EIA - Causeway Madaveli Hoandhedhoo - Final MHE

Environmental Impact Assessment for the
construction of a causeway between Madaveli and

Hoandedhdhoo, GaafuDhaalu
Proposed By:
Ministry of Housing and Environment

Signature:
January 2012
Prepared By:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.
OBJECTIVES OF EIA ................................................................................................................................................8
2.2.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT.................................................................................................................................8
2.3.
PROCEDURE AND EXTENT OF EIA ..............................................................................................................................8
2.4.
THE PROPONENT AND CONSULTANTS .........................................................................................................................9
2.4.1. The proponent ..............................................................................................................................................9
2.4.2. The consultant..............................................................................................................................................9
2.5.
STUDY AREA .........................................................................................................................................................9
3.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................................... 11

3.1.
PROJECT LOCATION ..............................................................................................................................................11
3.2.
THE PROPOSED WORKS .........................................................................................................................................12
3.2.1. Construction of the causeway ....................................................................................................................14
3.2.2. Reclaimed areas .........................................................................................................................................16
3.2.3. Coastal ridge ..............................................................................................................................................18
3.3.
DETAILED CONSTRUCTION WORKS METHOD STATEMENT ..............................................................................................18
3.3.1. Mobilization & site setup ...........................................................................................................................18
3.3.1.1.
3.3.1.2.
3.3.2.
Design modification, report and work procedures .....................................................................................19
3.3.2.1.
3.3.2.2.
3.3.2.3.
3.3.2.4.
3.3.3.
4.
Transportation of dredge material to location ................................................................................................. 24

Development of the Coastal Ridge ................................................................................................................... 24
Road surface ..............................................................................................................................................25
3.3.7.1.
3.3.7.2.
3.4.
Design of culverts ............................................................................................................................................. 23

Construction of the culverts ............................................................................................................................. 23
Coastal ridge at Hoandedhdhoo. ...............................................................................................................24
3.3.6.1.
3.3.6.2.
3.3.7.
Revetments in Reclaimed Area 1 & Area 2 ....................................................................................................... 22
RCC culverts................................................................................................................................................23
3.3.5.1.
3.3.5.2.
3.3.6.
Locating the dredger......................................................................................................................................... 20

Making required bunds..................................................................................................................................... 20
Dredging & Reclamation ................................................................................................................................... 21
Building Shore Protection Revetments .......................................................................................................22
3.3.4.1.
3.3.5.
Dredging area ................................................................................................................................................... 19

Reclamation area with revetments .................................................................................................................. 19
Causeway & culverts......................................................................................................................................... 19
Coastal ridge ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
Dredging and reclamation. ........................................................................................................................20
3.3.3.1.
3.3.3.2.
3.3.3.3.
3.3.4.
Transportation of machinery and work force ................................................................................................... 18

Establishment of project site management facilities. ....................................................................................... 18
Paving ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
Pedestrian walkway and service pipes ............................................................................................................. 25
PROJECT TIME FRAME...........................................................................................................................................25
LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS .......................................................................................... 29

4.1.
GOVERNMENT LAWS AND REGULATIONS ..................................................................................................................29
4.1.1. Main government agencies involved .........................................................................................................29
4.1.2. Ministry of Housing and Environment .......................................................................................................29
4.1.2.1.
4.1.2.2.
Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (Law No. 4/93) ..................................................... 29
Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007 ....................................................................................... 30
4.2.
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ..............................................................................................................................31
4.2.1. Environmental Conventions .......................................................................................................................31
4.2.2. Maritime Conventions ................................................................................................................................31
5.
EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................. 32

5.1.
CLIMATE ............................................................................................................................................................32
5.1.1. Temperatures .............................................................................................................................................33
5.1.2. Rainfall .......................................................................................................................................................33
5.1.3. Sunshine .....................................................................................................................................................34
5.1.4. Risk of tidal waves......................................................................................................................................34

5.2.
GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY...........................................................................................................................35
5.2.1. Coastal geology..........................................................................................................................................35
5.3.
HYDRODYNAMIC REGIME.......................................................................................................................................37
5.3.1. Wave climate .............................................................................................................................................37
5.3.2. Influence of setup .......................................................................................................................................38
5.4.
BATHYMETRY ......................................................................................................................................................39
5.4.1. Survey plan .................................................................................................................................................39
5.4.2. Methodology ..............................................................................................................................................40
5.4.3. Results ........................................................................................................................................................40
5.4.4. Coastal erosion and accretion ....................................................................................................................46
5.4.5. Seawater quality ........................................................................................................................................47
5.4.5.1.
5.4.5.2.
5.4.5.3.
Survey plan ....................................................................................................................................................... 47

Methodology .................................................................................................................................................... 48
Results .............................................................................................................................................................. 49
5.4.6. Ground water quality .................................................................................................................................50

5.5.
ECOLOGY ...........................................................................................................................................................50
5.5.1. Environmentally sensitive areas.................................................................................................................50
5.5.2. The habitats in the project area .................................................................................................................52
5.5.3. Vegetation survey ......................................................................................................................................55
5.5.3.1.
Survey plan ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
5.5.3.2.
Methodology .................................................................................................................................................... 56
5.5.3.3.
Survey Results................................................................................................................................................... 57
5.5.3.3.1.
Madaveli shoreline ...................................................................................................................................... 57
5.5.3.3.2.
Madaveli main road..................................................................................................................................... 58
5.5.3.3.3.
Haadhoo ...................................................................................................................................................... 59
5.5.3.3.4.
Hoandedhdhoo............................................................................................................................................ 61
5.5.3.3.5.
Hoandedhdhoo shore line ........................................................................................................................... 62
5.5.4.
Benthic and fish community monitoring ....................................................................................................62
5.5.4.1.
Benthic monitoring ........................................................................................................................................... 62
5.5.4.1.1.
Survey plan .................................................................................................................................................. 62
5.5.4.1.2.
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 63
5.5.4.1.3.
Results and discussion ................................................................................................................................. 66
5.5.4.2.
Fish census ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
5.5.4.2.1.
Survey plan .................................................................................................................................................. 70
5.5.4.2.2.
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 70
5.5.4.2.3.
Results and discussion ................................................................................................................................. 71
5.5.5. Landscape integrity ....................................................................................................................................74

5.6.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...........................................................................................................................74
5.6.1. GDh. Madaveli ...........................................................................................................................................75
5.6.1.1.
Demography ..................................................................................................................................................... 75
5.6.1.2.
Employment and economic activities ............................................................................................................... 75
5.6.1.3.
Land use planning and zoning of activities at sea ............................................................................................. 76
5.6.1.4.
Natural resource utilisation and impact on natural resources due to population increase ............................. 76
5.6.1.5.
Accessibility and transport to nearby islands ................................................................................................... 76
5.6.1.6.
Quality of services and accessibility.................................................................................................................. 77
5.6.1.6.1.
Water supply ............................................................................................................................................... 77
5.6.1.6.2.
Solid waste and waste water disposal ......................................................................................................... 77
5.6.1.6.3.
Electricity ..................................................................................................................................................... 77
5.6.1.6.4.
Health .......................................................................................................................................................... 77
5.6.1.6.5.
Education..................................................................................................................................................... 77
5.6.1.6.6.
Community needs ....................................................................................................................................... 77
5.6.1.6.7.
Sites with historical, cultural interests or sacred places .............................................................................. 78
5.6.2.
GDh. Hoandedhdhoo..................................................................................................................................78
5.6.2.1.
Demography ..................................................................................................................................................... 78
5.6.2.2.
Employment and economic activities ............................................................................................................... 78
5.6.2.3.
Land use planning and zoning of activities at sea ............................................................................................. 78
5.6.2.4.
Natural resource utilisation and impact on natural resources due to population increase ............................. 79
5.6.2.5.
Accessibility and transport to nearby islands ................................................................................................... 79
5.6.2.6.
Quality of services and accessibility.................................................................................................................. 79
5.6.2.6.1.
Water supply ............................................................................................................................................... 79
5.6.2.6.2.
Solid waste and waste water disposal ......................................................................................................... 79
5.6.2.6.3.
Electricity ..................................................................................................................................................... 79
5.6.2.6.4.
Health .......................................................................................................................................................... 79
5.6.2.6.5.
5.6.2.6.6.
5.6.2.6.7.
Education..................................................................................................................................................... 80
Community needs ....................................................................................................................................... 80
Sites with historical, cultural interests or sacred places .............................................................................. 80
5.7.
HAZARD VULNERABILITY ........................................................................................................................................81
5.7.1. Known historic hazard events in Madaveli ................................................................................................81
5.7.2. Water flows and culvert design .................................................................................................................81
5.7.3. Draining of the Hoandedhdhookuli ............................................................................................................83
6.
ASSESSMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS MEASURES ................................................... 84

6.1.
IMPACTS ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .....................................................................................................84
6.2.
IMPACTS ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................................87
6.2.1. Methodology ..............................................................................................................................................87
6.2.2. Impact Identification Methodology ...........................................................................................................87
6.2.2.1.
6.2.2.2.
6.2.2.3.
6.2.2.4.
6.2.3.
Impacts during construction ......................................................................................................................89
6.2.3.1.
6.2.3.2.
6.2.3.3.
6.2.4.
Impacts during construction ............................................................................................................................. 87

Impacts during operation ................................................................................................................................. 87
Impacts ratings ................................................................................................................................................. 88
Limitations in impact prediction ....................................................................................................................... 88
Impact from machinery .................................................................................................................................... 89
Impact from dredging ....................................................................................................................................... 90
Solid and construction wastes management .................................................................................................... 91
Impacts during operation...........................................................................................................................91
6.2.4.1.
Impact of the land reclamation ........................................................................................................................ 91
6.2.4.1.1.
The modification of the hydrodynamic regime ........................................................................................... 91
6.2.4.1.2.
The loss of marine habitats ......................................................................................................................... 91
6.2.4.1.3.
The increase of protected land area............................................................................................................ 92
6.2.4.2.
Impact of the causeway .................................................................................................................................... 92
6.2.4.2.1.
6.2.4.2.2.
The creation of a connection between the 2 islands ................................................................................... 93
6.2.4.2.3.
The increase of traffic .................................................................................................................................. 94
6.2.4.2.4.
Influence on marine life .............................................................................................................................. 94
6.2.4.3.
Impact of the coastal ridge ............................................................................................................................... 94
6.2.4.3.1.
6.2.4.3.2.
The protection of the low land areas against flooding ................................................................................ 95
6.2.4.3.3.
Aesthetic aspect .......................................................................................................................................... 95
7.
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES ....................................................................................................................... 98

7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
NO PROJECT OPTION ..........................................................................................................................................98

ALTERNATIVE DESIGN FOR COASTAL RIDGE ................................................................................................................98
ALTERNATIVE SITE PLAN ........................................................................................................................................99
8.
MONITORING PROGRAM ............................................................................................................................... 101
9.
STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...................................................................................................................... 103

9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
MADAVELI COUNCIL...........................................................................................................................................103
HOANDEDHDHOO COUNCIL .................................................................................................................................105
CONSULTATION WITH HOANDEDHDHOO COMMUNITY ..............................................................................................107
10.
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 108
11.
DECLARATION OF THE CONSULTANT .............................................................................................................. 110
12.
DECLARATION OF THE PROPONENT ............................................................................................................... 111
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................................ 112

ANNEX 1: TOR ................................................................................................................................................................113
ANNEX 2: WATER SAMPLES RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................119
ANNEX 3: CVS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT TEAM ........................................................................................123
List of Figures
Figure 1: The study area ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Figure 2: Location of Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo................................................................................................... 11
Figure3: Location of the main planned works ............................................................................................................ 13
Figure4: Proposed location of the 2-segments causeway........................................................................................... 14
Figure5: Detailed proposed design for the causeway................................................................................................. 15
Figure6: Proposed design for the reclaimed areas ..................................................................................................... 16
Figure7: Detailed design of the revetment for the reclaimed area ............................................................................. 17
Figure8: Strategic /Alternative borrowing locations identified for the moment ........................................................ 17
Figure9: Proposed location for the coastal ridge in Hoandedhdhoo .......................................................................... 18
Figure10: Proposed design for the coastal ridge ........................................................................................................ 18
Figure11: Bund boundary & borrow trench location.................................................................................................. 21
Figure12: ElcoRock Sand Container in the process of placement ............................................................................. 22
Figure 13: A display of ElcoRock (Geo Bag) Revetment when completed ................................................................... 23
Figure14: Temporary linking road coastal ridge area ................................................................................................. 24
Figure 15: EIA process stages ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure16: Monthly average temperature ................................................................................................................... 33
Figure17: Monthly average rainfall and sunshine ...................................................................................................... 34
Figure 18: Beachrock exhibiting almost whole coral skeletons .................................................................................. 35
Figure 19: Extensive flat platform on the exposed side of the islands ........................................................................ 36
Figure 20: The blocks detached from the platform accumulated and are re-cemented ............................................. 37
Figure 21: Overhangs over the unidirectional flow of water transporting loose sediment towards the lee side. ....... 39
Figure22: Location of the profiles .............................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 23: Bathymetry South Madaveli...................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 24: Bathymetry Madaveli-Hoandedhdhoo ...................................................................................................... 42
Figure 25: Bathymetry Hoandedhdhoo ...................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 26: Profile of channel between Madaveli andHaadhoo ................................................................................... 45
Figure 27: Profile of channel between Haadhoo and Hoandedhdhoo ........................................................................ 45
Figure 28: The main current flows around the island ................................................................................................. 46
Figure 29: Location of the water samples .................................................................................................................. 48
Figure 30: Environmentally Sensitive Areas around the project site .......................................................................... 51
Figure 31: The drain of the lake and retention bags. .................................................................................................. 52
Figure 32: numerous parrot fish juveniles in the channel between Madaveli and Haadhoo ...................................... 53
Figure 33: The shallow reef flat of reclaimed area 2, with the garbage dump on the far end ..................................... 54
Figure 34: A fiddler crab Uca tetragonon ................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 35: Aerial photos of GDh. Madaveli, Hoandedhdhoo and Haadhoo showing the areas where vegetation
surveys were conducted in red colour .............................................................................................................. 55
Figure 36: Close-up view of the two areas surveyed on the Northern part of GDh. Hoandedhdhoo. (T1 Transect 1,
nd
red line). P1, P2, P3 indicates the 3 points when GPS location was taken during the survey of the 2 area
further inland. .................................................................................................................................................. 56
Figure 37: Various species of vegetation found along the shoreline of Madaveli ....................................................... 57
Figure 38: Main species of vegetation recorded at 10 m intervals along the transect made on south side of Madaveli
from the beach on to the start point of the main road on that side of the island. ............................................ 58
Figure 39: Total vegetation recorded at 10 m intervals for the three levels used during the survey. ......................... 59
Figure 40 : Main species of vegetation recorded at 10 m intervals along the transect laid on Haadhoo, from the
beach on the northern side of the island, across to the beach on the southern side of the island. ................... 60
Figure 41: Total vegetation recorded at 10 m intervals for the three levels used during the survey. ......................... 60
st
Figure 42: Main species of vegetation recorded at 30 m intervals along the 1 transect laid on Hoandedhdhoo
northern tip, close to the beach (area of vegetation clearance to make link road between causeway and
existing main road). Although vegetation was recorded at 10 m intervals it is reported here for 30 m intervals
for ease of representation. ............................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 43: Benthic transects location ......................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 44: Example of a picture done for the photographic transect ......................................................................... 64
Figure 45: Main composition of benthic substrate ..................................................................................................... 66
Figure 46: Overview of the North-west reef .............................................................................................................. 67
Figure 47: Overview of the East reef .......................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 48: Overview of the centre of the channel ...................................................................................................... 68
Figure 49: Presence of seagrass on the sides of the channel ...................................................................................... 68
Figure 50: Coral life forms identified in the benthic transects .................................................................................... 69
Figure 51: Fish census survey sites ............................................................................................................................. 70

Figure 52: Example of a fish count sheet to be filled during the fish count ................................................................ 71
Figure 53: Family composition of site 1 (left) and site 2 (right) .................................................................................. 72
Figure 54: Family composition in Site-3 ..................................................................................................................... 72
Figure 55: Views at low tide over the mud flat of Madaveli ....................................................................................... 74
Figure 56: The island of Kudehulhadhoo, which will be linked trough reclamation and the bay of Hoandedhdhoo
along which a coastal ridge will be implemented. ............................................................................................ 74
Figure 57: Distribution of employment amongst the working population of Madaveli .............................................. 76
Figure 58: The path inland of the northern coastline of Hoandedhdhoo exhibiting crab holes .................................. 82
Figure 59: The low lying part of the island on the northern shore of Hoandeddhdhoo .............................................. 83
Figure 60: In Hoandedhdhoo the population is using construction wastes to consolidate the ridge .......................... 93
Figure 61: Elco-rock blending with vegetation abroad ............................................................................................... 95
Figure 62: Sand filled containers to replace the loose sediment ridge ....................................................................... 99
Figure 63: Another path for the causeway linking Hoadedhdhoo to Madaveli......................................................... 100
List of Tables
Table 1: Some key quantifying figures of the project ................................................................................................. 12
Table 2: Approximate time frame for carrying out the works .................................................................................... 28
Table 3: List of Environmental Conventions ............................................................................................................... 31
Table 4: List of Maritime Conventions ....................................................................................................................... 31
Table 5: The four seasons encountered in the Maldives ............................................................................................ 32
Table 6: Seasonal wind and wave climate around the southern atolls of Maldives (DHI,1999) .................................. 38
Table 7: Remarks on level charts ............................................................................................................................... 44
Table 8: Geo-coordinates of the salt water sampling locations .................................................................................. 48
Table 9: Results of the seawater tests ....................................................................................................................... 49
Table 10: Results of the groundwater tests................................................................................................................ 50
Table 11: Geo-coordinates of the transects ............................................................................................................... 63
Table 12: Benthic categories used for the substrate analysis .................................................................................... 65
Table 13: Species targeted in the FishWatch protocols and numbers seen during the survey .................................... 73
Table 14: Recorded natural disasters in Madaveli since 1998 .................................................................................... 81
Table 15: Relation between water flow, culverts parameter and expected level differences .................................... 82
Table 16: Potential impacts on the socioeconomic environment arising from the project, impact rating and
mitigation measures for the negative impacts.................................................................................................. 84
Table 17: Summary table of impacts and ratings and the mitigation measures proposed for negative impacts ........ 96
Table 18: Potential impacts from the No-Project option: ......................................................................................... 98
Table 19: Environmental Monitoring Plan ............................................................................................................... 102
Table 20: List of stakeholders consulted within Madaveli ........................................................................................ 103
Table 21: List of stakeholders consulted within Hoandedhdhoo .............................................................................. 106
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

CPCe
Coral Point Count with Excel extensions
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EPPA
Environmental Protection and Preservation Act
MHE
MSL
Mean Sea Level
1.
SUMMARY
The present report is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regarding the
construction of a causeway between Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo in GaafuDhaalu atoll, as the
Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (Law No. 4/93, article 5a) and the
Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007 require such an assessment study before
implementation of any activity that may have a significant impact on the environment.
In order to link Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo, a causeway will be built. However, some
further improvement works are also planned:
1. Reclaiming 2 areas in the south part of Madaveli;
2. Building a coastal ridge on the West side of Hoandedhdhoo.
The main potential identified environmental impacts associated with the new
developments are construction impacts, in relation with the use of machinery (smell and noise
disturbances, oil spillage risks, green house gas emission) and with the construction works
themselves (temporary rise in turbidity and modification or damages to the seabed), as well as
permanent modification of the hydrodynamic regime of the whole area. However, it is expected
that the works will improve the coastal protection of the islands and provide easier connection
between the two islands that should benefit the communities.
The design of the causeway as well as the protection of the reclaimed area will be secured
using sand filled container knows as geo-bags. These have been used in different projects
throughout the country. The designs have been taking into account a peak flow far superior to
what is normally found under normal conditions.
In May 2007, a wave setup over the reef flat cause the islands to be partly damage by the
flood waves and therefore the risk of increasing the population to increased flooding due to a
bad design is real.
The main findings of the survey concerns the flooding risks associated with the preliminary
designs, especially in the northern part of Hoandedhdhoo due the low terrain as well as the
increase of water level on the upstream part of the causeway.
It is therefore advised to follow some of the alternative options proposed in the report to
avoid creating a flooding problem.
Other findings show that some habitats will be completely destroyed by the reclamation,
contributing to the loss of habitat diversity and biodiversity in general, in particular a sea grass
bed (reclaimed area 1) and a shallow protected mud flat (reclaimed area 2).
The coral reef in the area is healthy even though the fish surveys do not point towards an
area of significance in relation to fish diversity. The channel area seems to be a good
recruitment ground for juveniles of different fish species.
The coral reef which will be the most affected is that of the channel, mostly through direct
physical damage. It is expected that the deeper water under the culvert, which will be
deepened will enable the growth of the branching species present in the area.
Moreover, the surveys that were conducted in Madaveli and Hoandedhdhdoo, in October
and in December 2011, showed that the population of both islands are positive concerning the
project. Stakeholders have been consulted and informed of the planned works, particularly the
councils of Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo, as well as the islands communities. While both
communities are very much in favour of the project, they do have some reservations about
problems that may arise socially as a result of associated changes from the project.
A monitoring plan has been proposed in order to assess the impact of the works over the
years.
2.
2.1.
INTRODUCTION
Objectives of EIA
The construction of a causeway between Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo will facilitate trade
between these two islands and improve the level of public services proposed to the
communities. In addition to the causeway, reclamation works in south Madaveli will provide
new land plots and the coastal ridge in west Hoandedhdhdoo will improve the coastal
protection of this part of the island. This report mainly assesses the potential impacts
associated with these developments.
2.2.
Justification of the project
The government is pursuing a policy of enlarging communities in order to provide better

facilities to fewer communities compared to lower quality services in several isolated smaller
communities. It is therefore expected that this structural change and the possibility to drive
vehicles between the two islands will strengthen the links and enable the trade between the two
islands as well as qualify the communities for procurement of better services.
In addition, there is a large need for land among the Madaveli community with high
demand for plots for housing purposes. Already some of the plots have been given in low lying
areas with subsequent problems for the population living there. The reclamation component of
the project should be able to cater for the need in the next few years. It is also possible that better
land management would enable the built area to be used effectively and not overexploited.
Another project considered in the past was concerned with the reclamation of the totality
of the land separating the two islands. It is expected that the present project will satisfy the need
for the population to increase their interactions, share their resources, get more housing plots and
grow economically.
2.3.
Procedure and Extent of EIA
The article 5 (a) of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (Law No.
4/93) and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007 require an impact assessment
study to be submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) before implementation of
any activity that may have a significant impact on the environment. As the construction of a
causeway between Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo in GaafuDhaalu atoll is anticipated to have
some positive and negative impacts on the surrounding natural environment, the contractor
has to submit such an EIA and obtain permits from the relevant agencies before
commencement of any works.
Two intensive field surveys of the proposed project site and its surroundings were
undertaken from 18th to 21st October 2011and 8th to 10th December 2011 to investigate the
activities proposed as part of the project and to analyse the environmental conditions in order
to forecast the impacts. This study followed the Terms of Reference issued by the EPA in
October 2011. After submission and evaluation of this document, if approval is granted, the
proponent will abide by the guidelines provided by the Ministry and make every effort to
minimize impacts of development on the environment. The required monitoring will be carried
out accordingly and reports will be submitted to the relevant government agencies.
2.4.
The proponent and consultants
2.4.1. The proponent

The Ministry of Housing and Environment is committed to providing housing to the
population as well as developing the necessary infrastructure to enable the consolidation of
population in order to perform economies of scale in the procurement of service to the
population. As such it has initiated the present project of land reclamation and causeway
construction between G.Dh Madaveli and G.Dh. Hoandedhdhoo. The project was tendered and
the contractor chosen. CPS Maldives Pvt. Ltd. was awarded the present contract.
2.4.2. The consultant

Seamarc Pvt. Ltd. is a company registered at the Ministry of Economic Development of the
Government of the Republic of Maldives, under the act no. 10/96, since June 2000. The aim of
the company is to provide quality advice on dealing with environmental problems arising from
the rapid developments in infrastructure taking place in the Maldives. Seamarc Pvt. Ltd has
been appointed as the consultant for this project by the proponent.
The EIA was carried out by an experienced professional team lead by Ms Mariyam Saleem
(EIA Consultant No. EIA05/07), assisted by Thomas Le Berre and Ingrid Picard. The Curriculum
Vitae of the team members are available in the annex.
2.5.
Study area
The study area is the whole islands of Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo (Figure 1), as well as
the islands in between, in particular Haadhoo. The emphasis is given to the system of channels
9
in between the islands for the hydraulic and environmental conditions, whereas both the
communities of Hoandhedhdhoo and Madaveli were considered for socio economic aspects.
Figure 1: The study area
10
3.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1. Project location

The present EIA is concerned with the construction of a causeway between Madaveli and
Hoandedhdhoo in GaafuDhaalu Atoll (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Location of Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo
The two islands are located south of Thinadhoo, the capital of the atoll and the most
populated in the area, as well as near the airport island of Kaadedhdhoo. The islands are situated
at the northern end of a very large reef system encompassing numerous islands of different shapes
and sizes and extending about 35 km to Fiyoari.
11
3.2. The proposed works

The project is composed of the following components:
Building of a causeway between Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo;
Reclaiming 2 areas in the south part of Madaveli;
Building a coastal ridge on the west side of Hoandedhdhoo.
The following table (Table 1) gives some of the key figures of the project.
Table 1: Some key quantifying figures of the project
Item
Dredging & Reclamation works
Dredging
Reclamation of Area 1
Reclamation of Area 2
Construction of Culvert Sections & Placing
Concreting culvert sections - 34m in segment 1, 27m in segment 2
BEACH REVETMENT WORKS - RECLAIMED AREA 1
Supply of Elcorock Sand containers 5223 RP
Supply of Elcorock Toe Bags 2152RP F6
REVETMENT WORKS - causeway - both segments
Supply of Elcorock Sand containers 5223 RP
Supply of Elcorock Toe Bags 2152RP F6
Road Surfacing & finishing
Road Paving with interlocking blocks - Segment 1 & 2
Laying of curb stones - segment 1 & 2
Building Coastal Ridge
Building of a coastal ridge 650m long - only placing
Unit
Quantity
m3
m2
m2
243,262.62
65,330.00
35,169.00
61.00
nos
nos
808
304
nos
nos
1392
521
m2
m
2,588.33
907.66
m3
4,519.13
The following figure (Figure 2) gives an overview of the project components and their
location.
12
Figure3: Location of the main planned works
13
3.2.1. Construction of the causeway

The causeway linking the 2 main islands will be composed of 2 parts (Figure 4):
Segment 1 (261 m long), between Madaveli and the desert island in between;
Segment 2 (180 m long), between the desert island and Hoandedhdhoo
Figure4: Proposed location of the 2-segments causeway
The causeway sections are presented below (Figure 5):
14
3.2.2.
Reclaimed areas
Two areas for reclamation have been proposed on the southern side of Madaveli. One is a
shallow seagrass bed (Figure 6.; Above) and the other a shallow mudflat (Figure 6.; Below).
Figure6: Proposed design for the reclaimed areas
16
Figure7: Detailed design of the revetment for the reclaimed area
The revetment of the structure and reclaimed areas is necessary as the currents and waves
are potentially significant in the area, which would cause the causeway to collapse or the land
to erode. The revetment will be made of sand-filled containers made of an extremely strong
polymer structure from Australia (Figure 7).
Figure8: Strategic /Alternative borrowing locations identified for the moment
In addition to these borrow areas; some of the material used for the construction of the
causeways will be excavated from under the bridge in order to increase water depth locally
and increase the flow of water.
17
3.2.3.
Coastal ridge
The population is experiencing some flooding at times on the western part of Hoandedhdhoo.
Therefore a coastal ridge will be constructed to prevent inundation during storm surge and
high rainfall (Figures 9 and 10).
Figure9: Proposed location for the coastal ridge in Hoandedhdhoo
Figure10: Proposed design for the coastal ridge
3.3. Detailed construction works method statement

3.3.1. Mobilization & site setup
3.3.1.1.
Transportation of machinery and work force
Mobilization will take place in multiple phases, depending on project requirements. Cargo,
dhonies, landing crafts and barges will be utilized to transport material and manpower.
3.3.1.2.
Establishment of project site management facilities.
Temporary sheds, storage facilities, workshop & operation office at site shall be built at a
designated space within the project area for the duration of the project. All accommodation
and meals facility is planned to be set up in Madaveli.
18
An initial team will be deployed to build temporary site facilities including site management
office at strategic locations suitable to manage all works at the vicinity of the working area. The
diesel reserve for the machinery for the project will also be located in that area. It will be stored
in drums, which will be dispatched to the site either manually or using the machinery when
practical.
3.3.2. Design modification, report and work procedures

The contract between the Government of Maldives and CPS states that a report on work
progress will be submitted on a monthly basis. The report will address unforeseen adverse
conditions and present necessary design change for approvals by the Ministry of Housing and
Environment.
3.3.2.1.
Dredging area
All dredging areas will be profiled and cutting sections will be presented in order to
maintain measurements of material extracted for the reclamation and work progress
management. If rocky areas are encountered, these will be notified and the borrow area altered
accordingly.
3.3.2.2.
Reclamation area with revetments
A bund will be built around both the areas allocated for the reclamation and these will be
mapped to keep all boundaries demarcated to identify old and new land. All necessary
guidelines of material and Government requirements & specifications will be entertained during
the works. In addition to the boundaries, all revetment locations proposed will be shown and
adequate as built cross sections of the revetments will be detailed.
3.3.2.3.
Causeway & culverts
Detailed plans for proposed causeway with cross sections have been designed with
reference to the provided specifications, design standards, survey data and to the proposal. A
necessary carriageway loading is to be determined by the Government as the design work
progresses. All drawings changed will be submitted for necessary accreditation before
proceeding to construction stage.
19
3.3.2.4.
Coastal ridge
Plan for proposed coastal ridge with cross sections has been worked out with reference to
the survey data and to the initial proposal. Some design changes are already proposed and
discussed in the alternative options of the present report. Furthermore, location and back offset
will be determined following establishment of new shore line.
3.3.3. Dredging and reclamation.

3.3.3.1.
Locating the dredger
A suitable size cutter suction dredger shall be manoeuvred to borrow locations from the
Madaveli harbour as this is the closest access into the site reef flat areas not requiring cutting
through the reef structure. All pipelines over the water shall be floated with required numbers
of pontoons depending on the machines operational standards. All pipelines on land shall be
placed on land surface &A frames where needed. Vehicle crossings will be ramped.
3.3.3.2.
Making required bunds
Adequate bunds will be built to required heights and widths using excavated materials
from a temporary trench dug parallel to the boundary of revetment from designated
reclamation areas. These borrow trenches eventually will be refilled with dredged material once
the reclamation starts. This allows for a simpler way to proceed without major dredging works
being executed and avoid dredging related delays in the works. Furthermore, these bunds shall
be profiled to receive revetment surfacing, so that simultaneous development of revetments
and bund could be achieved, and erosion minimized. These trenches will only be dug within the
revetment boundary as shown in the following layout (Fig 11). The bunds will also enable a
better retention of the fill material and prevent dispersion of silt in the area surrounding the
project site.
20
Figure11: Bund boundary & borrow trench location
3.3.3.3.
Dredging & Reclamation
Dredging shall be carried out from borrow locations within the lagoon (Fig. 8). Dredged
volume of material needs to be laid mainly into two reclamation areas (Area1 & Area 2) within
dredgers pumping distances. Additional material shall be accumulated in these areas for the
causeway filling as well as for the material for coastal ridge at Hoandedhdhoo, hence reducing
the duration of dredger operations. Piling of dredged material and machinery movement over
the reclaimed area will ensure the compaction of the newly formed ground. During the process
of dredging, a simultaneous operation for spreading and levelling shall be carried out using
dump trucks to transport material to the causeway locations.
21
3.3.4. Building Shore Protection Revetments

3.3.4.1.
Revetments in Reclaimed Area 1 & Area 2
As indicated previously the Areas 1 & 2, revetments shall be constructed simultaneously

with the development of bund walls. The revetments are executed independently by individual
teams. Designed profile and slopes shall be maintained. Leaps of manageable lengths
depending on working conditions shall be considered during the process of both bund and
revetment developments. All best technical practices in placing Elco-Rock Sand containers (Geo
Bags) will be adhered to. Image below displays a Sand container being placed in to position.
Figure12: ElcoRock Sand Container in the process of placement
22
Figure 13: A display of ElcoRock (Geo Bag) Revetment when completed
b. Revetments in Reclaimed Causeway
Segment 1 & 2 shall be sequenced one after the other as the causeway reclamation is
planned to progress from Madaveli to Hoandedhdhoo. Furthermore, water flows between two
islands cannot be blocked but needs be managed with culverts.
3.3.5. RCC culverts

3.3.5.1.
Design of culverts
The culverts will be made of reinforced concrete, and it is proposed to have one large
culvert or bridge in the middle of each segment rather than to have several culverts. This will
also help in maintaining the base of the causeway close to the existing shorelines as the water
flow in these areas will be limited.
The current restriction due to the causeway will be minimized by increasing the depth of
water in the bridge area, increasing the hydraulic section.
3.3.5.2.
Construction of the culverts
The precast lower portion (base & side walls up to low tide level) shall be floated with the
help of floats/ barge & lowered to position. All required levels will be checked together with
alignment and orientation. The balance formworks and concreting shall be carried out once the
23
culvert base is in place. This will cause minor spillage of concrete into the water flow. The
current being strong almost all the time in the area, the minor plumes created will be rapidly
diluted and dispersed.
3.3.6. Coastal ridge at Hoandedhdhoo.

3.3.6.1.
Transportation of dredge material to location
Based on the location of main activities area and constraints in the dredger pumping
distances, it is considered to build coastal ridge after the causeway earth work is completed.
This enables the transport of dredged material using trucks to the location. For this operation
the existing roads on the islands shall be utilized. See layout below.
Figure14: Temporary linking road coastal ridge area
3.3.6.2.
Development of the Coastal Ridge
The site survey shows that the proposed area for the ridge may not be adequate and
therefore alternative designs have been identified based on this. In particular the island level is
lower near the northern part of the island where the causeway will be linked to the island.
Therefore different locations and construction methods for the ridge are discussed in the
alternative option part of the present report.
In addition, loose material may erode and be washed away rapidly owing to a strong
longshore current in the area, and therefore the
24
3.3.7. Road surface

3.3.7.1.
Paving
The built causeway will finally be re-levelled using sieved fine sand from the dredged
material and surfaced with a proper road surface similar to that of the road in Male.
Interlocking road paving blocks will used with appropriate cambers.
3.3.7.2. Pedestrian walkway and service pipes

The section of the causeway (Figure 5) presents a pedestrian walkway and provision for
service pipes. This would allow some cables to be laid and the community to share resources.
There is also a provision for lights to be installed along the causeway.
3.4.
An
Project time Frame

initially
projected
time
frame
25
is
provided
below
Table 2: Approximate time frame for carrying out the works
26
27
Table 2: Approximate time frame for carrying out the works
28
4.
4.1.
Legislative and Regulatory Considerations

Government Laws and Regulations
This section outlines the relevant government agencies and the respective
environmental legislation pertaining to the development under study.
4.1.1.
Main government agencies involved
The Ministry of Housing and Environment (MHE) and the Environment Protection
Agency (EPA) are the lead government agency that has the responsibility to implement
the Environmental Impact Assessment process. It has the task of ensuring all
development projects anticipated to have impacts on the environment undergo the
process before implementation. This involves screening the projects and providing
approvals and recommendations related to the EIA. MHE is also responsible for ensuring
proper implementation of the environmental measures proposed in the EIA including
the Environmental Monitoring Plan.
The EIAs and any related documents for resort development are required to be
submitted to the MHE through the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Arts (MTCA). MTCA
is the authority that determines the zones where tourism development can occur, as
well as the development and management of marinas and the operation of tourist
vessels, diving centres and travel agencies. It has the mandate to develop tourism in the
Maldives in a sustainable manner and is responsible for ensuring that resort
construction and operation abide by the Maldives Tourism Act of Maldives and the
associated regulations. MTCA also has the responsibility to provide authorisation for
operation of aerodromes.
4.1.2.
4.1.2.1. Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (Law No.

4/93)
The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives (Law No. 4/ 93)
which was developed in 1993 provide the legal basis for environmental protection,
preservation and conservation in the country. Being an umbrella law, it gives extensive
29
power to Ministry of Housing and Environment (MHE) in matters concerning the

environment.
4.1.2.2. Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2007

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation 2007 was established under
the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (EPPA) of Maldives and provides the
basic framework for the EIA process in the country. Under Article 5 (a) of the EPPA, an
EIA has to be submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency of MHE by the
developer of a project which may have potential impacts on the environment. Approval
of the EIA has to be sought before commencement of the project.
PROJECT PLANNING
DOCUMENTS
Prepared by the consultant
Provided by the proponent
SCREENING
Project Brief
SCOPING MEETING
ToR(Terms of
Reference)
EIA SUBMITTED
EIA
if more information
required
EIA REVIEW
EIA APPROVAL
PROJECT
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
Figure 15: EIA process stages
30
EIA Amended
(when more information
required)
4.2.
International Conventions
Following are the international conventions Maldives is signatory to or have ratified

Table 3: List of Environmental Conventions(Table 3 and 4).
4.2.1.
Environmental Conventions
Table 3: List of Environmental Conventions
Convention
Date of
Ratification/
Accession
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 9 May 1992
09 November 1992
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 22 March 1985
26 April 1988
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 16 Sept.

1987
16 May 1989
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of

Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 22 Mar. 1989
28 April 1992
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change, 11 Dec. 1997
30 December 1998
Convention on Biological Diversity - 5 June 1992
9 November 1992
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 22 May 2001
17 October 2006
4.2.2.
Maritime Conventions
Table 4: List of Maritime Conventions
Convention
Date of
Ratification/
Accession
Convention on the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), 6 March

1948
31 May 1967
International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from

Ships (MARPOL), 2 November 1973, modified by the Protocol of 1978
20 May 2005
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 10 December 1982
7 September 2006
31
5.
5.1.
Existing Environment
Climate1
Climate in the Maldives is dominated by the Indian monsoon climate South West (SW)
monsoon and North East (NE) monsoon. The Indian monsoon system is one of the major
climate systems of the world, impacting large portions of both Africa and Asia (Overpeck
et, al., 1996).
The period of the year during which prevailing winds are from south to westerly
direction is known as the SW monsoon. The period during which prevailing winds are from
northeasterly directions is known as NE monsoon. Transitions from NE to SW monsoon
and vice versa are distinctly different from SW or NE monsoon. During these transition
periods the wind becomes more variable.
The SW monsoon lasts between May and September while the NE monsoon lasts
between December and February. The period between March and April is the transition
period from the NE monsoon to SW monsoon known locally as the HulhanguHalha, while
the transition period from SW monsoon to NE monsoon is known as IruvaiHalha.
IruvaiHalhais from October to November (Table 5).SW monsoon is generally rough and
wetter than the NE monsoon. Storms and gales are infrequent in this part of the globe and
cyclones do not reach as far south as the Maldivian archipelago (Ministry of Construction
and Public Works, 1999).
Table 5: The four seasons encountered in the Maldives
Season
Month
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
NE-Monsoon
Transition Period 1
SW-Monsoon
Transition Period 2
Sources: Department of Meteorology and Detailed Island Risk Assessment in Maldives, UNDP, July 2008
32
5.1.1. Temperatures
Throughout the year, temperature remains almost same in the Maldives (Figure16).
However, daily temperature ranges from around 31 degrees Celsius in daytime to 23
degrees Celsius in night-time. The mean daily maximum temperature for Central parts
(Hulhule) of the Maldives is 30.5 degrees Celsius and minimum temperature is 25.7
degrees Celsius. On the other hand, mean daily maximum and minimum temperature for
South (Gan) is 30.9 and 24.5 degree Celsius, respectively. Furthermore, mean daily
maximum and minimum temperature for North (Hanimaadhoo) is 30.7 and 25.2 degrees
Celsius, respectively. The highest temperature ever recorded in the Maldives was 36.8C,
recorded on 19 May 1991 at Kadhdhoo Meteorological Office. Likewise, the minimum
temperature ever recorded in the Maldives was 17.2C, recorded at the National
Meteorological Centre on 11th April 1978.
Figure16: Monthly average temperature

Source: Department of Meteorology
5.1.2. Rainfall
The wet season- southwest monsoon runs from mid-May to November. In this season
Maldives experiences torrential rain. Central, Southern and Northern parts of the Maldives
receive annual average rainfall of 1924.7mm, 2277.8mm, and 1786.4mm, respectively. The
highest rainfall ever recorded in the Maldives with in 24 hour period was recorded on 9th
July 2002 at Kaadedhdhoo Meteorological Office and amounts to 219.8mm of rainfall.
33
5.1.3. Sunshine
On average Southern atolls (Gan) of the Maldives receives 2704.07 hours of sunshine
each year (Figure17). Furthermore, on average central (Hulhule) parts of the country
receives 2784.51 hours of sunshine per year.
Figure17: Monthly average rainfall and sunshine

Source: Department of Meteorology
5.1.4. Risk of tidal waves

The development of large storm events with high wind speeds in the southern part of
the Indian Ocean has the potential to generate high swells and tidal waves. The specific
conditions required for creating waves with significantly higher energy and period, locally
called udha are not well determined and the specific thresholds for wind speed and duration
cannot be determined with available data. However, such events have occurred around the
Huvadhoo Atoll twice in the last 7 years and have the potential to affect Addu Atoll as well. In
2007, the islands of the southwest of Huvadhoo Atoll were affected and consequent flooding
resulted. Madaveli and Hoadhedhdhoo were not the most impacted of the chain of islands,
but site observation at the time concluded to a setup with gradually increasing water levels on
the reef flat. Site observations of flooding in Madaveli and analysis of the island levels
measured during the present topographic survey (see figures in section 5.2.2.1 below)
concluded to a rise of 0.8 m of the water level over the reef flat.
34
Mannings formula and current velocities measured during the survey indicate that the
flow of water under normal conditions would be less than 50 m3/s for each of the two
segments. To allow for an adequate flushing of the water in case a setup is created, it was
assumed that the water flow towards the lagoon should be around 250 m3/s.
5.2.
Geology and geomorphology
5.2.1. Coastal geology

The reef systems of GaafDhaal Atoll are very particular in the Maldives and of a very
different type than the ones found in the central and northern atolls. The reef flat is
comparatively high compared to mean sea level and this is attributed to a better coral growth
and reef building processes. The reef systems there are extensive and exhibit numerous
islands and islets separated by narrow channels.
The creation of solid beach rock is also characteristic of the area. This shows numerous
coral skeletons incorporated into the lithified matrix (Figure 18).
Figure 18: Beachrock exhibiting almost whole coral skeletons
35
The beach rock is abraded and can form extensive rocky platforms (Figure 19),
especially on the exposed side creating a solid base for the islands, and the protruding blocks
can be detached.
Figure 19: Extensive flat platform on the exposed side of the islands
The detached rocks can again be re-cemented to the matrix (Figure 20), in place of
lesser energy. These can be the structure enabling the development of an island with less
consolidated material.
36
Figure 20: The blocks detached from the platform accumulated and are re-cemented
On the downstream part, the conditions are much calmer and shallow embayments
are sometimes present, as in Madaveli, where a number of mangrove trees are present. Sand
accumulation and beaches are also present.
5.3.
Hydrodynamic regime
5.3.1. Wave climate

In the Maldives, islands are submitted to three main forces which are: the oceanic
swell, the southwest monsoon and the northeast monsoon, with varying strength and
intensity.
DHI (1999) described the general offshore wave conditions in the southern regions of
Maldives (Table 6). It was reported that during NE monsoon the oceanic swells that
approach the southern atolls of Maldives are generally from east-south. The longer period
waves of the wave spectrum are from south-southwest directions while the shorter period
waves are mainly from east-northeast directions. During the SW monsoon the waves are
mainly from south. The longer period waves of the wave spectrum are from southsouthwest while the shorter period waves are from southeast-south.
37
The local wind generated waves that are directly related to the wind climate in the
region varies with the seasonal changes in the wind velocity. DHI (1999) reported that
during the NE monsoon the wind is predominantly from NW-NE and the high speed winds
are from west. During HulhanguHalha (Transition Period 1) the wind varies to all directions
but the high winds during this period are from west. Southwest monsoon is marked by
winds from SE-SW and high speed winds from west. IruvaiHalha (Transition Period 2) also
experienceswesterly winds. DHI (1999) reported that the high speed wind in the southern
atolls of Maldives is from west.
Wave data reported in DHI (1999) shows that the highest waves reaching the southern
atolls of Maldives archipelago are from west direction. Waves of Hs 2.75m with wave
periods [Tp] of 8s and 9s have been recorded from west direction. Swell waves with wave
periods greater than 9s prevails from South and Southwest directions. Over 80% of the
waves from south and southwest directions are long period swell waves.
Table 6: Seasonal wind and wave climate around the southern atolls of Maldives (DHI,1999)
Season
NE-Monsoon
Transition
Period 1
SW-Monsoon
Transition
Period 2
Long
period
Waves
Short period
Waves
Month
Wind
Total Waves
December
January
February
March
Predominantly from NWNE

High speeds from W
From all directions,
mainly W
High speeds from W
Predominantly from
E-S
High waves from W
From
S-SW
Mainly E-NE
High waves from W
Mainly from SE-S
From
S-SW
Mainly from NE-SE
Mainly from SE-SW

High speeds from W
From SE-SW. Mainly

S
High waves from W
From
S-SW
Mainly from SE-S

High waves from W
Predominantly from W
High speeds from W
As SW-monsoon
From
S-SW
From SE-W
High waves from W
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
5.3.2. Influence of setup

The water flow on the reef flat is almost exclusively from the side exposed to the
oceanic swell to the inside of the atoll. Given that the oceanic swell is quite important, the
setup of the waves on the reef crest is also important. The spill over of the waves over the
high reef flat creates a situation where the water levels over the reef flat are always higher
than the mean sea level on the inside of the atoll or the mean sea level on the ocean. The flow
38
of water through the channel therefore resembles that of a river above mean sea level. The
beach rock mentioned above is eroded and scoured by the flow of water creating some
interesting overhangs (Figure 21).
Figure 21: Overhangs over the unidirectional flow of water transporting loose sediment towards the lee side.
During the higher wave events, the platform would be submerged due to a higher
setup than normal. This peculiar hydrodynamic regime makes it difficult to determine a mean
sea level as can be understood in other situations.
5.4. Bathymetry
Given the preceding discussion, it is wishful to establish a zero datum that can actually
be called Mean Sea Level. The levels measured are therefore more compared in relation
one to another rather than to an actual MSL. This said, it is not expected than the actual Mean
Sea Level on the inside of the lagoon would be less than 30 cm below the zero datum used
here. This could not be established given the time frames and means deployed. For practical
purpose, we will call this 0 datum MSL in the following section.
5.4.1. Survey plan

A total of 21 profiles were taken in different areas, as shown in Figure22.
39
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
19
18
14
15
20
21
16
17
Figure22: Location of the profiles
5.4.2. Methodology
A topographic survey of the area concerned was carried out using a total station and a
prism. Levels were recorded as well as horizontal positions relative to fixed benchmarks on
the island. All the survey data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and AutoCAD.
5.4.3. Results
The detailed data are presented in the 3 figures below (Figure 23, Figure 24, Figure
25). The values on the maps are the elevation from the mean sea level (MSL) at the
location where the measure was done. A negative value indicates the depth of the seabed.
Figure 23: Bathymetry South Madaveli
41
Figure 24: Bathymetry Madaveli-Hoandedhdhoo
42
Figure 25: Bathymetry Hoandedhdhoo
43
Table 7: Remarks on level charts
Area
Figure
Elevation (refers to Mean Sea Level)
Comments
Reclaim area / South

Madaveli
Figure 23
Depth: -0.2 m to -0.6 m
Shallow area
Homogeneous area (no big level difference)
Channel Madaveli-middle
island
Figure 23,
Figure 26
Maximum depth: -1.22 m
The detailed profile is available below (Figure 26)
Channel middle islandHoandedhdhoo
Figure 24
Maximum depth: -1.03 m
The detailed profile is available below (Figure 27)
Figure 25
Land elevation: 1.27 m in the North part, to

1.61 in the South
Depth near coastline: -0.80m in North part,
to -0.2 m in the South
The North part has lower land elevation and

deeper sea than the South part, which is
shallower, with higher land elevation.
Hoandedhdhoo west coast
44
Elevation (in m, from MSL)
0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
-1
-2
-3
Distance, in m (from Madaveli)
Figure 26: Profile of channel between Madaveli andHaadhoo

3
Elevation (in m, from MSL)
0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
-1
-2
-3
Distance, in m (from middle island)
Figure 27: Profile of channel between Haadhoo and Hoandedhdhoo
45
140.0
160.0
180.0
5.4.4. Coastal erosion and accretion

The hydrodynamic regime in the project area is simple due to the predominance of a
single unidirectional current. The dominant configuration is depicted in the following figure
(Figure 28). The current is created by the waves crashing over the western reef crest
creating a setup creating a pressure gradient causing the water to flow across the reef flat
by the channels towards the eastern side and the inside of the atoll.
Figure 28: The main current flows around the island
This also is the main factor influencing sediment movement. The rocks on the reef
crest are being broken down under wave action, as well as that of bioeroders burrowing
into the calcium carbonate framework, creating smaller particles. These are subsequently
being transported to the more protected lee side reef.
The exposed side of the islands is mostly consolidated rocks as discussed in section
5.2 above. This provides some stability to the island. On this side of the island, some of the
sediment is piled up in a ridge through wave action. This is especially true during strong
46
wave events, enabling the ridge to build up, when it is mostly getting eroded under normal
conditions.
In protected areas such as reclaimed area 2, the very quiet conditions enable the silt
in the water to settle, creating a muddier environment with finer particles.
The corals growing in the channel area are also a source of sediment, and them
being predominantly branching corals they somewhat retain the sand, increasing the seabed
level. The seagrass present in the area also have the same effect, trapping sediment into
their root zone and preventing it from being re-suspended under low flow conditions.
Given these settings, it seems that the borrow area will be a sediment sink and will
eventually be filled with the sediment from the crestat geological time scales.
5.4.5. Seawater quality

During the field survey, water samples have been taken at different locations in
order to assess the water quality (Figure 29; Table 8: Geo-coordinates of the salt water
sampling locations).
5.4.5.1.
Survey plan
47
Figure 29: Location of the water samples

Table 8: Geo-coordinates of the salt water sampling locations
Water sample
A
B
D
E
F
5.4.5.2.
Latitude
02703.50"N
02711.99"N
02718.65"N
02712.02"N
02702.46"N
Longitude
725959.56"E
725956.40"E
725951.63"E
730002.44"E
725945.37"E
Methodology
Five water samples have been taken during the field visit, as showed on the location
map above. The samples were taken at one meter depth and stored in a cool
environment before being sent to the laboratory.
A request to analyze the following parameters has been made to the MWSC
Laboratory: pH, salinity, turbidity, phosphate, nitrate, ammonia, sulphate, BOD and COD.
However, due to the unavailability of reagents, the BOD had not been tested (a letter
from the Laboratory is available in annex).
48
5.4.5.3.
Results
Results are given in the table below (Table 9)

Table 9: Results of the seawater tests
Optimal
Range
Comments
29C
18C 32C
Normal
8.23
8.22
8 - 8.3
Normal
31.00
31.10
31.19
32 - 42
Little bit low
0.201
0.176
0.170
0.210
35
Good
0.15
0.05
0.02
0.11
0.02
0.005 0.020
High can cause eutrophication
mg/l
0.6
0.9
3.2
1.2
0.6
<5
Good
Ammonia
mg/l
0.23
0.16
0.23
0.24
0.29
Max 2 3
Normal
Sulphate
mg/l
2500
2750
2500
2250
2750
Around 2700
Normal
< 20
High possible presence of effluents
Sample
Unit
Date sampled
NA
22/10/11
22/10/11
22/10/11
22/10/11
22/10/11
Temperature
NA
29C
29C
29C
29C
pH
NA
8.20
8.18
8.19
Salinity
%0
31.37
31.11
Turbidity
NTU
0.176
Phosphate
mg/l
Nitrate
BOD
COD
Test not available in the laboratory

mg/l
320
336
335
294
330
The parameters tested are normal for seawater, despite the high values of phosphate and COD, which may cause some eutrophication.
49
5.4.6. Ground water quality

Two samples were taken in the vicinity of the mosques in Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo to
assess the salinity of the groundwater. It was observed that the salinity is low and remains
acceptable for washing.
Table 10: Results of the groundwater tests
Sample
Unit
Hoandedhdhoo
Madaveli
Date sampled
NA
11/12/11
11/12/11
Temperature
24.8
25C
Laboratory conditions
pH
NA
7.73
7.62
Normal
Salinity
%0
0.25
0.22
Reasonably low
S/cm
461
407
In relation
Conductivity
5.5.
Comments
Ecology
5.5.1. Environmentally sensitive areas

There are different types of habitats around the islands and in the channels between
the two islands. None of these have been acquiring any specifically protected status, but the
EPA identifies a number of environmentally sensitive areas (ESA) in the neighbourhood of
the project site, the closest one of them being the HoandedhdhooKulhi. The map below
shows where these are located (Figure 30).
50
Figure 30: Environmentally Sensitive Areas around the project site
Due to the distance separating the project site to most of these ESAs, the only one of
concern is the HoandeddhdhooKulhi. The project will not directly affect the freshwater
body, but the coastal ridge which is located on the northern part of the lake may hinder the
flow of water on days of heavy rain.
The islanders already use a simple channel and blocking system in order to empty
the lake at time. This is shown on the following picture (Figure 31).
51
Figure 31: The drain of the lake and retention bags.
The retention bags prevent the water to flow into the wetland area during high tide
and strong waves but are manually removed in case of heavy rains.
5.5.2. The habitats in the project area

The different channel arms are quite different by the composition of the sea bed and
the overall the reclaimed area 1 is a shallow seagrass bed, with very little corals, ans so is
also the channel between Haadhoo and Hoandedhdhoo. There is a number of fish in those
sea grass beds, though less numerous and diverse than in the main channel separating the
island of Madaveli and Haadhoo, which has both corals and sea grass (Figure 32).
52
Figure 32: numerous parrot fish juveniles in the channel between Madaveli and Haadhoo
Reclaimed area 2 is a very shallow mud flat, which may be a particular habitat for
some species such as sting rays, even though none have been spotted. It is at present used
for the disposal of garbage on its northern side (Figure 33). Different discarded items
therefore are scattered in the area.
53
Figure 33: The shallow reef flat of reclaimed area 2, with the garbage dump on the far end
This area has a particular fauna and flora, close to what is usually present in
mangroves, even though this type of speices was not seen, except for the mangrove
associated pemphisacidula (kuredhi). Numerous species of crabs are also to be found such
as the blue fiddler crab (Ucatetragonon) (Figure 34)
Figure 34: A fiddler crab Uca tetragonon
54
5.5.3. Vegetation survey

5.5.3.1.
Survey plan
A vegetation survey was conducted on both Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo during a

field trip to the islands from 8th to 10th December 2011. Vegetation survey was conducted
at the following places:
-
Shoreline of Madaveli starting from about the mid-point of the shoreline on the western
side of the island all through to the shoreline on the eastern side of the island delineated
in red (Fig 40, left)
Vegetation survey of area to be cleared on south of Madaveli, where the present main
road would be extended to the starting point of the causeway.
Vegetation survey of Haadhoo delineated in red (Figure 35, right)
Vegetation of the northern tip of Hoandedhdhoo, area between end of causeway and
existing main road, where potential link road would be constructed circled in red on
following picture (Figure 35, right)
Shoreline of Hoandedhdhoo, at the location of proposed coastal ridge (Figure 35, right)
Figure 35: Aerial photos of GDh. Madaveli, Hoandedhdhoo and Haadhoo showing the areas where
vegetation surveys were conducted in red colour
55
5.5.3.2.
Methodology
Shorelines of both Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo, were surveyed by visual

assessment and identification of plants along the shoreline.
The northern tip of Hoandedhdhoo and the island of Haadhoo were surveyed using
transects, where counts were made at 10 m intervals. Species observed at each of these
intervals were identified and counted. Species were counted on 3 levels; level 1 vegetation at eye level (bushes and shrubs), level 2 - vegetation at about 4 m height, level
3 vegetation at heights greater than 4 m.
Two areas were surveyed on the northern tip of Hoandedhdhoo, one close to the
beach and one further inland (Figure 36). However, due to the dense vegetation further
inland it was not possible to do a proper transect in this area. Thus main species which
were observed in the area were recorded at approximately equal intervals of distance.
Figure 36: Close-up view of the two areas surveyed on the Northern part of GDh. Hoandedhdhoo. (T1
Transect 1, red line). P1, P2, P3 indicates the 3 points when GPS location was taken during the survey of
nd
the 2 area further inland.
56
5.5.3.3.
5.5.3.3.1.
Survey Results
Madaveli shoreline
Vegetation survey along the shoreline of Madaveli revealed that the main species of
vegetation along the coastline were those belonging to the Cocos spp., Pandanus spp.,
Scaevolataccada (Sea lettuce, Magoo), Thespesiapopulnea (Tulip tree, Hirundhu),
Tournefortiaargentia (Tree Heliotrope, Boshi) and Pemphisacidula (Iron wood, Kuredhi).
However it was observed that varying species of vegetation dominated different sections
of the shoreline. (Figure 37) shows the vegetation along the various sections of the
shoreline of Madaveli.
Figure 37: Various species of vegetation found along the shoreline of Madaveli
57
The project will not require any vegetation clearance for this component of the
project, thus no impact is envisaged on the existing vegetation along this part of the
shoreline of Madaveli.
5.5.3.3.2.
Madaveli main road
Although the area between the Madaveli main road and the beach (on the southern
side) is cleared of vegetation to some extent, further vegetation would need to be
cleared to create a properly functional road, once the causeway is constructed.
Vegetation survey along a transect from the beach to the start of the main road proper
(south side of island) showed that the area had vegetation belonging to few species such
as Cocos spp., Pandanus spp., Scaevola taccada (Sea lettuce, Magoo), Hibisucus tilaceus
(Sea hibiscus, Dhiggaa) and Thespesia populnea (Tulip tree, Hirundhu). Abundance of
these species along the transect and relative size of trees is shown in (Figure 36) below.
6
Hibiscus tilaceus
Cocos spp.
Scaevola taccada
Thespesia populnea
Pandanus spp.
No. of trees recorded
5
4
3
2
1
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Distance from start of transect (m)

Figure 38: Main species of vegetation recorded at 10 m intervals along the transect made on south side
of Madaveli from the beach on to the start point of the main road on that side of the island.
58
12
level 3
10
level 2
8
level 1
6
4
2
0
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Figure 39: Total vegetation recorded at 10 m intervals for the three levels used during the survey.
A summation of Figure 38 to show the total vegetation counted at each 10m interval
along the transect shows that vegetation in the area were mainly composed of bushes
and medium sized plants (Figure 39). Large sized mature plants found in the area were
few. Hence it is envisaged that although vegetation clearance in the area would be
required during the project, impact of this action would be minimal to medium.
5.5.3.3.3.
Haadhoo
Vegetation survey on the proposed area to be cleared on Haadhoo for the road
connecting the 1st part of the causeway (Madaveli Haadhoo) with the 2nd part of the
causeway (Haadhoo to Hoandedhdhoo) revealed major species of plants present on the
island to be Cocos spp., Scaevola taccada (Sea lettuce, Magoo), Pemphis acidula (Iron
wood, Kuredhi), Guerttarda speciosa (Nit pitchas, Uni) and Calophyllum inophyllum
(Alexander laural wood tree, Funa) though in few numbers. Figure 40 shows the specieswise results of the vegetation survey, while Figure 41 shows the total count of vegetation
recorded for the 10 m intervals, along the transect which was laid from the beach on the
northern side of the island, across to the beach on the southern side of the island.
59
14
Unknown spp.
12
Funa
Uni
Ruh
Kuredhi
Magoo
Hirundhu
10
8
6
4
2
10 m
20 m
30 m
40 m
50 m
60 m
70 m
Distance from start point of transect (m)
80m
90 m
Figure 40 : Main species of vegetation recorded at 10 m intervals along the transect laid on Haadhoo,
from the beach on the northern side of the island, across to the beach on the southern side of the island.
18
level 3
16
level 2
14
level 1
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10m
20m
30m
40m
50m
60m
70m
80m
90m
Figure 41: Total vegetation recorded at 10 m intervals for the three levels used during the survey.
As seen from above figures, although few species of vegetation were observed to be
present on the island, they were not abundant and mainly belonged to the lower levels
of vegetations such as bushes and smaller trees. Thus vegetation impact envisaged for
the road clearance required during the project is minimal for Haadhoo and is predicted to
have minimal impacts.
60
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
5.5.3.3.4.
Hoandedhdhoo
Two transects were tried on the northern tip of Hoandedhdhoo, where the link road
will most likely be cleared, one close to the beach where an already cleared path exists
and one further on land. The second was not possible to be completed due to dense
vegetation.
Results of survey along transect 1 (at approximately 5 m from the beach) revealed
main vegetation around the area to belong to species such as Scaevola taccada (Sea
lettuce, Magoo), Pemphi sacidula (Iron wood, Kuredhi), Cocos spp. and Pandanus spp.
(Figure 42).
12
Guerttarda speciosa
Cocos spp.
Scaevola taccada
Thespesia populnea
Pandanus spp.
10
8
6
4
2
Distance from start of transect(m)

st
Figure 42: Main species of vegetation recorded at 30 m intervals along the 1 transect laid on
Hoandedhdhoo northern tip, close to the beach (area of vegetation clearance to make link road between
causeway and existing main road). Although vegetation was recorded at 10 m intervals it is reported
here for 30 m intervals for ease of representation.
Results of the second survey which was done 30m inland from the 1st survey (hence
approximately 35 m from the beach), showed the area to have dense vegetation which
was mainly composed of large individuals of Pandanus spp., Cocos spp., Scaevola taccada
and Guerttarda speciosa. Approximate distance from the start to end of the survey (on
main road) is 235m. If a road is to be cleared in this area, this would have high impacts on
vegetation in the area as large number of large sized mature trees would have to be cut.
61
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
5.5.3.3.5.
Hoandedhdhoo shore line
Vegetation survey along the shoreline of Hoandedhdhoo in the region where a

coastal ridge will be built revealed that the main species of vegetation along the coastline
were those belonging to the Cocos spp., Pandanus spp., Scaevola taccada (Sea lettuce,
Magoo), Thespesia populnea (Tulip tree, Hirundhu), and Hibisucus tilaceus (Sea hibiscus,
Dhiggaa). Vegetation along the shoreline was quite abundant and evenly distributed.
The project will not require any vegetation clearance for this component of the
project, thus no impact is envisaged on the existing vegetation along this part of the
shoreline of Hoandedhdhoo.
5.5.4. Benthic and fish community monitoring

5.5.4.1.
5.5.4.1.1.
Benthic monitoring
Survey plan
The benthic survey was carried out on 20th and 21st October 2011. The geo
coordinates of the transects taken are given on the (Figure 43; Table 11). The survey
covered three main areas, as shown in Figure 43: the North-west side outer reef, the East
side inner reef and the main channel between Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo.
Figure 43: Benthic transects location
62
Table 11: Geo-coordinates of the transects

Area
North West outer reef

(Blue pins)
Channel in between islands

(Red pins)
East inner reef

(Yellow pins)
5.5.4.1.2.
Transect
Latitude
Longitude
Tr 1
027'40.82"N
7259'34.91"E
Tr 2
027'46.68"N
7259'36.37"E
Tr 3
027'51.25"N
7259'38.22"E
Tr 4
027'55.60"N
7259'41.37"E
Tr1
027'12.18"N
7259'58.43"E
Tr2
027'11.71"N
7300'00.78"E
Tr3
027'14.91"N
7300'02.85"E
Tr4
027'12.94"N
7300'05.01"E
Tr1
026'59.52"N
7300'37.92"E
Tr2
027'03.43"N
7300'35.24"E
Tr3
027'07.25"N
7300'33.28"E
Tr4
027'11.73"N
7300'32.39"E
Tr5
027'15.07"N
7300'30.43"E
Tr6
027'17.51"N
7300'27.50"E
Tr7
027'20.36"N
7300'25.47"E
Tr8
027'23.69"N
7300'23.19"E
Tr9
027'27.44"N
7300'21.64"E
Tr10
027'30.86"N
7300'20.10"E
Tr11
027'34.19"N
7300'19.12"E
Tr12
027'37.21"N
7300'17.98"E
Methodology
During the field survey, several line photographic transects have been done to
determine percentage cover and obtain information on percentage cover of benthic
communities e.g. hard coral, soft coral, sponges, algae, rock, dead coral. For each transect,
10 pictures were taken on a 20 meters long line (Figure 44). Each picture of the reefs was
taken at 1 m from the bottom, and then covers a 0.4 square meter of seabed. For the
transects in the channel, due to the shallow depth, each picture covers only 0.08 sqm
(pictures taken at 20 cm from the bottom, due to shallow depths).
63
Figure 44: Example of a picture done for the photographic transect
Each picture is then analyzed using the CPCe2 software, which provides a tool for the
determination of coral cover using underwater images. 25 random points are distributed
on the image, and coral species/substrate lying under these points are then identified by
the marine expert who chooses the best ID code within the following list Table 12:
Benthic categories used for the substrate analysis (Table 12) adapted from two common
protocols worldwide at the two different levels, the GCRMN life form categories for the
detailed level and Reef Check for the basic level.
Kohler, K.E. and S.M. Gill, 2006. Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for
the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computers and
Geosciences, Vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 1259-1269, DOI:10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009.
64
Table 12: Benthic categories used for the substrate analysis

Main categories
Detailed categories
Acropora Branching
AcroporaDigitate
AcroporaSubmassive
Acropora Tabular
Acropora encrusting
Coral Branching
Coral Foliose
Coral Massive
Coral Mushroom
Coral Submassive
Coral encrusting
Heliopora
Millepora
Soft Coral
Zoanthid
Halimeda
Other
Water
Algal Assemblage
Macraoalgae
Dead Coral
Sponges
Coralline Algae
Dead coral with Algae
Rock
Turf Algae
Rubble
Sand
Silt
Tape
CORAL
SOFT CORAL
OTHERS
NUTRIENT INDICATOR ALGAE

RECENTLY KILLED CORAL
SPONGE
ROCK
RUBBLE
SAND
SILT
TAPE
65
5.5.4.1.3.
Results and discussion
The results from the survey are represented in the following graphs:
Figure 45:: Main composition of benthic substrate
The reef areas, on North-west side as on East side, show a good living coral coverage
(64% to 76%) (Figure 46). The dead corals and the sand (respectively 10% to 15% and
9.4% to 12.5%) are the following main components of the substrate on the eastern sites
(Figure 47). Rubble (13.8%) and sand (12.2%) are the other main component on the
North-west sites.
Figure 46: Overview of the North-west reef
Figure 47: Overview of the East reef
The benthic substrate is different in the channel, as the main component is sand
(38%). Living corals represent only 30% of the area surveyed, followed by rubble (20.4%).
67
Here the presence of algae is more important (7.7% of the coverage) than on the reef
areas (0% to 1.1%). It is important to notice that the transects cover mainly the centre
part of the channel (Figure 48), as on both side (near the shores) seagrass is the main
benthic organism present (Figure 49).
Figure 48: Overview of the centre of the channel
Figure 49: Presence of seagrass on the sides of the channel
The figure below presents the diversity of coral life forms identified (Figure 50). On
the East transects, Acropora Branching is predominant (38.7% to 42.3%), followed by
Acropora Tabular (4% to 21.4%) and Coral Massive (7.9% to 9.3%). The North-west side
has a different coral coverage, with mainly Acropora Tabular (42.8%), followed by Coral
68
Massive (9.2%) and Acropora Branching (6.6%). In the channel, Acropora Branching are
the most numerous (19.2%), followed by Coral Massiv
Massive
e (5.1%). Coral Branching, Coral
Submassive and Heliopora are also present.
Figure 50: Coral life forms identified in the benthic transects
5.5.4.2.
Fish census
5.5.4.2.1.
Survey plan
The fish census was carried out in the same areas as that covered during the benthic survey
(Figure 43 and Table 11) where Site 1 is the site on the north west of Madaveli, Site 2 is the site
on the eastern side of both islands, inside the atoll and Site 3 is the channel between Madaveli
and Hoandedhdhoo (Figure 51). The count was carried out at 3 depths: the first count at 20m,
the second at 10m and the third at 5m. Each dive lasted 45 minutes and observation time at each
depth was 15 minutes.
Figure 51: Fish census survey sites
The fish watch was carried out in the GPS location given in Table 12. The count was
carried out at 3 depths: the first count at 20m, the second at 10m and the third at 5m.
The dive last 45 minutes and every observation time period last 15 minutes. The dives
were carried out at the locations marked on the above figure (Figure 51).
5.5.4.2.2.
Methodology
The fish census was done following the Fishwatch Maldives method. The procedure
is the following:
70
A Fishwatcher filled two of the four waterproof separate sheets (Figure 52), each
with about 18 species, representing the four major categories of fish indicators.
Thus, 2 fishwatchers are required to complete one fish count.
Each count consists of recording the fish seen during a 15-minute swim/dive.
The target is to do 3 x 15 minute counts during the dive.
After the dives, data were compiled and processed using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets.
Figure 52: Example of a fish count sheet to be filled during the fish count
5.5.4.2.3.
Results and discussion
The results from the FishWatchsurvey are represented in the figures shown below
(Figure 53).The reef areas, on sites 1 and 2, show a good representation of reef fish (55%45%) of the targeted families shown in Table 13. The dominant families in these areas
wereGroupers (Serranidae, 26%-39%), Snappers (Lutjanidae, 35%-13%), Jacks (Carangidae,
17% on site 2 while none was observed from site 1) and Butterfly fish (Chaetodontidae,
14%-10%).Species counts of those observed at the three sites are shown in Table 13.
71
1%
1%
3% 1%
1%
6%
1%
4%
14%
13%
10%
35%
7%
10%
6%
17%
26%
39%
1%
2%
Chaetodontidae
Zanclidae
Serranidae
Haemulidae
Lutjanidae
Lethrinidae
Acanthuridae
Balistidae
Microdesmidae
Pomacanthidae
Ostraciidae
Figure 53: Family composition of site 1 (left) and site 2 (right)
Chaetodontidae
Zanclidae
Haemulidae
Lutjanidae
Pomacentridae
Monacanthidae
Serranidae
Carangidae
Pomacanthidae
In contrast to sites 1 and 2,, the diversity of fish in site 3 was very low (15%), compared to the
total number of targeted families (Figure 54). The main species observed in this site was of those
belonging to thetriggerfish family (52%) and b
butterflyfish family (43%). Overall at this site, most of
the individuals observed were juveniles, including those of species that are not targeted in
FishWatch.
43%
52%
4%
Chaetodontidae
Serranidae
Balistidae
Figure 54: Family composition in Site-3

3
In addition to count of individuals seen, size estimates of groupers were also made during
the survey. Overall, large individuals of variou
variouss grouper species were observed in sites 1 and 2. This
result is of significance mainly due to the heavy exploitation of grouper species all throughout
Maldives in the export market oriented grouper fishery. Hence it is no longer common for high
numbers of large sized individuals of key grouper species to be observed in one area at times other
than their spawning periods. A second key observation was that of large numbers of Masked
groupers (Gracila albomarginata)) on the dives at sites 1 and 2. This species is rarely seen on shallow
dives and more than two individuals per dive are rarely observed. Additionally, they are rarely
observed in the catch composition brought to the grouper cages by fishermen.
One point to take note of here is that since FishWatch targets certain species and families,
counts reported here are for those species only (Table 13). Hence there were other species which
were observed in the area but are not included in the family/species counts, which may mislead in
thinking that certain families were less abundant than in reality.
Table 13: Species targeted in the FishWatch protocols and numbers seen during the survey
Scientific Name
Chaetodonauriga
Chaetodonfalcula
Chaetodonxanthocephalus
Chaetodonmeyeri
Zancluscornutus
Aethalopercarogaa
Anyperodonleucogrammicus
Cephalopholisargus
Cephalopholisminiata
Cephalopholissexmaculata
Epinepheluscaeruleopunctatus
Epinepheluspolyphekadion
Plectropomuspessuliferus
Plectropomuslaevis
Variolalouti
Plectorhinchusvittatus
Caranxmelampygus
Macolormacularis
Macolorniger
Lutjanusgibbus
Lutjanusbohar
Lethrinuserythracanthus
Zebrasomadesjardinii
Amphiprionnigripes
Balistoidesconspicillum
Rhinecanthusaculeatus
Nemateleotrismagnifica
Pygoplitesdiacanthus
Ostracionmeleagris
Pomacanthusxanthometopon
Pomacanthus imperator
Oxymonacanthuslongirostris
Common name
Threadfin butterflyfish
Saddleback butterflyfish
Yellowheadbutterflyfish
Meyer's butterflyfish
Moorish idol
Red-mouth grouper
Slender grouper
Peacock rock cod
Vermillion rock cod
Six-spot rock cod
Whitespotted grouper
Snout-spots grouper
Roving coral grouper
Black-saddle coral grouper
Moon tail grouper
Other groupers 30cm+
Oriental sweetlips adult
Blue-fin trevally
Midnight snapper
Black snapper
Humpback snapper
Red snapper
Orangefin emperor
Sailfin surgeonfish
Maldives anemonefish
Clown triggerfish
Picasso triggerfish
Red firegoby
Regal angelfish
Spotted boxfish female
Bluefaced angelfish adult
Emperor angelfish adult
Longnose filefish
73
Site 1
9
1
2
13
19
1
18
3
6
6
3
11
4
7
55
2
2
2
Site 2
8
5
Site 3
9
10
14
19
12
21
24
1
1
1
9
3
39
3
5
8
13
3
5
12
2
9
1
1
1
15
1
10
5.5.5. Landscape integrity

The landscape will be impacted due to the reclamation works as some islands will be
joined altering irreversibly the landscape. Views such as the ones in the following pictures
will be lost (Figure 55; Figure 56).
Figure 55: Views at low tide over the mud flat of Madaveli
Figure 56: The island of Kudehulhadhoo, which will be linked trough reclamation and the bay of
Hoandedhdhoo along which a coastal ridge will be implemented.
The causeway is also somewhat higher than the previous levels around this area and
the water retention due to constrains in the flow will also change the overall feel of the
area.
Despite these changes, it is expected that the works will benefit the vegetation
overall as the new reclaimed land will eventually be connected by plants.
5.6.
Socio-economic environment
Madaveli and Hoandedhdhooare located in the South of Maldives on the western

boundary reef of South Huvadhoo or GaafuDhaalu (GDh) Atoll. The population of GDh atoll
as reported by the Ministry of Home Affairs is 19,270 (Ministry of Home Affairs website
74
accessed December 2011). While fisheries and farming are dominant income earning
activities in the atoll, the Census 2006 reports majority of the population in the atoll as
being employed in various manufacturing industries (Census 2006, Department of National
Planning). Other income earning activities include employment in the fields of education,
health, public administration, construction and trade amongst others.
5.6.1.
GDh. Madaveli
5.6.1.1.
Demography
GDh. Madaveli has a total population of 1763, which is composed of 920 males and
843 females. Sex ratio of males to females in the population is 1:0.92. Although almost all
inhabitable land area of the island is settled, population density is quite low with 0.0095
people living per m2 of land. Average growth rate for the island over the past 10 years has
been 2.23% (Madaveli Council information sheet, 2011).
5.6.1.2.
Employment and economic activities
In terms of employment, Madaveli is mainly a fishing community with majority of the

community being involved in this industry. Other forms of employment are within the fish
processing activities, government/civil service positions, farming, employment in the resorts
within and outside the atoll, and at Kaadehdhoo airport as well as in the construction
industry. A minor part of the population also makes their income through businesses such as
cafs and shop. Figure 57 shows the percentage of people employed in various industries as
reported by the Madaveli Council. While fishing is the main source of income for majority of
the population, this activity is at times affected due to the monsoons and fishing and
farming are not possible during the rough weather of the southwest monsoon.
75
Percentage
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Fishermen
Fish processing Govt/Civil Service Resort employees

activities
Farming
Figure 57: Distribution of employment amongst the working population of Madaveli
5.6.1.3.
Land use planning and zoning of activities at sea
While Madaveli does not have a finalized land use plan, land is distributed for various
activities such as vessel maintenance, sports and recreation and waste disposal site.
Although the island does not have a waste disposal facility, the Council has now informed all
residents that waste should only be disposed of at the northern side of the island.
5.6.1.4.
Natural resource utilisation and impact on natural
resources due to population increase

Farming on land and fishing within the island reef and lagoon and the open ocean are the
main two ways of natural resource utilization on the island. The island has experienced
severe erosion over the years due to the removal of vegetation on the shoreline, which
provides a natural defence against erosion. Several areas of the island are flooded and
uninhabitable, and certain areas experience severe flooding during storms.
The increasing population is in need of habitable land space as the existing land is not
enough to sustain the population at the current rate of increase. Furthermore, the
population increase has also had its effects on the groundwater resource of the island, the
extensive use of this resource making it saline.
5.6.1.5.
Accessibility and transport to nearby islands
There are two ferry systems which operate to nearby islands, one of which is operated by
the government. Travel to nearby islands can also be done by hiring dinghies, row boats or
76
speed launches. The nearest island of Hoandedhdhoo can be visited by crossing the shallow
area in between both islands, on foot. During low tide the area is shallow enough for
islanders to wade across from one island to another.
5.6.1.6.
5.6.1.6.1.
Quality of services and accessibility

Water supply
Rain water is the main source of drinking water. Every house is equipped with fibre glass
tanks of 2500 litres and 5000 litres for collecting rain water. High levels of ground water
extraction has made it saline and thus there is a need for fresh water on the island.
5.6.1.6.2.
Solid waste and waste water disposal
The island does not have a waste management centre. A site on the northern side, which
was appointed by the Council is used for waste disposal and is at times a cause of
discomfort for the community. The lack of a proper waste disposal system makes it difficult
to properly manage waste and non-biodegradable waste is piled on the island without
access to final disposal. The island does not have a sewerage network. Residents of each
house sink their water into a junction within their own 2000 sqft of land (which is the
allocated plot for each house).
5.6.1.6.3.
Electricity
Electricity is available to all residents 24 hours a day.

5.6.1.6.4.
Health
The island has a Health Centre, which employs 01 doctor and 03 nurses. With the recent
developments, all Maldivians now have health insurance covered under the government
program of Aasandha.
5.6.1.6.5.
Education
The government run Madaveli School provides education from grades 1 to 10, while two
preschools are functional in providing education to the younger children.
5.6.1.6.6.
Community needs
With the increasing population,the community is in need of land space. Land is also required
for various other activities such as oil storage space for easier availability of oil, and a set up
77
of a proper fish processing facility. Other needs include better social security from the
increasing crime rate due to high drug usage on the island and neighbouring islands as well
as a better education and health system.
5.6.1.6.7.
Sites with historical, cultural interests or sacred places
While there are no sites with historical or cultural interests, the island has 2 mosques and a
cemetery.
5.6.2.
GDh. Hoandedhdhoo
5.6.2.1.
Demography
GDh. Hoandedhdhoo has a total population of 1197, which is composed of 647 males
and 550 females. Sex ratio of males to females in the population is 1:0.85. The area that is
inhabited by the residents of the island is considerably small in comparison to the total area
available. Some areas of the island are uninhabitable due to flooding which is experienced in
these areas during heavy rains. Average growth rate for the island is 4.06 (Hoandedhdhoo
Council information sheet, 2011).
5.6.2.2.
Employment and economic activities
The main source of income for the community of Hoandedhdhoo is from farming.
Additional sources of income include employment in government offices and companies,
civil service, resorts and private companies. Information was unavailable on estimates of
percentages of people involved in the various fields of employment. Given that farming is
the main source of income, this activity is quite seasonal since severe flooding during the
southwest monsoons affects the land available for farming.
5.6.2.3.
Land use planning and zoning of activities at sea
Hoandedhdhoo has recently developed a land use plan, though it has not yet been
finalized. The plan demarcates areas of land for residential, institutional and community,
utility and municipal, recreational, commercial as well as industrial use. The plan also
considers areas that should be left as green areas, and areas that should be preserved for
future use. While the area on the north-western side of the island, which experiences
flooding was previously not inhabited, the new land use plan allocates plots in these areas
78
for various purposes. There is no zonation of activities at sea and all Maldivians have open
access to the resources.
5.6.2.4.
Natural resource utilisation and impact on natural
resources due to population increase

While ground water resource was previously used for all purposes, the impact of
high usage of this resource is now being felt on this freshwater resource. With the
increasing salinity and odour of this resource it is no longer usable as a source of drinking
water or for cooking purposes.
5.6.2.5.
Accessibility and transport to nearby islands
Nearby islands can be visited using the existing ferry systems operated by the
government and a private party or by hiring dhonis or speed launches.
5.6.2.6.
5.6.2.6.1.
Quality of services and accessibility

Water supply
Rain water is the main source of drinking water on Hoandedhdhoo. Every house is
equipped with its own water tank for collecting rain water. Rain water is also available from
tanks installed by the government which are open for community use.
5.6.2.6.2.
Solid waste and waste water disposal
Waste is not managed appropriately on the island as the island does not have a
waste management centre or a designated site for waste disposal. Thus solid waste is
disposed of in various locations of the island and non-biodegradable waste is accumulated
on the island over time without access to final disposal facilities.
5.6.2.6.3.
Electricity
Electricity is available to all residents 24 hours a day and is supplied by the Upper Southern
Utilities Cooperation.
5.6.2.6.4.
Health
The island has a Health Centre, which employs 01 doctor and 03 nurses. However
unavailability of all required medications from Hoandedhdhoo makes treatments difficult.
79
Hence consultations and treatment has to be either sought at GDh. Thinadhoo or medicines
have to be obtained from Thinadhoo. In case of an emergency, a speed launch has to be
hired for transfer of the patient to GDh. Thinadhoo, the main urban hub of the atoll.
5.6.2.6.5.
Education
The government run Hoandedhdhoo School provides education from grades 1 to 10.
However students can only study the Commerce stream in higher education due to the lack
of a library, laboratory and a computer facilities in the school.
5.6.2.6.6.
Community needs
The community is in need of several services and improvements to currently existing

services such as education, health etc. Details of community needs as specified by the
Hoandedhdhoo council are as follows:
Education: Improving the education system through the availability of computer, laboratory
and library facilities, so that students are also able to study within the different streams
other than only the commerce stream for higher studies.
Health: Availability of medicines and a readily accessible pharmacy at the health centre.
Youth: Job availability for youth in the community and an establishment of a Youth Centre.
Farming industry: Better services and easily available water resources which can be used for
farming area of the island. Easier access to all necessary equipment and other materials
used for farming.
Harbour: Renovation of the quay wall of the harbour which is currently severely damaged.
Electricity: Availability of electricity at cheaper prices than current prices.
Water and sewerage system: Set up of a proper sewerage network system.
Security: Better security for the community through the establishment of a Police outpost
on the island to eliminate various criminal activities from the island.
5.6.2.6.7.
Sites with historical, cultural interests or sacred places
While there are no sites with cultural interest, the old Friday Mosque (Hirigaa Mosque) is of
historical value.
80
5.7.
Hazard vulnerability
5.7.1. Known historic hazard events in Madaveli

Most of the hazards events (6 events on 8) occur during the SW monsoon (in May, June and
July) (Table 14). These events are mainly tidal waves or strong winds and rain (plus the
earthquake of 15th July 2003). Two events have been recorded during the NE monsoon: a
strong storm in February 2002 and a heavy rain in December 2007.
Table 14: Recorded natural disasters in Madaveli since 1998
Date
Event
Consequences
11th May 1998

tidal wave from Southwest & North
th
13 May 1998
strong wind & rain
17th February 2002,
big storm with thunders &
lost the communication on the
late afternoon
lightening
island
th
15 July 2003
earthquake
18th July 2003
strong wind & rain
15th May 2007 to
tidal waves
affected big area on the island
17th May 2007
13th June 2007
stormy & unusual strong wind
serious damages
06th December 2007
heavy rain
some flood on the island
Note: No records of natural disasters are kept before 1998.
5.7.2. Water flows and culvert design

In such a case of open channels with an unidirectional flow, Manningsformula is
usually used to relate current speed and slope of the water given the seabed conditions and
geometry.
Q = A/n * R2/3 * S1/2
Q = Discharge
A = Cross-sectional Area of Flow
n = Coefficient of Roughness
R = Hydraulic Radius
S = Slope of water surface
A simple routine was entered on excel to investigate the relation between culvert
geometry, flow rate and slope, in our case, the height difference between either side of the
culvert (Table 15)
81
Table 15: Relation between water flow, culverts parameter and expected level differences
Q (cbm/sec)
h (m)
b (m)
A (sqm)
P (m) = 2h+b
R (m)
V (m/s)
S (m)
Dh (m)
Dh (cm)
50
100
150
200
250
275
1.5
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
24
24
24
24
24
24
36
36
36
48
48
48
27
27
27
28
28
28
1.333
1.333
1.333
1.714
1.714
1.714
1.389
2.778
4.167
4.167
5.208
5.729
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.008
0.019
0.013
0.021
0.025
2.0630633
8.2522531
18.5675694
13.2920789
20.7688733
25.1303367
The design should therefore add a level of about 20 cm to its upstream part
compared to its downstream part. This has to be related to the height of the coastal ridge in
Hoandhdhdhoo in particular. This is the lowest area, and the specified height for the
causeway is much higher than that of the island. It is clear that at this site, coastal ridge is
absent (Figure 58; Figure 59) and that an increase of the sea level of 20 cm will increase the
risks of flooding.
Figure 58: The path inland of the northern coastline of Hoandedhdhoo exhibiting crab holes
82
Figure 59: The low lying part of the island on the northern shore of Hoandeddhdhoo
It is therefore advised that the coastal ridge is extended to the causeway in order to
prevent flooding of this part of the island.
5.7.3. Draining of the Hoandedhdhookuli

In addition to this, the coastal ridge on the western side of the bay where it is
planned at present could obstruct the flow of water from the Hoandedhdhookuli as has
been described previously (See sensitive areas)
If the coastal ridge is maintained as design at present, care has to be taken to at least
not hinder this system. It is advised that a proper system providing a long term solution is
implemented.
83
6. Assessment of the significant impacts and

mitigations measures
6.1. Impacts on the socioeconomic environment
Impacts on the socioeconomic environment due to the proposed project were identified
through the field survey and through consultations with stakeholders of both islands.
While majority of impacts identified through the project are positive impacts, the project
also has a few potential negative impacts such as decreased availability of usable
groundwater resource while demand for these resources would increase with increase in
population numbers, social destabilization of the community due to potential increased
crime rates etc. Table 16 identifies the potential impacts due to the project, both during
the construction and operation stages, the rating of the impact and also provides
mitigation measures for those impacts which may be detrimental to the society.
Table 16: Potential impacts on the socioeconomic environment arising from the project, impact rating and
mitigation measures for the negative impacts
Component
Impact
Employment and
income
Increased job opportunities and

diversity in available employment
Ground water
usage availability
Ground water resource of both

islands are already saline to some
extent and increased usage of this
resource during construction
works and due to reclamation
would make the resource
unsuitable for use
Better protection from such

events due to the construction of
the coastal ridge in
Hoandedhdhoo as well as
revetment structure around
reclaimed land area in Madaveli
Protection of the north western

side of Hoandedhdhoo which
currently experiences flooding and
reclamation of land on south side
of Madaveli would allow allocation
of plots to both communities for
various uses such as farming,
Sea level rise and

storm surges
Size and
allocation of
plots
Rating
84
Mitigation
measures
+
Provision of
freshwater
resources through
the utilities
company
residential and industrial purposes

Impacts on food
and nutrition
security
Social services
such as Health
and Education
Natural resource
and services
usage
Trade and
business
Linking of both islands via the

causeway would allow residents of
both islands to get better access to
the products from the other island
such as fish and vegetables.
Furthermore easier travel also
means that residents have higher
security once it comes to
availability of food supplies even if
supplies might not be available on
own island at times.
++
Social services such as health and

education are foreseen to improve
with the added support from the
government, as it would then be
easier to invest a larger amount
towards such facilities due to
shared resources.
++
Increased demand on resources

and services such as waste and
sewage disposal due to increased
population might eventuate in lack
of availability of such resources
and services which do not function
to its maximum potential.
Business and trade is foreseen to

improve due to the project, due to
easier access and bigger market.
Larger population means that the
communities would be able to tap
into other markets such as
establishment of agency offices of
companies such as Maldivian,
Dhiraagu, Wataniyaetc as well as a
Police outpost.
85
Strategic planning in
a timely manner
accounting for the
increase in
population and
provision of such
services to an
increased
population so that
negative effects of
the increase in
numbers is not
experienced.
Impact equity
Social
destabilization of
the island
community
Monitoring of
socioeconomic
and demographic
development
Joint population would result in

enhanced coordination and
cooperation between the
communities due to better
relationships that would be
forged. As a result it is predicted
that effects of all positive impacts
would be felt by both
communities.
It is felt by both communities that
the issue of increased drug usage
and increased crime rate would be
an issue with the easier travel
between the islands.
This would be positively impacted

once again due to better
relationships established between
the communities at all levels
including the administrative level.
__
Increased security
for the community
and better
collaboration
between the two
communities to
remove these
negative activities
from the
community.
As seen from Table 13 above, while the project has a few negative impacts on the
socioeconomic environment, these can be moderated or diminished by implementing
proposed mitigation measures. The positive impacts on the socioeconomic environment
due to this project are far greater and diverse than the negative impacts.
86
6.2. Impacts on the natural environment.

6.2.1. Methodology
6.2.2. Impact Identification Methodology
Impacts on the environment are divided into two main categories: impacts during
construction and impacts during operations. These are linked to the utilization of the
facility or irreversible change in the environmental configuration.
6.2.2.1.
Impacts during construction
The impact prediction methodology for constructional impacts starts with the
identification of the potential impacted area from the development. There is, in this
category a difference made between direct physical damage and indirect impacts, which
could come from turbidity plumes for example. Therefore, the extent of the damage area
very often follows natural features, such as shoreline and streamline of hydrodynamic
patterns.
Once the location is defined, the activities taking place at the site are listed and their
impacts on the environment are identified. The impacts are predicted using the
following:
The results of field surveys, along with consultations with project manager and
engineers
Impact prediction is also based on experience from similar projects carried out
previously
Finally, the magnitude of the impact is inferred based on the conditions at the site
and experience from previous projects.
6.2.2.2.
Impacts during operation
For the operational impacts, the process starts with the identification of the factors,
which potentially differ from the existing conditions before the operation of the facility.
The impacts are mostly linked to the coastal modifications of the island related to the
protection structures implemented or utilization of the facility
87
6.2.2.3.
Impacts ratings
The results from the survey presenting the natural environment in the considered
area are used to assess how the changing conditions will affect the existing environment.
The significance of the impacts were predicted based on the experience gathered over
years of observations, the magnitude and the duration of the exposure to changing
condition as well as the long lasting changes caused to the natural processes. The
negative impacts on the environment have been considered in the worst-case scenario in
order to emphasize the need for mitigation and try to minimize the impacts. The
importance of each impact was rated along a scale from very negative (---) to very
positive (+++). When the impact is not very significant, it is stated as negligible.
6.2.2.4.
Limitations in impact prediction
Even though a thorough brainstorming takes place when assessing the impacts,
there is always a possibility for some of the impacts to have been disregarded, either that
they have not been noticed in the past or that the effects and causes have not been
related. Therefore there is an intrinsic limitation due to the limitation of our knowledge
itself.
The lack of previous studies or careful monitoring creates a lack of information as to
the extent and magnitude of the impacts encountered in other similar cases. Therefore,
in many cases it is difficult to ascertain the significance of impacts, which remains
subjective to the field experience of the consultant and observations of the proponent.
There is often a discrepancy between the understanding of the consultant and the
operation carried on site by the proponent. Even though the environmental follow up of
the project is supposed to reduce these discrepancies, it is clear that there is an inherent
risk of misunderstanding.
Furthermore, there is always a possibility that uncertainties about related decisions
such as planning, negotiation, coordination, etc. affect the accuracy of prediction in EIA
process.
88
6.2.3. Impacts during construction

6.2.3.1.
Impact from machinery
The transport of material and dredging activities will require the use of different
machinery (bulldozers, excavators, etc). These will usually emit a fair amount of black
smoke and green house gases such as CO2 which will disturb the natural environment
and associated flora and fauna. The impacts will be limited as the works will be carried in
open air areas. Moreover, in order to minimise the emission of pollutants, the engines
should be maintained in good working conditions and all machinery will be subjected to
regular inspection and maintenance programs.
The noise pollution from the machinery may disturb the houses located closest to
the working areas, as well as the wildlife and birds in particular. However,
the dredging areas will not generate increased disturbances as the harbour area is
already a noisy place and the lagoon area is located far from any houses;
the South-West reclaimed area is separated from the houses by a wooded area;
the South reclaimed area is located near houses, but the power plant is also
located nearby and already generates noise disturbances;
the causeway as well as the coastal ridge, are located far from existing houses.
Machinery also emits green house gases that increase the global world emission,
which contributes to the increase in the global warming effect. The overall amount
produced by theses works is very limited compared to the general fuel consumption in
the world.
Moreover, the use of machinery carries pollution risks, like accidental oil spillage.
Frequent controls will be done to prevent and avoid such spillages.
The movement of the machinery around the island and in particular during the
construction of the causeway will negatively affect the sea bed in the work area. It is
planned that the machinery should move either on the already built causeway or on the
footprint where the causeway will be built in order to limit the unavoidable breakage of
corals and associated loss of habitat.
89
6.2.3.2.
Impact from dredging
Dredging activities will increase the turbidity in the working areas and lead to
sedimentation and suspension issues.
During the dredging, the top layers of the seabed will be disturbed. These layers are
colonized by an array of living organisms such as worms, shells and echinoderms etc. that
will be exposed and suspended into the water column when an excavator and a sand
pump operate. Most of these will be eaten by the fish, in particular wrasses, which are
not hindered by the turbid conditions. On the other hand some fish, such as gobies, will
lose their habitat and could fall prey to other fish when they move away in search of a
new habitat. The concerned species usually have very short life cycles, and colonization
of the area after the end of the disturbance will be rapid.
Silt and fines materials put in suspension during the works will sediment on the
surrounding seabed. Impacts of excessive sedimentation on coral reefs can be low
(temporary growth slowdown) to severe (death of some corals species), depending on
the intensity and the duration of the disturbance.
The first proposed borrowing location is Madaveli harbour, which is partially filled
with sediment and sand, and where the negative impact of dredging will be limited as
boats movements in the harbour area already frequently put the sediments in
suspension.
The second proposed location, at the east side of the channel between Madaveli and
Hoandedhdhoo, will be more impacted by the seabed disturbance. However, the
powerful hydrodynamic regime observed in the area, and especially in the channel, is
expected to reduce the impacts of sedimentation, since the currents will help in the
dispersal of the suspended materials in the ocean. Impacts would be noticed on the reef
assessed in site 2 (Figure 51), which exhibit a good coral. These corals are already used to
the lee side reef more turbid conditions. They will most likely survive the episode as
sedimentation is unlikely owing to the hydraulic regime mentioned above.
90
6.2.3.3.
Solid and construction wastes management
During the work period, it is clear that some wastes will be generated, be it packing
material for the elcobags, form work for the casting of concrete, goani and jumbo bags from
construction material such as sand or gravel.
When this aspect is not properly managed, the scattering of these wastes into the
environment is an eye sore and can also harm some wildlife. The waste management in
Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo is less than acceptable with a lot of rubbish strewn all over
the island. This may be due to the fact that the only waste disposal area in the country is
located days of boat away.
The shipping of waste on a regular basis is unlikely, and it seems advisable to use the
opportunity offered by the reclamation work to bury the waste that can be found on the
island in a pit which can be dug in the reclamation area. Given that most of the wastes
generated during the works and on the island is stable this should not cause any long term
problems.
Waste sump oil will have to be collected in drums and kept until it can be shipped to
Thilafushi, together with other hazardous wastes such as batteries.
6.2.4. Impacts during operation

6.2.4.1.
Impact of the land reclamation
The long term consequences of the reclamation part of the project are discussed in
different paragraphs below, together with a description of the impacts resulting from
these changes.
6.2.4.1.1.
The modification of the hydrodynamic regime
Reclaimed areas modify permanently the hydrodynamic regime by forcing the water
flow in using new ways. While the two areas will be filled, the water will flow directly and
in full through the channel main channel. It has to be noted that the consideration on
flow velocities were based on the areas downstream where the channel on either side of
Kudehulhadhoo have already joined and therefore the calculations will not be affected by
this new configuration.
6.2.4.1.2.
The loss of marine habitats
91
The land reclamation will result in a permanent loss of marine habitats. However,
the reclaimed areas are very shallow lagoon areas (maximum depth: 60 cm from MSL)
and do not shelter large coral colonies. Reclaimed area 1 is a sea grass bed, which
shelters not such a abundant fish population, but also sea urchins and other invertebrate.
Reclaimed area 2 is a shallow mud flat. This has a number of invertebrate life forms and
is often frequented by different bird species.
6.2.4.1.3.
The increase of protected land area
The reclaimed area will provide new land plots to the Madaveli community. Due to
the elevation of the reclaimed areas (+1.2 m from MSL) and the higher ridge and
revetments, the land will be protected against the main sea level increases. This will
protect the area which was inundated in 2007.
In addition, the reclaimed land will after a few month increase the groundwater
resources of the island. This will probably benefit the populationas well as the
vegetation.
6.2.4.2.
Impact of the causeway
The long term consequences of the causeway part of the project are dicussed in the
paragraphs below, together with a description of the impacts resulting from these
changes.
6.2.4.2.1.
The causeway will create an obstacle to the natural water flow. Culverts are
expected to be sufficient enough to allow the flow to go through the causeway without
negative impact. Nevertheless, when sea water rises to high levels, the flow restriction
due to the causeway will create a level difference between the western side and the
eastern side of the causeway. It is estimated (Table 15) that with a flow of 250 m3/h the
difference on either side would be around 20 cm. The causeway elevation (+1.6 m above
MSL) will protect the causeway from flooding but may cause some flooding in the lowest
surrounding areas, in particular the northern part of Hoandedhdhoo.
It is inevitable that higher levels of water on the western part of the reef flat create
an increased risk of flooding on the islands. Therefore the coastal ridge is important to
92
mitigate this effect. Loose sediment is likely to wash away in the area and therefore
should not be the preferred method if a long lasting solution is envisaged.
Figure 60: In Hoandedhdhoo the population is using construction wastes to consolidate the ridge
It is advised to create a line of geo-tubes at the top of the beach to retain the
material imported to the area.
It also seems judicious to extend the protection of the ridge until the causeway to
prevent flooding in the low lying land on the northern side of Hoandedhdhoo, as this is
the most likely to be impacted by floods.
6.2.4.2.2.
The creation of a connection between the 2 islands
The causeway will connect the islands of Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo, allowing
easy crossing of the channel. Instead of renting a boat or walking across in the water,
people from both islands will have easy access to their neighbour island. It is expected
that people from Madaveli could buy the vegetables that people from Hoandedhdhoo
93
grow, while the Hoandedhdhoo community will access to cheaper fishes from the
Madaveli fishermen.
Public services (schools, hospitals, etc.) could also be more easily shared, resulting in a
higher level of the services proposed to the population of both islands.
6.2.4.2.3.
The increase of traffic
The causeway will inevitably increase the traffic on the 2 islands. It will mainly be
motorized traffic, as the road distance between Madaveli harbour and Hoandedhdhoo
harbour would be about 2.8 km. This traffic increase will increase the air pollution at a
small scale, as only few motorbikes and small pick-up trucks are usedon the islands, and
this is again saved on fuel used by the boat traffic.
6.2.4.2.4.
Influence on marine life
People walk across the channel between the two island quite frequently. This
involves some trampling of the corals and disturbance to the sea bed. It is expected that
these disturbances will be limited and that the area will therefore be more stable for
coral growth in the long run. The design of the culvert, with a deeper area will create a
somewhat different habitat which may benefit the marine diversity and abundance. It is
expected that the area will be rapidly colonised by the branching species present creating
the complexity to shelter more fishes.
6.2.4.3.
Impact of the coastal ridge
The long term consequences of the coastal ridge part of the project are dicussed in
the paragraphs below, together with a description of the impacts resulting from these
changes.
6.2.4.3.1.
Except in the case of flooding from the kulhi, the coastal ridge will not affect the
hydrodynamic regime drastically. This can be remediated by installing a proper sluice
gateand culvert or providing a space between two geotubes.
94
6.2.4.3.2.
The protection of the low land areas against flooding
As mentioned above, the coastal ridge will provide protection against waves and sea
level rise. The land located behind the ridge should experience less flooding events and
should be a safer place than it is now.
6.2.4.3.3.
Aesthetic aspect
If the loose sediment option is adopted, it is likely that what will be left after a few
years is a line of loose rocks creating an uncomfortable beach face and finally providing
little added protection.
The presence of the line of geo tubes may be an eye sore for a few years, but it is
expected that it will blend in after a few years (Figure 61).
Figure 61: Elco-rock blending with vegetation abroad
95
Table 17: Summary table of impacts and ratings and the mitigation measures proposed for negative impacts
Activity
Use of
machinery
Dredging
Filling
reclaimed
areas
Building a
causeway
Works
All working
sites
Land
Reclamation
Land
reclamation
Site of Impact
All working sites
Component
Impacts
Rating
Mitigation measures
Final rating
Smell and noise disturbance
--
Proper maintenance of the

machinery can reduce these impacts
Oil spillage risks
Frequent controls
Negligible
Physical damage to sea bed
--
The machinery movement is

organized on the causeway
footprint as much as possible
Green house gas emission
Construction
Good flushing of the current in the

area will enable a larger dilution
and dispersion of the sediments
South Madaveli
Construction
Rise in turbidity and sedimentation in an

area close to a healthy coral reef
--
South Madaveli
Operation
Modification of hydrodynamic regime
South Madaveli
Operation
Loss of marine habitats
--
--
South Madaveli
Operation
Increase the surface of protected land

area
++
++
Madaveli
Operation
Channel
Operation
Madaveli and
Hoandedhdhoo
Operation
Causeway
Production of solid and construction

wastes
Modification of hydrodynamic regime

And possibility of increased flooding
Increase trade between the 2 islands and
improve the level of public services
available by sharing the facilities
96
--
--
A pit can be excavated in the main

reclaimed area and be used as a
solid waste burial ground. This
could be used for the garbage
already present around the island
++
--
Adequate designs and large

assumptions
++
++
Activity
Build a
coastal
ridge
Works
Coastal Ridge
Site of Impact
Component
Impacts
Rating
Channels
Operation
Diversification of the habitats in the

culvert area
Madaveli and
Hoandedhdhoo
Operation
Traffic increase
West
Hoandedhdhoo
Operation
Obstruct flood drainage of kulhi
--
Install gates or provide gap in

structure
North
Hoandedhdhoo
Operation
The low lying part of the island is not

protected and is subject to more frequent
flooding
---
The ridge is extended until it meets

the causeway offering extended
protection
++
West
Hoandedhdhoo
Operation
Coastal protection increased

Protection of low lands against flood
97
++
Mitigation measures
Final rating
++
7.
7.1.
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
No Project option
The following table sums up the impacts of the No-Project option (Table 18).
Table 18: Potential impacts from the No-Project option:
Activity
Advantages
No causeway built
between Madaveli and
Hoandedhdhoo
Disadvantages
People from Madaveli or Handedhdhoo still have to
rent a boat or cross through the water to reach the
other island
No modification of the
hydrodynamic regime
No increase of the motorized
traffic on the islands
No possibility to benefit from the other island local

economy (vegetables for Hoandedhdhoo and fishes
fro Madaveli) or from public services
Negative socio-economic impact
No reclamation in
Madaveli
Coastal ridge in
Hoandedhdhoo
hydrodynamic regime
Continued problem with the housing in Madaveli,

and plots given in very low lying areas
No impact on the seabed
hydrodynamic regime
The low land on the west side of Hoandedhdhoo

will continue to be subject to floods when high or
strong waves occur or when the sea level rises.
These lands are not appropriate for settlement.
7.2.
Alternative design for coastal ridge
The coastal ridge is changed to a more durable method with sand filled containers,
such as the one depicted in the following figure (Figure 62).
98
Figure 62: Sand filled containers to replace the loose sediment ridge
The ridge should also be continued all the way until it meets the causeway.
If both these changes are brought about, the solution is long lasting and the protection
is extended to the whole of Hoandedhdhoo. The mistake of increasing the risk and intensity
of flooding in the northern part of Hoandedhdhoo is avoided.
7.3.
Alternative site plan
In this alternative, the course of the causeway is changed. Rather than to have a link
between Haadhoo and Hoandedhdhoo directly, it is proposed to make two smaller sections
and link the island of Haadhoo to that of Kanigilla, then Kanigilla to Hoandedhdhoo. A
sketch, depicting the position of the causeways is shown in the following figure (Figure 63).
99
Figure 63: Another path for the causeway linking Hoadedhdhoo to Madaveli
The main advantages of this design is that it provide better protection to the northern
part of Hoadedhdhoo without building the coastal ridge any further. Indeed, this low part
of the island would be on the downstream part of the culvert and would not be affected by
the rise in sea water level occasioned by the structure. In addition, this would enable to link
another 7 ha of land without any extra costs.
100
8.
MONITORING PROGRAM
Monitoring is the systematic collection of information over a long period of time. It

involves the measuring and recording of environmental, social and economic variables
associated with the development impacts. Monitoring is needed to:
Compare predicted and actual impacts
Test the efficiency of mitigation measures
Obtain information about responses of receptors to impacts
Enforce conditions and standards associated with approvals
Prevent environmental problems resulting from inaccurate predictions
Minimize errors in future assessments and impact predictions
Make future assessments more efficient
Provide ongoing management information
Improve EIA and monitoring process
The before-impact data collection at Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo was carried out
during baseline surveys in October 2011. Baseline survey is carried out to quantify ranges of
natural variation and/ or directions and rates of change that are relevant to impact
prediction and mitigation. A set of reference data was obtained from these surveys, which
can be used during the construction and operation phases to evaluate whether the
predicted impacts occurred and to test the efficiency of the mitigation measures that will be
implemented.
To compare predicted and actual impacts occurring from project activities and to
determine the efficiency of the mitigation measures, an environmental impact monitoring
and a mitigation monitoring are carried out. This type of monitoring is targeted at assessing
human impacts on the natural environment. By monitoring the actual impacts, the
environmental risks associated with the project can be reduced. Impact monitoring is
supported by an expectation that at some level, anthropogenic impacts become
unacceptable and action will be taken to either prevent further impacts or re-mediate
affected systems. Mitigation and monitoring aim to compare predicted and actual (residual)
impacts, and hence to determine the effectiveness of mitigation measures.
101
In summary, environmental monitoring can:
Illustrate the extent of environmental effects and resource losses;
Provide scientific information on the response of the environment to human activities

and mitigation measures;
Provide data that can be used in the environmental auditing for management purposes.
All monitoring activities will be carried out under the supervision of the environmental
consultants. The details of the monitoring program are given in Table 19.
Table 19: Environmental Monitoring Plan
Monitoring
Phase
Methodology
Indicators
Parameter
Coastline
Construction/
Beach level
Erosion or accretion
Operational
survey
Changes to the
Sampling
Estimated
Frequency
Cost
Every 6 months
USD 1000/
survey
beach profile
Sand movement
around island
Coastline
Construction/
Photography
Operational
Erosion or accretion
Every 6 months
USD 200/
survey
Changes to the
beach profile
Sand movement
around island
Benthic
Construction/
substrate
Operational
Photo transects
Just after
USD 1000/
cover and other
construction and
survey
benthic substrates
every 6 months
Percentage live coral
following that
Seawater
Construction/
Test of the
quality
Operational
seawater
parameters
Just after
USD 500/
COD, pH, nitrate,
construction and
survey
suspended solids
every 6 months
Salinity, Turbidity,
following that
Monitoring reports will be submitted to the Ministry of Housing and Environment.
102
9.
Stakeholder Consultation
The Island Councils of Madaveli and Hoandedhoo were consulted on their respective islands
along with key members from the community. During these meetings, the project was
discussed with the meeting participants and feedback was obtained of their views on the
project.
9.1. Madaveli Council

The consultation with Council members and key stakeholders from Madaveli was held at
the Office of the Secretariat of the Madaveli Council on the 9th of December 2011. A total
of 15 participants including members of the Madaveli Council as well as the Vice President
of the South Huvadhoo Atoll Council attended the meeting. A list of all participants and
their designations are given in Table 20 below.
Table 20: List of stakeholders consulted within Madaveli
Name
Position
Office
Ahmed Saeed
Principal
Madaveli School
Mohamed Ahmed Waheed
Principal
Huvadhoo School
ShiaarZahir
Manager
Upper Southern Utilities Limited
Shafee Adam
Executive Director
Upper South Health Services

Corporation Ltd
Mohamed Hassan
Councillor
Madaveli Council
Eeman Mohamed Rasheed
President
Madaveli Council
Sahir Hassan
Vice President
Atoll Council
Hassan Habeeb
Assistant Director
Madaveli Council
FarishMuneer
Assistant Manager
Madaveli Health Centre
Hijaaz Hassan
Finance Officer
Madaveli Council
Ziam Abdul Hardy
Station Manager
Maldivian/ Kaadehdhoo Station
Shahid Ahmed
Councilor
Madaveli Council
Hassan Qasim
Shop Owner
Madaveli
SuvaadHabeeb
Councilor
Madaveli
Mohamed Akram
Dive Instructor
Madaveli
103
The meeting was initiated with an introduction to the purpose of the meeting by the EIA
consultants. Participants were then asked about their thoughts and feelings towards the
project and how they feel that this project would affect their livelihoods and that of the
community. Participants were encouraged to be open about their comments.
The participants of the meeting were very positive towards the building of the causeway
and reclamation of land on the southern side of the island as they felt that this would
greatly improve the livelihoods of the community and add about 50 years to the continued
development of the community. Reclamation of land on the southern side would, in their
viewpoint, aid combating the issue of lack of land space for housing of the current
community and future population growth, as well as provision of land for better-established
fish processing facilities etc.
The joining of the two islands via the causeway is beneficial in their view due to the
improvements this would bring to the administrative system, education, health and
employment of the communities. The joint population would be greater able to enjoy the
benefits of the fishing and farming industries which Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo excel in
respectively. The easier access to the products of both islands by communities of both
islands would improve business as well as foster better relations between the communities.
The participants also felt that with the joint and increased population they would then be
able to tap into markets currently out of their reach, such as establishing agency offices in
the island for companies such as Maldivian, Dhiraagu, Wataniya etc.
Furthermore, all participants felt that with the linkage of two islands, they would be in a
better position to receive higher quality services for utilities such as electricity, freshwater,
sewerage network etc for which the government invests in depending on the size of the
population.
Whilst overall, the participants were enthusiastic about the project, they also expressed
their concern regarding environmental impacts this project might have on Madaveli
especially on the northern area and the western side of the island. The northern side of
Madaveli is also quite badly eroded and uninhabitable. They would like to see some sort of
protection for this area of the island as well and had previously brought up this issue during
a previous meeting. The participants felt that improving the condition of the northern part
of Madaveli was equally important and would like to bring this issue to the notice of
104
concerned parties so that action might be taken in the near future or a temporary solution
for this issue be implemented currently. Ideally they would like protection of the northern
side of the island to also be included in the current project. The participants felt that it was
important to consider all impacts of this project and provide mitigation measures for all
anticipated impacts when implementing the project, including impacts on Haadhoo and the
western and northern side of Madaveli.
Furthermore, the participants acknowledged that with the joint population, there would
initially be social challenges, but felt that these would improve over time. One of the biggest
fears of the participants was the increased crime rate and drug usage which might arise due
to the linkage but felt that with proper security and improved services, this issue could be
resolved. However they would like to stress the need for a Police post on one of the islands.
Overall, all the participants of the meeting were in favour of the project and were eager to
see the implementation of the project expedited so as to enable them to see the benefits of
this project in the very near future. They felt that this is a much needed project by the
community and that there has already been too much delay in getting the project
implemented. The Council and community were willing to give their full support towards
both the causeway and reclamation projects.
9.2. Hoandedhdhoo Council

The consultation with the key stakeholders for this project from Hoandedhdhoo was held at
the Office of the Secretariat of the Hoandedhdhoo Council on the 10th of December 2011. A
total of 11 participants including members of the Hoandedhdhoo Council, Head of School
and members of various NGOs as well as community members attended the meeting. A list
of all participants and their designations are given in Table 21 below.
105
Table 21: List of stakeholders consulted within Hoandedhdhoo
Name
Position
Office
Mohamed Ashraf
President
Hoandedhdhoo Council
Hasma Hassan Manik
Vice President
Mohamed Saeed
Council
Member
Mohamed Shiran
Council
Member
Midhhathulla Abdul
Azeez
Head of School
Hoandedhdhoo School
Mohamed Muslim
NGO member
Mohamed Guraish
Abdulla Haashim
Abdulla Saidh
Mahudhee Hashim
Ali Ahmed
As with the consultation at Madaveli, the meeting was initiated with an introduction to the
purpose of the meeting by the EIA consultants. Participants were then asked about their
thoughts and feelings towards the project and how they feel that this project would affect
their livelihoods and that of the community. Participants were encouraged to be open
about their comments.
Participants of the Hoandedhdhoo consultation also felt that this was a much needed
project but were hesitant to speak on behalf of the community. Upon their request a
second meeting with the community was organized for the afternoon. They did
nevertheless mention that the community has been in favour of a reclamation project to
link both islands rather than a causeway for a long period of time now. However, when the
environmental impacts of such a project were explained, the participants agreed that a
causeway would be the better method of linking the islands.
Amongst the benefits listed by the participants of this meeting were increased employment
opportunities for residents of both islands, improved markets for products of both islands,
improved education system and shared resources, improved social activities and greater
106
audience for such activities and improved trade and businesses. They also felt that the
coastal ridge would greatly benefit in improving the land area and enable greater usage of
land area.
Similar to the feedback from the Madaveli Council, the members of the current consultation
session also felt that the easier link between the two islands might lead to increase in crime
rate and drug usage and would like to request a Police post to be set up on one of the
islands.
Overall they felt that the community was also in support of both project components;
causeway and coastal ridge on western side coast of the island but felt that it was important
to have a separate meeting with the community to get their feedback. Participants of
current meeting were full in support of the project and wished to expedite its
implementation.
9.3. Consultation with Hoandedhdhoo community

The second meeting in Hoandedhdhoo, the consultation with the community was held in
the afternoon of the 10th of December 2011 at the Hoandedhdhoo School Hall. The
meeting was announced to all and welcome for participation by all members of the
community. In total 46 members (42 male, 4 female) of the community attended the
meeting.
As with the other two consultation sessions, the meeting was initiated with an introduction
to the purpose of the meeting by the EIA consultants. Participants were then asked about
their thoughts and feelings towards the project and how they feel that this project would
affect their livelihoods and that of the community. Participants were encouraged to be open
about their comments.
Participants were initially slightly unaware of the details of the causeway project and
inquired as to the design of the project. When it was explained to them that the design was
still being finalized but would be one which would be of least impact to the environment,
they were supportive of the project and its implementation. They stressed that earlier
similar projects had been halted due to the environmental issues, which might have arisen
from those projects such as severe erosion of the vulnerable area on the western side of the
island. They felt that the coastal ridge being constructed as part of this project would be
107
very important in preventing further flooding in that area and would like the coastal ridge to
have all the necessary features to ensure that the area remains flood free.
Amongst potential benefits listed by the participants of the meeting were improved trade
between islands and easier access to products of both islands (i.e. fish and agricultural
products), better relationships between the communities and provision of greater
assistance to one another. However similar to the major concern expressed in the other two
meetings participants of this meeting also expressed the concern of increased crime rate
and drug usage due to better linkages and also requested improved security.
Overall, all participants of this meeting also felt that this would be a very beneficial project
for the communities, which has already been delayed too much. Participants expressed
their wish to expedite the project so that they are able to receive the benefits of this project
in the near future. All participants were willing to give their full support to the project and
its implementation.
To conclude, although Councils and communities of both Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo had
their concerns regarding impacts of this project on the already existing vulnerable areas of
both islands as well as additional impacts to other areas which might arise, all were in
favour of the project due to the multitude of benefits which would result from the project.
All consulted parties were in full support of the project and would like to see the
implementation stage of the project in the very near future.
10.
Conclusion
The construction of the causeway between Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo and the
associated reclamation projects in Madaveli will fulfill the communitys desire for interaction
and integration. It will provide extra land to cater for the growing land allocation problems in
Madaveli.
The present design of the coastal ridge in Hoandedhdhoo is not optimal and may create
increased risk of flooding in the northern part of the island. The construction method based on
loose material is unlikely to resist the test of time and a more durable solution should be
adapted. It is proposed as an alternative to use geotubes made of geotextile.
108
The environmental consequences are multiple and range from very negative to very
positive. Indeed some habitats will be completely destroyed and a certain aesthetic aspect of
some land formation will be lost.
The unavoidable direct physical impact can be minimized and mitigated, and in the long
term nature will readapt to the new conditions. In cases, the project can in fact compensate in
helping the island with their recurring garbage disposal problem.
It would be desirable to consider the alternative options proposed as they seem more
adapted to the purpose of linking land masses together and increase the protection to flooding
while maintaining a high quality standard to ensure a long time benefit from the project.
109
11.
Declaration of the Consultant
I certify that the statements made in this Environmental Impact Assessment study are true,
complete and correct.
Name: Mariyam Rozlyn Saleem
Signature:
Date: 09 January 2012
110
12.
Declaration of the proponent
As the representative of the proponent of the proposed development I guarantee that I

have read the report thoroughly and that to the best of my knowledge all information
provided here is accurate and complete. In addition, I confirm our commitment to making
sure that the contractor implements all mitigation measures proposed in the present
report.
Name:
Signature:
Date:
111
APPENDICES
112
Annex 1: ToR
113
114
115
116
117
118
Annex 2: Water samples results
119
120
121
122
Annex 3: CVs of the Environmental Impact Assessment Team

CURRICULUM VITAE of MARIYAM SALEEM
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name:
Mariyam Rozlyn Saleem
Marital Status:
Nationality:
Maldivian
children
Gender:
Female
Languages:
Date of Birth: 1st of September 1974

Present address
for communication:
Married
with
Dhivehi (mother
English
(Fluent)
(Intermediate)
tongue)
French
7th FL/ M. Maya

GandhakoalhiMagu
Mal
Republic of Maldives
Tel: (960) 3337945 (H)
(960) 3331626 (W)
(960) 7783694 (M)
Fax: (960) 3336575
Email: marie@seamarc.com
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
SECONDARY EDUCATION:
1991-1993 Woodstock School, Mussoorie, Uttarkhand, India
High School Diploma
May 1993 - Advanced Placement
1981-1991Aminiya School, Mal
GCE O' level
TERTIARY EDUCATION:
Master of Applied Science (Protected Area Management)

James Cook University February 2002 April 2004
Conferred in May 2004
Bachelor of Science (Marine Biology)
July 1996 - June 1997 - University of the South Pacific, Fiji
July 1997 - July 1999 - James Cook University, Australia
Conferred in August 1999
123
two
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
28.06.00 Ongoing
Environmental Consultant
Seamarc Pvt. Ltd.
20.02.08 13.09.09
Reef Ecologist
Marine Research Centre

Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture
and Marine Resources
08.05.04 20.02.08
Senior Research Officer

28.07.99 08.05.04
Research Officer (Grade 3)

29.11.94 - 30.06.96
Research Assistant
Marine Research Section

23.08.93 - 28.11.94
Marine Biology Trainee
Marine Research Section

RECENT WORK EXPERIENCE

On-screen guide for the Maldives part on the BBC documentary series Indian Ocean. This is a
six-part series presented by Simon Reeve, which follows a journey around the perimeter of the
Indian Ocean. The programmes combine travelogue and current affairs, exploring topical issues
which affect the countries we travel through. The series is about the ocean, and portrays
stories linked to the sea and coastal communities. (September 2011)
Consultant for the Management of Solid Waste Project for B. Kamadhoo, B. Kihaadhoo and B.
Dhonfanu. The project aims to implement a system for solid waste management on the islands
whereby waste is segregated at the household level and non-biodegradable waste is collected
from the islands regularly for disposal at Thilafushi. The project is funded by Four Seasons
Resort at Landaa Giraavaru. Ongoing.
National Consultant for the preparation of National Report on Coastal Pollution Loading and
Water Quality Criteria for the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project. (July September
2010).
Project Manager for the Youth Awareness and Training Program of Baa Atoll Youth at
Fourseasons Resort, LandaaGiraavaru. This project aims to increase the capacity and
awareness of youth of Baa Atoll to facilitate implementation of environmental projects on their
respective islands and to help in the enforcement of existing environmental regulations. 2010.
Member of the event management team for the 350 Campaign, Maldives, 24th October
2009.Male, Maldives.
124
Assisted in the development of NAPA Project Document: Integrating Climate Change Risks into
Resilient Island Planning in the Maldives for GEF Funding. UNDP/ MHTE. (August September
2009).
Coral Reef Expert to the workshop on Regional Economics of Climate Change in South Asia:
Part 1, Cleaner Technologies and Options. Asian Development Bank. (16 August 2009).
Member of the Panel of Judges to select Climate Ambassadors to attend the Childrens Climate
Forum, Copenhagen. (June 2009).
Research on the status of the shark fishery for management. My work was focused on
implementing baseline and long term monitoring of reef sharks. This involved development of
monitoring protocols and data collection sheets. It also required good communication skills to
involve the dive schools and make a network of monitoring teams to carry out volunteer
monitoring. (2003 2009).
Preparation of an Issue Paper on the Status of the Shark Fishery in Maldives for the Fisheries
Advisory Board (FAB). My role was to coordinate the project and involved organizing and
carrying out field trips to the northern and southern atolls of Maldives to collect socioeconomic data on the fishery. The data was then compiled, analysed and a report was
formulated recommending phasing out the fishery and the implementation of an export ban.
The recommendations were endorsed by the FAB and all shark fishing within the EEZ of
Maldives has been banned from the 15th of March 2010, with subsequent ban of all trade of
shark products from July 1st 2010. (2009).
Project Manager for the Darwin Reef Fish Project. I collaborated with the Marine Conservation
Society of UK and successfully procured funding from the Darwin Initiative for a 4 year project
to establish monitoring for preparation of reef fishery management plans. This project will
result in fisheries management plans for the aquarium and food fish reef fisheries. (2009).
Management of the Aquarium Fishery of the Maldives. It involved working closely with the
exporters and Maldives Customs Services to develop tools and guidelines for monitoring and
management. (2003 2009).
Preparation of a paper on the Environmental Impacts of Tsunami Restoration in the Maldives.
This involved consultation with the donors and government agencies and report writing. IUCN.
(February 2009).
National Consultant to the Assistance to the Economic Valuation component of the broader
Atoll Ecosystem Conservation project. This involved coordinating and carrying out household
interviews in Baa atoll inhabited islands and in Male on valuation and willingness to pay of the
marine biodiversity. It also required the formulation of three reports: Willingness to pay for
biodiversity at the national level, Willingness to pay of tourists visiting the Maldives and also a
report on value of biological resources in Baa Atoll. IUCN March (August 2008)
Consultancy to prepare a paper on Status of Shark Fisheries in the Maldives Exclusive
Economic Zone for the Bay of Bengal Programme Inter-Governmental Organisation. This
involved formulating a report on the status of shark fisheries in the Maldives and presenting it
at the Regional Consultation on Preparation of Management Plan for Shark Fisheries. (March
2008).
National consultant to assist the Country Programme Environment Outcome and Renewable
Energy Project Evaluation 2007, UNDP. (September 2007).
125
Preparation of a report on Cost Estimation and Willingness to pay for waste management in
Baa Atoll as National Consultant for Atoll Ecosystem Conservation project funded by UNDP and
GEF. This involved research on waste management systems and cost estimation of all
components required for such a system in Maldives. My team and I carried out household
surveys in all the inhabited islands (13 islands) of Baa Atoll to collect information on the status
of and willingness to pay for waste management in the atoll. The resorts operating in the Atoll
were also consulted. (2006).
As part of my Masters special project, I worked on the preparation of a report on the Aquarium
Fishery of Maldives. This involved compilation and analysis of export data and interviews with
exporters. The output was a report giving comprehensive information on the fishery and also
recommendations for improving the monitoring and management of the fishery. (2003
2004).
RECENT WORKSHOPS AND SEMINARS ATTENDED
Pew Global Shark Conservation Summit, Washington DC, 1-2 June 2011.
Regional Workshop on Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) Best Practices and Lessons
Learned, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 28 29 July 2010.
BOBLME Regional Coastal Pollution Workshop, Male', Maldives, 2 -3 June 2010.
30th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, Goa, India, 27 29 April 2010.
Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project Inception Workshop, Male, Maldives, 24 25
February 2010.
Regional Economics of Climate Change in South Asia: Part 1, Cleaner Technologies and Options.
Maldives National Experts Workshop, ADB. Bandos Island Resort, Maldives, 16 August 2009.
2nd Regional Consultation on Preparation of Management Plan for Shark Fisheries, 9-11 August
2009.
Indian Ocean Cetacean Symposium, Paradise Island Resort, Maldives. 18 20 July 2009.
National Workshop on Monitoring, Control and Surveillance in Marine Fisheries, Male,
Maldives, 22-23 March 2009.
Training Programme on Integrating Environmental Safeguards into Disaster Risk Management,
16-19 March 2009, IUCN, Waikkal, Sri Lanka.
11th International Coral Reef Symposium, 7 11July 2008, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Training Course on Exploring Marine and Coastal Protected Areas - Tools for Management, 4
7 June 2008, Paradise Island Resort and Spa, Maldives
Mangroves For the Future (MFF) Regional Review Forum, 21-24 April, Heritance Hotel,
Ahungalla, Sri Lanka
126
Regional Consultation on Preparation of Management Plan for Shark Fisheries, 24 26 March

2008, Beruwela, Sri Lanka
Applying the Ecosystem Approach to Managing Atoll Ecosystems in the Maldives, 11 March
2008, Hulhule Island Hotel, Maldives
Management Planning Workshop for Olhugiri and Dhigaliha Protected Areas, 3 5 March
2008, Baa Atoll Eydhafushi, Maldives
Second Regional Coordination Workshop South Asia MCPA Project, 25 27 July 2007,
Colombo, Sri Lanka
National Consultation on the Fisheries Sector Master Plan, May 2007, Islamic Centre
Conference Hall, Male, Maldives
Workshop on the Development of a Grouper Management Plan, April 2007, Dharubaaruge,
Male, Maldives
SAARC Expert Group Consultation on Coastal Zone Management, April 2007, Dharubaaruge,
Male, Maldives
Environment and Disaster Risk Assessment of Islands in the Maldives, December 2006, Hulhule
Island Hotel, Maldives
Regional Resource Coordination and Mobilisation Workshop for the Long-term Management
and Conservation of MCPAs in South Asia, September 2006, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Roundtable on Coastal Erosion and Disaster Risk and Vulnerability, September 21, 2006 - Male,
Maldives
NAPA Workshop on Identifying and Prioritisation of Adaptation Measures, September 2006,
Bandos Island Resort, Maldives
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) and National Development Plan 7
Review Retreat Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Project and National Climate Change Project,
July 2006, Paradise Island, Maldives
Second Workshop on the Development of a National Waste Management Strategy May 2006,
STELCO Seminar Room, Male, Maldives
First Workshop on the Development of a National Waste Management Strategy December
2005, Hulhule Island Hotel, Maldives
Inception workshop on Atoll Ecosystem Conservation AEC Baa Atoll Project July 2005,
Hulhule, Maldives
Inception workshop on the Preparation of National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) Project
25 November 2004, Hulhule, Maldives
127
Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change: First Workshop on Technology Needs
Assessment Methodology 22 24 November 2004, Hulhule, Maldives
10th International Coral Reef Symposium 28 June 2 July 2004, Okinawa, Japan
Workshop on Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries January 2004, Male, Maldives
ADDITIONAL SKILLS
Computer literate - Fluent in Microsoft Windows
PADI Open water and Advance certificate
REPORTS & PUBLICATIONS
Anderson, R.C., Adam, M.S. and M.R. Saleem. (2011). Shark longline fishery in the northern
Maldives. Prepared for the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project of the
FAO.
Saleem, M. (2010). Coastal Pollution Loading and Water Quality Criteria: Maldives. Prepared
for the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project of the FAO.
Sattar, S.A. and M. Saleem. (2010). Willingness-to-pay for Shark Watching, Management and
Conservation in the Maldives. Marine Research Centre, Ministry of Fisheries and
Agriculture, Male, Maldives.
Saleem, M.R. and F. Islam. (2009). Management of the Aquarium Fishery in the Republic of the
Maldives. In: B.M. Riegl and R.E. Dodge (eds). Proceedings of the 11th International Coral
Reef Symposium, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 7-11 July 2008. CD-ROM Proceedings.
Saleem, M.R. and S.A. Sattar. (2009). Study on post-tsunami restoration and conservation
projects in the Maldives. Report submitted to IUCN.
Saleem, M.R. and M.S. Adam. (2009). Status of the Shark Fishery of Maldives. Dhivehi report
prepared for the Fisheries Advisory Board of Maldives.
Emerton, L., Baig, S.P. and M.R. Saleem. (2009). Valuing Biodiversity. The economic case for
biodiversity conservation on the Maldives.AEC Project, Ministry of Housing, Transport
and Environment, Government of Maldives and UNDP Maldives.
van den Akker, J and M. Saleem. (2007). Maldives: Renewable Energy Technology
Development and Application Project (RETDAP) Mid-term Review. Report submitted to
UNDP Maldives and GEF.
van den Akker, J and M. Saleem. (2007). Outcome Evaluation of the UNDP Country
Programme 2003 2007: Environment and Climate Change. Report submitted to UNDP
Maldives.
Saleem, M. R. and M. Hameed. (2006). Willingness to Pay for Waste Management in Baa Atoll.
Report prepared by Seamarc for the AEC Baa Atoll Project.
Saleem, M.R. and M.S. Adam. (2004). Status of the Shark Fishery of Maldives. Dhivehi report
prepared for the Fisheries Advisory Board of Maldives.
Saleem, M.R. and M.S. Adam. (2004). Review of the Aquarium Fishery of the Maldives.
Unpublished report.
128
Saleem, M.R. (2004). Monitoring management effectiveness of KudaHuraa Dive Site, North
Male Atoll, Maldives. Report submitted for the degree of Master of Applied Science in
TESAG, James Cook University, Australia.
Zahir, H., Clark, S., Rasheed, A. and M.R. Saleem. (2002). Spatial and temporal patterns of coral
recruitment following a severe bleaching event in the Maldives. In: O. Linden, D. Souter,
D. Wilhelmsson and D. Obura (eds.) Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean: Status
report 2002. CORDIO, Sweden. 125-134 pp.
Jameel, A., Hameed, F., Shakeel, H., Ahmed, H., Shareef, H.A., Shareef, M., Saleem, M., Aslam,
M.,Faiz, M., Zuhair, M., Hassan, M.Z. and S. Saeed. (2002). National Biodiversity Strategy
and Action Plan of the Maldives. Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment,
Male, Maldives.
Jameel, A., Hameed, F., Shakeel, H., Ahmed, H., Shareef, H.A., Shareef, M., Saleem, M., Aslam,
M., Faiz, M., Zuhair, M., Hassan, M.Z. and S. Saeed. (2002). National Biodiversity Strategy
and Action Plan of the Maldives. Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment,
Male, Maldives.
Ahmed, H., Le Berre, T. & M.R. Saleem. (2001).Initial Environmental Examination for Proposed
Information Technology Project in the Maldives. Report prepared for ADB.
Cesar, H., Waheed, A., Saleem, M. & D. Wilhelmsson. (2000). Assessing the impacts of the
1998 Coral Bleaching on Tourism in the Maldives and Sri Lanka. Report prepared for
CORDIO Programme.
Ahmed, H., Le Berre, T. & M.R. Saleem. (2000). Annual environmental monitoring report
Reethi Beach Resort, Maldives. Unpublished report.
Ahmed, H., Le Berre, T. & M.R. Saleem. (2000). Annual environmental monitoring report
Velavaru Island Resort, Maldives. Unpublished report.
Ahmed, H., Le Berre, T. & M.R. Saleem. (2000). Environmental statement for Thari Village
Beach reclamation and associated harbour development project. Unpublished report.
Ahmed, H. & M.R. Saleem. (1999). Marine Flora and Fauna of the Maldives. Biodiversity theme
paper prepared for the Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment.
Unpublished manuscript.
Ahmed, H., Mohamed, S. & M.R. Saleem. (1996). Exploitation of Reef Resources - Beche-dermer, Reef Sharks, Giant Clams, Lobsters and Others. In: Workshop on Integrated Reef
Resources Management in the Maldives, D.J. Nickerson and M.H. Maniku (eds.), Bay of
Bengal Programme, Madras. pp: 137-165.
Anderson, R.C. & M.R. Saleem. (1995). Inter-annual Variations in Livebait Utilization in the
Maldives. In: Rasain, M. H. Manik (ed.), Vol 15. Ministry of Fisheries & Agriculture. pp:
194-216.
Anderson, R.C. & M.R. Saleem. (1994). Seasonal and Regional Variation in Livebait Utilization
in the Maldives. In: Rasain, M. H. Maniku (ed.), Vol 14. Ministry of Fisheries and
Agriculture. pp: 162-182.
REFEREES
Dr. Abdulla Naseer
Permanent Secretary
Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture
Mr. Ali RazaRizvi

Head, IUCN Asia Ecosystems and Livelihoods
Group Colombo
129
Mal
Mob: (960) 7788197
Tel: (960) 3322625
Fax: (960) 3326558
IUCN
4/1, Adams Avenue
Colombo 4
Sri Lanka
Tel: (94) 773868637
Fax: (94) 112559637
Dr. Mohamed Shiham Adam

Executive Director
Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture
Male
Mob: (960) 7792687
Tel: (960) 3313681
Fax: (960) 3322509
130
CURRICULUM VITAE of THOMAS LE BERRE
6th Floor M. Maya

GandhakoalhiMagu
36 y. o
Work : +960 333 16 26
Married
Fax: +960 333 65 75

Mobile: 778 76 42
E-mail :thomas@seamarc.com
2 children
Main Comptences
- Trilingual (french (mother tongue) / english (fluent) / divehi (maldivian)),
biculturalfrench-maldivian.
- Environmental consultant, coastal oceanography, Programming (Delphi)
- Worked overseas (Maldives, Australia).
Education
1995 -1998
Engineering Diploma (ENSTA, Paris), a 3 year-formation,admission
after preparatory classes, ending Baccalaureat + 5 years. Participated in two

exchange programs with KTH, Stockholm, Sweden (6 months in second year), studies
in groundwater management and fluid mechanics, and JCU, Townsville, Australia (1
year in third year), studies in environmental engineering, coral reef geology and fluid
mechanics.
1992 -1995
Mathematic superior and special : Preparatory classes for selective
examination to the french engineering schools (major in Physics and Chemistry)

LyceChateaubriant, Rennes. This is to prepare the selective examination to enter
the french GrandesEcoles.
1992 Baccalaurat C (Math-Physics, distinctions). Lyce Lesage, Vannes. French
equivalent to A-levels
131
Professionnal experience
1999 - 2008
Setup and run an Environmental Consultancy in the Maldives -
Seamarc Pvt. Ltd. (Systems Engineering and Marine Consulting)

The major contracts in which I was involved were:
Environmental Impact assessment and design for coastal development of
VabboaHuraa (Four Seasons Resort, HPL)
Coral Monitoring of T. Vilufushi, which was undergoing major dredging
operations, dredging works and consultancy for Boskalis International.
Environmental Impact Assessment for the development of a fisheries project in
Addu Atoll, for MIFCO (Maldives Industrial Fisheries Company)
Environmental Impact Assessments for the development of Herethere as a
tourist resort, for MTDC (Maldives Tourism Development Corporation).
Work as national consultant for the development of the Integrated Climate
Change Strategy. Includes GEF (Global Environmental Facility) NAPA (National

Adaptation Plan of Action) project, NCSA (National Capacity Self Assessment) project
and TNA (Technology Need Assessment) project. Remains member of the National
Climate Change Technical Team.
Environmental Impact assessment and design for coastal redevelopment of
KudaHuraa (Four Seasons Resort, HPL)
Environmental Impact Assessment and coastal designs for the redevelopment of
K. Kandooma. redevelopment works not yet started (Leisure Hollidays, HPL Maldives)
Erosion control at Baa LandaaGiraavaru (upcoming Four Seasons resort, LGPL)
(on going).
Coral translocation as a mitigation measures for development impacts at Baa
LandaaGiraavaru (upcoming Four Seasons resort) (on going).
Setting up of a fish laboratory to breed Amphiprionnigripes and other
ornamental species at Baa LandaaGiraavaru (upcoming Four Seasons resort) (on

going).
Supervising clearing of 45 hectares plot in L. Gan for the French Red Cross
utilizing man power from the IDP camps and villages in L. Gan.
132
Constructed a 50 feet boat in the Maldives in order to carry out research and
tourism activities. Subsequently managed this activity (on going).
Bid documents for a number of resort islands, regularly obtained among top
ranking for environmental concepts.
Local Environmental counterpart for BCL (Bangladesh Consultant Limited) for a
IDB funded project for the government of Maldives about Focus Development
Islands.
Research on Amphiprionnigripes (Maldives clownfish for aquarists) and export of
500 individuals maricultured by the Marine Research Center of the Government of

Maldives.
Bid document and Environmental Impact Assessment for the development of a
hotel/marina in H.A. Dhonakulhi for Turquoise Pvt. Ltd.
Environmental and research programs for restoration and rejuvenation of reefs
affected by global warming and bleaching using Reef Balls, for Four Seasons Resort
(on going).
Consultancies for the dredging operations and coastal works at Medhufinolhu
(One and Only at Reethi Rah).
Database design and programming for coral reef resources management for the
governments of India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives, for IOC/UNESCO through the
GCRMN (Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network)
Analysis of salinity and temperature profile data at the mouth of the Herbert
and Burdekin River in North Queensland, Australia, for James Cook University.
Environmental auditing of tourist resorts for Velavaru (Turtle Island Resort) and
Fonimagoodhoo (Reethi Beach Resort) since 2000.
Feasibility study for power generation with wind mills in the Maldives.
Translation into French of books pertaining to the Maldives (Marine Life of the
Maldives, by Neville Coleman, Dive Maldives, by Tim Godfrey).
133

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Environmental Impact Assessment for the

construction of a causeway between Madaveli and

Ministry of Housing and Environment

PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................................... 11

Design modification, report and work procedures .....................................................................................19

Transportation of dredge material to location ................................................................................................. 24

Road surface ..............................................................................................................................................25

Design of culverts ............................................................................................................................................. 23

Coastal ridge at Hoandedhdhoo. ...............................................................................................................24

Revetments in Reclaimed Area 1 & Area 2 ....................................................................................................... 22

Locating the dredger......................................................................................................................................... 20

Building Shore Protection Revetments .......................................................................................................22

Dredging area ................................................................................................................................................... 19

Dredging and reclamation. ........................................................................................................................20

Transportation of machinery and work force ................................................................................................... 18

PROJECT TIME FRAME...........................................................................................................................................25

LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS .......................................................................................... 29

EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................................. 32

5.1.4. Risk of tidal waves......................................................................................................................................34

Survey plan ....................................................................................................................................................... 47

5.4.6. Ground water quality .................................................................................................................................50

Benthic and fish community monitoring ....................................................................................................62

5.5.5. Landscape integrity ....................................................................................................................................74

ASSESSMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS MEASURES ................................................... 84

Impacts during construction ......................................................................................................................89

Impacts during construction ............................................................................................................................. 87

Impacts during operation...........................................................................................................................91

EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES ....................................................................................................................... 98

NO PROJECT OPTION ..........................................................................................................................................98

MONITORING PROGRAM ............................................................................................................................... 101

STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...................................................................................................................... 103

CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 108

DECLARATION OF THE CONSULTANT .............................................................................................................. 110

DECLARATION OF THE PROPONENT ............................................................................................................... 111

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................................ 112

Figure 51: Fish census survey sites ............................................................................................................................. 70

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

Coral Point Count with Excel extensions

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Protection and Preservation Act

Ministry of Housing and Environment

Mean Sea Level

Justification of the project

The government is pursuing a policy of enlarging communities in order to provide better

Procedure and Extent of EIA

The proponent and consultants

2.4.1. The proponent

2.4.2. The consultant

Figure 1: The study area

3.1. Project location

Figure 2: Location of Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo

3.2. The proposed works

Building of a causeway between Madaveli and Hoandedhdhoo;

Reclaiming 2 areas in the south part of Madaveli;

Building a coastal ridge on the west side of Hoandedhdhoo.

Figure3: Location of the main planned works

3.2.1. Construction of the causeway