Discrete-Time Signals

Is complex*
different from
vector*?

Signal:

Function of one or more independent variables

Value can be real or complex and scalar or vector or tensor!
Types of Signal:
Multichannel Time (space) synchronized signals (clubbed as a single
signal) generated by multiple sources / sensors.
Example Electrocardiograms.

a vector

Multidimensional When a signal is a function of M independent

variables, we have an Mdimensional signal.
Example Grayscale images.

Both

We are mainly concerned

multidimensional signals.

,
,
,
with

real

multichannel

and/or

Discretetime Signals
Defined only at certain specific values of time or space
Usually, time/space instants are at equally spaced intervals, but it is
not necessary.
Finite
Continuous to Discrete via Sampling
,

A real discrete(time) signal

precision

Digital Signals
Defined only at certain specific values of time or space
Takes values from a set of possible finite precision values
Continuous to Digital via Sampling + Quantization
A real digital signal
A real discretevalued signal

Is discrete valued
signal feasible?

Deterministic and Uncertain Signals

Can a signal be always represented as a welldefined function?
NO!
Yes, only if the signal model is well known, that is, the value at
specific times/ locations is known
What if the value at specific times/ locations is probabilistic in
nature?
Random Signals!
What if the value at specific times / location is ambiguous (cannot
be distinguished)
Fuzzy Signals! (one type)
Uncertain signals: Random signals, fuzzy signals and may more
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DiscreteTime Signals:
Digital signals are a subset of DiscreteTime Signals!
We can represent

as

The sequence x(n) is defined at values from

other times
Sampling:
6

and undefined at

The unit impulse signal:

1,
0
0,
0
The value at n=0 is 1 (rather than the unity area)
0
The unit step signal:
u

u
7

1,
0,

0
0

Comb function (Impulse train):

Sampling with

The unit ramp signal:

,
0,
8

0
0

Ramp signal in place of step signal:

1,
, 0
0,

The exponential signal:

When a is real, this is a real signal. When a is complex:

cos

Real exponential signal example

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*PicturestakenfromDigitalSignalProcessing:Principles,AlgorithmsandApplications
byJohnG.Proakis,Dimitris G.Manolakis

Complex exponential signal example

Imaginary

Real

Magnitude
*PicturestakenfromDigitalSignal
Processing:Principles,Algorithmsand
ApplicationsbyJohnG.Proakis,Dimitris
G.Manolakis

Phase

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The energy & power signals:

If Energy is finite Energy Signal
Else if Average Power is finite Power Signal

lim

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Periodic & Aperiodic signals:

, N

Periodic:

0, N

The smallest N for which the above is satisfied is the fundamental

period
If there is no N for which it is satisfied, then Aperiodic!
Is periodic signal taking finite values a
energy or power signal?

Even (symmetric) and Odd (antisymmetric) signals:

Symmetric:

AntiSymmetric:
0.5

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Evenpart

Oddpart

Delaying, Advancing, Folding and Scaling:

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Delaying:

Advancing:

Folding:

Scaling:

[downsampling]

Folding, scaling and shifting are not commutative with each other.
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