Ni dung

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I Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 tng qut.

II Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng.
III- H phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1.

I. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2

nh ngha phng trnh khng thun nht
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai khng thun nht
y '' p ( x ) y ' q ( x ) y f ( x ), (1)

trong p ( x), q( x), f ( x) l cc hm lin tc.

nh ngha phng trnh thun nht
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht
y '' p ( x ) y ' q ( x) y 0, (2)

trong

p ( x), q ( x)

l cc hm lin tc.

I. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2

Cu trc nghim ca phng trnh khng thun nht

ytq y0 yr
ytq l nghim tng qut ca pt khng thun nht.
y0

l nghim tng qut ca pt thun nht.

yr

l nghim ring ca pt khng thun nht.

Tp hp cc nghim ca phng trnh thun nht l

khng gian 2 chiu: y0 c1 y1 ( x ) c2 y 2 ( x )
y1 ( x ) l nghim ring ca pt thun nht (2)

Tm nghim th hai dng: y2 y1 ( x) u ( x )

y2' y1' u y1u ' ;

y2'' y1''u 2 y1' u ' y1u ''

y1''u 2 y1' u ' y1u '' p y1' u y1u ' qy1u 0

y py qy u y u 2 y py u 0
''
1

'
1

''

'
1

'

y1u '' 2 y1' py1 u ' 0

t z u ' , c phng trnh tch bin y1z ' 2 y1' py1 z 0

e p ( x ) dx
u 2
dx
y1 ( x)

e p ( x ) dx
y2 ( x) y1 ( x) 2
dx
y1 ( x)

I. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2

Tm nghim ring ca (1) bng phng php bin thin
hng s:

y r c1 ( x ) y1 ( x ) c2 ( x ) y 2 ( x )

yr' C1' ( x) y1 C1 ( x) y1' ( x) C2' ( x) y2 C2 ( x) y2' ( x)

yr'' C1'' y1 C1' y1' C1' y1' C1' y1'' C2'' y2 C2' y2' C2' y2' C2 y2''

Thay vo pt (1): yr'' p( x) yr' q ( x) yr f ( x )

C1' y1 C2' y2
' '
' '
C1 y1 C2 y2

Nghim ring: yr

0
f ( x)

Gii h tm

C1' , C2' .

Suy ra C1 ( x ), C.2 ( x )

Nghim tng qut ca (1): ytq y0 yr

KT LUN:
gii phng trnh y '' p ( x ) y ' q ( x ) y f ( x )
ch cn tm mt nghim ring y1 ( x ) ca pt thun nht.
e p ( x ) dx
T nghim y1 ( x ) suy ra: y2 ( x ) y1 ( x) 2
dx
y1 ( x )

Tm nghim yr c1 ( x ) y1 ( x) c2 ( x ) y2 ( x )
C1' y1 C2' y2
' '
' '
C1 y1 C2 y2

0
C1 ( x ), C2 ( x ) yr
f ( x)

Nghim tng qut ca pt khng thun nht: ytq y0 yr

V d Gii phng trnh x 2 y '' xy ' y 4 x 3 (1)

1 ' 1
y 2 y 4x
x
x
1 ' 1
''
Phng trnh thun nht: y y 2 y 0 (2)
x
x
on mt nghim ring ca pt thun nht: y1 ( x ) x

Phng trnh chun: y ''

Tm nghim ring th hai ca (2):

e

1
dx
ex

p ( x ) dx

dx x 2 dx x ln x
x
y12 ( x )
Tm nghim ring ca pt (1) bng PP bin thin hng s
y2 ( x ) y1 ( x)

Trong bi ny ta on c: y x 3
Nghim tng qut ca (1): ytq y0 yr C1x C2 x ln | x | x3

V d Gii phng trnh

y '' tan x y ' 2 y 0

on mt nghim ring: y1 ( x ) sin x

Tm nghim ring th hai ca (2):
tan xdx
e p ( x ) dx
y2 ( x ) y1 ( x) 2
dx sin x e
dx
y1 ( x )
sin 2 x
''
V d Gii phng trnh y

2x '
2y
y 2
0
x 1
x 1
2

on mt nghim ring: y1 ( x ) x
Tm nghim ring th hai ca (2):
2x

2 dx
e p ( x ) dx
x 1
e
y2 ( x ) y1 ( x) 2
dx x
x 2 dx
y1 ( x )

II. Ptrnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 h s hng

nh ngha phng trnh khng thun nht h s hng
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai l phng trnh

y '' py ' qy f ( x), (1)

trong p, q l hng s, v f(x) l hm lin tc.
nh ngha phng trnh thun nht h s hng
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai l phng trnh
y '' py ' qy 0, (2)

trong p, q l cc hng s.

Gii phng trnh thun nht: y '' py ' qy 0, (2)

Phng trnh c trng: k 2 pk q 0
TH 1: PTT c hai nghim thc phn bit k1 , k 2
Nghim tng qut: y0 C1e k1x C2e k2 x
TH 2: PTT c mt nghim kp k0
Nghim tng qut:

y0 C1e k0 x C2 xe k0 x

TH 3: PTT c mt nghim phc k1 a bi

Nghim tng qut: y0 e ax C1 cos bx C2 sin bx

Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht

Trng hp chung: Phng php bin thin hng s.
Xt hai trng hp c bit:
TH 1:

f ( x) Pn ( x)e x , Pn(x) l a thc bc n.

Tm yr dng: yr x s e xQn ( x)
s = 0, nu khng l nghim ca pt c trng.
s = 1, nu l nghim n ca pt c trng.
s = 2, nu l nghim kp ca pt c trng.

Qn ( x) l a thc c bc ti a l n.
tm cc h s ca Qn ( x ) , thay yr vo pt (1).

TH 2: f ( x ) e x Pn ( x )cos x Qm ( x )sin x
Tm yr dng: yr x s e x H k ( x )cos x Tk ( x )sin x
s = 0, nu i khng l nghim ca pt c trng.
s = 1, nu i l nghim n ca pt c trng.

H k , Tk : hai a thc bc ti a l k max{m, n}.

tm cc h s ca H k , Tk , thay yr vo pt (1):

yr'' pyr' qyr f ( x)

V sinx v cosx c lp tuyn tnh nn cc h s tng
ng bng nhau.

Ch : 1) C nguyn l cng dn (chng cht) nghim:

y '' py ' qy f ( x) f1 ( x) f 2 ( x )
nghim ring ca (1) c dng yr yr1 yr2
yr1 nghim ring ca pt: y '' py ' qy f1 ( x )
yr2 nghim ring ca pt: y '' py ' qy f 2 ( x)

2) f ( x ) Pn ( x ) l trng hp 1: f ( x ) e 0 x Pn ( x )
3) f ( x ) Pn ( x) cos x l trng hp 2:
f ( x ) e0 x Pn ( x )cos x 0sin x

V d Gii phng trnh y '' 5 y ' 6 y e x

Phng trnh c trng: k 2 5k 6 0 k1 2 k 2 3
Nghim tng qut ca pt thun nht: y0 C1e 2 x C2e3 x
f ( x ) e x Pn ( x )e x 1, Pn ( x) bc 0.
yr x s e x Qn ( x)

1, Qn ( x ) A (v Pn bc 0)

s = 0, v 1 khng l nghim ca pt c trng.

yr x0e x A Ae x

yr' Ae x , yr'' Ae x

1
yr'' 5 yr' 6 yr e x Ae x 5 Ae x 6 Ae x e x A
12
1 x
2x
3x
Klun: Nghim t/qut: ytq y0 yr C1e C2e e
12

V d Gii phng trnh

y '' 4 y x 2

Phng trnh c trng: k 2 4 0

k1 2i k 2 2i

Nghim t/qut ca pt th/nht: y0 e 0 x C1 cos 2 x C2 sin 2 x

f ( x ) x 2 Pn ( x )e 0 x 0, Pn ( x) bc 2.

yr x s e xQn ( x)

0, Qn ( x ) Ax 2 Bx C (v Pn bc 2)

s = 0, v 0 khng l nghim ca pt c trng.

'
''
yr x 0 e0 x Ax 2 Bx C Ax 2 Bx C yr 2 Ax B, yr 2 A

1
1
yr'' 4 yr x 2 2 A 4( Ax 2 Bx C ) x 2 A , B 0, C
4
8
1 2 1
Nghim t/qut: ytq y0 yr C1 cos 2 x C2 sin 2 x x
4
8

V d Gii phng trnh y '' 2 y ' 3x

Phng trnh c trng: k 2 2 k 0 k1 0 k 2 2
Nghim t/qut ca pt th/nht:

y0 C1e0 x C2e 2 x

f ( x ) 3x Pn ( x)e0 x 0, Pn ( x) bc 1.

yr x s e xQn ( x)

0, Qn ( x ) Ax B

(v Pn bc 1)

s = 1, v 0 l nghim n ca pt c trng.
yr' 2 Ax B, yr'' 2 A
3
3
yr'' 2 y ' 3x 2 A 2(2 Ax B) 3 x A , B
4
4
3
3
Nghim t/qut: ytq y0 yr C1 C2e 2 x x
4
4

yr x1e0 x Ax B Ax 2 Bx

V d Gii phng trnh y '' 2 y ' y 2e x

Phng trnh c trng: k 2 2k 1 0 k1 k 2 1
Nghim t/qut ca pt th/nht:

y0 C1e x C2 xe x

f ( x ) 2e x Pn ( x)e1 x 1, Pn ( x) bc 0.

yr x s e xQn ( x)

1, Qn ( x) A

(v Pn bc 0)

s = 2, v 1 l nghim kp ca pt c trng.

yr x 2e x A Ax 2e x yr' Ae x (2 x x 2 ), yr'' Ae x (2 4 x x 2 )
3
3
yr'' 2 yr' yr 2e x A , B
4
4
3
3
Nghim t/qut: ytq y0 yr C1 C2e 2 x x
4
4

V d Gii phng trnh y '' 4 y ' 3 y sin 2 x

Phng trnh c trng: k 2 4k 3 0 k1 1 k2 3
Nghim t/qut ca pt th/nht:

y0 C1e x C2e3 x

f ( x ) e 0 x (0.cos 2 x sin 2 x )

0, 2, Pn ( x), Qm ( x) bc 0.

yr x s e x Tk ( x )cos 2 x H k ( x )sin 2 x

k max{m, n} 0

0, Tk A, H k B

s = 0, v i 2i khng l nghim ca pt c trng.

yr A cos 2 x B sin 2 x
yr' 2 A sin 2 x 2 B cos 2 x, yr'' 4 A cos 2 x 4 B sin 2 x
yr'' 4 yr' 3 yr sin 2 x

4 A cos 2 x 4 B sin 2 x 4 2 A sin 2 x 2 B cos 2 x

3 A cos 2 x B sin 2 x sin 2 x
( A 8 B) cos 2 x (8 A B )sin 2 x sin 2 x

A 8 B 0
8
1
8
1
A ,B
yr cos 2 x sin 2 x

65
65
65
65
8A B 1
8
1
Nghim t/qut: ytq y0 yr C1e x C2e3 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
65
65

V d Gii phng trnh

Phng trnh c trng:

y '' y cos x

k 2 1 0 k1 i k 2 i

Nghim t/qut ca pt th/nht: y0 e 0 x C1 cos x C2 sin x

f ( x ) e 0 x (cos x 0.sin x )

0, 1, Pn ( x), Qm ( x) bc 0.

yr x s e x Tk ( x) cos x H k ( x)sin x

k max{m, n} 0

0, Tk A, H k B

s = 1, v i i

l nghim ca pt c trng.

10

yr x A cos x B sin x

yr' ( A Bx )cos x ( B Ax )sin x

yr'' -2 A - Bx sin x 2 B - Ax cos x

yr'' yr cos x

-2 A - Bx sin x 2 B - Ax cos x x A cos x B sin x cos x

2 A sin x 2 B cos x cos x
A 0, B

1
2

yr

1
x sin x
2

1
Nghim t/qut: ytq y0 yr C1 cos x C2 sin x x sin x
2

V d Gii phng trnh y '' y ' 2 y 2 sin x cos x

Phng trnh c trng: k 2 k 2 0 k1 1 i 7
2
2
1
x
7
7
Nghim t.qut pt th.nht: y0 e 2 C1 cos
x C2 sin
x
2
2

f ( x ) e 0 x (cos x 2sin x )
0, 1, Pn ( x), Qm ( x) bc 0.

yr x s e x Tk ( x) cos x H k ( x)sin x

k max{m, n} 0

0, Tk A, H k B

s = 0, v i i khng l nghim ca pt c trng.

11

yr' A sin x B cos x

yr A cos x B sin x
yr'' A cos x B sin x

yr'' yr' 2 yr cos x 2sin x

A cos x B sin x A sin x B cos x 2 A cos x B sin x cos x 2 sin x

( A B) cos x ( A B )sin x cos x 2sin x

A B 1 A 1 , B 3 y 1 cos x 3 sin x
r

2
2
2
2

Nghim t/qut: ytq y0 yr

ytq

1
x
e 2 C1 cos

7
7 3
1
x C2 sin
x cos x sin x
2
2 2
2

V d Gii phng trnh

y '' 4 y ' 4 y x e 2 x

Phng trnh c trng: k 2 4k 4 0 k1 k2 2

Nghim t/qut pt th/nht: y0 C1e 2 x C2 xe 2 x
f ( x ) f1 ( x) f 2 ( x ) x e 2 x

S dng nguyn l cng dn nghim

Tm nghim ring ng vi f1 ( x): y '' 4 y ' 4 y x f1 ( x ) (1)
yr1 x se x Qn ( x)

0, Qn ( x ) Ax B (v Pn bc 1)

s = 0, v 0 khng l nghim ca pt c trng.

yr1 Ax B Thay vo pt (1), ta c A B

1
1
1
yr1 x
4
4
4

12

Tm nghim ring ng vi f 2 ( x): y '' 4 y ' 4 y e 2 x f 2 ( x) (2)

yr1 x se x Qn ( x)

2, Qn ( x) A (v Pn bc 0)

s = 2, v 2 l nghim kp ca pt c trng
yr2 x 2e 2 x A

Thay vo pt (2), ta c A

1
2

Mt nghim ring ca bi l:
yr yr1 yr2

1
1 1
x x 2e2 x
4
4 2

Nghim t/qut: ytq y0 yr

ytq C1e2 x C2 xe2 x

1
1 1
x x 2e 2 x
4
4 2

II. H pt vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng.

H phng trnh vi phn (n phng trnh, n hm s)
dx1
dt

dx2
dt

dxn
dt

a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn f1 (t )

a21 x1 a22 x2 ... a2 n xn f 2 (t )

an1 x1 an 2 x2 ... ann xn f n (t )

trong

f (t )

(1)

l cc hm theo t, lin tc.

x1 (t ), x2 (t ),, xn (t ) l cc hm theo t.

13

II. H pt vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng

a11 a12
a
a22
A 21

an1 an 2

a1n
a2 n

ann

x1

x
2
X F (t )

xn

dX
AX F (t ) (2)
dt

H phng trnh dng ma trn:

H phng trnh thun nht:

f1 (t )
f2 (t )

f n (t )

dX
AX (3)
dt

Nghim ca h l hm vct trn khong (a,b) c to

l cc hm kh vi lin tc trn (a,b) v tho h:

II. H phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1

Cu trc nghim ca h tuyn tnh (2)

X X X
tq

tq

l nghim tng qut ca h pt khng thun nht (2)

l nghim tng qut ca h pt thun nht (3)
l nghim ring ca h pt khng thun nht (2)

14

Phng php kh
Ni dung phng php kh l a h phng trnh vi
phn v phng trnh vi phn cp cao hn bng cch
o hm mt phng trnh ri kh cc hm cha bit.
u im
Gii h phng trnh rt nhanh.
Nhc im
Rt kh gii h nhiu phng trnh, nhiu hm.

V d Gii h phng trnh

x1'
'
x2

x1 2 x2
4 x1 3x2

Ly phng trnh (2) tr 4 ln phng trnh (1).

4 x1' x2' 5 x2 (*)

o hm hai v phng trnh (2).
x2'' 4 x1' 3x2'

4 x1' 3 x2' x2''

3x2' x2'' x2' 5 x2

Thay vo pt (*)

x2'' 4 x2' 5 x2 0

x1 (t ) C1e t C2e5t Thay vo pt 2 ca h

1
x2 (t ) C1e t C2e5t
2

15

 x1'
'
x2

V d Gii h phng trnh

3x1 x2 et
2 x1 2 x2 t

Ly phng trnh (2) tr 2 ln phng trnh (1).

2 x1' x2' 4 x1 t 2et (*)

o hm hai v phng trnh (1).

x1'' 3 x1' x2' et x2' x1'' 3x1' et Thay vo pt (*)
2 x1' x1'' 3x1' et 4 x1 t 2et

x1'' 5 x1' 4 x1 t et

et tet t 5
Thay vo pt 1 ca h
x1 (t ) C1e C2e

9 3 4 16
8et 2tet 3t 11
t
4t
x2 (t ) 2C1e C2e

9
3
4 16
t

4t

V d Gii h phng trnh

x1'
'
x2
x'
3

3x1 x2 x3

2 x1 4 x2 2 x3

x1 x2 3x3

Ly phng trnh (2) tr 4 ln phng trnh (1).

4 x1' x2' 10 x1 2 x3 (*)

Ly phng trnh (3) tr phng trnh (1).

x1' x3' 2 x1 2 x3 (**)

o hm hai v pt (1): x2' x1'' 3x1' x3'

Thay vo pt (*):

4 x1' x1'' 3 x1' x3' 10 x1 2 x3

16

x1'' 7 x1' x3' 10 x1 2 x3 (***)

Cng hai pt (**) v (***) x1'' 8 x1' 12 x1 0
x1 (t ) C1e 6t C2e 2t

x3' 2 x3 4C1e6t

Thay vo pt (**):

x3 (t ) C1e6t C3e2t

Thay vo pt (1) ca h, ta c: x2 x1' 3x1 x3

x2 (t ) 6C1e 6t 2C2e 2t 3C1e 6t 3C2e 2t C1e6t C3e 2t

x2 (t ) 2C1e 6t C2 C3 e 2t
Nghim ca h cho:

x1 (t )

x2 (t )
x (t )
3

x1'
'
V d Gii h phng trnh x2
x'
3

6 x1 12 x2 x3

x1 3 x2 x3
4 x1 12 x2 3 x3

Ly phng trnh (2) tr phng trnh (1).

x1' x2' 5 x1 9 x2 (1)

Ly pt th ba ca h cng 3 ln pt u ca h
3x1' x3' 14 x1 24 x2 (2)

o hm hai v pt (2): x3' x1' 3x2' x2''

Thay vo pt (2): 4 x1' 3 x2' x2'' 14 x1 24 x2

(3)

17

Kh x1 trong pt (1) v (3): 6 x1' x2' 5 x2'' 6 x2

Kh x1' trong pt (1) v (3):
o hm hai v (5):

x2' x2'' 6 x1 12 x2

x2'' x2''' 6 x1' 12 x2'

(4)

(5)

(6)

Rt x1' thay vo (4): x2''' 6 x2'' 12 x2' 6 x2 0

Gii phng trnh ny ta c x2 (t ) C1et C2e 2t C3e3t
Thay vo (4) ta c x1 (t )
Thay vo u ca h ta c x3 (t )

V d Gii h phng trnh

x1'
'
x2
x'
3

2 x1 4 x2 3x3

4 x1 6 x2 3 x3
3x1 3x2 x3

Cng hai phng trnh u ca h.

x1' x2' 2 x1 2 x2 (1)

Ly pt u tr 3 ln pt u ca h
x1' 3x3' 7 x1 5 x2 (2)

o hm hai v pt u: 3x3' 2 x1' 4 x2' x1''

Thay vo pt (2):

3x1' 4 x2' x1'' 7 x1 5 x2

(3)

18

Kh x2 trong pt (1) v (3): x1' 3x2' 2 x1'' 4 x1

(4)

x1' x1'' x1 3 x2

(5)

Kh x2' trong pt (1) v (3):

o hm hai v (5):
Rt x2' thay vo (4):

x1'' x1''' x1' 3x2'

(6)

x1''' 3x1'' 4 x1 0

Gii phng trnh ny ta c x1 (t ) C1et C2e2t C3te 2t

Thay vo (4) ta c x2 (t )
Thay vo u ca h ta c x3 (t )

x1'
'
V d Gii h phng trnh x2
x'
3

x1 x2 et

3 x2 x3 t
x1 x2 2 x3 2t

Ly 3 ln pt u tr pt th hai ca h.
3x1' x2' 3x1 x3 3et - t (1)

Ly pt u tr pt th 3 ca h
x1' x3' 2 x1 2 x3 et - 2t (2)

o hm hai v pt u:
Thay vo pt (1):

x2' x1' x1'' et

4 x1' x1'' 3x1 x3 2et - t

(3)

19

Kh x3 trong pt (2) v (3): 9 x1' 2 x1'' x3' 8 x1 5et - 4t

(4)

o hm hai v (3): 4 x1'' x1''' 3 x1' x3' 2et -1 (5)

Rt x3' thay vo (4):
x1''' 6 x1'' 12 x1' 8 x1 3et 4t 1

Gii phng trnh ny ta c

t 5

2 8
Thay vo pt u ca h ta c x2 (t )
x1 (t ) C1e 2t C2te 2t C3t 2e 2t 3et

Thay vo pt hai ca h ta c x3 (t )

Phng php tr ring, vct ring

dX
AX F (t ) (2)
dt

A l ma trn thc, vung cp n.

Trng hp 1: A cho ho c:
A PDP 1

dX
PDP 1 X F (t )
dt

t Y P 1 X

dX
AX F (t )
dt
dX
P 1
DP 1 X P 1F (t )
dt

Y ' P 1 X '

Ta c: Y ' DY P 1F (t )
y l cc phng trnh vi phn cp 1 tch ri nhau.

20

 x1'
'
x2

V d Gii h phng trnh

3 1
A

2 2

x
X 1
x2

3x1 x2 et
2 x1 2 x2 t

et
F (t )
t

1 1 4 0 2 / 3 1/ 3

1 2 0 1 1/ 3 1/ 3

Cho ho A: A PDP 1
t Y P 1 X

Ta c: Y ' DY P 1F (t )

y1' 4 0 y1 2 / 3 1/ 3 et

y ' 0 1 y2 1/ 3 1/ 3 t

2

y1' 4 0 y1 2 / 3 1/ 3 et

y ' 0 1 y2 1/ 3 1/ 3 t

2
'
y1

y2'

2
t
4 y1 et
3
3
1
t
y2 et
3
3

h gm hai ptrnh vi phn

tuyn tnh cp 1 ring bit

2 t t
1

4t
y
(
t
)

C
e

1
1

9
12 48

t
t 1
y2 (t )
C2 e t e t

3
3 3

1 y

1
Nghim ca h: 1 P 1

x2
y2 1 2 y2

21

V d Gii h phng trnh

3 1 1
A 2 4 2

1 1 3

x1
X x2

x
3

x1'
'
x2
x'
3

3x1 x2 x3 4t

2 x1 4 x2 2 x3
x1 x2 3x3 8

4t
F (t ) 0

8

Cho ho A ( Xem i s tuyn tnh)

1 1 1 2 0 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
A PDP 1 1 0 2 0 2 0 1/ 4 1/ 4 3/ 4

0 1 1 0 0 6 1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4

t Y P 1 X

Ta c: Y ' DY P 1F (t )

y1' 2 0 0 y1 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 4t

y2' 0 2 0 y2 1/ 4 1/ 4 3/ 4 0

y3' 0 0 6 y3 1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
8

y1'

y2'
'
y3

2 y1 2t 4

2 y2 t 6

6 y3 t 2

y1 (t )
C1e2t t 5/ 2

y2 (t ) C2e2t t / 2 11/ 4

6t
y3 (t ) C3e t / 6 19 / 36

C1e2t t 5/ 2
x
(
t
)

1
1

1
Nghim

2t
X PY x2 (t ) 1 0 2 C2e t / 2 11/ 4
ca h

x (t ) 0 1 1
6t
3
C3e t / 6 19 / 36

22

Phng php tr ring, vct ring

dX
AX F (t ) (2)
dt

Trng hp 2: A khng cho ho c:

Mi ma trn (thc hoc phc) u tam gic ho c.
A PTP 1
(2)

vi T l ma trn tam gic.

dX
PTP 1 X F (t )
dt

t Y P 1 X Y ' P 1 X '
Ta c: Y ' TY P 1F (t )

P 1

dX
TP 1 X P 1F (t )
dt

y l h tam gic,
gii t di ln.

V d Gii h phng trnh

x1'
'
x2
x'
3

2 x1 4 x2 3x3

4 x1 6 x2 3 x3
3x1 3x2 x3

2 4 3
A 4 6 3

3 3 1

x1
X x2 y l h thun nht.

x
3
A khng cho ho c ( Xem i s tuyn tnh)
| A I | 0 ( 2) 2 ( 1) 0

1 2

1
c mt VTR c lp tuyn tnh X 1 1
0

23

2 1

1
c mt VTR c lp tuyn tnh X 3 1
1

Gi X 2 l ct th hai ca ma trn P.
1 x1
Tm hai ma trn P 1 x2

0 x

1
1

2 m 0
T 0 2 0

0 0 1

A PTP 1 AP PT AX 2 mX 1 2 X 2 Chn m = 1
2 4 3 x1 1 x1
4 6 3 x 1 2 x

2 2
3 3 1 x 0 x

3 3

x1 1
x2

x 1
3

2
1 2 1

Chn 1 X 2 1 P 1 1 1

1
0 1 1

t Y P 1 X

2 1 0
T 0 2 0

0 0 1

Ta c: Y ' TY

y1' 2 y1 y2
y1' 2 1 0 y1
'
'

2 y2
y2 0 2 0 y2
y2

'

y3' 0 0 1
y3
y3
y3

y1 (t ) C1e2t C2te2t x (t ) 1 2 1 y
1
1

2t

y2 (t )
C2 e
x2 (t ) 1 1 1 y2

x (t ) 0 1 1 y
t
C3e
3
3
y3 (t )

24

 x1'
'
V d Gii h phng trnh x2
x'
3

x1 x2 et

3 x2 x3 t
x1 x2 2 x3 2t

et
x1

F (t ) t
X x2

2t
x

3
A khng cho ho c ( Xem i s tuyn tnh)

1 1 0
A 0 3 1

1 1 2

| A I | 0 ( 2)3 0

1 2

1
c mt VTR c lp tuyn tnh X 1 1
1

Gi X 2 l ct th hai ca ma trn P.
Tm hai ma trn

1 x1
P 1 x2

1 x

y1
y2

y3

2 a b
T 0 2 c

0 0 2

A PTP 1 AP PT AX 2 aX1 2 X 2 Chn a = 1

1 1 0 x1 1 x1
0 3 1 x 1 2 x

2 2
1 1 2 x 1 x

3 3
1
Chn 2 X 2 2
1

x1 1
x2

x 1
3

1 1
P 1 2

1 1

y1
y2

y3

2 1 b
T 0 2 c

0 0 2

25

A PTP 1 AP PT AX 3 bX 1 cX 2 2 X 3 Chn b = 0,c=1

1 1 0 y1 1 y1
x1 1
0 3 1 y 2 2 y x

2 2
2

1 1 2 y 1 y
x 2

3 3
3

Chn 2

1
X3 2

0

2 1 0
P 1 2 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
P 1 2 2

1 1 0

2 1 0
T 0 2 1

0 0 2

y1' 2 1 0 y1 2 1 0 et


y2' 0 2 1 y2 2 1 1 t

y3' 0 0 2 y3 1 0 1 2t


t Y P 1 X
y1'

y2'
'
y3
y1 (t )

y2 (t )

y3 (t )

Ta c: Y ' TY P 1F (t )

2 y1 y2 2et t
2 y2 y3 2et 3t
y3 2et 2t

C2e 2t C3et 2tet t / 2 3/ 4

C3et 2tet 2t 2

26

Nhn xt:
Gii h X ' AX F (t )

bng phng php kh:

sau khi kh ta c phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh

cp cao ca mt pt. Phng trnh c trng ca pt ny
trng vi pt c trng ca ma trn A, hoc trong mt s
trng hp trng vi phng trnh ti thiu ca A.

Phng php kh: 1) Kh ln lt tng bin trong h.

2) trong qu trnh kh: o hm hai v.
H 3 pt, 3 n: kh d dng, h nhiu pt nhiu n: kh

27