GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

TRNG H M - A CHT
B MN LC HA DU
-----------:-----------

N MN HC
CNG NGH LC DU
Cu 1.
S dng cc d liu tnh ton ti mc 3.4 gio trnh cng ngh lc du ca tc gi
Phan T bng (NXB Xy Dng, 2002) ngoi tr d liu v tr a ly sn phm, anh (ch)
hy xc nh v tr ly xng nng khi bit nhit ly xng nng l: 158oC.
Cu 2.
Xy dng s iu khin v m t qu trnh iu khin thp chng ct trong cu
1 thay i nhit vng ly xng nng tng ln 10oC.

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Lp: Lc Ha Du B-K53
STT: 04

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

MC LC
LI M U........................................................................................................ 3
NI DUNG............................................................................................................ 5
1.

Tng quan v qu trnh chng ct............................................................................5

1.1.

C ch ca qu trnh chng ct........................................................................... 5

1.2.

Mt s loi thp chng ct c bn........................................................................8

n............................................................................................................... 10

2.

t vn ................................................................................................... 10

2.1.
2.2.

Gii quyt vn .............................................................................................. 14

2.2.1.

Xc nh v tr ly phn on xng nng...........................................................14

2.2.2.
Xy dng s iu khin v m t qu trnh iu khin thp chng ct trn thay i
nhit vng ly sn phm xng nng tng ln 10oC........................................................17
2.2.2.1.
10oC

Xy dng s iu khin thp chng ct nng nhit vng ly xng nng ln

18

2.2.2.2.
M t qu trnh iu khin thp chng ct tng nhit vng ly sn phm xng
o
nng ln 10 C......................................................................................................... 22

KT LUN.......................................................................................................... 24
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................25

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

LI M U
Du m c khai thc t lng t v tri qua mt qu trnh lm sch s b gi l
du th. Vic s dng trc tip du th l khng kinh t v khng thun li. Chnh v th
m cn phi ch bin du th thnh cc sn phm tin dng khc. Trong cng nghip ch
bin du, du th sau khi c x l qua cc qu trnh tch nc, mui v tp cht c
hc s c a vo chng ct phn chia du thnh cc phn on. Bi v, ch bin
du th thnh cc sn phm th vic u tin v bt buc l phi phn n thnh cc phn
on bng phng php chng ct.
Chng ct l phng php phn tch c bn nht, i khi gn nh l phng php
duy nht c s dng trong mt nh my phn chia du m v kh t nhin cng nh
cc phn on ca chng thnh cc phn on v tiu phn on. Ngi ta cn chng ct
khng nhng du th, kh ng hnh, kh t nhin m c cc sn phm ra khi l phn
ng ha hc dng trong cc qu trnh ch bin su du m cng nh trong lnh vc ha
du. S chng ct c tin hnh trong cc thit b chng ct gm thp chng ct v cc
thit b ph tr khc nh l gia nhit, thit b lm lnh,... v mt iu khng th thiu
c l h thng thit b iu khin, thit b o nhit , lu lng, p sut,...
Bn cht ca qu trnh chng ct du th l phn tch cc phn an hydrocacbon
khc nhau da vo nhit si ca chng. i vi thp chng ct du th kh quyn
thng thng ngi ta ly ra cc phn on sn phm sau:
-

Phn on kh xng nh: c nhit si nh hn 60 oC, cha cc hydrocacbon t

C1 C4, C5.
Phn on xng nng: c nhit si t 60 oC n 180oC, cha cc hydrocacbon

t C6 C10, C11.
Phn on kerosen: c nhit si t 180 oC n 250oC, cha cc hydrocacbon t

C11 C14, C15.

Phn on gasoil: c nhit si t 250oC n 350oC, cha cc hydrocacbon t

C15 C20, C21.

Phn on cn kh quyn: c nhit si ln hn 350 oC v thnh phn
hydrocacbon ln hn > C21.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Ngoi ra, duy tr ch lm vc n nh, cng nh cc iu kin thng s vn

hnh ca thp chng ct th cn phi xt n h thng iu khin trong thp. Nh c h
thng iu khin m chng ta d dng thay i cc thng s trong thp, duy tr c cht
lng cc phn on sn phm,.... Do h thng iu khin l khng th thiu c
trong thp chng ct.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Anh Dng, l ngi trc tip ging dy, ch
bo v hng dn em em c th hon thnh c n ny. Tuy nhin, do cn c
nhiu mt hn ch v kin thc cng nh kinh nghim thc t nn trong n s khng
trnh khi nhng sai st. V vy, em rt mong s nhn xt v ng gp kin ca Thy
v bn b em c thm nhng kinh nghim cng nh kin thc.

NI DUNG
1 Tng quan v qu trnh chng ct
1
C ch ca qu trnh chng ct

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

hiu r hn v qu trnh chng ct cng nh vic b tr cc thit b o lng v

iu khin, y em s m t s hnh thnh v hng chuyn ng ca cc dng hi v
dng lng trong thp chng ct (hnh 1.1). Trong hnh 1.1 ch c hai phn on c ly
ra khi thp chng ct. Nu cn ly mt phn on sn no th ta trch dng lng
ang chy xung bng cch cho n chy ra ngoi ti mi a no c nhit thch
hp. Dng nguyn liu c th c dn vo thp chng ct mt a no c nhit
thch hp. l a np liu. a np liu cao hay thp l ph thuc vo nhit ca
dng nguyn liu v theo thit k ca thp. Trong thp chng ct kh quyn a np liu
thng l mt trong nhng a di cng.
Do s trao i cht tt cc a m dng hi v dng lng khng ngng mt bt i
v tng ln trong ton thp, khi cng ln cao nhit thp gim dn do lng hi
gim dn v lng lng tng dn. Dng hi i t di ln, xuyn qua lp lng chy trn
ngang trn mt a nh hnh 1.3.
Ngi ta thng phn bit dng hi lu ngoi v dng hi lu trong. Dng hi lu
ngoi l dng lng chy tr v nh thp t thit b ngng t nh thp, n c nhit
thp hn nhiu nhit nh thp nn cn c gi l dng hi lu lnh. Dng hi lu
ngoi ly ngay nh thp, dng hi lu ngoi d khng ch v d o. Dng hi lu
trong l dng lng chy trong thp chng ct. c nhit thay i theo tng a trong
thp chng ct. Chnh v vy m n cn c tn l dng hi lu nng. Trong mt s trng
hp ngi ta to dng hi lu nng bng cch dn mt dng nguyn liu lnh nh ng
dn kn vo nh thp chng ct nh hnh 1.3a.
Trong phng php hi lu vng ngi ta trch mt phn dng lng ti mt a no
em ra ngoi trao i nhit ri a tr v thp chng ct v tr cao hn a ly phn
on vi ba a nh hnh 1.3b.
Hi lu c tc dng lm tng phn tch ca php chng ct nhng gy hao ph
nng lng. Hi lu vng ch yu c dng gim lu lng hi i qua mt vng c
lin quan, c bit l trong nhng trng hp dng hi qu ln, v dng hi lu c nhit
thp hn to ra s ngng t mt phn hi ang bay ln. Hi lu vng lm gim kh

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

nng phn tch, cc a nm trong vng lm vic ch yu nh thit b trao i nhit,

do n lm tng s a cn c ca thp chng ct ln mt vi n v.

Hnh 1.1: S chuyn ng v hng chuyn ng cc dng trong thp chng ct

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Hnh 1.2: S chuyn ng ca lng v hi t a ny ti a kia

Dng hi to ra bi thit b ti un nng (Reboiler) y thp chng ct ng vai tr
hi lu hi, c tc dng tng ng dng hi lu lnh, ngha l lm tng kh nng phn
tch.

Hnh 1.3: a) Hi lu nng; b) Hi lu vng

V l thuyt, hi lu (Reflex Ratio) l t s gia dng hi lu trong v distillat,
nhng v dng hi lu trong thng ch bit c nh tnh ton, kh o trc tip, v li
n thay i theo tng a, chnh v vy ngi ta thng coi t s gia dng hi lu ngoi
v distillat l hi lu (cn gi l ch s hi lu). Trong thc t chng ct du th ngi
ta lun kt hp cc phng php hi lu mt cch hp l v linh ng. S kt hp
c thc hin mt cch kh a dng.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Trong hnh 1.1 cho thy l a np liu c s thay i t ngt hn v lu lng

hi v lu lng lng, v ti ngoi dng hi t di i ln nh cc a di ln cn
cn c dng hi vn c sn trong nguyn liu c un nng. Tnh hnh cng nh vy
i vi dng lng. Nguyn liu vo thp chng ct lun lun l du th dng hn hp
cn bng lng hi. hnh ny ta thy r hn hnh nh chuyn ng ca pha hi v pha
lng trong thp ti cc a dng mt bc (Single - Pass Tray) ch n ha nht, tc
l iu kin cc bng hi i ln chui qua lp lng ang chy ngang trn mt a m
khng lm bn tung te, lm bn qu nhiu lp lng ln pha trn. Khi dng hi pht ln
qu mnh, lp cht lng trn a b phun ln, "si" v dng cao ln, cc git lng c th
theo dng hi, b cun ln qua cc l hi m khng tp hp thnh dng chy xung a
di theo ng chy chuyn. Khi tc dng ca a b gim st hoc thm ch khng
cn.
2

Mt s loi thp chng ct c bn

Cng c th phn bit chng ct ra thnh quy trnh mt ln nh trong phng th

nghim tch mt ha cht tinh khit ra khi hn hp, v chng ct lin tc, nh trong
cc thp chng ct trong cng nghip. Trong nhiu trng hp c mt t l nht nh ca
hn hp hai cht lng m khng th tip tc tch bng phng php chng ct c na.
Cc hn hp ny c gi l hn hp ng ph. Nu mun tng nng ca cn phi
dng n cc phng php tinh ct c bit khc.
C th s dng cc loi thp chng ct sau:
- Thp chng ct dng mm xuyn l hoc mm a li;
- Thp chng ct dng mm chp;
- Thp m (thp chng ct dng vt chm).
Nhn xt v uim v nhc im ca tng loi thp chng ct:
Thp mm xuyn l
- u im: ch to n gin, v sinh d dng, tr lc thp hn thp chp, t tn kim
loi hn thp chp.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

-

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Nhc im: yu cu lp t cao, mm lp phi rt phng, i vi nhng thp c

ng knh qu ln (> 2,4 m) t dng mm xuyn l v khi cht lng phn phi

khng u trn mm.

Thp chp
- u im: hiu sut truyn khi cao, n nh, t tiu hao nng lng hn nn c s
mm t hn.
- Nhc im: ch to phc tp, tr lc ln.
Thp m
- u im: ch to n gin, tr lc thp.
- Nhc im: hiu sut thp, km n nh do s phn b cc pha theo tit din
thp khng u, s dng thp chm khng cho php ta kim sot qu trnh chng
ct theo khng gian thp trong khi thp mm th qu trnh th hin qua tng
mm mt cch r rng, thp m kh ch to c kch thc ln qui m cng
nghip.
Bng 1.1. So snh u im v nhc im ca cc loi thp
Loi

Thp chm
- n gin,

u im

Thp mm xuyn l
- Tr lc thp.

Thp mm chop
Lm vic vi cht

- Hiu sut tng i - Hot ng kh n nh.

lng bn.

cao,

- Hiu sut cao

- Cu to phc tp.
- n nh km.
Nhc im
- Tr lc ln.

- Hot ng n nh.

- Thit b nng.

- Hiu sut thp.

- Yu cu lp t kht khe

- Khng lm vic

-> lp a tht phng.

vi cht lng bn.

- Tr lc ln.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Hnh 1.4: Mt s loi mm thp in hnh

2 n
1
t vn
Mt du th c chng ct kh quyn c c chng v ng chng ct TBP, v t
khi v phn t lng nh bng 2.1. y chng ta coi gi tr ca t khi bng gi tr
ca khi lng ring.
Bng 2.1. c trng ca du th, t khi d = 0,840, Kw = 12,3
Phn chng

Nhit

T khi tc

Phn chng

Nhit

T khi tc

ct [% V]
3

[oC]
61

thi
0,682

ct [% V]
40

[oC]
272

thi
0,821

79

0,706

45

296

0,836

10

120

0,729

50

322

0,849

15

139

0,752

55

349

0,861

20

168

0,767

60

375

0,869

401

0,877

25
25

65
196

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

0,781

65

10

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

30

222

0,793

70

427

0,885

35

252

0,807

75

461

0,891

Hnh 2.1: ng c trng TBP v t khi tc thi ca du th

Cn c vo TBP c th chia du th thnh 6 phn on sau bng phng php chng
ct kh quyn:
-

Phn on kh: 1% th tch

Phn an xng nh: 12% th tch
Phn on xng nng: 16% th tch
Kerosen: 6% th tch
Gas oil: 16% th tch
Cn kh quyn AR 49% th tch

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

11

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

P kh

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Gi s thp c cng sut khong 120m 3 du th/h, p sut nh thp l 1,5 atm, p
sut gy ra ti mi a l 8 mmHg, thp c 24 a v a np liu di 24 a nh
hnh 2.2.

Xng nh

Nc

Xng nng

Hnh 2.2: S thp chng ct kh quyn

Kerosen
c trng

ca cc phn on trong qu trnh chng ct du th c th hin trn

bngGas
2.2.Oil

Bng 2.2. c trng ca cc phn on

Du th

Vng y thp

Hi nc

(coi s o t khi bng s o khi lng ring, * th lng; **h: k hiu ch gi)

Phn on
AR

%V

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

Th tch

T khi

12

Khi lng

Phn t

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Kh + mt

[m3/h]
1,2

d
0,667*

[tn/h]
0,800

lng
64

kmol/h**
12,50

Xng nh

12

14,4

0,722

10,397

99

105,05

Xng nng

16

19,2

0,775

14,880

140

106,29

Kerosen

7,2

0,806

5,803

183

31,69

Gas Oil

AR
Du th

16
51
49
100

19,2
61,2
58,8
120,0

0,873
0,783
0,900
0,840

16,070
47,950
52,850
100,800

220
146
430
223

73,05
328,58
122,91
451,49

Phn on xng nng c ly ra nhit 258 oC ca thp chng ct, phn on ra

khi thp chng ct c stripping 5%.
ng TBP ca phn on xng nng cng chnh l on ng TBP tng ng ca
phn on xng nng trn ng TBP ca du th cho.
Nhng vn cn gii quyt
1 Xc nh v tr ly phn on xng nng.
2 Xy dng s iu khin v m t qu trnh iu khin thp chng ct trn thay
i nhit vng ly sn phm xng nng tng ln 10oC.

2
1

Gii quyt vn
Xc nh v tr ly phn on xng nng
W3

S dng vng ly xng nng c th hin trn hnh 2.3.

V3

R3 W0 W1

S3

a ly
xng nng
W2

Thp
stripping

L3

R3

W3
W2

SVTH: Nguyn
Vn Bnh
T2 = 204 oC
V2

S2

13
R2

Wo

W1

L3 = 32 m3/h

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

R2

L2

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Hnh 2.3: S dng vng xng nng

S liu lin quan n vng ly xng nng c cho trong bng 2.3.
Bng 2.3. S liu lin quan n vng ly xng nng ( nhit T3 = 158oC)
Dng

Nhit

T khi

[oC]

Th tch

Khi lng

Entanpy

[m3/h]

[kg/h]

[kcal/kg]

[kcal/h]

42,0

31880

185

5897800

68360

180

12304800

295

184

54280

Vo
V2 (hi)

212

0,759

R2 (hi)

212

0,804

S2 (hi)

212

0,775

R3 (lng)

158

0,772

R3

88

88R3

Wo + W1+W2
Ra

212

8345

691

5766395

V3 (hi)

158

0,749

26077

156

4068012

R2+ L2 (lng)

212

0,804

74458

120

8934960

R3 (hi)

158

0,772

R3

155

155R3

Wo +W1+ W2

158

666

5557770

0,38

34,8

8345
(L2 = 1000x7,2x0,806 + 295 = 6098)

p dng phng trnh cn bng nhit lng ta c:

24023275 + 88R3 = 18560742 + 155R3
5462533 = 67R3
R3 = 81530 kg/h hay 81530/140 = 582,36 kmol/h.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

14

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Lu lng mol dng xng nng L3: 19,2x0,775x103/140 = 106,29 kmol/h.

S mol hi xng nng ti a ly xng nng: 582,36 + 106,29 = 688,65 kmol/h.
Tng s mol hi qua a ly xng nng: 582,36 + 106,29 + 105,05 + 12,5 +
(8345/18) = 1269,81 kmol/h.
p sut hi ring phn ca xng nng ti a ly sn phm:
P3'

688,65
1,5 760 8 c
1269,81

(mmHg)

(2.1)

(Vi c l v tr ca a ly phn on xng nng)

Do ta ly ng TBP ca phn on xng nng chnh l on ng TBP tng ng
vi phn on xng nng trn ng TBP ca du th hnh 2.1.
Ta d dng v c ng flash 1 atm ca phan on xng nng thng qua ng
TBP ca n. Ta v ng flash ca phn on xng nng 158 oC bng cch t im To =
158oC ta k ng song song vi ng flash ti 1 atm. ng TBP, ng flash ca
phn on xng nng 760 mmHg v ng flash ca xng nng c T o = 158oC c th
hin trn hnh 2.4.
Da vo hnh 2.4 ta xc nh c T50 ca hai ng flash, vi ng flash 1 atm
c T50 = 176oC v ng cn li c T50 = 168oC. Do , theo hnh 3.12 ti liu s [2] ta
xc nh c p sut ca ng flash c T o = 158oC l 645 mmHg. iu c ngha l
p sut hi ring phn ca xng nng ti a ly sn phm l 645 mmHg.
Ta c:
P3'

= 645 mmHg
Thay vo phng trnh (2.1) ta xc nh c: c = 6.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

15

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Vy v tr ly phn on xng nng l a s 6 t trn xung.

230
220
210
200
190
180
Nhit [oC]
170
TBP
160

flash 1atm

flash 158oC

150
140
130
120
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100

%V

Hnh 2.4. ng chng ct TBP, flash 1atm v flash ti To = 158oC ca phn on xng
nng
2

Xy dng s iu khin v m t qu trnh iu khin thp chng ct trn

thay i nhit vng ly sn phm xng nng tng ln 10oC
Nhim v ca iu khin qu trnh l m bo iu kin vn hnh an ton, hiu qu

v kinh t cho qu trnh cng ngh. Trc khi tm hiu hoc xy dng mt h thng iu
khin qu trnh, ngi k s phi tm r cc mc ch iu khin v chc nng h thng
cn thc hin nhm t c cc mc ch . Vic t bi ton v i n xy dng mt
gii php iu khin qu trnh bao gi cng bt u vi vic tin hnh phn tch v c th

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

16

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

ha cc mc ch iu khin. Phn tch mc ch iu khin l c s quan trng cho vic

c t cc chc nng cn thc hin ca h thng iu khin qu trnh.
Ton b cc chc nng ca mt h thng iu khin qu trnh c th phn loi v sp
xp nhm phc nm mc ch c bn sau y:
-

m bo h thng vn hnh n nh, trn tru: Gi cho h thng hot ng n

nh ti im lm vic cng nh chuyn ch mt cch trn tru, m bo cc
iu kin theo yu cu ca ch vn hnh, ko di tui th my mc, vn hnh

thun tin.
m bo nng sut v cht lng sn phm: m bo lu lng sn phm
theo k hoch sn xut v duy tr cc thng s lin quan cht lng sn phm

trong phm vi yu cu.

m bo h thng vn hnh an ton: Gim thiu cc nguy c xy ra s c cng
nh bo v con ngi, my mc, thit b v mi trng trong trng hp xy ra

s c.
Bo v mi trng: Gim nhim mi trng thng qua vic gim nng kh
thi c hi, gim lng nc s dng v nc thi, hn ch lng bi v khi,

gim tiu th nhin liu v nguyn liu.

Nng cao hiu qu kinh t: m bo nng sut v cht lng theo yu cu trong
khi gim chi ph nhn cng, nguyn liu v nhin liu, thch ng nhanh vi yu

cu thay i ca th trng.
Xy dng s iu khin thp chng ct nng nhit vng ly xng
nng ln 10oC
xy dng s iu khin thp chng ct nng nhit vng ly xng nng

ln 10oC th trc ht ta phi cn xc nh r c yu t cn tc ng ti, m bo c

n nh v cht lng cng nh sn lng ca dng sn phm, t tc ng n cc
vng ly cc phn on sn phm khc trong thp v duy tr c ch hot ng n
nh ca thp chng ct.
Ta xc nh c mc ch trong qu trnh iu y l nng nhit ca vng ly
xng nng trong thp chng ct ln 10 oC. Qua , ta xc nh c cc yu t c th tc

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

17

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

ng ln nh: nhit dng nguyn liu, lu lng dng hi lu y thp, lu lng

dng hi lu nh thp, lu lng dng hi lu sn ti vng ly xng nng v nhit
dng hi lu sn ca vng ly xng nng. Ta phi tin hnh nhn xt nh gi v la
chn ra yu t ti u nht tin hnh iu chnh hay tc ng ln. Cc yu c nhn
xt v nh gi nh sau:
-

i vi yu t nhit dng nguyn liu: Nu ta tin hnh iu chnh nhit

ca dng nguyn liu th lc n s gy nh hng n qu trnh truyn cht v
trao i cht trong thp. N s lm thay i v tc ng n ton b cc vng ly
sn phm phn on cng nh nhit v p sut c trong thp, c th s gy ra
mt s hin tng lm cho thp hot ng khng n nh. C th y nu ta s
dng n phng n l thay i nhit dng nguyn liu th trong trng hp
ny ta phi tng nhit dng nguyn liu ln, khi s lm thay i trng thi
ca nguyn liu a vo thp chng ct. Do s lm tng nhit ca cc vng
ly phn on sn phm y, Gas Oil, Kerosen, xng nng v phn on nh.
Lm thay i qu trnh cn bng lng hi cng nh qu trnh trao i cht v lm
thay i nng v cht lng ca cc phn on. Khi tin hnh thay i nhit
dng nguyn liu th n s tc ng n ton b qu trnh lm vic ca thp,
nh hng n tt c cc vng ly sn phm phn on v nh hng n ch
lm vic cng nh thit k ca thp. Chnh v vy m ta s khng s dng
phng n lm thay i nhit ca dng nguyn liu vo thp. Trong cng
nghip ch bin du kh, th nhit ca dng nguyn liu vo thp chng ct

c t c nh.
i vi yu t lu lng dng hi lu y thp: Khi ta tin hnh thay i lu
lng dng hi lu y thp th n s lm thay i nhit ca y thp, nng
cng nh l lu lng ca phn sn phm y. Ngoi ra n cn lm thay i
c nhit ca cc vng ly sn phm trong thp, lm thay i qu trnh trao i
cht v qu trnh cn bng lng hi trong thp chng ct. C th trong trng hp
ny, nu ta s dng phng n l tng lu lng dng hi lu y tng nhit
trong vng ly sn phm xng nng th n s tc ng lm tng nhit ca

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

18

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

tt c cc vng phn on ly sn phm sn cng nh sn phm nh v y.

Ngoi ra, n cn lm gim i lu lng dng sn phm y. Chnh v vy m
phng n s dng yu t lm thay i lu lng dng hi lu y l khng ti
-

u v khng c chp nhn.

i vi yu t lu lng dng hi lu nh : Nu ta tin hnh thay i lu lng
dng hi lu nh thp th trc ht n s lm thay i nhit v p sut ca
vng nh thp. Ngoi ra n cn lm thay i lu lng ca dng lng quay li
thp, dng hi lu ni trong thp, do n s lm thay i n nhit cng nh
p sut cc vng phn on trong thp, n s nh hng n cn bng lng hi
v qu trnh trao i cht. Kt qu l lm thay i cht lng, lu lng ca dng
sn phm nh cng nh cc phn on sn phm khc trong thp. i vi mc
ch lm tng nhit vng ly sn phm xng nng ln 10 oC th ta s phi tc
ng lm gim lu lng dng hi lu nh, khi n s l tng nhit cng
nh p sut ti nh thp ngoi ra n cn lm cho cho lu lng ca dng sn
phm nh tng ln gy ra tc ng khng cn thit. Ngoi ra n cn lm tng
nhit ca tt c cc vng phn on ly sn phm sn cng nh sn phm
y ca thp v thay i c cht lng ca cc sn phm. Chnh v vy, vic thay
i lu lng ca dng hi lu nh trong trng hp ny l khng ti u v s

khng tin hnh iu chnh.

i vi yu t lu lng ca dng hi lu sn ti vng ly sn phm xng nng:
Khi ta tin hnh thay i lu lng ca dng hi lu sn ca vng ly xng
nng, th trc ht n s nh hng n lng sn phm xng nng c ly ra,
nhit ti vng ly phn on cng nh cn bng lng hi ti vng ny. Ngoi
ra n cng nh hng n cc vng phn on khc nhng s khng nhiu, v a
s l khi c hi lu sn (vng) th cc yu t v lu lng dng hi, dng lng
trong thp thay i trc . i vi trng hp ny, tng nhit vng
ly sn phm xng nng ln 10 oC nu s dng phng n l thay i lu lng
ca dng hi lu sn, th ta phi gim lu lng dng hi lu sn ca vng
ln s lm tng lng sn phm c ly ra v s lm thay i mt vi thng s

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

19

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

nh nng , cng nh cht lng ca xng nng. Ci tr ngi ln nht y khi

s dng vic thay i lu lng dng hi lu th n s nh hng n sn lng
ca dng sn phm ly ra chnh v vy m khng p ng c yu cu trong sn
sut. mt chng mc no , th phng n s dng thay i lu lng dng
hi lu sn c th chp nhn c v n l phng php cha hon ton l ti
-

u.
i vi yu t nhit ca dng hi lu sn ti vng ly sn phm xng nng:
Khi m phng n v vic thay i lu lng dng hi sn l cha hon ton ti
u, th ngi ta tin hnh xut phng n l iu chnh nhit ca dng hi
lu, khi s khng nh hng n s thay i sn lng ca dng sn phm.
Do bin php s dng vic thay i nhit ca dng hi lu sn trong
trng hp ny l c chp nhn v coi l ti u nht so vi cc yu t k trn.
Vy ta chn yu t tc ng y l nhit ca dng hi lu sn ti vng ly
sn phm xng nng.

Trong tng hp ny, tng nhit ca vng ly sn phm xng nng th ta tin
hnh iu chnh tng nhit ca dng hi lu sn ca thp chng ct ti vng ly
xng nng thng qua vic lm gim lu lng ca dng du th em trao i nhit vi
dng hi lu trc khi a vo thp chng ct. V s iu khin c xy dng nh
trn hnh 2.5.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

20

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Hnh 2.5. S iu khin thay i nhit vng ly sn phm xng nng trong thp
chng ct.
TT kh c o v truyn xa nhit ; TRC b iu chnh nhit , t ghi v kh c o
lp t ti t iu khin; FT kh c o v truyn xa lu lng; FRC b iu chnh lu
lng, t ghi, tc ng vo van iu chnh v kh c lp t ti t iu; SP th hin cho
gi tr t (set point).

M t qu trnh iu khin thp chng ct tng nhit vng ly sn phm

xng nng ln 10oC

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

21

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

Khi nhit ca vng ly sn phm xng nng tng ln 10oC th lc nhit ti v

tr ly xng nng lc ny l 168oC. Qu trnh iu chnh nhit ti v tr ly xng nng
trong thp chng ct c miu t nh sau:
Trc ht ta tin hnh thay thay i m van ca dng du th thng qua b iu
chnh lu lng, c th l s lm gim m van t s lm gim lu lng dng du
th dn n lm cho nhit ca dng hi lu sn tng ln tc khi vo thp chng ct.
Sau cm bin o nhit s o nhit ti v tr ly sn phm xng nng ca thp v
nhit s c chuyn ti b iu chnh nhit , ti y nhit ti v tr ly sn phm
s c so snh vi gi tr nhit t ti v tr ly sn phm xng nng l 168 oC. Nu
m nhit ti v tr ly sn phm ng bng nhit t l 168 oC th lc ny n s
khng tin hnh tc ng iu chnh ln b iu chnh lu lng na m s gi nguyn
m van (lu lng ca dng du th). Nu nhit ti v tr ly sn phm xng nng
nh hn gi tr t (SP) th lc ny b iu chnh nhit s tip tc tc ng ln b iu
chnh lu lng v lm gim m van qua lm gim lu lng ca dng du th.
Qua li lm cho nhit ca dng hi lu sn tng ln. C tin hnh nh vy cho ti
khi nhit ti v tr ly sn phm xng nng chnh bng gi tr nhit t trc.
Nu nhit ti v tr ly sn phm xng nng m ln hn gi tr t th b iu chnh
tip tc tc dng ln b iu chnh lu lng lm tng m van, do s lm gim
nhit ca dng hi lu sn v khi a vo thp s lm gim nhit ti v tr ly sn
phm. C tin hnh nh vy cho ti khi nhit ti v tr ly sn phm xng nng ng
bng gi tr nhit t.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

22

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

KT LUN

Qu trnh chng ct m mt qu trnh quan trng tronh nh my lc ha du ni ring

v trong ngnh cng nghip ha hc ni chung. N l mt qu trnh khng th thiu c
trong qu trnh ch bin du th v kh. Thng qua n ny gip em phn no hiu
r hn v thp chng ct, v cc qu trnh din ra trong thp v cch xc nh cc thng
s ca thp cng nh ca dng nguyn liu. Ngoi ra cn gip em tng hp thm kin
thc v mn hc cng ngh lc du, k thut o v iu khin qu trnh v mn hc qu
trnh v thit b truyn khi. Qu trnh chng ct du th l mt qu trnh chng ct phc
tp ca h gm nhiu cu t, trong tnh ton vn c nhiu gi nh l ti u do nhiu
lc vn c s khc bit vi qu trnh trong thc t.
Vic duy tr ch lm vic n nh ca thp v cc thng s v k thut cng nh
cht lng sn phm l c ch trng quan tm. Vic duy tr ch vn hnh v iu
chnh cc thng s vn hnh thi qua mt h thng iu khin t ng cho ton thp v
cho tng vng phn on ly sn phm. Do qu trnh iu khin trong thp chng ct
l rt quan trng, gp phn hn ch cc hin tng bt thng cng nh s c trong thp
v d dng gip ta iu chnh cc thng s mong mun.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

23

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53

GVHD: Nguyn Anh Dng

n Mn Hc: Cng Ngh Lc Du

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Phan T Bng, Gio trnh cng ngh lc du, Nh xut bn Xy Dng 2002.
[2] Phan T Bng. Gio trnh ha hc du m v kh t nhin, Nh xut bn Giao Thng
Vn Ti 2008.
[3] PGS. TS. inh Th Ng, Gio trnh ha hc du m v kh, Nh xut bn Khoa Hc
v K Thut 2009.
[4] Th.S, Phm Trung kin, Bi ging k thut o v iu khin qu trnh cng ngh,
Trng i hc M a Cht.
[5] M. Polke, Process Control engineering 1994.
[6] Bela Liptak, Distillation Control & optimization.
[7] Paul S. Fruehauf, Donald P. Mahoney, Distillation column Control Design using
steady state models: Usefulness and Limitions.

SVTH: Nguyn Vn Bnh

24

Lp Lc Ha Du B K53