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INTRODTJCTION
Asioryqoted by Safran (1991) highlightstheambiguilyanddynmism\\hich
To 1 ro.onceprudlize a rleoq olardJpora.
ln ai old Jesishjoke fo n Estem Ercpe shteil, rh husbandaskshis wile:
''wha qill halpo o hemillionzloty I invested rne bsinessife Messian
conres ud we rctum to Jerusalem and I hale to Leave eleryhing behind? The
$ife an$ves: 'with God's help, e Mesah will nor coe so soon".

tem daspora is based on the Greek tems lP?n?. to sorv. and rhe prposition
.ira over. lte Seltugint- dre eeiesl extant Greek iransaion of the Od
Testanent frcm rhe original Heb.ew which was p.oduced near rhe nrdde ofthe
ihird cfltury BC (ril1/r? ,a s,lt!'irr,lrmlated Dedonom],. 28: 25 as followsl
"Tho shaLt be a diaspon in al kngdoms of the eafh (Oxford Engls!
Dictionary). fte CBks de61ood the
to mean higmton dd colonizaion.
The

ffi

In Hebrew, lhe term is generally 8dlo, q hich inirially refend to the setling ol
$atered colonies ofJervs orljde Palestine after th Babylonian exile d has
a$umed a more generalMotation of people seftled away frh their dcesa
horerds. The wo d{d'a i" also used ua smLar,en,e

As a social consnrct, the tein has shifted ils meaning d coverage orer
and it is the implications ofhese dynmjcs that this alticle addresses.

im

SOME DEFINITIONAI AMBIGUITIES

The rem diaspora rele6 today not only to sch clssic grcxps d Jews, cEeks ud
Amflias, but to much wider calegories which refi.t processes ofpolirically
motivated prooting and moving of popllations, voltary migiation, global
conrmunications md lransport. Tle temr has acquired a brcad semantic doman
md now encofrpasses a motley tmy ofgrops sch d political retugees, alien
residents, gest workes, immigranls. expellees, ethnic and racial minorites,
ovdsea! comrunities. one of the lafgest rftent groups ro enrer this cateSory
conssts of 25 millon Russians living in on-Rlsian states ofthe Fomer Soviet
Union GSrl: trre colfapr-eof
Soviei state has translonned them into
minorities n ile states ofthe CIS. Palestini |ave deveoped a senrc ofdalpora
since 1948. Thee s aho reference toi Black diaspom which pedains io prsoff
whose orefatheE werc forciby rcmoved fron a viety ofAftc coMtres and
resetrled in other soceties. And, ocou6e, he most recent group oretugees ftom
Kosovo hasjoned is caregory otuhtq I 996j Pikirgtor, 1996: Shevtsola, 1992i
Tololi, l99l). tndeed. n\e tem diaspora has acgliled netaphoric implcations
and is xsed bore a]]d more by drsplaced personawho fe]. maintain, invenr or
rcvve a comen tui1h a prior liome (Sd, 1991: 83).

irihry

Ditstoru higrcin: defLnniohal anbieuities

dd a

rheareit para.tA

4l

In refe*i-g to roJm dn\oor+. Shemer{ iaSo: ,.propo,edd.mpleaq. :.ion:

yooer !ra(pomc a-e ettu c mrrorir groups ofm grdr o.igin. ,e.id .g.
nd
actrng rn hosr co-nr'ies blr ma n.arning srrong .o rmenra,
n",
wrn rne r.ou-rfles ol ole
Lleirhometd(. c....and o Rageal Ltoo
ri\ -\q.l u,irize Jo. ,ea ordetnbea dL.po2. forced dspers.n. rer.rr
o,
or acolecuvet roncdr dnd cutturat meo^ or rtr ar pe;sion, rhe\it ro
rran5m r-'e,i-aee.
rhe dbit ry othe sou;-o.un re o\er I ne (jee d :o
Esm. Ia86: lll;Keame\. Lc95 551).

uia.".*,"

rd

Shelfe| la8o, Salral rtoa t, and ct,fford L.os4/ hd\e d co-sidered rne
phe oenon n (on..deable dep-h nd proposed rlera. mon e rcompasin8
dellirjo \ Al.ro,,Ah e, a e nor rdenricat. rhe cnnca
U
defrn rions.rea h Jof ol d.:persdl, m's memones oi -\e "orpon"r..
".i
noietarc. alioa,on
rn the hoJ cou-D derre "or e\enruat retu Lshich can be d. br.;.r.
e,cha o'oe .a. or ro dn . onso.nS srpoon otrhe hometd, aod co e..r,e
"
identnr dened b) the abo\e rctar onstjp

cohen .laqTr ho\ prpo.ed d ri?otoey o- d a.poras eact

of

hrch has oeen

car'edb) dditreren.se-ofpre-rpid.nscr-"umsr ce\ri tr. resutrrnarie

olso.i" .on,evr m).hologie.ardde ntrionso..ot dar.\. ||*e*e:riotir
dasoo,.. l"Lourard rmberic. dEcporas. "de drajoo?.. crt,u,r dia.pors.
slobal - detrorialized diasporas. Cohen notes thai rhes" Bpes .u). oi"a"i
and change rheir character over tjhe.
ln " rol.hese-@tr. ,ions r. inrpond- ro hiBhtigrr .he
"tfecrive-e\pressi\e
.o,nponen'!. Drd.po'a drsrouse reflecrs a
otb" 1c pan o! an on8or.8

"enre
tansnational nerwork rhat inctudes dispesed peopte who ;eiain a sense oirtreti
,,nrquene$ and ar inrerer rn rhei homeled. Diasoora b a soc:at con\ n,L,r
bu-ded o- iee.rre. .on:crorsne*. ren ory, nhoioav, hi"ron. reanrnstut
.e..9-o,rp idenriq. lo.s -(, dea-5. a eeoricdl and \ ituattem;r.
dlots rL old) a-.eine!,bli.hrf doh.pon;atrry A.osr.enro.e,,,.
fime, the sense ol conneciion to a homeland mu$ be frong;nongh ro .sist
fo,Be,-ins. a"sim,Lu-s o, dsralc.ns. tn
ir."r
''ellced rone\ are recove ed. diTerenr turures are imag ned ..'.

!rrl

""

*,a,

" *;-1"

THEORETICAL ISSIIES
What are the ihe.edcal issues that need to be addressedincolsiderinp modem
tal isses de addresed:
does diaspora theory Link into other heoreticl issues?

llow t d!tupors

mrgmrion ditreren- lom orhe Npe. o"mrCauodr

ae he rele!drJcroB and what are rheurotisl
are the social and polirical tunctions ofdiaspora?

Shu\al

Horv does diaspora theory

lik

into other thortical issues?

It is fruitful to consider diaspora theory as a indelendent caegory. Ar rhe same

rime.i s inrpodanr ro be iis xF oTirc inheFnr li&;o orl e.he-or erica. henr..
One othe mosr lponant olthse is einri. ,,eo?rr-ililiting n rh; assmption
rhat peoDle seek a shded identity. especially n u eB ofle-Ee-scale lrbanizarion
d weakenins of localzed, paficularisdc rcladons. ethnic iheonr addrcsses
isell ro noe.l"ndD
e p';ce\e, nrol\ed i- deri\ ne srch .denriie. fiom
conrmonahies ofhisory, lansuase (in some cases rclision) and pasl achievements.

Before he lo0..

Trgrd,

)
\

grouo. sere gene-dlly e\pe.red ro .hd rheir

erhric idpn_ N and csrmild.e ro loca nonn: 6roup. lndr were rhou:olr undb e (
ro do Lhis $ere o-adnrined. lor e("mple. i L nese-o Cdada. non-\\' es ro
Begiming ln rhe 970s, when it became evident thar assnnjlarionist !odels dd
not \rork effectivey, policy changes in sone societies pemirted or elen
encouraged immjgrants o maintain rios aspec$ of lheir erhnic raditon.
The resgence ofdjasporas can be verved as pan ofe pesunce, or d? !9140
elugsq!!9llellqqily at a iime when, accordins to older versjons ofrodemization theory, s,as ro have been llleNated md lending to dsappear
(Keamey, sq5 X.mlcla.
'rqb). Addrns rhe e.emenr ol homelrnd ro'h(
.1,e rd -e|n . rde-. ry ro\ de5 an
sotidalrv
1

"ddrronatlaiAr

DiaspoF theory s also linked to he theoretical disco.se on h ansnario alntn

and stbatizatin alolia\ (1991) altliat "Diasporas ac-c
comnities on1E lansnarillraL momenf'- Diaspora discolJse reflecrs a sense
of beng lali of an orgoins transil network that incdes a homeland.lt
is chaacterzcd by a sense of liine in one place while simuaneously
renemberig !d/or desiring and yeming foranorherplace. This is because of
the muftipliciry of relaions not onlybenleen diaspora commnniries and ther
homeland n a binary context but becase of the ongoi!e,!4rE!4!9!4!Sqs
anong dialoora conllnities located in differeni ses within nadon srare! and
in different slates. I! recent yea6 this aptro-taliEsfefidmdEiidn o-rhnlripte
{Clifford 04 HeLe ch. I qq2: Keme) I aa5: Schrl.er er ai.
1995j Tooian, l99l).

.I9@

ce::ldqi(h

A dramatic proljfention in connicarion nedja duing e lalt 20 years has

crcated an lncreasingly interconnected wo d. These proceses have been
gainntg in momentun and sophisticaion dd e likely ro contjnue in iture
yeas. The odes ofcommunicator include Minen atrd oral media, eledronic
media, including the jniemet rd rhe Wodd Wde Web, as well as relatively
cheap neans of transportation to all come6 of the globe. Clobaization is
exprc$ed in woddwide financial, econonic, technological and ecological
interdependence nwhichgoods. capilal, knowedge, $ime, culture, drugs and

li

Diaspo ntisMthn: de/nliohulaeities and a theorei.t] pamdigh

fshons flow across renitorial bondaries. Global culrre ofe 1990s is

sustaircd by advanced connnicaion technoogies ivhich prolide for ihe
accelemted dspesa of ilfomarion and iMses across bodaries and clrures.
Open borde$. mobilejob Drdkets. nremarional division oflabor and reased
accessibilily ofmodem means of ransponadon mal<e posible ongoins conmuncalion and contact of immigrdrs illrh thei cotries of odgin and Ni
signifcanr orhea theie. A ihe_same 1me. counter forces of;aionalsnl
ethncy. religious tundamoralism, racism. sexism and other oms ofexcusion
ee srowne simtareoslv (Pofes, 1989)

Immjgnnts in rhe 1990s are less contained side rhe physical and cultural
bodaries of their host country an ever before. Tlr. is ra\rl to and from
homelands md oneoing colmicanon with faily and iends \'ho remin
lhere. Social nehlorks promofe d splort imig?rion. These phenomena
cdf imponart inplicarions for the maintenMce of rearions beNeen imigranb md their homelds and for he prsistence olhaditionaL culuEl panems.
ongoing sqraratis and processes of merging into the mairstream of rhe bosr
society. It has been noredJhaqtelple who live in clos! phyqic4lErgr!4lE
\id- es on a culrlle\e. rndn rhev do d spe, rdlgll'le el.es eJ&i.ao8. \h', rdl, oo8r.
r c ,rJlv i-r(on.ecifutsiMldd

'

gy

lill=

Ocentra imponance to disdpo theo.y is the dislellse on the ,arion rrare and
its aurho.ity. Dasporas present a uniqe challense t the hesen -of;io-lm
nation states because ofthe feelings they engeder towdd groups and placs
ocated ourslde the bo.ders ofa given nation slate. Diaspora conmruiries make
it clcar ha identiry wirh a poitical or geographical entiry does not need m be
blnary in the sns ofall or nothine but c4n involve lovalry to more han one
slqhstjg (clifford. 1994t Keamey, 1995). Ths noriors ofassinilari-md
oyalty ro olc natio! ee challenged by diaslo.as fhjch, in addirion to rclating

loiheirhostnationstae,relatesimtaneolslytopeoplelocardjnothe.nation
states. Deti1ialization of social ldenity challenses the meding o the
"Daion staie'! and its clams for exclsive lov]tv M-rh ihe alremt-f
ftFlldertities and even multipie cizenships (C-h;i. I99.
How h diaspora higratior differert from other types ofmigrilion?
Post-nodem migration is distinguished by its exeme diveBificaior i! temrs
othe nany tlpes olcontemporary immigrants. These include a {,ide variety
ol cros-cfiing categories and leople may shift over tinle lom one rype to
a-o rer Draspo'a n gturion d f"e6 ftom orher r}?es olmrgd q! rn rha_.r
mdy cdse, ir is b4sef,o cltms r-a
rqrgqrtrqar hisoc
homeland. In this q'pe ofmisjiin an ;uiptive. edDic or rclisious criterion
used to claim the righ of retm d eniitement to specific benefits, in some
cases dutonatic citizenship. Two ofrbe homelands tha1 bes exemplifylhis are
Isrdel silh reetrd,o lews and Gemany sr.h regad ro Arnedler. r.e erhnr.

nan@hl

46

c_9lld s rCr. l9oo. M-n/ and Ohliger. Io98 Pone..

1998i Shlr\aland Lesten, l908)

roaa.5'.,.t,

It js jncorcctly assunled thar diasporas a.e always a resutt oexile Indeed rhe\
de o(n in.rhreo
ror$F, o rorm||.r. pogromJ. pot:ricdt. rc.r.o o . or
rdcr,l opp F\roo. hoie\e'. \ome peope ma) or for nrar on d, a . oi
"
politcal dominarion and represion. econonic jnequalir\'. poweressness
or
milorir) id_1.. ln md.). per\a'no,r.ca.esmigranrs.eeroecon.epsrol
lhe hosr .oc.eD and chu e aod rd_) 'e egare rherrbre\rouc. r'. idtods8age
to the pasr. tn this respecl, diaspo.a migrarion does notdifier i!ercntly fton
other q'pes ofmigration. Wba distingulshes diasponpeople js .ir ongoitrg
orre-aqakened attachert nd loyalty ro rheir edier culrre d specifically
to thehotueand which they feelthey have left (Keaney, 1995). tn nrosr cases,
thisdoes nolnecessarily intefere with theii integratjon into the hosrsocier_\'on
the condition that rhar society is accepting of such compeing lolatdes
lmnigrant conmnlties have a cefain temporal sp and ofren las! u! ro a
thrd gelleralio! aler which thir sell dentificrion a! ilmigmts in mosr
c4e\ ldde.. e\en rho. gh Ine\ r.r) rer"i- e rc rdenr ry A sense olord\pora

f
l

oc*r

olft.Li lr.F\e,al Jenei. or: \h(n rhe srcup;e5ar3 are

mieran$ evethoush rheir p;edecessors $rre. A sense

ofdra poro cdrrelnsind r,c-rac'p zedo).afrinepe, od.ol .r.tr\dd
..iri.m which oic :n erronse ro orca$ses rn.he rhre
rhe erou. $elf. rhe -osr socre_y and rhe noneld
emseves ro longer

\ryho re the

relevtacto.s and what ar thir roles?

There are drree sets ofactors that are relevant to diasporatheory, These are the
did'po d dro-p I.ell, le ho.r .or'eq and.Le hometdo shich ma\ be .eJ
.iu".
. lq8o,. . rere , a compte^ lnrdic reLr on,np dmong rre.e
'Shele
actoa each of which is diffe.enliaied inro a range of sb-groups which tuay
differ' considsably with regard to levels of colmifnent. self ilrerest, powe
and interes in each other. In addition ro issues ofclrral inrer-deendence and
orrSorng soc rl i'rcroc.ron. ere hc: been a . -one rend ro{ad pol ric /dr o.
ol
.elnronchrrs in rtuenr )eaF. -L( dia.poms -d\e been moorti/ea ,o

'l'e po|r.a. o-r.omes i

inll,e-"
re" ore-ounre.and.oprovrdep.on(
aid as wellas mliry asstarce to honelands (Esman, 1986).

On lhe most general level. ihese acto$ have been discussed in rerms ofrhek
trjangular relalloruhip. But issues ofbiocaliry have also been raised ad pose
sonle indguing qestions regarding the dyramics ofthe reationships (cilroy,
I 987i Mankekar. 1994; Rouse. 199 ) On a schemaric level, it is fllittul to focs
on p4ta ry'a.ralr in tems o their relationship io the third. Ths:

D,r,pn,a o' d t,rnptard A.1,. des or r d aspom grc_p ro r.5 ho.. ma) be x
tun..ion o' hr ho.r'slo.icywi,eeard orheb;el;nd. rr.'-a].ipe..

Dn^pata higtutian de"i dtanbi1rit* a d a treokti4t purd.tighl

.1i

I n\o ,gprn.T..ddorher,om.o po .ic.'",rppo1

-Fc
lh. lrd porr .

u.polheho'.

Anatogou\

\.dd

a.t oru

gro.p.i ..., ., d

o! or.e ,-J polh e. o e ho! lhe e nd\e b. .. p. I ,vhr-L n..:n. j

the diaspora coruuniry have tefr rheir host coutrrry to seek prori.rii or
politica asvlm in rheir hotue]d.

D;-'ta,o,1,, q..rrudr5ot3da.porderorp oLrd ....o..etanor.o.-.

abr\d en, d.ombnr'ro ol\ednrlp and disLr hs
h"\e.
cTrcc,-rmn,"- peopt do noiito;r; r; ;ii fiejihonet;nd '.'nrr.e)
because i is ofien
..
eo
.r.rc-oted.e.
edq.po-d
\
.nr.." .. a hon,e dn.t
'oodi.,,,.i.
dle
r.o.
e\
I
.
Bnorw(..omilg.o..-Do
r.. \ . (otoi."'tl
\lar'..Ir.., a-e..ha.oo-i.".,in...1 I .e,"J.. -hor,,e.nd
o- o..l['.1u..
:e oelr.ns .. " i nue. \inuat uopid, soa .nr.,;, ..r .a ,r
urdefl.ed_ (,\ c hr\4
"n
rte.r .hep.,.-... .i.q
'.nra)
e\pre. (l rn o', op(n i {o r h . t mdy be ,u,nmdr/ed a. r, ... -. . I
ai iy home | .,aere I c.n n,d,e " ti'r S A serse oFfF-ill o
'rrJ'o'cr-nr'inr o..."...rc'e... J .oao,r.io.tri"(\rebon L c
host socjery. or a slroig be tjef in rhe teeirinac! and des.abilltv of.ehm t a.;
oio\ oolr.. .-oponr ne-o-e.nc
-..
'eg,o.o
"
.ot
d-.'l lo\dlD. le.',o. oppre* on o-O .,"o..i..
n.r."r.r O .e o.t,..
"r...d.,o
"-rd.o\en'.pionray'enecra.e-.eo.5e-rri) rnd.o!irt n .. r . i' okrr.. d d dcceprdnre o.su. h, rew!.
Hortla"d drd h!
pro\ide cultral and

!lr

Atttudes ofrhe homeland ro the diasporal:lopmaybe io

enotional ppo and security buiatsolo are use or

oo
"a oup '.-,r.po a. rn.ei". oro a upporomno"rcounrre..
wlK. ord.o..
t er on., . n,o'..r ho'.Lno.'t-e.(!epro. bc. n, leJ rhe
nay be \1rcoming bur also ambivale.r or hostle. Th; tatter lighr reflect

homelandresdents' feeling that daspora retumees nav thrcaien tter sranrs.r

'I'crr "openy , J I L, rhe r_r e*
nor
narves ,llunz dOhtoe

*'
"rr
teda.pordAoufrete.,.ove,dt
.o :or
u. "r'.ror,'ole..n.(rhar.detnedr.dpprcpid. t,..edis.poraqro.pr.
o..;/r or i .-cnce. e.tq..ll4 e a e ojn(
d alfor.r group rn tens of A or{r potric;tsoot\.
tooq, theho.r

\hat

,d rderov,.d

are te social

potirical functions ot diaspora?

we n?\ oIi-g,.h e v een rhe

".,it u-cr.on.otdk)po
d,e grnq tr.fand its social tundjons ro orterr. When; gioup fids iGetin
a conexr ofexclusor linned oplotumies for advucenerr, p;iiical domita_
on or social and pofiilcaldiitiminaron, a diaspra cuttui jretts nnrarrlr
sense of communy and belonsi;s to moie;adlie3ld ,"er. i,e
er-i\
i\ a(.omplisi ed bj-<le.|, ely resen ngac rerorerng riciion.
ndIdi rdenrficrror w '1"s, ,eachinc Li.,o;.. c. rudt

llr

;;";l

48

poliical proceses giving a sense of aftachmenr elsewhere. in a drir.eEnr

lmeaccomlaniedb), hopes or vsions ofreDe( at lchoy, t 987; Rorse. l99l I
and

\,ll.o] rr',m .cr . ro.rpn$rene.hn.c.o dr1b-..nmdnycx\eshd.: .. (

pa.ricdL .rrTd
lre '. e-Lm or md'. ddjpo.-s s a. c.ch otoe...
co, .e-r,ed .o -dle Lrc e".ier b. -e.r. ot a orl ., n dl even dt, \ fr.
utopia. The re m is hoped ibr, ar the end of da!s-. in Hebtew. be acht
ho

va|a

C lloro , oo,1. no,", .r,, . e tanglage of dielpqs n..e.rns.] u5eo '

peopie .noreelo.pLr(dd-dqhom"rrin,re.ii.or'. en,d.oecuo,sr.h
agtqL!e. Gronps rhar did nor have diasporic consciosnes in rh pt iarc

reclainrng diaspo.ic oriSrns andlffiliarons. The sense ofben-q a'.peoDte wiih

hi$oric roots' ourside edmespace otahostmtionpoidi:saso- -piirer
andlamcy io alaim- of oppresior or disdvare.

Wthinlosl societies, differer prolps

have exptoiredthe homelandmarh

for

buaore\. lo' e\anrple. ,fr.Id e.o-ps .r\e vew;d he

diaspora status of Jews as pnishme for rhe t.fier;s sins. ths gaining
ccn.'in L ,,.. an s o-p. be ,. . r . .o.otos
- ,eard r

\. ,ei\ o

PRINCIPAL COMPONNTS OF A THEORETICAL P-{RADIGM

ln seekng ro sysreuratze rhe dteoreticalissres raised. ve tral e worked with a
ru abero_". . rnpr or" rlrrmerSe r or, ed .. u,. o..\e Ouroolecl..o
o-.o.c'" d.\ eloJ e r otu broda npo o_.v o. J...poras trhi.i \ r br
'ke t

bor,ro cb.rir.r!oae,. hc. .r-.01.1-i..o

mapprng \dio. .rpc: o.

diaspoh, baking clehe differences and similanties morgrhem. HopeftIy,
thjs will enlance or undersrandjng of the uderlying conceprL,al bmis r
daspora. fomruiarins hypotheses d encouaginaihtlikerh;od of farir

Ourapproach is based or

Nmber of assnptiors:

A rheoretical qtproachtio daspora needs ro rake account ofthe clunging

re|lryinwhch theye:rsr. The rem ,.dynmic,. n the rirte odi-s
anicte rire
ro rlk lu d naonal{cD pro.e\e,.1'drdcrei/
!d.dspotu..thise.nnndr
acrou0 n4 d.qL,re .n\e o'drd'pora, ose ir, reedi- i.chceirr:d)aon.
nec an r|de rrr'ed p"oo ol-. r-e. ti-s.he app:oaih qe propoi.,n.t*. . lotion ofongoidgchange as an intesnl Dart of the scheme.

dr".l\on r'ouD.

. r' {rudl,ed dolno rrree pn-.ipdt dcror. - home.,-d,

ho.r uLornter.rctindmul,r i:.eFo.cnJnA n!.e- rcaror-

Dpom rl,e

\
.

DiaVtunigtatio de itia" t abi1,ires

ship.
tornr

{hrcn r

theplrc

and

er ed on s o ro.at or rrifocat
fd/components ofd ajDo.a rh^
De

1eat...rt paru.ti!1

,e\et

f",.: . ..orr

'-- r--llk \r'h.t.rhe..om.an.,r\(..o L.!+artrecn.rr,onrnpo.. -rJ..r

D-lrr:

.-e -tuce o".ic

*r, or "c_tr. ..
!hd,d.ie'ped bv dilleri e renrd.roo.. \?lue. ano ,rirude,
ftere_ore n.
s)nr p 0e nrt.o ot dro.pora !on be L)erul
Dr

'een-.ubroup5

rr'nr

.,fp.o.ch ro dia.pord, n -h,-o.n.. or 1. .. rh, !n) \dLb.e.

1
\'ieoertrt
p'1),r_q
4..o(. t". .'rce prin. pat cornpo
.r . r <"
by r'en pd o_ c \htr. d e nor equalt) ere'l(o rn .h( cL.'.".rer./-d
. ..tol'd r-e.
!.erg!r'
rrer
dt.o ho\e r d)-,nr.c o,.her-oq. depenOrr c .. i.,.r,.g

!.

he

,idnerp,

rol|,ece

.d

"

t) binrry and dre tiketJ,o oe ocded.

o. s
"re
co- r.ur rhrchrn
one!".e.n."\ .q_d.1.."1.,e! detned bltwhcn ',
n ore trk.t. ro be de.-cd ,l.o rr !c
-3regonF, ..t ,ch rndv bc o.dere.l o.
d r'"re r a'ed rn qudrr rr\ . enr
d

p.r.qtgljrgl! . ne\.pdep, ,. ..(-r ,.d

a: pn-cipat ior:po.-.r or t.
pdi,rrs r rd.! . -r"G eft) nurber of prnrer*. '.
s .hre,ete\3nr od'asoo-r i..rec."\,dt,ead) ";-eJ.. ec.rr.o0.",1_i",
esmr)b,
or q-o ,o, .e \ . .ees opp.o1 d.e ,i."-"
suanre or rhe
In .'m,. he orooo.ed teoe, icdt

!ro

nd

're

re- .o. o... u, nh.] *ru

fJrrheler iir

"i.r,"

oh c

Tle | -LD..e o[I.c p.,rddrgm^.. ro -em]r a mopp ng o r.. oiJia.pom,.tr.

bo-i. tb, erar.|. r. pnncp.r aororraee i.onJe.
:'-,,!::'*,,.-elr
e\p.rt-' rdire. dddit'ien-esomong\daou.Dpe\otdiaipoas:n.-.rr
a s-d) r. to locu\ on *e n-nu. o^-e so.ia proce,.e
.n.rb-tabe r. rh..
d,*( s. e..,-d:irild irs I tx, i".cco rptished by
r! our ,Le vo -e. o
r'ep iarnere.,or.",hoterh eecon.po en.swrrh.e"De.
pe...od grvenok.!ora

un rr,,.rcepk leF/. -.. pro.e,. . tosic",tvan;iogou.i rh" ..o.

.er
b) curr- ,w.ma- ] d I redrodr.,
;lj3.ll, ler e .h om5ed
den r es"ider icJ.e..iutL,-eo..\.r\rrt,eo
ict. dr!o sr !h otrhe seqr.lrosed,erwihrhpk rdoiJo.ena-
needed
ro I.sl r rp l The e\re-..,e ser ot concebr, propo.ed
re.en.tr ) RigSs
,

r'"" . \'r

e\rr nel) ,betul. aoe,.ror e\oticd.erh;,e

di".. _ o"giL"ii,

n.ppr- g ma) be d"e. r. .ne pd, ad.sm r rd. .he

I'1.:1"..*,:.^d'!,"
ng.drry o bn Jed detr. inn d d ,akes po$.b e L e de;Iftc. ,io,,
ot" "r ,
re'ed_*I ddspo!.,ctiod. oa4: 0oro.
in.rp.enr d.a5po..'

Diu\to,u Cruliti:

dcfrhtioalabj!ities

dnA

tearcL.t pdtuttilhl

qhar. e.s.r(le\.n.eotnomedndro o.-go\etren-nd. u.,o_p.

.oc.eD incc.d.. .. '.ghl) relevanr. or e\"r.rpte. lo tor ren Fo . .
ilrenal !oirical interest...exreni of political acriiry.

.o

CONCLI]SION

O r eo". h3.

''

're-",r. e rhe c aepruali"Ion o' arr\po? re.ed.r.

\ u-rc\elIn." .le rreo'e.ic". ormen.ron. or rtre Lr_es and
aking them explicit ir a namer rhar is conducive r tunher erpanson and

ono.h

\id

to

< rg

rh,5,hro.erc- padigm. Artr.reLn-e. .lrn. r.) wo,,td

r \ratrlc rr. re I.tudes ereo po\sib e rtTe . e.e1 . . . o.e
' n,iorrry. tri\ou |ee. -8i'., 1 .oroqdg.r.(.
i'rh roorocro-suCgesuono
r'pre. e v.rs \.re 8*. Pnorir'ec a-d \e.efl on or r\oe,dd. .Jb..)
.esearchers intemsof theirrrests ONprpose isoenabeschoars ro mo\r
belonddcrrir ve e.ea('br.irf,r-: d .eren. r\e.ord...poi.. olo\
d r r"dneou\ u eo' he hrce.omoonen.srom,poJ .-. ch.racten..rc.ot
\ g d,o od ,eo -p orooo.ed rlpo.ogy pspech.t. comp/2r've
',e eal tevlJ
.r. . dt o,+ - rdke5posrb e -focu. on snu.'u-.t oiftcrcnc.. n.l .rnil ri e rl co.ld be cri rmt ro - e socra p.oce..e. rn. oh.ea.

(een r.

u5e

wedo o pe . me hrrrh, ]boog) .e\ha-J|ea-d.o. p -.-...e \\

"c rhree,rn,,rur.l.ompo,'en.s.ped nnddre-ar.o,ne

-on-ep, itiza.ion.
the paramerers characerzirg each and rhe caesodes br neuo. t .t i"t tt
,a."nere. drc.1.$fieJ. rernan op.n-enoed ind jleiro.e. tndeed i . rne"
flexibiliv ofrhe schenre rhar tuakes ir nsetul in thar ir hightigtrts ihe inherent
dr !ni.n, ordmcpo,d rh{r) b) r"k.rC c ear + onsorg.. hingingpro.ese,
i-.o .d { )ict' cau,e ce-. .n "re. ro i t .nei- sru-crurut ch r... ?risr.! i,, d
manner that js open to scrutiny throlsh the overau schea. Furhemore ir
de6!o eJ rhe rr -"i, Jiffe?nra on or d spords r.ro , aJe numbe, o.

De.-l,rled -pv,ne rmemdkDsrDor,ibter;rocu"onrheimrldrire,"nd

dflerences aorg the.1.

R!F!RENCES

lo68 -ll*e orLhef'o.ofrrot

7om.

rd Flaro

t996 hnhietio

l-Frory"..n Hdn.t \-rd'. Lo/.id.D

/rtx.ra, iror,, s!t.o.ter BooN,. Ne. yor^ 251-lo5

ond tntesratiah
NlacMillan. Baingstoke.

i,

Porr 1nAl9,a1 .t .ierie,, t{ondmjth.

Chaliand, C.L., lnd J l. Ragea

1991 .,1nas tu\ Dia \patus, \nprni O. Jacob. pa.is.

1994

Dirsporas .

Orlr,?1, rthrapto*-, 9(3) 302-)j8.

)997

Glabdl DdspLtas:

1986

"Diasporas

Di.6pora:

lll

A hrr,&cn,,

UCL p.ess.London.

dd
i1

inrearonal relarionl,, n C. Sheif (Ed.),

hnehdia al Pulticn Crcom Het, Lordon d

350

1992 O/,,/ Ollr,.e.

Sage.

Londor

1981

The]?Ak ! N.qln.ki the Uhi.nJack: he Cult!rcl

Nanrr, Hurchinsor, London.
Gunnd! R, and C.W. crccnban1
1998 -Facellheory: isderelopmenrandcftent stztus Eapca Pt.itri

l(l):ll-36

l9t:

_Kinl1ip. ndion. and Plul

cihol

213 249.

t\.ohl.a.huatRp,tt\,! 4 h"pa6s

1996 'The nc$

Russian

I.

r .oncepr ot dtaspon , Diaspan, 2(2):

-lle o., .nl he gob.t rbe dlrt-oo.o;) o

.o'

!ootr,a.o,

2 )5-:5

.,0

diaspora an identiry of i$ orvn: ro$ible rdnri9.

r neron. so..erFeD bt.;.Lt.t.ahdRa it

''"i .or..rIR..,.,,

.'/rJi?\ lqil,. na.bla

1996 "Socl nit_v n a libeml

r05

1994
M2.
I

st^te

, Social ptito:ophj

136

"Rencctions on diaspod idenlitcs a prolesomenon

political bilocaliry". DiaV,,?, t(l): 3.19-j71.
.nd O R,in.r
Longdnhn.e cirizens: erhnic Cmans md rhen imnignrion

998

ro Gemjanv,,

r o(re s n...nd\.1 Rrrr --..p-r4\,o/a r,,r,:, fl.,,t.1,t.a;o

Vip t"t tt \. 1,. tc.t tLr ,4t ..4,,,i. Biigh|r Boot.j o.t^,j
Provrden.e Rl l5s r0r

l!96'lheinplicationsollorcedmigrarionfo.nationatjdenqfomationinpos!
Sorer Russia". unpublhd paper prcsenred al ERCOMER Conte;nce.
18 20 April 1996, UEchr

1989

Contepomry imrigratior: rhcorercal penpecrives on jts dctcninars

nd no!e,orrl.ornor ori. /, 4,D.o4at UE a , t Rrr41,, \ oO hJA

Ress,fW
199!'Diaspoms-some

conceptual coDsidenrions,,, htl):///s\s2.harvai| ed

(ad
-ldtdiacon.htfr .
on t9/4/99).

Di.para nietuia: deJhni al d,tbiguities on(t a eteiut

@.
l99l

VNicdn n rrmrior

lll 8lr.

r\c Jocrat

"p,.e

pandi|h

otpormodea.r D. p {,.

"Dj$poas in nodem socierjcsr nyrhsofhomelMd andrerm

l(L):83-9i.

55

Drd|,rd,

Schiller.N.C.. l Basch. andC.S. Blanc

i995 "rrm imigmnt lo tusnietur rbcor2ing tusnarional migion
Ahn@palosc Atur@b, 68(1): 4A-63.
Shf, c. (Ed.)
Ma.lenr Diaspatu! i tethdional pali.t, Ctoam Hetm, Sldrey.

-.1986

l99l

'Po$ So\Er dngiarrcn roday and ionorN . l,read.iont Mgftr

Revie* )6:211-2\1
Shnval J T
1998 .Mgnrmnro h@l: the ntlhotogy of 1nquetrsl . ,./,,eaab{,/ \/rsdro,
36(): i-26.
Shur1. J.T., and E. Leshen

1998

The sociolog! ol ielalion n

Tmnsacrion Pres. NN
a

1991

lrael

andJ 5h-\.1,6' nryai-. ot

Btusrick

a itical view,,. in E. Leshn.

2t\c.otaEt.ol pet.pe...

Thnationstareandits orhers: in tiof !pretace .Da\pt

l,1) j-7.

Shttdl
FIGLTRE I

THEORETICAL PAR,{DIGM OF DIASPORAS

Characterisrics of Diaspora croup

a. Chronoogy of gronp.
b. Cases ofdispeGion
c. D fIeF ,.rron "rire.i" tbrdeinr. o- orsub-Foul,..

Reten|on olerhnrc cnlnre

e. Spatial dnneNion,physical ocarjon ofmembers aNt rearions amon rtrem
l QudIn o'ft latrons. mols me noer.: tare?. !opcr.oos
o, omi.rion"
"no
g. Attides andieling roward honeand - if real: j\ixat:

I) Lelelo$rppon.
3) Level ofactivity.
4) Contenr ofacilviy.
5) Extenr of ongoing conracr wirb family, friends ir horeand

Il. Cla.acterisrcs of Hohcland

Arih,de ol,e.iderr. ol hmet. d

i1 Ao\e-mrn, ro.,x-d ,",1m oI
"no
diaspora !onrnrur tic\

d. Aehaviou

toward rc mees.
rermees:

e. Behavior of

Level of iftegr.ation into homeland.

sense o,.ar homeness.'
rcceptance ofhomeland culture
retenlion of se!arati\nr, previous crtizenship
pe(epon othosfs arrrude
2) Inversion oldiaspra:.edefnirion of ,.exile,' as,.hometand'.
3) Re-nriention after renm ro nerv desrinar.n

Ill.

Chamcristics of Host

b. Clltum ideologrc.lsrance rorvard edrc qroDs.

ael-viou.olC\emen, a O . .Ug oup. riwa:O erhnic g oup.
o. Reler roce o honetand -o hosr go, er;en- ano.o. .ogioup. u,o. i,-y

..

'tq6s..re pw p.r

''

otqrssc.o rnq par ...I?lrSotornqcsq

i{lrl?.rlo la,\t

.e

pltlouroH Jo s.rrsot.Prql

fl

per.uoq u. spuar{.{rre.} q,,^,,"",""" s","r";;"(,,:";lj! (s

[Jr.' od tp'oq trr.F-u - ' tr a, Jr.I_.^r'rD -o u:r-o)
tprf L Larrw.po.-ou_,tet qsrvrola^ai (E
....r!orssd
:tEn!hlr
t?oo?r...too.
.
.tooJ ....rEuonsed
tEo|er
lE.r.]r
o ,J^r I LP_' la. ot 3 rr re :, .\:
'rcfo uP.$A uara rrtutu oruuap. L Ur ') r ..r. co o.r qJ.

'
.o Prrlo.uq,(u r-. e\.orue rr.r-.K, !u"

.suurdard

(q pa .eo.. oJy a,.rc puL!. roJ arF.p.uaFn

!r iol orE5p tent.? 'uodds lo _{qoa .loddns
Jo

:.

u.

ur

Jr

rrJ.Jd

o"ui p.n

fquoa

rorr :?a , Jr

.peFoq pnaor
8tal pu? s.pnrDv
.uuo auo or
soDJafror jo.,p!
sonra@or t?rlrc s;uu:s ruexrp ur soqri:er Suoua uooruarur ruroioo
pw suorramoJ lrrlllEl asoF p@ol :squlu 3!ue ooEIuJo drEn

r' pJreuuar-orro su.!a. iu jDpr,o.apr\ i lpJrqdqjo: ar oi-r:o

' ua,trduoe,-o.rrlpu'rqurrouo.p.o
1'.,.iqo. ro.,,r_rp1,,-ca,
'''.^l1r? auos ...uo :arnrlnr rnLIr.lo uorrulo

'r.\o i)L
ua.ar pu

rartr".

\!a\od aurucr

"eurri)

.^':"-.
ii:lllppf0
s-aoruJu
ro

.r

..

-pts.

| -u.u:

loJ Lodo-s to.arra.lJrJo. I.o. "

sdnor3-qns Jo uotruup roJ u51J :uouuuuar{Jr(l

sr 'pcp auoq

I,tu,rF

.,uturo.ourBuas
.o.rpooo \;
uoF -drJ J.prurPn uor.r:d" o . .r -p
)

,ur.1r.bJoo

_or

r}i.ao

"--.l. *

riirr. ), . .uo.radiur..tro -",:,,,,1,,,i

-rio orrriu r p r ur1 rqr, \or..D\pra,ul
, d-o'F ro \do o,r,u, ,o.. ru,p .p.oo .al

dnorB Rjodsc!p Jo srrJstraDer{J

r
d:.

ru J.ds or rtq4oepe Dup rtq.!"J p c,rr:

,r:.a pr
'i lr.easr
.p"rl .rarsoddoaqt \.rsrqarJqo.aLnq,,o uD,eo
raloL? : r
",op"*;Lt.."
'qr r!lr1 .-o- o ruDroor-r .r t s.o .Jd_ Jrrtl.(.rJo
ro...-'r u-'ed i1' o,,( ddD.eqr(aroi) srJosa.drue\a r.o\f, araiurf;
toJ aq
"

.
(),

I\CIO\'dVd qHI JO NOJSSNJSIC

l9

tu8tjjDrbd jra.toa\
ND sa

aqtu, pualrult'p :r.nD1atu D.bdett1

Shuval
b. Legilimacy:
accepted by

all... widely accepred (by whon?) ...not senerally accepted

(by whom?).
Attitude of residents of homeland and is govmenr rowed rerum of
diaspora comunjties:
Rejected by al
residenb. . . rejected by some and accepted b). some
4rent residents.....accepted by all ftrenr.esidents, encoaged by resdenG

clre

Behavio toward retumees:

accepted on fomal and infomal levels, acceped fomay bur not infomaly
(by some... most... all. ..) . ..no! accelted fomaly o. infoially ...hosflity,
Behaviou ofretmees:

l)

Level ofintegraion inro honelandsense of 'al homeressi':acceptance ofhoneland culture

competey... paitly... fejection
acceptance ofhomeland culture
complerely... paly... rejeion
.etenton of separalism
lone... sone... much citizenship
pefceptio ofhost's attitde
acceptance... indifference... hostility by host and its snbgroups
2) Invertior of djaspoF: redefinition of "exile" d "homllandj
encorrer difficulties in attitudes ofhomeland hosr: (resent benefits.
perception of preferental reatmeno
disappoirtment in "at horeness' ( fe stranse don't knorv language. cultue of homeland)
perceve host culture as i!erior to culture of "exile" society
therefore seek to retain highef' cture for seves and lor childre!.
3) Re'igrarion afte! rctum to Dew destination
response ro djssatisfaction with homelard, "... other fields are

IIl. Chaaderisiics of Host

extent of opportunities for social nobility for a or some menbeF ol
sociely and ofninority groups.
Geographical dispenion ofethnjc $oups. - . concentEtions ofsetilemelt. . .
b Cuftral-ideoogical stnce

lowdd ethnic grops noms of dsimjlationl

Donolithic,

. . .puraistic . . .acceprance of expresions of ethnc identiry. . .

Behaviour ofgovemment and subgops toqEd ethnic grops indjfereni...

disdain... hoste... discrinlnatory... violent...