Electro Magnetics

4. Electro Magnetics:
Elements of vector calculus, Maxwells equations-basic concepts;
Gauss, Stokes theorems; Wave propagation through different media;
Transmission Lines-different types, basics, Smiths chart, impedance
matching/transformation, S-parameters, pulse excitation, uses;
Waveguides-basics, rectangular types, modes, cut-off frequency,
dispersion,

dielectric

types;

Antennas-radiation

pattern,

monopoles/dipoles, gain, arrays-active/passive, theory, uses.

Band Designator

Frequency (GHz)

Wavelength in Free
Space (cm)

HF

0.003 0.030

VHF

0.030 0.300

UHF

0.300 - 1

L band

1 -2

S band

2 -4

C band

4 -8

X band

8 -12

Ku band

12 - 18

K band

18 - 27

Ka band

27 - 40

V band

40 - 75

W band

75 - 110

Mm

110 - 300

1.1 0.75

Conductivity: SiCoGoAl
Electrical Conductivity
Silver

62.1

Copper

58.5

Gold

44.2

Aluminium

36.9

Standing wave ratio:

Resonant transmission lines: A transmission line that is not properly
terminated (i.e., a line terminated in an impedance not equal to its
characteristic impedance) is called a resonant (unmatched) line.
A resonant circuit is one in which capacitive and inductive
reactance cancel each other.

An example of such a circuit, at a

specific frequency, is a parallel or series LC circuit.

Antennas and

transmission lines are resonant circuits at many different frequencies.

A resonant line may be terminated in an open, in a short, in
some capacitive, inductive or resistive values other than the
characteristic impedance of the line. In any such case, the line cannot
deliver full energy to a load. Some of the energy is reflected back to
the source and forms standing waves on the line.
On a resonant line, some of the energy sent down the line will
be reflected back to the source, resulting in standing waves. Every
l/2 along a resonant line, high voltage and low current points
appear. Halfway between these points, the opposite is true.
The ratio of the high voltage points to the low voltage points
is called the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).

 =
Effect of mismatch

1 +
=
=
1

The perfect condition of no reflection occurs only when the

load is purely resistive and equal to 0 . Such a condition is called a
flat line and indicates a VSWR of 1.
If the load is a known value of pure resistance, the VSWR can
be determined by the following equation
0

( )

0
Wave Impedance:
The wave impedance of an electromagnetic wave is the ratio of the
transverse components of the electric and magnetic fields.

Rectangular waveguide:
For 0

TM: (0,0), (0, ), (, 0)

TE: (, ), (0, ), (, 0)
Dominant Mode: The mode having lowest cut-off frequency or
highest cut-off wavelength (critical wavelength). The maximum
wavelength which can be allowed through the waveguide (the lowest
frequency which can be allowed are the frequency at which
propagation constant becomes zero).
2 = 2 + 2 = (

2
2
) +( )

2
2
) + ( ) 2

2
2 = ( ) + ( )

= (

In case of TM lowest mode can be 11

In case of TE lowest mode can be 10 01