TIU CHUN VIT NAM

TCVN 6137 : 1996

ISO 6768 : 1985
KHNG KH XUNG QUANH XC NH NNG KHI LNG CA NIT DIOXIT
PHNG PHP GRISS SALTZMAN CI BIN
Ambient air Determination of the mass concentration of nitrogen dioxide Modified Griess
Saltzman method
Li ni u
TCVN 6137:1996 hon ton tng ng vi ISO 6768:1985.
TCVN 6137:1996 do Ban k thut tiu chun TCVN/TC 146 Cht lng khng kh bin son,
Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng
ban hnh.
KHNG KH XUNG QUANH XC NH NNG KHI LNG CA NIT DIOXIT
PHNG PHP GRISS SALTZMAN CI BIN
Ambient air Determination of the mass concentration of nitrogen dioxide Modified
Griess Saltzman method
1. Phm vi
Tiu chun ny qui nh phng php Griss Saltzman ci bin xc nh nng khi lng
ca nit dioxit c trong khng kh xung quanh.
2. Lnh vc p dng
Phng php ny dng xc nh nng khi lng ca nit dioxit trong khng kh xung
quanh trong khong t 0,010 n 20 mg/m 3. Thi gian ly mu t 10 pht n 2 gi.
Do bn theo thi gian ca dung dch mu b hn ch, khong thi gian t lc kt thc ly mu
n lc o khng c vt qu 8 gi.
Cc cht c trong khng kh nghin cu, v do c trong mu kh, c nh hng n s c
ca thit b, c nu 8.5. Thng tin v cc c tnh c nu 9.2.
Phng php ny khng ph hp i vi vic ly mu vng th ca ngi.
3. Tiu chun trch dn
- ISO 6349 Phn tch kh iu ch hn hp kh hiu chun Phng php thm.
4. Nguyn tc
S hp th ca nit dioxit c mt trong mu kh khi i qua thuc th to thnh phm mu azo
trong khong thi gian xc nh, kt qu to thnh mu hng trong vng 15 pht.
o hp th ca dung dch mu bc sng gia 540 nm v 550 nm bng ph quang k ph
hp (hoc my o mu) v xc nh nng khi lng ca nit dioxit bng ng chun xy
dng bng hn hp kh hiu chun thu c theo k thut thm.
Ty theo trang b sn c trong phng th nghim, trong nhng trng hp c th chng hn
nh cc php kim tra hng ngy, th dng cc dung dch natri nitrit l thun tin. Tuy nhin
phng php ny ch c th c dng sau khi chun ha ng bng cch s dng thit b
thm.
5. Thuc th

Trong qu trnh phn tch, ch c dng thuc th c tinh khit phn tch v nc khng c
nitrit (5.1).
5.1. Nc khng c nitrit (nc khng nitrit). Nc ct sn c dng hoc nc loi ion c th
cha tp cht nitrit, do c th sinh ra mu hng trong cc dung dch c qui nh trong 5.3,
5.5.3 v 8.3.1 khi dng iu ch nhng dung dch ny. Bi vy, nu thy cn th phi ct li
nc ct trong b chng ct bng thy tinh sau khi thm mt tinh th kali pecmanganat (KMnO 4)
v mt tinh th bari hydroxit Ba(OH)2 vo v kim tra li.
5.2. N (1 naphtyl) etylendiamin dihydroclorua, dung dch gc 0,9 g/l
Ha tan 0,45 g N (1 naphtyl) etylendiamin dihydroclorua [C 10H7NH(CH2)2NH2.2HCl] trong
500 ml nc khng nitrit (5.1).
Dung dch bn trong vi thng nu nh ng trong l thy tinh mu nu nt kn v trong t
lnh.
Ch thch Cng c th bo qun nhng lng cn nh ca thuc th dng rn.
5.3. Dung dch hp th
Ha tan 4,0 g p aminobenzen sunfonamid (sunfanilamid NH 2C6H4SO2.NH2), 10,0 g axit tactric
[HOOC(CHOH)2COOH] v 100 mg dinatri etylendiamintetraacetat dihydrat
(HOOCCH2)N(CH2)2N(CH2COONa)2.2H2O] trong 100 ml nc khng nitrit nng, (5.1), trong bnh
nh mc c dung tch 1000 ml. Lm ngui dung dch n nhit phng, thm 100 ml dung dch
N (1 naphthyl) ethylendiamin dihydroclorua (5.2) v 10,0 ml axeton (CH 3COCH3), lc u v
lm y n vch mc bng nc khng nitrit (5.1). Bo qun dung dch hp th nhit thp
hn 25 oC. Dung dch hp th bn c 3 thng nu nh ng trong chai c nt kn v
trong ti.
5.4. Hn hp kh hiu chun
iu ch ngay trc khi dng theo k thut thm nu trong ISO 6349, kh khng v hn hp kh
t nht 4 mc nng khc nhau ca nit dioxit bao qut c ton b khong lm vic cn
thit.
5.5. Thuc th dng chun b th kim tra hng ngy
5.5.1. Nitrit, dung dch 250 mg/l
Ha tan 375 mg natri nitrit (NaNO2) v 0,2 g natri hydroxit (NaOH) vo nc khng nitrit (5.1)
trong bnh nh mc c dung tch 1000 ml. Lm y n vch mc bng nc khng nitrit v lc
u.
Dung dch bn t nht 3 thng nu ng trong chai c nt kn, 1 ml dung dch ny cha 250 g
NO2
5.5.2. Nitrit, dung dch 2,5 mg/l
Ly 10,0 ml dung dch nitrit (5.5.1) vo bnh nh mc c dung tch 1000 ml. Lm y n vch
mc bng nc khng nitrit (5.1) v lc u.
Chun b dung dch ny ngay trc khi dng.
1 ml dung dch ny cha 2,5 g NO2-.
5.5.3. Dung dch kim tra mu
Ha tan 4,0 g p aminobenzen sunfonamid (sunfanilamid), 10,0 g axit tactric v 100 mg dinatri
etylendiamintetraaxetat dihydrat trong 400 ml nc khng c nitrit (5.1) nng trong bnh nh
mc 500 ml. Lm ngui dung dch n nhit phng v ha tan trong 90 mg N (1
naphtyl) etylendiamin dihydroclorua. Thm 10,0 ml axeton, lc v lm y n vch mc bng
nc khng nitrit.

Bo qun dung dch nhit thp hn 25oC. Dung dch bn 3 thng nu nh ng trong l
c nt kn v trong ti.
6. Thit b, dng c
Bao gm thit b thng thng ca phng th nghim v cc thit b sau:
6.1. Thit b ly mu nh nu 6.1.1 n 6.1.7
6.1.1. u ly mu
ng thy tinh bosilicat, thp khng g hoc ng polytetraflo etylen c ng knh trong xp x
6mm v cng ngn cng tt, nhng trong bt k trng hp no cng khng di hn 2 m, v c
u ht mu kh quay xung di. Nu nh vic dng u ly mu ngn nh vy m khng th
c th cn c ng ly mu ph gm u ly mu c ng knh trong khong 50 mm c ng
ni ni vi h thng ly mu v phi dng mt bm ht kh c tc khong 2 m 3/gi (xem
hnh 2).
6.1.2. Ci lc bng x
ng thy tinh bosilicat c ng knh trong t nht l 15 mm v c chiu di khong 80 mm c
nhi lng bng lp bng x ty trng nhng khng trong sut v mt quang hc. N ch l
mt b phn ca h thng ly mu cn thit loi ozon ra khi khng kh trc khi khng kh i
vo ng sc kh (xem 8.5).
6.1.3. Bnh hp th
Bnh hp th lm bng thy tinh bosilicat ni vi ng thy tinh c l xp mn cho hiu qu hp
th t nht t 0,95 m khng gy gim p sut qu ln trong s dng. Mng thy tinh xp c
ng knh l gia 40 v 60 m l ph hp; h s kim tra c xc nh theo 8.1.1 khng
c thp hn 0,9. C ba kiu bnh sc kh c ng thy tinh xp (kiu A n kiu C) c coi l
ph hp c nu ra hnh 1. Hiu qu lu gi v hiu qu hp th ca mi mt ng thy tinh
sc kh ring c kim tra t nht mt ln trong mt nm khi dng hn hp kh chun c iu
ch theo k thut thm quy nh theo ISO 6349.
Mng thy tinh b nhum mu c th c lm sch nh hn hp dung dch kali dicromat v axit
sunfuric c hoc cc cht lm sch thch hp khc. Khi dng hn hp axit sunfuric dicromat cn
trng k ng thy tinh vi nc khng nitrit (5.1).
Ch thch Cn trnh c th tip xc vi dicromat v thuc th cha dicromat, c bit vi
hn hp axit sunfuric-dicromat.
6.1.4. By
Bnh nn c dung tch 100 ml cha bng thy tinh.
6.1.5. Ci lc mng.
6.1.6. Bm ly mu v h thng iu chnh, c kh nng ht khng kh vi tc khong
0,4l/min trong qu trnh ly mu.
6.1.7. Dng c o khng kh
Dng lu lng k t hoc lu lng k c b mt bin i c bng thy tinh c hiu
chun, hoc dng l ti hn c hiu chun. Trong tt c cc trng hp, tc ht khng
kh phi l khong 0,4 l/min vi sai s 5%.
Dng lu lng k t hoc bt x phng l thun tin cho vic kim tra hiu chun lu lng
k c b mt bin i c hoc l ti hn.
6.2. Ph quang k (hoc my o mu) c kh nng o hp th bc sng gia 540 v
550nm v c kh nng dng cc cuvt cho cc php o cc cht lng nh nu ra (6.3).
6.3. Cc cuvt phng xp thnh cp, c di truyn quang 1,0 n 5,0 cm.
6.4. Pipet mt vch c dung tch 5; 15; 20; 25 v 50 ml.

7. Ly mu
Lp h thng ly mu ph hp vi v d nu ra hnh 2 v vi mi yu cu c bit v khi kh
ang nghin cu. Dng u ni bng thy tinh nhm trc ng thy tinh sc kh hoc thy tinh
ni vi nhau bng ng ni lm bng polyvinyl clorua hay bng polytetrafloetylen.
Dng cc pipet (6.4) chuyn mt th tch dung dch hp thu ph hp (5.3) vo bnh hp th
kh (6.1.3), 10 ml cho kiu A, 20 ml cho kiu B v 50 ml cho kiu C, (xem hnh 1).
Ni bnh hp th vi h thng ly mu.
Ghi s c c trn lu lng k t (6.1.7) v thi gian bt bm ly mu (6.1.6). iu chnh
thit b iu tit dng kh sao cho t tc ht khong 0,4 l/min.
Thi gian ly mu l 10 pht n 2 gi ty theo yu cu. Cn bo v dung dch hp th khi tc
dng ca nh sng trong qu trnh ly mu.
Khi kt thc qu trnh ly mu, tt bm ly mu, ghi s c c trn lu lng k v thi gian.
Tho bnh hp th ra khi h thng ly mu v trn ln th tch dung dch mu bn ngoi ng
thy tinh sc kh vi lng nh dung dch mu trong ng sc kh. S trn ln c thc hin
bng cch ht mt phn va qua ng thy tinh ca ci sc kh v sau th ra. ng tc ny
c lp i lp li vi ln. Cn thn lp li ng thy tinh vo bnh hp th v bo v dung dch
mu khi nh sng. yn dung dch mu khong 15 pht.
Ch thch Ni chung, nh hng ca s bay hi mu c th b qua khi thi gian ly mu ngn.
Tuy nhin, vi qu trnh ly mu c ko di, lng dung dch hp th nh v trong iu kin
khng kh kh th phi tnh n nh hng ca s bay hi.
8. Cch tin hnh
8.1. Kim tra bnh hp th
8.1.1. Kim tra hiu qu lu gi v hiu qu hp th
Theo cc v d nu hnh 2 lp h thng ly mu c 2 bnh hp th cng loi v c mc ni
tip nhau, mi mt bnh ng cha th tch dung dch hp th thch hp nh nu ra mc 7.
Lp u vo ca h thng ly mu vo u ra ca thit b thm qua (xem hnh 3). Thit b ny c
kh nng to ra hn hp kh (xem 5.4) tc dng cao hn tc mong i ngay ti u vo
ca h thng ly mu.
Chun b hn hp kh c nng khi lng nit dioxit khong 1 mg/m 3. Trnh nng khi
lng nit dioxit cao hn 2 mg/m3; v trn mc nng ny th h s phn tch f T (9.1.2) c th
thp hn 10 % ph thuc vo nng khi lng.
La chn thi gian ly mu cho s hp th mt lng nito dioxit khong 0,5 g/ml dung
dch hp thu th nht v tin hnh ly mu nh nu ra mc 7.
Tnh hiu sut hp th bng cch chia hp th ca dung dch mu bnh hp th th nht
cho tng gi tr hp th ca dung dch mu trong bnh hp th th nht v th hai. Tnh h s
phn tch, fT bng cch chia lng nito dioxit b hp th trong dung dch hp th ng sc kh
th nht cho lng nito dioxit c mt trong th tch hn hp kh chun i qua h thng ly mu.
Hiu sut hp th phi t t nht 0,95 v h s phn tch f T t nht phi l 0,9. Cc ng sc kh
khng m bo cc iu kin nh vy th khng c dng.
8.1.2. Kim tra xp ca ng thy tinh sc kh
xp ca ng thy tinh sc kh c th b nh hng do ra i ra li nhiu ln. V vy cn phi
kim tra ng sc kh xem n c b hng khng.
xp ca ng sc kh c th xc nh bng phng php o sc cng b mt ph hp.
Ch thch Nhng ngi c kinh nghim v c o to c th nhn xt kh nng dng c
ca ng sc kh bng cch quan st s phn b ca kh trong cht lng.

8.2. Hiu chun

8.2.1. Chun b dy dung dch hiu chun
Lp h thng ly mu ging nh khi ly mu v cho vo bnh hp th th tch dung dch hp th
thch hp nh nu mc 7.
Lp u vo ca h thng ly mu vo u ra ca thit b thm (xem hnh 3). Thit b ny c kh
nng to hn hp kh (xem 5.4) vi tc dng cao hn tc dng mong i ngay ti u vo
ca h thng ly mu. Chun b hn hp kh theo cc yu cu nu ra 5.4 v tin hnh theo
trnh t tng t nu ra iu 7. Trong khong thi gian bng vi thi gian dng ly mu.
Lm nh vy cho mi mt mc nng khi lng nit dioxit chn.
Sau khi tt bm ly mu, yn dung dch khong 15 pht.
8.2.2. Dung dch khng
Chun b dung dch khng t kh khng (5.4).
S chun b ny c tin hnh theo 8.2.1.
8.2.3. o quang ph
Kim tra my quang ph (hoc my o mu) (6.2) theo bn hng dn ca nh sn xut v sau
khi my n nh, t bc sng mt gi tr c nh trong khong 540 n 550 nm.
Chuyn mt phn dung dch va t mt trong bn dung dch hiu chun (8.2.1) vo cuvet
(6.3) v ghi hp th ca tng dung dch hiu chun so vi hp th ca dung dch khng
(8.2.2).
8.2.4. V ng hiu chun
V th hp th, A, ca mi mt dung dch hiu chun (8.3.1) c ch n hp th ca
dung dch thnh phn khng (8.2.2), ng vi khi lng ca nit dioxit cha trong th tch ca
hn hp kh chun khi i qua h thng ly mu chia cho th tch dung dch hp th trong bnh
hp th, B (xem hnh 4).
dc ca on thng th hiu chun, tnh theo cng thc:

A
1

PB
fG
Nghch o ca dc l h s hiu chun fG.
8.3. ng chun dng hng ngy
8.3.1. Chun b dy dung dch hiu chun
Chun b dy dung dch hiu chun c nng khi lng ion nitrit l 0,25; 0,5; 0,75 v 1,0g/ml
bng cch dng pipet ht 5; 10; 15 v 20 ml tng ng ca dung dch nitrit (5.5.2) cho vo dy
cc bnh nh mc 1 vch dung tch 50 ml, thm 25 ml dung dch kim tra mu (5.5.3) lm y
n vch mc bng nc khng c nitrit (5.1) v lc u. yn dung dch 15 pht.
8.3.2. Dung dch khng
Dng pipet (6.4) chuyn 25 ml dung dch kim tra mu (5.5.3) vo bnh nh mc 50 ml lm y
n vch mc bng nc khng nitrit v lc u.
yn dung dch trong 15 pht.
8.3.3. o quang ph
Kim tra my quang ph (hoc my o mu) (6.2) theo bn hng dn ca nh sn xut v sau
khi n nh my, tin hnh nhng iu chnh cn thit v t mt bc sng c nh trong
khong t 540 n 550 nm.

Chuyn mt phn va t mt trong bn dung dch hiu chun (8.3.1) vo cuvet (6.3) v ghi
hp th ca mi mt dung dch so snh vi dung dch khng (8.3.2).
8.3.4. V ng chun dng hng ngy
V th hp th, A, ca tng dung dch hiu chun (8.3.1), c ch n hp th ca
dung dch thnh phn khng (8.3.2), ng vi nng khi lng ca ion nitrit L trong dung
dch tng ng (xem hnh 5).
dc ca on thng xc nh theo cng thc:

A'
1

PL
fL
Phi t (0,992 0,030) ml/g. Nu khng t c gi tr th phi kim tra tt c cc thuc
th.
8.4. Xc nh
Vic o hp th dung dch mu phi tin hnh cng sm cng tt, ngha l khng chm qu 8
gi. Chuyn mt phn va dung dch mu vo cuvet v o hp th nh nu 8.2.3 v
8.3.3, nhng dng cuvet i chng cha mt phn va dung dch hp th (5.3) so snh.
nh gi khi lng nit dioxit cha trong mu kh bng ng chun (8.3.4) v chia cho th
tch dung dch mu, hoc xc nh nng khi lng ca ion nitrit trong dung dch mu bng
cch so vi ng chun dng hng ngy (8.3.4).
Ch thch
1) Dng cuvt c ng truyn quang di khi cn nhy cao;
2) Cng c th dng cuvt i chng cha nc ct hoc khng kh lm so snh, khi hp
th ca dung dch hp th (5.3) c tr vo hp th ca dung dch mu.
8.5. Cc cht cn tr
Nng khi lng ca nit oxit (NO); sunfua dioxit (SO 2); hydro sunfua (H2S); Clo (Cl2); hydro
clorua (HCl) v cc hp cht flo ni chung c mt trong khng kh xung quanh khng c nh
hng n vic xc nh nng khi lng nit dioxit. Ozon nh hng nh n vic xc nh
bi lm tng ch s c thit b nu nh nng khi lng ca ozon trong khng kh cao hn
0,25 mg/m3. nh hng cn tr ny c th khc phc bng cch dng ci lc bng x (xem
6.1.2).
Peroxyacylnitrat (P.A.N) c th cho kt qu xp x t 15% n 35% khi c cng nng vi nit
dioxit. Tuy nhin trong khng kh xung quanh nng khi lng ca peroxyacylnitrat thng
thng qu thp v khng gy ra bt c sai s ng k no.
Nitrit v axit nitr c th c mt trong mu kh sinh ra mu hng trong dung dch hp th ging
nh nit dioxit.
9. Biu th kt qu
9.1. Tnh ton
9.1.1. So snh vi th hiu chun
9.1.1.1. hp th nm trong khong tuyn tnh ca ng hiu chun
Nu nh hp th nm trong phn tuyn tnh ca ng hiu chun th nng khi lng
ca nit dioxit (NO2) trong mu, tnh bng microgam trn mt khi, theo cng thc:

NO2 f G
Trong

A5 Aa V1

b
V2

fG l h s hiu chun c tnh bng microgam trn milimet ng vi cuvt 1 cm (xem 8.2.4);
AS l hp th ca dung dch mu;
Aa l hp th ca dung dch hp th (xem ch thch 2 ca 8.4);
b l di ng quang ca cuvt, tnh bng centimet;
V1 l th tch ca dung dch hp th a vo bnh hp th, tnh bng mililt;
V2 l th tch ca mu kh, tnh bng mt khi.
Nu nghi ng rng cc tnh cht ca my quang ph (hoc my so mu) dng xy dng
ng hiu chun khc bit ng k vi my c dng xc nh hp th ca dung dch
mu th khi phi dng h s hiu chun fG, tnh bng microgam trn mililit, tnh theo cng
thc:

fG fG

f 'L
fL

Trong
fG l h s hiu chun, tnh bng microgam trn mililt, (xem 8.2.4);
fL l nghch o ca dc ng chun dng hng ngy, tnh bng microgam trn mililt, (xem
8.3.4) xy dng bng my quang ph (hoc my o mu) dng o hp th ca dung dch
mu;
fL l nghch o ca dc ca ng chun dng hng ngy, tnh bng microgam trn mililit,
xy dng bng my quang ph (hoc my o mu) dng xy dng ng hiu chun.
9.1.1.2. hp th nm trong phn khng tuyn tnh ca ng hiu chun
Nu nh hp th nm ngoi phn tuyn tnh ca ng hiu chun th nng khi lng
nit dioxit (NO2) trong mu kh, tnh bng microgam trn mt khi, tnh theo cng thc:

( NO2 )

1
V
B 1
b
V2

Trong
b l di truyn quang ca cuvt i chng, tnh bng centimet;

B l nng khi lng nit dioxit trong dung dch mu, tnh bng microgam trn mililt suy ra t
ng hiu chun, ng vi cuvt 1 cm, (xem hnh 4);
V1 l th tch dung dch hp th cho vo bnh hp th, tnh bng milimet;
V2 l th tch mu kh, tnh bng mt khi.
9.1.2. So snh vi ng chun dng hng ngy
Nu nng khi lng in nitrit trong dung dch mu c nh gi bng cch so snh vi
ng chun dng hng ngy th nng khi lng nit dioxit (NO2) trong mu khng kh,
tnh bng microgam trn mt khi, c tnh theo cng thc:

( NO2 )

1
A Aa V1
fL S

fT
b
V2

Trong
fT l h s phn tch (xem 8.1.1);
fL l nghch o ca dc ng chun dng hng ngy, tnh bng microgam trn mililit, ng
vi cuvt 1 cm;

AS l hp th ca dung dch mu;

Aa l hp th ca dung dch hp th (xem ch thch 2 ca 8.4);
b l di truyn quang ca cuvt, tnh bng centimet;
V1 l th tch dung dch hp th cho vo bnh hp th, tnh bng mililt;
V2 l th tch mu kh, tnh bng mt khi.
Ch thch Nng khi lng in nitrit ( NO 2 ) trong dung dch mu tnh bng microgam trn
mililit, theo cng thc:

( NO 2 ) f L

AS Aa
b

9.2. Cc c tnh
9.2.1. Gii hn pht hin
Gii hn pht hin di ca phng php ny c th l 10 g/m3 nit dioxit.
9.2.2. chnh xc
9.2.2.1. lp li
lp li ca phng php t c trong khong 10% mc nng khi lng nit dioxit
khong 100 g/m3.
9.2.2.2. ti lp
ti lp ca phng php c th t c trong khong 10% khi nng khi lng nit
dioxit khong 100 g/m3.
10. Bo co kt qu
Bo co phi bao gm t nht cc thng tin sau:
a) M t y tnh trng ca mu kh;
b) Theo tiu chun ny;
c) Theo ISO 6349;
d) Cc kt qu nhn c;
e) Mi hin tng khng bnh thng ghi nhn c trong qu trnh xc nh;
f) Mi thao tc no c thc hin m khng c nu trong tiu chun ny hoc trong tiu chun
dng hoc xem nh ty chn.

Hnh 1 Cc loi bnh hp th ph hp ly mu nit dioxit

(Cc u cui ca ng thy tinh ca mi ng hp th c th thit k nh ch ni nhm dng hnh
cu, hnh nn hoc hnh qu liu)

Hnh 2 Cc v d v dy ly mu c kh nng xc nh nng khi lng ca nit oxit

trong khng kh xung quanh.

S biu din ca h thng thm qua

ng thm qua vi mng phng

1 u vo kh pha long
2 u ra hn hp kim tra
3 Mng thm qua

Bnh thm qua c mng thm qua dng

hnh ng

4 Mng ngn kim loi

1 Bnh cha

5 Mt ct thm qua

2 Tn ng cu t vt

6 Bnh cha

3 ng ngn tay

7 Cu t vt tn ng

4 Lng (ngha l mt ct ngang thm

qua)
5 Mng thm qua
6 u vo ra c ch ni thy tinh mi
7 u vo kh pha long
8 u ra hn hp kim tra

Bnh thm qua c chp polyme

1 Mng thm qua (chp ph)
Bnh thm qua
1 Bnh ng
2 u vo bnh kh c kha

2 Bnh ng (trc khi dng p gy u

ca ampun)
3 Tn ng kh ha lng

3 Mng thm qua

4 Lng (ngha l mt ct ngang)
5 Chp c u vo kh pha long v u ra
hn hp kh kim tra
Hnh 3 Dng c thm qua v bnh thm qua

Hnh 4 th hiu chun in hnh

Hnh 5 th kim tra hng ngy in hnh