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Algebra PDF
Algebra PDF
C O M
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ALGEBRA
Quadratic Equations
Remainder theorem: If f(x) is divided by(x a), the remainder is f(a).
Factor theorem: If (x a) is a factor of f(x), then f(a) = 0.
Involution and Evalution
(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
(a b)2 = a2 + b2 2ab
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(a b)3 = a3 b3 3ab (a b)
a2 b2 = (a b) (a + b)
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 ab + b2)
a3 b3 = (a b) (a2 + ab + b2)
if a + b + c = 0
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Linear Equations
A pair of linear equations in two variables, say x and y, is said to form a system of simultaneous linear
equations in two variables.
The general form of a system of linear equations in two variables x and y is
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Set of Equations
Consistent System
means have solution
c2
Independent system:
Only one unique solution
Condition: a1 b1
a2
b2
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Quadratic Equations
General form of quadratic equation is
ax + bx + c = 0
Roots are
b m b 2 4ac
2a
Sum of roots =
b
a
Product of roots =
c
a
Nature of roots
b2 4ac > 0
b 4ac < 0
Cubic Equations
Cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 will have three roots (say x1, x2, x3). Then
b
a
Sum = x1 + x2 + x3 =
Product = x1 x2 x3 =
c
a
d
a
Important: If the graph of given equation cuts x-axis n times then it will have n real roots.
n + n + n + .........
n+x
Sol. x =
2
x =n+x
x2 x n = 0
x=
1 + 1 + 4n
2
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1
Ex.2 y =
2+
3+
2+
1
3 + ......
13 + 3
2
(1)
(2)
13 3
2
(3)
15 + 3
2
(4)
15 3
2
Answer: (4)
Ex.3 One root of x2 + kx 8 = 0 is square of the other, then, the value of k is
(1) 2
(2) 8
(3) 8
(4) 2
(5) 0
For inequalities questions always go with the options and eliminate the wrong options by taking
values for the variable in the given range.
If x > y > 0, then logax > logay, if a > 1 and logax < logay, if 0 < a < 1.
a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
4
b
c
d
a
a + b + c + d 4abcd.
If (x a) (x b) 0, a < b, then x a or x b.
1
1
< .
a
b
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If (x a) (x b) 0, a< b, then a x b.
|a + b| |a| + |b|
|a b| |a| |b|
If the sum of two quantities is constant, then the product will be maximum, if both are equal.
2.
If the product is constant, then the sum will be minimum, if both are equal.
3.
The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, will have maximum value when a < 0 and minimum value when a > 0.
The maximum or minimum values are given by
4ac b 2
b
, and will occur at x =
.
4a
2a
Functions
fog(x) = f{g(x)}
gof(x) = g{f(x)}
If f(x) = y x = f1(y)
2
x5
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
5y 2
y
5x 2
x
5x 2
.
x
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Important: If f and g are two functions defined from set A in to set B, then
1. Sum / difference of two functions is ( f + g ) (x) = f(x) + g (x)
2. Product of two functions is ( f g) (x) = f(x) g (x)
f
f (x )
3. Division of two functions is ( x ) =
.
g (x )
g
Points on graph
For graph questions it is always better to take values and check the options.
Modulus Function
x when x 0
Domain: R
+
Range: R
y
Greatest Integer Function or
Step Function
f(x) = [x]
Domain: R
Range: Integer
y
3
2
1
x
-3
-2
-1
x
-1
-2
Reciprocal function
1
x
Domain: R {0}
Range: R {0}
f(x) =
f(x) = 1/x
x
x
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Logarithms
Properties of Logarithms
log11 = 0
logaa = 1
logaa = m
log
logbn am =
logba =
an
a=
loga m
1
n
m
logba
n
log a
1
=
log b
log a b
=m
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