependence.
Then, He cities that the language dependence is marked by the presence of reciprocal relations between
roles and language functions. According to him, the roles refer to who uses language, whereas the
language functions refer to what will bed achieve by speaker in his utterances. So if a speaker mixes two
different codes on language in his utterances, then it should be asked first who he is.
In this manner, the specific characteristics of the speaker are, among others, his social background,
level of education and solidarity of region. However, all of these specific characteristics will often color his
code mixing. On the other hand, the language unction determines how far the languages used by speaker
give an opportunity to mix codes. Finally, a speaker who masters many languages will have a greater
opportunity to mix codes, because what a speaker of his utterance achieves is extremely determined by his
language choice.
Code mixing usually occurs in bilingual or multilingual community or society and the function
(meaning) of the languages can not be clearly separated. This code mixing is used when the conversant use
both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a
single utterance (Wardhaugh, 1986: 103)
In code mixing the main code or basic code has its own function and meaning, other codes, however,
are only the pieces, without function and meaning as a code (Chaer, 1995: 151). Thelander (In Chaer, 1995:
152) explains the definition of code mixing. He says that if in the single utterance the clauses and the

phrases used are hybrid clause or hybrid phrases and each clause or phrase does not support the function of
clause and phrase, it is called code mixing. The special character of code mixing is that, code mixing is
used in informal situation. In the formal situation it may have no exact meaning in Indonesian language. In
the written language code mixing is indicated by italic writing or underline form (Nababan, 1984: 32).
Another aspect of dependent relation of language in multilingual people is the phenomenon of code
mixing in context of function of switch, the relevance of situation is the form of dependence identified from
both sides of relationships between speakers and the function of language.
Code mixing has two features, namely dependency feature and the language or variant elements that
insert in other language have no more function. Dependency feature marked by the relationship between
the language rule and function. The role means who use the language and function means what will be
reached by the speaker with his or her utterance. If the speaker mixes his or her code or language, then it
must be asked the factors such as: who the speaker is: social background, the level of education, religion,
etc. A speaker who masters many languages will have chance to mix code more than the other speakers
who only master one language. But it does not mean that the speaker who masters many languages will
always mix codes.
The second feature that the language or variant elements inserted in other language have no more
function. It can be classified into two kinds. The first is inner code mixing that is originated from the native
language with its all variations, for instance Jawa Ngoko mixed with Jawa Krama- Inggil, wah baksone
pun telas mas, pados liyane mawon. In this sentence, the speaker mixes jawa ngoko, liyane, with jawa
krama inggil, pun, telas, mawon.
The second is outer code mixing that mix a foreign language with native language such as English
language mixed with Indonesian language. Saya sedang tidak bisa berpikir, otakku blank. In this sentence,
the speaker mixes English language, blank, with Indonesian language saya, sedang, tidak, bisa, berpikir,
otakku.

Code Switching
Sometimes, people consider that code switching and code mixing have the same meaning. But
actually both of them are different. People in the bilingualism or multilingualism situation often change
language or variety of languages. This situation depends on situation or the need for communication such
as when a person uses a standard language when he meets his guest. When he knows that, actually, the
guest is his old friend, the person switches his standard language into informal language. This phenomenon
is called code switching.

According to Crystal (1991: 59) code switching can be illustrated by the switch bilingual speaker
may make (depending on who they are talking to or where they are) between standard and regional forms
of English, between Welsh and English in parts of Wales, or between occupational and domestics varieties.
Komarudin (1989: 59) says that code switching occurs in level of clauses and sentences. Code
switching is general characteristics in bilingualism. Bilingual people often switch codes from one language
to other language when they speak or write.
Code switching is switching situation from one code to another (Suwito, 1985: 68). If a speaker
firstly uses code A (for example Indonesian Language) and he changes his code to code B (Javanese
Language), this situation is called code switching.
Code switching not only occurs in the form of language change but also may happen in the change
of the variant of language. Hymes (in Chaer 1995: 142) says that code switching has become a common
term for alternate us of two or more languages, varieties of language or even speech style. For example,
when people switch one code, in example, grammatical code to casual code when the situation changes into
informal situation.
Code switching happens in bilingual society. Code switching occurs when people use a particular
code and suddenly change to another code. Apple (in Chaer 1995: 141) states code switching is the change
of one code to another. Wardhaugh (1986: 103) also gives definition of code switching occurs when the
language used, changes according to the situation in which the conversant find them selves. The speakers
here switch one code to another code or they speak in one language to another language.
Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to using more than one language or dialect in
conversation. Code-switching can occur between sentences (intersentential) or within a single
sentence (intrasentential). Code-switching is now considered to be a normal and natural product of
interaction between the bilingual (or multilingual) speakers two languages. Code-switching can be
distinguished from other language contact phenomena such as loan translation (calques), borrowing,
pidgins and creoles, and transfer or interference.