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Application of 1st Order ODE
Application of 1st Order ODE
3.1
3.1
25
3.2
28
3.3
32
3.4
Mixing problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
3.5
35
There are three isotopes of Carbon: 12 C, 13 C and 14 C. Almost all Carbon is made
up of the first two (12 C and 13 C) because 14 C is radioactive: it decays with a halflife of 5730 years to form 14 N. Although it decays quite quickly, it is constantly being
produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of cosmic rays. The equilibrium level
of 14 C is about 1 part per trillion (1012 ).
When an organism dies, it ceases to absorb Carbon from the environment, so the
amount of 14 C it contains will decrease as this decays radioactively. The time since the
death of the organism can be estimated by measuring how much 14 C there is left.
Let x(t) be the proportion of 14 C at time t. In a short interval t, the concentration
will decrease by an amount proportional to how much is left, and to the length of the
time interval:
x(t + t) = x(t) kx(t)t
where k is a positive constant. Rearranging:
x(t + t) x(t)
= kx
t
and taking the limit of small t (see chapter 1):
dx
= kx
dt
with x(t0 ) = x0 .
25
(3.1)
26
Z
=
k dt + C
= kt + C
= eC ekt
= Aekt
A = x0 ekt0
(3.2)
Graphically:
x
x0
x0
2
x(t)
t0
t0 + Th
The half-life Th is the time after which half of the 14 C has decayed. So, from (3.2), at
time t0 + Th :
x0
x(t0 + Th ) =
= x0 ek(t0 +Th t0 ) = x0 ekTh .
2
or
1
Th = log 2.
k
1
14
For C, Th = 5730 years, so k = Th log 2 = 0.000121/year.
27
28
3.2
3.2.1
B(p, t) = bp(t),
and
D(p, t) = dp(t),
(3.3)
where = bd is a constant: is called the growth rate. We can solve this equation:
p(t) = p(t0 )e(tt0 )
This model is quite limited, and it predicts that the population with increase without
bound if > 0.
29
>0
=0
p(t0 )
<0
t0
Example: In 1770, the population of Great Britain was estimated to be 6.4 million.
By 1790, the population had grown to 8 million. Estimate , and predict the population
in the year 2010.
8 106
6.4 106
= 0.0112/year
30
80
2008
60
1921
40
1851
20
1770
1790
t (years)
1800
3.2.2
1850
1900
1950
2000
(3.4)
This population model was first written down by Verhulst (1838) and is a successful
model of yeast, bacteria or fruit flies (in a controlled environment), but still too simple
for more realistic situations.
p)
p 1 p
Z
1
1
+
dp
p p p
log |p| log |p p|
p
p p
31
is also a Bernoulli equation):
Z
=
dt + C
= t + C
= t + C
= Aet
where A = eC and we have used partial fractions to do the integral. We can now use
the initial condition p(t0 ) = p0 to find A:
p
p0
p0
so
A=
et0
=
e(tt0 )
p p 0
p p
p p0
Now rearrange to find p(t):
p0
p =
(p p)e(tt0 )
p p 0
p0
p0
(tt0 )
p 1+
e
e(tt0 )
= p
p p0
p p0
p p0 e(tt0 )
p(t) =
p p0 + p0 e(tt0 )
p p0
=
(p p0 )e(tt0 ) + p0
p
=
1 + pp0 1 e(tt0 )
Exercise: Verify that this expression has p(t0 ) = p0 and that it satisfies the logistic
equation (3.4). Verify also that as t , we have e(tt0 ) 0, so p(t) p .
p
p0 = p(t0 )
t0
The graph illustrates that if 0 < p0 < p , the population grows, and saturates at p ,
but if p0 > p , the population decays down to p (assuming that p > 0). What
happens if p0 = 0? What happens if p0 < 0? (This is trickier than it looks!)
32
3.3
with (t0 ) = 0
(3.5)
3.4
Mixing problems
dC
= (Cin C)rin
dt
or
where K is a constant. Putting in the initial condition and the numbers results in:
C(t) = 0.005 + 0.005e0.002t
where C is in kg`1 and t is in seconds. (Exercise: work through the details and verify
this yourself.)
Example: A 1000 ` tank of water is initially half-full of fresh water. A pipe brings a
salt solution (concentration 0.005 kg`1 ) into the tank at a rate of 5 `s1 , and a second
pipe carries away the overflow. Calculate C(t), the concentration of salt, assuming
that the tank is well mixed.
Solution:
33
34
0.025t
0 t 100
C(t) = 500 + 5t
0.005 0.0025 exp(0.005(t 100)) t 100
3.5
35
Let P (t) be the price of a product, and let QS and QD be the supply of and demand
for the product. Suppose that the supply of a product increases as the price goes up,
that the demand for a product decreases as the price goes up, and that the rate of
change of price of the product is positive (the price goes up) when demand exceeds
supply. This situation can be described by a first-order differential equation.
Example: Suppose that
QD = A BP
and
QS = C + DP,
with
P (0) = P0 .