Thermal Engineering Systems

(MEE216)
by

Dr. Thangaraja J
Assoc. Prof. SMEC

Main Building 235

12 August 2016

Unthrottled,
Premixed
higher CR
Homogenous
---Increased
--- lowers
PM
Efficiency

Throttled Intake
Diffusion
& Lower CR
Heterogeneous
--- Decreases
--- Higher PM
Efficiency

Heterogeneous
Ignition
HomogenousCharge
ChargeCompression
Spark Ignition

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition

Consequently, an ideal combination would be to find an engine type
with high efficiency of diesel and very low emissions of petrol engines
--- HCCI Combustion

HCCI Operation Very early injection timings near IVC; Variable geometry sprays using
hollow cone sprays , higher EGR rate and long injection durations to
achieve uniform and lean mixture
(Ra & Reitz; SAE 2005-01-0148)

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition

Advantages
Lower combustion
temperatures

Disadvantages
Higher HC and CO emissions

Controlling Ignition Timing

Lower NOx and PM
Flexi Fuel Operation

Higher efficiency

Extending its operation to high

and low loads
Maintaining combustion stability
through rapid transients

To properly design, optimize, and control these combustion schemes,

it is of utmost importance to know the gas temperature histories
throughout the mixing and compression processes

Stratified-Charge Engines
A hybrid Engine that combines the best features of SI and CI engine
--- Stratified Charge Engine
The goals have been to operate such an engine at close to the optimum
compression ratio for higher efficiency by

Controlling the engine power by varying the amount of fuel injected per
cycle (with the air flow unthrottled to minimize work done pumping the fresh
charge into the cylinder)
Injecting the fuel directly into the combustion chamber during the
compression process (thereby avoiding the knock that limits the conventional
SI engines with their premixed charge)
Igniting the fuel as it mixes with air with a spark plug to provide direct
control of ignition process (thereby avoid the fuel ignition quality
requirement of diesel)

Stratified-Charge Engines
A hybrid Engine that combines the best features of SI and CI engine
--- Stratified Charge Engine
The volume is typically about 20% of
the total clearance volume

Secondary/ Pre/Swirl
Chamber
Primary
Combustion
Chamber

Rich mixture
around the spark plug
- Good start & Early SOC

Lean mixture
away from the spark plug
- Better fuel economy

As the air-fuel burns in the swirl chamber, it expands back through the orifice,
creating a secondary swirl in the main chamber and acting as a jet or torch
ignition for the gas mixture in the primary chamber

A rotational motion called

swirl is generated on the
air-fuel mixture during
intake stroke

Lean Burn Engines

A lean-burn engine operates with an overall air-fuel ratio of 25:1.
This is leaner than what could be combusted in a homogeneous
mixture engine.
High swirl and squish, a rich mixture around the spark plug, and a
very high voltage spark plug with a larger than normal electrode
gap promote good starting of combustion.
Experimental SI engines have been developed which can operate
on overall air-fuel ratios up to 40:1.

Direct Injection - Stratified-Charge Engines

Bowl in piston design

High degree of air swirl to achieve rapid
fuel-air mixing
Fuel is injected tangentially into the bowl
A long-duration spark discharge ignites
the developing fuel-air jet

The flame spreads downstream and

consumes the fuel-air mixture
The engine can be turbocharged to
increase its power density

The engine electronics

select the best
operating mode
depending on the load
and the position of
the accelerator pedal

Stratified Charge Engines

Advantages
Lower exhaust emissions
Flexi Fuel Operation
Higher efficiency

Disadvantages
Charge stratification results in
lower power for the given engine
size
Complexity in manufacturing and
hence costlier

Extending its operation to other

operating conditions