Lecture 02-Digital Image Fundamentals - Gooood PDF

Lecture2
DigitalImageFundamentals
LinZHANG,PhD
SchoolofSoftwareEngineering
Tongji University
Spring2013
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Contents
Elementsofvisualperception
Lightandtheelectromagneticspectrum
Imagesensingandacquisition
Imagesamplingandquantization
Somebasicrelationshipsbetweenpixels
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ElementsofVisualPerception
Structureofthehumaneye
visualaxis
sclera
choroid
blindspot
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Threemembranesenclosetheeye:thecorneaandsclera,
choroid,andretina
Atitsanteriorextreme,thechoroidisdividedintotheciliary body
andtheiris;thelatercontractsorexpandstocontroltheamountof
lightthatenterstheeye
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Whentheeyeisproperlyfocused,lightfromanobject
outsidetheeyeisimagedontheretina
Twokindsoflightreceptorsdistributeontheretina,cones androds
Conesareprimarilylocatedinthecentralportionoftheretina,
calledfovea andaresensitivetocolor;theyfunctionbestin
relativelybrightlight;so,conevisioniscalledbrightlightvision
Rodsaredistributedovertheretinalsurface;rodsservetogivea
generaloverallpictureofthefieldofview;theyarenotinvolvedin
colorvisionandaresensitivetolowlevelsofillumination;rodvision
iscalleddimlightvision
Aroundtheregionoftheemergenceoftheopticnerve,thereisno
receptorsandresultsinthesocalledblindspot
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Structureofthehumaneye(moreonconecell)
Humansusuallyhavethreekindsofconeswithdifferent
photopsins,whichhavedifferentspectralresponsecurves;
thus,wehavetrichromatic vision.
Interestingly,somepeoplehavefourormoretypesof
cones,givingthemtetrachromatic vision
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Threetypesofcolorsensitiveconesintheretinaofthehumaneye,
correspondingroughlytored,green,andbluesensitivedetectors.
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Structureofthehumaneye(moreonrodcell)
Rodcell
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Structureofthehumaneye(moreonrodcell)
Wavelengthresponsivenessofrodscomparedtothatofthree
typesofcones.Thedashedgraycurveisforrods.
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Distributionofrodsandconesintheretina
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Blindspotexperiment
Drawanimagesimilartothatbelowonapieceofpaper(the
dotandcrossareabout6inchesapart)
Closeyourrighteyeandfocusonthecrosswithyourlefteye
Holdtheimageabout20inchesawayfromyourfaceand
moveitslowlytowardsyou
Thedotshoulddisappear!
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Imageformationintheeye
Muscleswithintheeyecanbeusedtochangetheshapeof
thelensallowingusfocusonobjectsthatarenearorfar
away
Animageisfocusedontotheretinacausingrodsandcones
tobecomeexcitedwhichultimatelysendsignalstothebrain
C istheopticalcenterofthelens
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HumaneyeVScamera
VS
Lens
Iris
Retina
Related
components?
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Perceivedbrightnessisnotasimplefunctionof
intensity
Visualsystemtendstoundershootorovershootaroundthe
boundaryofregionsofdifferentintensities,calledas
Mach bands
Aregionsperceivedbrightnessdoesnotonlydependsimply
onitsintensity,butonitssurroundingregions;sucha
phenomenoniscalledsimultaneouscontrast
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intensity
AnexampleofMachbands
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intensity
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intensity
Anexampleofsimultaneouscontrast
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intensity
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intensity
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Opticalillusions:ourvisualsystemsplaylotsof
interestingtricksonus
Itisstillynotfullyunderstoodyet
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Contents
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
LightandtheElectromagneticSpectrum
Lightisjustaparticularpartoftheelectromagnetic
spectrumthatcanbesensedbythehumaneye
Theelectromagneticspectrumissplitupaccordingto
thewavelengthsofdifferentformsofenergy
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Thecolours thatweperceivearedeterminedbythe
natureofthelightreflectedfromanobject
Inadditiontofrequency,threebasicquantitiesare
usedtodescribethequalityofachromaticlightsource
Radiance.Itisthetotalamountofenergythatflowsfromthe
lightsource,measuredinWatts
Luminance.Givesameasureoftheamountofenergyan
observerperceives,measuredinlumens
Brightness.Itisasubjectivedescriptoroflightperception
thatispracticallyimpossibletomeasure
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electromagneticwave
reflectance
spectrum
spectralpower
distribution
spectralpower
distribution
Red
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Contents
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ImageSensingandAcquisition
Imagecreationbasedontwofactors
Illuminationsource
Reflection orabsorption ofenergyfromthatsourcebythe
elementsofthescene beingimaged
Any examples for
these two kinds?
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Imagingsensors
Singleimagingsensor
Linesensor
Arraysensor
Singleimagingsensor
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Imagingsensors
Singleimagingsensor
Linesensor
Arraysensor
Linesensor
Application
scenario?
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Imagingsensors
Singleimagingsensor
Linesensor
Arraysensor
Arraysensor,usedinordinarydigitalcamera
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Imagingsensingusingsensorstrips
Image acquisiton using a linear sensor strip and a circular sensor strip
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Imagingsensingusingsensorarrays
Anexampleofthedigitalimageacquisitionprocess
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Contents
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
ImageSamplingandQuantization
Samplingandquantizationwillconvertacontinuous
imagesignalf toadiscretedigitalform
Digitizingthecoordinatevaluesiscalledsampling
Digitizingtheamplitudeiscalledquantization
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Resultofimagesamplingandquantization
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Representingimages
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Spatialresolution
Thespatialresolutionofanimageisdeterminedbyhow
samplingwascarriedout
DPI(dotsperinch)isusedtomeasurethespatialresolution
Note:tosaythatanimagehasaresolution1024*1024
isnotameaningfulstatementwithoutstatingthe
spatialdimensionsencompassedbytheimage
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Spatialresolutionanexample
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Intensityresolution
Intensityresolutionreferstothesmallestdiscerniblechange
inintensitylevel
Themoreintensitylevelsused,thefinerthelevelofdetail
discernableinanimage
Thenumberofbitsusedtoquantizeintensityisoftenreferred
astheintensityresolution
Number of Bits
Number of Intensity
Levels
Examples
0, 1
00, 01, 10, 11
16
0000, 0101, 1111
256
00110011, 01010101
16
65,536
1010101010101010
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Intensityresolution
8bitsperpixel
4bpp
7bpp
3bpp
6bpp
5bpp
2bpp
1bpp
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Imageinterpolation
Itisabasictoolusedintaskssuchaszooming,shrinking,
rotating,andgeometriccorrections
Traditionalmethodsincludenearestneighbor,bilinear,and
bicubic
ur
ne
ar
n
t
s
e
bo
h
ig
bil
in
ea
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Contents
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
SomeBasicRelationshipsbetweenPixels
Neighborsofapixel
p(x, y) isapixel
p
N4(p): 4neighbours
ofp
p
ND(p): diagonal
neighboursofp
p
N8(p): 8neighbours
ofp
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Adjacency
LetV:Setofgraylevelvaluesusedtodefineconnectivity;
e.g.,V={1}.
4adjacency:twopixelsp andq withvaluesinV are4
adjacentifq isinthesetN4(p)
8adjacency:twopixelsp andq withvaluesinV are8
adjacentifq isinthesetN8(p)
madjacency(mixedadjacency):(modificationof8ato
eliminatemultipleconnections)twopixelsp andq with
valuesinV aremadjacentif
(i)q isinN4(p) or
(ii)q inND(p) andN4(p) N4(q) hasnopixelswhosevalues
arefromV
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Adjacencyexamples
011
011
011
010
010
010
001
001
001
Anarrangementofpixels8adjacencymadjacency
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Connectivityandregions
LetS representasubsetofpixelsinanimage
For,thesetofpixelsthatareconnecttoitinS
pS
iscalled
aconnectedcomponent ofS;ifS hasonlyoneconnected
component,S iscalledaconnectedset anditisalsoaregion
TworegionsRi andRj aresaidtobeadjacent iftheirunion
formsaconnectedset;otherwise,theyaredisjoint
110111
101011
110011
Ri
Note:whentalkingabout
regionsadjacency,the
adjacencytypeshouldbe
mentioned
Rj
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Boundary
BoundaryofaregionR isthesetofpointsthatareadjacentto
pointsinthecomplementofR (innerborder)
Outerborder istheborderofinthebackground(toguarantee
theborderfollowingalgorithmswillformaclosedpath)
Usually,adjacencybetweenpointsinaregionandits
backgroundisdefinedintermsof8connectivity
000
010
010
010
010
000
Theinnerborderofthe1valuedregion
doesnotformaclosedpath,butitsouter
boundarydoes
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Distancemeasures
Forpixelsp,q,andz,withcoordinates(x, y),(s, t),and(v, w),D
isadistance function ormetric if
(a) D( p, q) 0 D( p, q) 0, iff p q
(b) D ( p, q) D ( q, p ) ,and
(c) D ( p, z ) D ( p, q) D ( q, z )
Euclideandistance
De ( p, q ) ( x s ) ( y t )
2
2 1/2
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Distancemeasures
(a) D( p, q) 0 D( p, q) 0, iff p q
(b) D ( p, q) D ( q, p ) ,and
(c) D ( p, z ) D ( p, q) D ( q, z )
D4 distance(cityblockdistance,orManhattandistance)
D4 ( p, q) x s y t
2
2 1 2
2 1 p 1 2
2 1 2
2
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Distancemeasures
(a) D( p, q) 0 D( p, q) 0, iff p q
(b) D ( p, q) D ( q, p ) ,and
(c) D ( p, z ) D ( p, q) D ( q, z )
D8 distance(Chessboarddistance)
D8 ( p, q ) max x s , y t
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2 2 2
1 1 2
p 1 2
1 1 2
2 2 2
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Summary
Wehavelookedat:
Nexttimewestarttolookattechniquesforimage
enhancement
LinZHANG,SSE,2013
Thanksforyourattention
LinZHANG,SSE,2013

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