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X 0 M X 0 y N Y: (I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 C 10 7 F 1 / 9
X 0 M X 0 y N Y: (I.T. Leong) Math 200 in 2010 2010 C 10 7 F 1 / 9
Let : z = mx + ny + p, be a plane,
and E = [a, a + x] [b, b + y]. Then the
parallelogram in the plane S above the
rectangle E in xy-plane has an area
m2 + n2 + 1 xy.
Proof.
=
PQ PS sin
QPS = PQ PS = the length of
i
j
k
x 0 mx = (m, n, 1)xy = m2 + n2 + 1 xy.
0 y(I.T. Leong)
Math 200 in 2010
2010 c 10
ny
7F
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Remark. In fact, we can first assume that D is a rectangle, and then subdivide
it into m n smaller rectangle Rij , with dimension x y as shown in the
figure on the right. Then we tries to approximate the curved surface of S
above Rij by means of the tangent plane of S at P(xij , yij ) with equation
fx (P)(x xij ) + fy (P)(y yij ) (z f (P)) = 0. One can use the lemma above
to write down the area of the portion of over Rij as
(I.T. Leong)
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octant is A. 3 11 B. 3 14 C. 6 14 D. 6 7 E. 6 11
Solution. The surface D has a graph description as x(y, z) = 6 3y 2z. As D
lies in the first quadrant, we have x 0, and hence 6 3y 2z 0 with
y, z 0. Then the yz-projection of S is given by
R = { (y, z) 0 y 2, 0 z
63y
2
D=
1 dS =
1 + x2y + x2z dA =
1 + (3)2 + (2)2 dzdy =
D
R
R
1
14 Area of R = 14 2 3 = 3 14.
2
(I.T. Leong)
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Example. Find the area of the surface S which is part of the paraboloid
z = x2 + y2 that lies under the plane z = 9.
Solution. For any point P(x, y, z) in the surface S, we have x2 + y2 = z 9, i.e.
the point (x, y, 0) satisfies x2 + y2 32 , which means that the image of point P
after projecting onto xy-plane lies on the circular disc
D = { (x, y) x2 + y2 32 }. It follows that the paraboloid lies above the
circular disk D which can be described in terms of polar coordinates as
2
2
{ (r, ) 0 2, 0 r 3 }. Let
z =
f (x, y) = x + y , then fx = 2x and
1 + fx2 + fy2 dA =
fy = 2y. It follows that the area of S =
2 3 D
1 + 4x2 + 4y2 dA =
1 + 4r2 rdrd =
0
0
x2 +y2 32
[
]3
2 3
(1 + 4r2 )3/2
2
2
1 + 4r d(1 + 4r ) =
= (37 37 1).
8 0
4
3/2
6
0
(I.T. Leong)
2010 c 10
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a2 x2 y2 of
radius a.
Solution. For any point P(x, y, z) in the surface S, we have
z = f (x, y) =
a x y
fy (x, y) =
y
a2 x2 y2
yz .
a
0
So
D
dA =
+ fy2
= 1+
x2
z2
y2
z2
x2 +y2 +z2
z2
(I.T. Leong)
a2
x2
y2
a2
.
z2
It
1 + fx2 + fy2 dA
2 a
rdrd
r2 ]
a
a
(a2 r2 )1/2
d(a2 r2 ) = a
= 2a2 .
1/2
a2 r2
0
x2 +y2 a2
2
2
1 + fx2
a2
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2 2
2
2
area of S =
1 dS =
1 + 4x + 4y dxdy =
r 1 + 4r2 drd
S
R
0 0
[
] 2
2
2 )1+1/2
2
(
1
+
4r
2
=
1 + 4r2 d(1 + 4r ) =
8 0
4
1 + 1/2
0
2
13
= (27 1) = .
4
3
3
(I.T. Leong)
2010 c 10
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Let B = [a, b] [c, d] [r, s] be a rectangular solid, and f (x, y, z) be a continuous scalar function defined on B.
Divide B into l m n smaller rectangular solids. Label each small
rectangular solid by Cijk , where 1 i l, 1 j m and 1 k n. Inside
= (x , y , z ). Denote the volume of C by
each such Cijk , pick a point Pijk
ijk
ijk ijk ijk
)V.
f (Pijk
i=1 j=1 k =1
l
m
n
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Example. Evaluate
x2 + z2 dV, where
=
x2 + z2 dy dAxz = (4 x2 z2 ) x2 + z2 dAxz =
D ymin (x,z)=x2 +z2
D
[ 3
]2
2 2
2
4r
r5
128
2
2
4
2
(4 r ) r rdrd = 2
4r r dr = 2
=
.
3
5
15
0
0
0
0
(I.T. Leong)
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Example. Find the volume of the region D that lies inside both the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 = 4 and the cylinder x2 + y2 2x = 0.
Solution. The cylinder S is given by (x 1)2 + y2 = 1, so any point P(x, y, z)
inside S is given by (x 1)2 + y2 1. In terms of cylindrical coordinates, it can
be described by (r, , z) by r2 cos2 + r2 sin2 2r cos 0, i.e. r 2 cos , it
follows that the region can be described in terms of cylindrical coordinates as
D=
2
1 dV =
/2 2 cos
/2 0
(I.T. Leong)
/2 2 cos
/2 0
4 r2
rdrd = 2
4r2
4r2
/2
/2
dz r drd =
(4 r2 )3/2
3
]2 cos
d = .
0
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