Professional and Ethical Issues in Computing

Ethical Issues in Computing
Professional and Ethical Issues in Computing
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Executive Summary
This report includes issues are raised like Ethical, Legal, Social and Professional. Also
include what are the principle violate from these issues. Then analyze on each issues
with the articles and reviews from various authors for the discussion.
After how these issues reducing from proper discussion and proper justification is
given for those issues
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Contents
Executive Summary.......................................................................................................3
Introduction....................................................................................................................5
Task 01...........................................................................................................................6
Identify Ethical, Social, Legal and Professional issues in AI Technology.................6
Ethical....................................................................................................................6
Social......................................................................................................................7
Legal.......................................................................................................................8
Professional............................................................................................................8
Task 2...........................................................................................................................10
Analyze and evaluate the legal and ethical issues identified using relevant ethical
principle, theories and regulations...........................................................................10
Ethical issue.............................................................................................................10
Legal issues..............................................................................................................12
Task 3...........................................................................................................................14
Critically assess the impact of the technology chosen to the social and cultural
aspects of the society................................................................................................14
Social issues.........................................................................................................14
Cultural issues......................................................................................................15
Task 4...........................................................................................................................17
Critically evaluate how recruitment, selection, training of employees can help to
mitigate the issues you have:....................................................................................17
Task 5...........................................................................................................................19
Provide strong and realistic set of recommendations to address and mitigate the
identified issues........................................................................................................19
Conclusion....................................................................................................................20
Referencing..................................................................................................................21
Gantt chart....................................................................................................................22
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Introduction
The topic on which this report is going to be based on is artificial intelligence. And
the factors that are going to be discussed and mentioned about are the Ethical, Legal,
Social and Professional issues that arise in the matter of this topic. There are many as
such since this is a widely talked about topic and since it is in the foremost use by
society in the function of warfare. Thus many issues based on Ethical principles like
Safety of the public etc., have been considered.
The main purpose of this report is to find how the issues are violated in what way and
how it affects the people and shape the events that happen after. This report contains
quotes and references by professionals and discussions on what is meant expressed by
those individuals in a particular issue that arises.
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Task 01
Artificial Intelligent is the most science and engineering of making intelligent
machines. Most of them are intelligent computer program and robots. Lot of countries
trying to make these machines for there are works. In the modern world AI
technology using for daily works, like search engine and robots. We can use this
technology for traffic controller system, financial sectors and security purposes.
When we using this technology there are some issues that needs to consider. Like
robots if we use for security purpose there are unexpected malfunctions and things to
go wrong while in the activities. These kinds of issues can be ethical issue. There are
other issues that need to look, like legal, social, and professional issues in the AI
technology.
Identify Ethical, Social, Legal and Professional issues in

AI Technology
Ethical
Ethics is standards of behaviors accept from the society, from persons activities. There
are some principles in this ethical issue. Ethical issue is raised when ethical principle
is violated.
When considering AI technology, there is a issue in a public safety. If we take the
robots there are some principles will be violated. Honesty, respects others, equality,
respects other properties and right to privacy are will violated. Military Robots are
some programed machines to do activities; we can command them to do the activities.
When we are commanding them there are some principles violate, like respect to
others, there are can be harmful for other persons, with our commands and they are
artificial intelligent devices they cant argue, they do what they have to do. They using
there manufacture rules to work. Then raised an ethical issue in the AI technology.
Some of hackers can get it to the machines and then they can take control. These are
military robots and they harmful for other peoples.
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Can we trust robots? There are some real reasons why we cannot yet trust on robots to
do the right thing. They are not fully trust worthy and reliable, given the way they are
built now. So, can they do the right thing? Will they do the right thing? What is the
right thing? In our collective subconscious, the fear exists that in the end robots may
become completely autonomous, with free will, intelligence, and consciousness; they
may rebel against us. Respect to others, honesty, equality and respect other properties
theses principle will be violated using the AI technology.
Social
In the social issues we can look in to some violation of daily life. If made robots like
human beings its some kind of unusual for the humans, because they doesnt have
any feelings, mind, heart and soul. Its not easy to move with them to peoples. People
became to scare for them to work with and do other activities. Then there is a social
issue with the AI Technology.
Another one is we cannot have a relationship with them; its hard to build, because
they doesnt have any feeling about these things. They will take time to understand
those things. We cant trust them for these situation, they are programmed machines.
When working with them there is a risk, they always work with a program schedule
and whatever happened to their system it will be a risk for the humans. There is a
violation in a social issue.
Another issue is will be an increasing the amount of jobless people. If a company
replaces the robots as employers, the humans want get jobs in that company, now a
day it is very difficult to find new jobs. The people will get corrupted and they have to
face lot of problems because of it. For an example, big issue of this is the money
problem. So they will get problems of their family, children education,
accommodation etc...
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Legal
The other issue is Legal issue, when a law is broken legal issue will raised. Like AI
technology there will be many ways to violate the legal issues.
Using AI technology system to steel highly classified data from a company. These
kind of system are no allowed to use in the society, hacking a system using AI
technology its a breaking a law. In the present time no one have to rights for using
intelligent system (AI) for hacking, and then there is a legal issue will be violated.
And another issue is a using spying voice call for monitor thousands of calls at once.
AI technology can recognize the caller voice. Present time lots of secret agent
companies in several countries using this system to tap the people calls for gathering
information. This is a legal issue; these kinds of activities are illegal, its a breaking a
law.
Using AI technology for military purpose. Like use robots for protection for humans.
Robots cant harm the people, they programed for protect the people and they have to
obey the humans orders. Robots are not thinking about before getting a decision. They
do what they program to do. If robots break the law there is a violate in the legal
issue. They cannot break the law. If they breaking the law there is a some fault in
there systems.
Professional
There are many professional issues that surround the field of artificial intelligence.
Companies are after the newest and best product to take to the market. They are
constantly pushing researchers to find the newest gadget to interest the public. But,
the researchers should have an ethical standard to ensure safety within the field. There
is a fine balance in technological advancement between over protection and loss of
innovation and creativity.
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Another one is we should build the technology since it may be used to spy or hurt
person who goes against ethical conduct protecting. Others privacy and your moral
obligation as an individual of a governing body to use your knowledge to help others
and not bring harm to them. People creating new things using AI technology for their
works to do easy. When they creating these things they have to use these without
harming other peoples.
Another one is appropriately qualified people are allowed to prescribe drugs and
certify the safety of a building design but there is no restriction on who can build
safety critical computer systems such as those involved in controlling radiation
therapy machines and ambulance dispatch systems. A professional should have
reasonable knowledge of the laws which affect their profession and may occasionally
have to deal with conflicts between the law and their ethics. Professionals must take
note of how the artificial intelligent technology we are creating are reshaping the
world, and must share responsibility for it.
Task 2
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Analyze and evaluate the legal and ethical issues identified using relevant
ethical principle, theories and regulations.
When we analyze these issues we can take ethical theories to justify those issues, like
deontological theory and consequentialist theory and utilitarian theory.
Ethical issue
When taking public safety from the above ethical examples, lets evaluate using
consequentialist theory. The people are affecting around the robots. Because they are
intelligent devices working according to some law. We cannot say how they are
responding for the situation. They not making any decisions to take the action, if there
is any problem with the situation they only trying to stop it. They never get any
decision for the situation before getting any action. Its harmful for the human kind. If
something got a fault in the device we cannot controlled them. There is no respect for
others from the machines. In that case that is an issue and its violate the principle of
respect others principle.
According to recent report from Market Watch (Elon Musk, 2014) He said that, by
trying to constantly improve AI, we are summoning the demon. In all those stories
where theres the guy with the pentagram and the holy water, its like, hes sure he can
control the demon, Musk said. But as the CEO noted, controlling the demon is
never as easy as it seems. With artificial intelligence, Musk seems afraid that
humanity would lose control of the machines and face the consequences.
Musk saying about the controlling about the demon, in that case if loose the control
from daemon its harmful for others. He also afraid of the lose control of the
machines, because human will get effected from these machines.
In a deontological theory where the action of the crime is considered and not the end
reason like in the consequentialist theory, therefore the here public safety becoming
the unethical since the action here is considered unethical, in ethical concepts the
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violated principle is respect others, since they are violating the law that they made
with the robots manufacture.
If we take the example of hacking, lets evaluate using consequentialist theory. It is
considered unethical because it is done for the benefit and other harmful purpose of a
certain people or a group of peoples, and this affects the majority which the impact
caused may damage them in an unimaginable way.
According to Freescales Industrial Segment Director for Robotics and Automation,
Alexandra Dopplinger (2012), in an industrial setting, a hack meant to simply disrupt
a system could end up affecting the quality of an entire line of products (automobiles
with faulty construction) or halting a manufacturing run completely, costing millions
of dollars in productivity.
A hacked service robot, however, could injure a family member, dispense the wrong
medication in an elder care facility or provide a hacker with a detailed map of your
home.
She says about manufacturing production completely will stop and lost money of the
invest. Another one is itll be harmful for the peoples. Here the ethical principles like
honesty and integrity is violated.
Legal issues
When we talking about legal issues above task, using spying voice calls. Monitoring
someone calls consider as unethical. When these issues looking from consequentialist
theory, Lots of countries using these kind of AI technology for monitor peoples
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phone calls. This is a legal issue, because this is a breaking law. Without any warrant
no one cant use this kind of technology for spy voice calls.
According to NSA spying flap extends to contents of U.S. phone calls, James Owens
(2013) James Owens, a spokesman for Nadler, provided a statement on Sunday
morning, a day after this article was published, saying: "I am pleased that the
administration has reiterated that, as I have always believed, the NSA cannot listen to
the content of Americans' phone calls without a specific warrant." Owens said he
couldn't comment on what assurances from the Obama administration Nadler was
referring to, and said Nadler was unavailable for an interview.
Like this statement saying about the monitoring call in America. If any government
sector or private sector monitoring a call they must take a warrant from the court for
this activity, without a warrant they cannot monitor peoples calls using any kind of AI
technology. There is a principle call right to privacy will be violate from this incident.
Another example is breaking the law about robots; there are 3 laws designed to ensure
friendly robots behavior by Isaac Asimov. Robots are programed devices for do daily
works. We cannot trust robots, because they are machine they doesnt have any
feelings for others.
According to Isaac Asimov 3 laws about robotics (2014).
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such
orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with the First or Second Law.
Above laws explain how to robots must design for good behavior.
According to Goertzel (2014) "The future societies Asimov was depicting were
explicitly substrate chauvinist; they gave humans more rights than humanoid robots.
The Three Laws were intended to enforce and maintain that kind of social order."
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He saying about using 3 laws can be maintain the social order, if one of law broken
what happened to the social order? Is it good for the man kind? There will be violet
honesty. Integrity and right to privacy principles.
Task 3
Critically assess the impact of the technology chosen to the social and
cultural aspects of the society.
Social issues
When we are talking about the social issues in the AI technology is the can we make a
friendship with a robots.
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According to Clara Moskowitz (2013) Human-Robot Relations: Why We Should
Worry: Tukle interviewed a teenage boy in 1983, asking him whom he would turn to,
to talk about dating problems. The boy said he would talk to his dad, but wouldn't
consider talking to a robot, because machines could never truly understand human
relationships.
In the above interview mentioning about how are the friendship between robots and
humans. That interview was taken on 1983 and that boy not prefer for the robots,
when he want to share about his any problem he want to share with his father not with
a robots. Is that meaning in that time human doesnt have any trust about the robots or
they mean about robots doesnt have any feelings to respond for the human problems.
Robots dont have any idea for respond for the humans problem. They dont know
how to react and make the decision for those problems. Thats why human doesnt
have any trust with them to have a friendship.
But in 2008 he did another interview with a boy same as like that, Clara Moskowitz
(2013) Human-Robot Relations: Why We Should Worry: In 2008, Turkle interviewed
another boy of the same age, from the same neighborhood as the first. This time, the
boy said he would prefer to talk to a robot, which could be programmed with a large
database of knowledge about relationship patterns, rather than talk to his dad, who
might give bad advice.
In that interview boy prefer the robots for sharing his problem, but it must be
programmed with a large database of knowledge about relationship patterns. But there
is a problem is he responds to the problem correctly better than his father. Is it being a
good advice or bad one, can we still trust them? Because they using a database for the
respond for the human problem. Is it possible to get a better answer from the robots
between the boy fathers? Still we cant trust have with the robots for situation like
resolving problems. They better to do other work what they are programmed to do.
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Cultural issues
When we using robots there will raise a problem with the language. Different
countries use different languages, so for an example if a country using robots as
labors when a foreigner came to that shop and asking form that robots his needs, but if
this foreigner doesnt know to communicate with that robots from the robots
programmed language, that foreigner cant take his needs. Because as humans robots
doesnt have common sense.
According to the Coordinating Human-Robot Communication by Andrew G. Brooks
(2007, p.10) Humans share certain aspects with all other humans. When
communicating, they can assume a range of things and accurately predict responses
and shared knowledge about what it means to be human. Robots are equipped
automatically with none of these things, and we dont yet (and may never) know how
to design all of these things in. We need ways for human users of robots to be able to
make sure the robots understand certain basic qualities about them in essence, to be
able to calibrate the robot to a human or humans and these methods need to be
sufficiently brief, simple and easy that robot users will actually be motivated to do
them.
According to his review explain about how the human are communicating each other
and how to understand these communications for robots. Is it possible to
communicate any language for robots? This is an issue with the communication. Its
became a violation in the cultural issue.
When we are talking about the creativity there is a problem with the robots. For an
example if we creating a cultural dress robots doesnt have that creativity to make a
cultural dress according to fashion. Because now a days fashion has become a big
thing through among girls and guys. So when they are buying a dress then mainly
think about the fashion. There for creativities more important. So humans have the
knowledge of creativity, they can create a cultural dress according to now a days
fashions. But robots cant because they do not have the creativity knowledge.
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According to The Human Skills Robots Cant Replace and How to Develop Them by
Jenny Dearborn (2014) a 2013 study by researchers at Oxford Universitys Oxford
Martin School revealed that 47 percent of current U.S. jobs may be automated within
20 years. Yet some skills are inherently difficult to automate. Analyzing automation
risks for 702 occupations, the study predicted computerization-resistant jobs that
involve these skills:
Creative intelligenceCreativity involves both novelty and value, which are
challenging for a computer, because both vary by culture and over time. Examples
include fashion designers and biological scientists.
According to above review pointing about the creativity about robots, still there is no
development for the creativity. Robots cant design something human they dont have
any skill like human. When we are thinking through the culture there is a problem
with that, because we cant equal the robots for the human. Then there will raise a
violation about the equality.
Task 4
Critically evaluate how recruitment, selection, training of employees can
help to mitigate the issues you have:
Recruiters are quick to understand at any solution that offers hope of giving them
access to better people. The employee is the main fact in any companys. When
selecting an employee there is a procedure to do that. When looking for an employee
we should have to look into his education achievements how they are working with
other employee are the skilled for the work, can do work hardly and is he good with
the work, these fact we have to consider when selecting a new employee. When we
selecting a we must interview him personally, how is the communication skill, how is
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the facing a questions and how to respond them, how is the decision making about
any critical situation.
When looking for employee there must we have to look about his honesty, integrity,
respect others, respect others properties and equality. How is his ethical behavior for
the company and other works. How is the employee qualification equal for the
company requirements and how can he avoid the ethical issues and other issues when
raise in the company. We have to look employee previous work experience and
recommendation from the earlier work companies; its the best way to get in to the
company.
The training is the main objective when recruitment the new employee and they can
learn about the legal issues in their work field. Recruitment an employee from outside
who, after being hired, still needs time to become productive and to learn the new
culture. After the selection its the best way to identify the employee skills and other
issues with the work. The must also consider if they have required an employee to
work an unreasonably long period of time or if they have him doing an unusually
difficult task. Just like there are legal consequences for some unethical issues
regarding employee behavior, there are also legal consequences for unethical working
conditions. They can understand about what are the principles and what the rules in
the company are and how are they work. Training will helpful for the new employee
how they work with the work group and how to face for the situations in the company.
The selection and training will help for the new employee work and skills for their
work field. With the training employee can mitigate the issues like ethical, social,
legal and professional in the above tasks.
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Task 5
Provide strong and realistic set of recommendations to address and
mitigate the identified issues.
The Artificial Intelligent (AI) technology use for lots of robotic purpose. To do daily
work easily, the man kind designs these machines. But there are some issues with this
technology.
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When we are using these technology we can use for particular work, not for all of
work. If someone using this machine in his house he can use for cleaning purpose
only, no other work. We can monitor them and we must maintain it proper way. When
we are using for these robots for the labors, we must use this with human labors.
Because if we use only robots for the manufacture department without human, there
will be an issue with the humans job opportunities. Thats a major issue in the social.
When using robots we do not reduce the humans from their jobs. Both of them must
use for the job market. Then we can reduce these issues and we can fast our
production line and we can reduce the faults in our production.
Another one is employees in the AI technology sector must be professionals. Without
any professional employee not a good way to implement the robots for the world.
Every production must be design for proper methods and regulations. All of creation
must be test and before release them to the society robots must analyses and must
monitor how they work. After giving them to the world every machines must be
monitor, must be maintain, looking for errors in the devices. We must learn from the
robots how they reaction in a situation then we can look after what are the faults in the
devices and how to reduces them using proper methods.
We can mitigate the issues using these recommendations for the AI technology.
Conclusion
In this report showing the ethical, social, legal and professional issues in the Artificial
Intelligent. Using other persons reviews and articles showing and how these issues
effected to the world. What kind of principles are the violate from these issues.
Evaluate those issues from proper decision.
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How can we recruitment the employee and how we going to select them and how to
train them for the issues in the company and how to handle them using proper
decision.
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Referencing
Academia.edu, 2014. Professional Ethics In Computing and Intelligent

Systems [Online] Available at :<
http://www.academia.edu/1006577/Professional_Ethics_In_Computing_and_I
ntelligent_Systems > [Accessed on 30th of October 2014]
AiTopics, 2014. Ethics & Social Issues [Online] Available at :<

http://aitopics.org/topic/ethics-social-issues > [Accessed on 31st of October
2014]
Artint, 2010. Social and Ethical Consequences [Online] Available at :<

http://artint.info/html/ArtInt_344.html /> [Accessed on 1st of November 2014]
CPSR.ORG, 2004. Ethical Problems with Modern Technology [Online]

Available at :< http://cpsr.org/prevsite/essays/2003/3rr2.html/ /> [Accessed on
1st of November 2014]
Daily Digest News, 2014. Artificial intelligence our biggest existential

threat [Online] Available at :< http://dailydigestnews.com/2014/10/elonmusk-calls-artificial-intelligence-our-biggest-existential-threat/ /> [Accessed
on 2nd of November 2014]
Robotics Business Review, 2012. Robots Vulnerable to Hacking [Online]

Available at :<
http://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/article/robots_vulnerable_to_hacking/
> [Accessed on 2nd of November 2014]
Cnet.com, 2013. Phone calls tapping [Online] Available at :<

http://www.cnet.com/news/nsa-spying-flap-extends-to-contents-of-u-s-phonecalls//> [Accessed on 2nd of November 2014]
Io9, 2014. Three Laws of Robotics [Online] Available at :<

http://io9.com/why-asimovs-three-laws-of-robotics-cant-protect-us1553665410/> [Accessed on 4th of November 2014]
Live Science, 2013. Human-Robot Relations [Online] Available at :<

http://www.livescience.com/27204-human-robot-relationships-turkle.html/>
[Accessed on 4th of November 2014]
Forbes, 2014. The Human Skills Robots Can't Replace And How To Develop
Them [Online] Available at :<
http://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2014/05/21/this-does-not-compute-the-
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human-skills-robots-cant-replace-and-how-to-develop-them//> [Accessed on
4th of November 2014]
Gantt chart
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