LASNI

JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Volume

31

2015

Belgrade


:
: , , , , (),
(), (), ( )
:
: , 1820,
:
:
:
: Colorgrafx,
ISSN 0352-5678
902/904

JOURNAL OF SERBIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Editor: Dejan Radievi
Editorial board: Dragana Antonovi, Gordana Jeremi, Nataa MiladinoviRadmilovi, ore Jankovi, Vojislav orevi (sekretar), Andrey Oblomsky
(Moscow), Anastassios Antonaras (Thessaloniki), Robert Whallon (Ann Arbor)
Publishers representative: Adam Crnobrnja
Journal of Serbian Archaelogical Society is a peer-reviewed periodical published
annualy by: Serbian Archaeological Society, ika Ljubina 1820, Belgrade, Serbia
Proof reading: Aleksandra ulovi
Proof reading (english text): Dragan Marjanovi
Layout: Kristijan Reli
Printed by: Colorgrafx, Belgrade

2016. Belgrade
All rights reserved


CONTENTS

RESEARCH PAPERS AND TREATISES
. :
3 .................................................................. 7
S. Plavi: Spatial Distribution Analysis of Burnt Artifacts and Combustion
Areas in Layer 3 of Velika Balanica Cave .......................................................... 36
V. Dimi: Traseological Markers on Ground Stone Cutting Implements from
Laarite Site near Vrnjaka Banja .................................................................... 39
. :
................................................ 73
. . : ,
................................................................................................ 75
. . : ,
................................................................................................................. 114
S. Oa, A. Coma: On a Grave Discovered in PecicaHblu (Monastery of
Ahtum) (Arad County) ....................................................................................... 143
. , . :
( ) ( ) ................................................................... 153

EXCAVATIONS AND SURVEYS
. , . , . , . , . ,
. :
.................................................................... 165
D. Mihailovi, J. Borovi Dimi, V. Dimi, I. Kajtez, N. Gavrilovi, E.
Heffter: Surveying Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Sites on the Northeastern
Slopes of Go Mountain ..................................................................................... 180

. , . :
............................................................................................................. 187
S. Fidanovski, E. Zeevi: Two Medieval Graveyards in Ritopek near
Belgrade .............................................................................................................. 216
. : .... 221
S. Trifunovi: The Semi-Dugout House from Pre-Ottoman Period in Banatski
Karlovac ............................................................................................................. 227
. , . , . : :
2014. 2015. .... 233
D. Radievi, V. Milivojevi, D. Crnevi: urine elije at the Rudnik
Mountain: Preliminary Results of Archaeological Research in 2014 and 2015 ... 254

FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS
. :
Br CHa A .................................................................. 257
V. Filipovi: Contribution to the Study of the Bronze Arrows on the Central
Balkan Territory during Br CHa A Periods ...................................................... 267
. , . :
... ..................................................... 271
M. Lazi, M. Rui: The Lead Icon of Danubian Horsemen from Suvo Selo
near Debrc A Late Roman Cult Object or... ..................................................... 279
. :
........................................... 285
M. Radii: Late Antique and Early Byzantine Chance Finds from the Site of
GradacGrbave in the vicinity of Svrljig .......................................................... 299

MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONTRIBUTIONS
. :
-
.................................................................... 303

I. Kajtez: An Approach towards Identifying Palaeolithic Open-air Sites by

combining Topographic and Geological Data in GIS: Case Study of Zapadna
Morava Valley ..................................................................................................... 318

. ____
___
SESSION THE USAGE OF TERMINOLOGY IN PREHISTORIC
ARCHAEOLOGY. WHEN I SAY ___ I MEAN ___

. ___, ___ (The Usage of Terminology in Prehistoric Archaeology. When I Say ___, I Mean ___),
VIII
5. 2015. (. , . , . ) ............................. 319
. , . , . :
............................................................................. 321
R. Balaban, M. Mitrovi, N. osi: Problems of Terminology in Prehistoric
Archaeology ....................................................................................................... 337
. , . : -
....................................................................................... 339
V. ivkovi, M. ivkovi: English-Serbian Dictionary of Conservation of
Archaeological Ceramics .................................................................................... 353
. :
......................................... 355
V. Bogosavljevi Petrovi: Stone Tools Terminology in the Early Works of
Jovan ujovi ..................................................................................................... 369
. :
.......................................................................... 371
J. ari: Inappropriate Usage of Terms in the Case of Charcterization of Raw
Material used for the Production of Chipped Stone Artifacts ............................ 377
. :
................... 379

V. Dimi: About some Terminological and Interpretative Problems in Ground

and Abrasive Stone Tools Studies ......................................................................

398

. :
....................................................................................... 399
S. Vitezovi: Basic Terminology in Analysis of Prehistoric Bone Industries .... 409

REVIEWS
10th Meeting of the Worked Bone Research Group of the ICAZ (International
Council of ArchaeoZoology) , 2530. 2014. (. ) .... 413
Katherine Szab, Catherine Dupont, Vesna Dimitrijevi, Luis Gmez Gastlum, Nathalie Serrand (eds.), Archaeomalacology: Shells in the Archaeological
Record. BAR International Series 2666. (Oxford, Archaeopress, 2014, 256 pp,
ISBN 978-1-4073-1308-5) (. ) ........................................................ 417
Monica Mrgrit, Galle le Dosseur, Aline Averbouh (eds.), An overview of the
exploitation of hard animal materials during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic. O
privire asupra exploatrii materiilor dure animale de-a lungul neolitcului i calcolitcului: proceedings of the GDRE Prehistos Work-Session: Trgovite, 5-9
november 2013. (Trgovite, Cetatea de Scaun, 2014, 328 pp, ISBN 978-606537-256-6) (. ) ................................................................................ 419

IN MEMORIAM
(19302015)
(. ) ........................................................................................................... 421

(. ) ............................................................................................... 424
(19302015)
(. . ) ................................................................................................ 431


...




e-mail: mdlazic@yahoo.com
: 15. 11. 2015. : 904:739.5(497.11)02/03
: 25. 12. 2015.
739.032.04(37)02/03
:
, ,
().
, .
, , , , , , .
,
.

, ,
. ,
.
, (Ashwell hoard) III
IV .

.
: , , , , , , ,

2014. ,
, je, ,
. ( 1).

Journal of Serbian Archaeological Society

31 (2015) 271284

/JSAS 31 (2015)

1. I
Map 1. The sites where lead Danubian horsemen icons classified as type I were found

,
. , .
( e, 7,5 ,
0,5 ).
0,2 , 123 .

( 1b). ,
,
0,4 1,5 .
(bas-relief),
, (). . ,

, .
, 1,9 , ,
. , -

272

. .

...

. 1.
Fig. 1. The lead icon of Danubian horsemen from Suvo Selo

. ,
,
. . , , .
2 , , . , , .
. , ,
, .
, ,

. en face,
. ,
, . , , contrapposto,
, ,
.
, (2,1 ),
. .

273

/JSAS 31 (2015)

. ,
.
, () contrapposto,
. ,
.

? , .
, 1,4 , ,
. .
, .
. , , , ,
.
***

. ,
, , , , , .1

(, , ,
). , ,
, , (csy
1974: 254; 1986: 113; 2007: 4149).

, III IV a,
. ,
I (Tudor 1969; Tudor 1976: 65),
I, (Iskra-Janoi 1966: 50), I,
(Ochensclager 1971: 5253).
: 1. (Iskra-Janoi 1966: 51, br. 7, T. II/2;
Tudor 1969: 74, no. 127), 2. (Iskra-Janoi 1966: 51, br. 6), 3.
(Tudor 1969: 66, no. 116), 4. 3 (Tudor 1969:
1

. 1986: 113114 2007: 279.

274

. .

...

75, no. 128; Ochenschlager 1971: 52, T. I 2; 1986: 117, . 4, . 9),

5. (Tudor 1969: 38, no. 67; 1983: 56, .
3), 6. (Gabrievi 1972: 5356, sl. 1), 7. ,
( 1975: 33, T. I /1), 8. ( 1986: 115, .
3, . 8), 9. ( 1992: 32, . . 7), 10. (Pavlovi 2005: 96, br. 3), 11. ( 2007),
12. (Tudor 1969: 17, no. 30) 13.
( 1983: 60, . 10, . 10; 1986: . 11)
( 1, . I/16, II/17).


.
,

, , ( 1986; 1992). , I, , I, B ( ,
, :
, .),
(. I/16, II/17).
,

( 2007: 284285), .2 , , , , , . ,
, ( 1, . I/16, II/17). ,
(. III). ,
, . (. III/1). ,
(. III/2). , ,
Adobe Photoshop CS5,

.
,
.
2

275

/JSAS 31 (2015)

,
, :
, . (.
III/3). , . , ,
, (. III/4). ,
, . (. III).
,
.3 ,
, .

.
, ,
,

, . ,
(, .)

. ,
, ,
, , , ,
, .
,
, ,
, ,
.4 , 3

, (Mohs) , 1,5;
2,5, 3.
4

(Kezys 1993: Fig. 59).

276

. .

...

() . , ,
, .

, (Ashwell hoard), III IV (Jackson and Burleigh
2007).
,
.
***
,
.
.
, ,


.
, ,
, .5 ,
. ,
apriori,
.

Gabrievi, Martin. 1972. Olovna ploica sa predstavom dunavskih konjanika iz Velike Obarske (SO Bijeljina). lanci i gra za kulturnu istoriju Istone Bosne (Tuzla) 9:
5356.
5

, 2013. (Hessen), ,
. (http://www.mfa.bg/embassies/germany/events/en/519/22/202/index.html).

277

/JSAS 31 (2015)

, . 1975. . (..) (19731974) 2425: 3342.

Iskra-Janoi, Ivana. 1966. Rimske votivne ploice od olova u Jugoslaviji. Opuscula
archaeologica 6: 4968.
Jackson, Ralph and Gil Burleigh. 2007. The Senuna treasure and shrine at Ashwell
(Herts.), in: Continuity and Innovation in Religion in the Roman. R Haeussler and A C
King (eds), West Vol. 1 (Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary, Series No. 67):
3754.
, . 2007. . :
,
Kezys, Algimantas. 1993. The Art f Vytautas Kauba. Lituanus 39, No.2. http://www.
lituanus.org/1993_2/93_2_02.htm ( 10. 10. 2015)
Mocsy, Andrs. 1974. Pannonia and Upper Moesia. London Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books.
Ochenschlager, L. Edward. 1971. Lead Plaques of the Danubian Horsemen Type at
Sirmium. Sirmium 2: 5168.
Pavlovi, Ivana. 2005. Olovne votivne ploice podunavskih konjanika iz zbirke muzeja
akovtine. Zbornik Muzeja akovtine 7: 91102.
, . 1983. . () 111: 5367.
, . 1986. . () 121: 113122.
, .1988 . (..) 39: 105116.
, .1992 . Viminacivm 7: 2947.
Tudor, Dumitru. 1969. Corpus Monumentorum Religionis Eqvitum Danuvinorum (The
Monuments) I. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Tudor, Dumitru. 1976. Corpus Monumentorum Religionis Eqvitum Danuvinorum (The
Analysis and Interpretations of the monuments) II. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Fitz, Jen. (ed) 1998. Religions And Cults in Pannnia. Szkesfehrvr: Fejr Megyei
Mzeumok Igazgatsga.
, . 2007. . 23: 279287.

278

. .

...

Miroslav Lazi and Mira Rui

University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy
Department of Archaeology, Archaeological Collection

THE LEAD ICON OF DANUBIAN HORSEMEN FROM SUVO SELO

NEAR DEBRC A LATE ROMAN CULT OBJECT OR....
Key words: Suvo Selo, Danubian horsemen,
cult, icon, lead, casting, matrix, hammering

Around the middle of 2014, Dejan Stefanovi from Obrenovac brought

us a lead icon of Danubian horsemen for inspection; it was found in the district of
Suvo Selo near Debrc. More accurate data about the circumstances and place of
the find are unknown (Map 1).
The icon is whole, with a shallow crack and a smaller vertical dent
spreading across its upper half. Both the obverse and the reverse of the icon are
covered with a thin layer of brownish patina (Fig. 1 ab). Its shape is rougly
square (the length of the upper, left and lower edge is 7.5 cm, while the right edge
is 0.5 cm longer). The average thickness of the icon is 0.2 cm, and it weighs 123 g.
The edges of the lead plaque are jagged on certain places, leaving an impression
that it was made by cutting or chipping, which is obvious in its lower part, where
there is a deformed scrap, 0.4 cm tall and of preserved length of cca. 1.5 cm.
The obverse of the icon from Suvo Selo has characteristics of low-relief
(bas-relief), with prominent, preserved and easily recognizable figural content
divided into four horizontal zones (friezes). They are bordered by a semicircular
aedicula consisting of two smooth columns with bases and Corinthian capitals
connected by an arch made of a line of ovoid astragals. Outside the aedicula, in
the upper left and right corner, there are two symmetrically placed coiled snakes,
with tails that seem to be extending along the astragal arch.
In the first zone, within the aedicula, 1.9 cm in height and directly below
the center of the arch, there is a representation of Sol driving a quadriga. In
the center of the second zone, 2.0 cm high, there is a standing figure of Luna
wearing a draped tunic. On the left and the right side of the goddess, there are two
horsemen. Below the right horseman, there is a fish, with the head turned left; the
hooves of the other horsemans horse are stomping over a reclining figure of a
man depicted with his left hand slightly raised. Behind the right horseman, there
is a female figure shown en face, with her head turned right, and behind the left

279

/JSAS 31 (2015)

one, there is a soldier in contrapposto pose. The center of the third frieze, 2.1
cm wide, is occupied by the representation of three persons gathered around a
table covered with a tasseled fabric. There is a plate with fish on the table. On the
right of this group, there are two naked, muscular men (youths) in contrapposto
pose, holding their hands. On the opposite side of this frieze there are standing
figures of two men turned towards a boughed tree from which hangs a beheaded
rams body? In the last zone, 1.4 cm high, at the bottom of the icon, there are
representations of many different objects and creatures: kantharos, snake, lion,
fish, tripod and peacock.
***
The lead icon of Danubian horsemen found in Suvo Selo near Debrc
pertains to frequent finds of that kind, dated to the III century. Its rectangular
shape classifies it as type I of basic Tudors classification, whereas by composition
and type of representation it can be further classified as type I Dalj, A variant,
and type I, B variant. Icons like this were found on many other sites in Pannonia,
Dalmatia and Dacia (Map 1, Pl. I/16, II/17).
The frequency and distribution of the icons of this type lead to the idea of
the existence of workshops in Sirmium and Viminacium. On the other hand, it was
long ago established that these icons of Danubian horsemen show an astonishing
mutual similarity, which lead to the conclusion that most of them were cast in
the same mold. It turned out, however, that these icons, in spite of the obvious
correspondences, often differ, especially in details, which wouldnt be the case
if they were cast in the same mold (Pl. III/14). It is clear that some of these
differences can be attributed to the damage the icons have suffered. However, it
seems that other reasons should be taken into account, too.
Specifically, since in the group of soft metals lead has the lowest hardness,
it is possible that the method of casting was not used in crafting of lead icons,
since they could be obtained by hammering a lead plaque over a bronze, copper
or iron matrix. In that case, the matrices were cast in some of the production
centers (Sirmium, Viminacium etc.) and then further distributed to the numerous
users who could then craft lead icons using a technologically simple method.
Accordingly, it is clear that completely identical copies of icons couldnt be
created from one or more matrices cast in the same mold, since the quality and
appearance of each individual piece depended on the quality of lead and the way
it was hammered, that is, the minimal movements of the plaque in contact with
the matrix, the force of the hit or smaller deformations caused by hammering.

280

. .

...

On the other hand, the supposition of manufacturing of lead icons by

hammering or printing has its basis in the fact that this way of working with
lead was frequently used during the Roman period and later, precisely in order
to avoid casting, as a technologically more elaborate and more costly method.
Also, it should be taken into account that hammering of lead plaques over the
matrices cast from harder metals was practiced with the intention to get their
relief replicas (positives) in gold or silver. Namely, before hammering, a silver or
gold foil would be placed between the lead plaque and the matrix, and it would,
under the pressure of the softer lead, get the shape of the positive of the relief of
the indented matrix. Such method was used in crafting the valuable votive tiles
dedicated to Senuna, found in the Ashwell hoard created in England by the end
of the III or at the beginning of IV century. Therefore, it is possible that the lead
plaques with the representation of Danubian horsemen are just supplementary
or maybe discarded evidence of crafting the precious silver or gold votive icons.
***
It is clear that this assumption is yet to be archaeologically proven, which
is not easy, since an icon of Danubian horsemen made of gold or silver foil has
not yet been found on our territory. Also, we still do not possess a matrix used for
their creation or printing. However, it does not mean that the suggested concept
should be dismissed a priori, since the widely accepted conclusion that the icons
of Danubian horsemen were cast is not confirmed by the finds of casting molds
used for their production eather.

281

. I 1. (: Iskra-Janoi 1966: 51, T. II/2), 2. (: Iskra-Janoi 1966: 52, T. III/2), 3. (:

Fitz 1998: 109), 4. (: Ochenschlager 1971: 53, T. I/1), 5.
(: 1986: 115117, . 8), 6.
66 (: 1986: 117, . 9)
Pl. I 1. Mavanska Mitrovica(according to: Iskra-Janoi 1966: 51, T. II/2), 2.
Halapi (according to: Iskra-Janoi 1966: 52, T. III/2), 3. Sremska Mitrovica
(according to: Fitz 1998: 109), 4. ainci (according to: Ochenschlager 1971: 53,
T. I/1), 5. Ue (according to: Popovi 1986: 115117, fig. 8), 6. Sremska Mitrovica site 66 (according to: Popovi 1986: 117, fig. 9)

282

. II 1. (: 1983: 56, . 3), 2.

(: 1986: 120, . 11), 3. (: 1992:
32, . 7), 4. (: 1992: 31, . 5), 5.
(: 2007: 280, . I/1), 6. (:
Gabrievi 1972: 5356, sl. 1), 7. (: 1975:
33, T. I/1)
Pl. II 1. nite (according to: Popovi 1983: 56, fig. 3), 2. The unknown site (according to: Popovi 1986: 120, fig. 11), 3. Viminacium (according to: Popovi
1992: 32, fig. 7), 4. Viminacium (according to: Popovi 1992: 31, fig. 5), 5. Urovci near Obrenovac (according to: Crnobrnja 2007: 280, . I/1), 6. Velika Obarska
(according to: Gabrievi 1972: 5356, fig. 1), 7. Belgrade Donji grad (according to: Zotovi 1975: 33, T. I/1)

283

. III ,
, , , , ,
( 66),
Pl. III Details of the Danubian horsemen icons of the same type from Suvo Selo,
Mavanska Mitrovica, ainci, Halapi, Ue, Velika Obarska, Sremska Mitrovica (site 66), Anite and the unknown site

284