Modelling Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Asphalt Concrete by The Huet Sayegh Model

International Journal of Pavement Engineering
ISSN: 1029-8436 (Print) 1477-268X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gpav20
Modelling linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt

concrete by the HuetSayegh model
Qinwu Xu & Mansour Solaimanian
To cite this article: Qinwu Xu & Mansour Solaimanian (2009) Modelling linear viscoelastic
properties of asphalt concrete by the HuetSayegh model, International Journal of Pavement
Engineering, 10:6, 401-422, DOI: 10.1080/10298430802524784
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10298430802524784
Published online: 28 Oct 2009.
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Date: 29 July 2016, At: 02:28

Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2009, 401422
Modelling linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt concrete by the Huet Sayegh model
Qinwu Xua and Mansour Solaimanianb*
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Penn State University, Austin, TX, USA; bPTI, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
(Received 31 May 2007; final version received 26 September 2008)
In order to seek an appropriate mechanical model to describe the complex modulus and characterise the linear viscoelastic
property of asphalt concrete, the Huet Sayegh model was studied in this research. Laboratory tests of complex modulus
were conducted on 20 different mixtures. Several mechanical models (Maxwell, Kelvin, generalised Maxwell, generalised
Kelvin and Huet Sayegh) and the mathematical model of sigmoidal function were applied to establish master curves of
dynamic moduli. Results indicate that the Huet Sayegh model can describe complex modulus more accurately using fewer
numbers of parameters compared with other mechanical models.
Downloaded by [CSIR Information Services] at 02:28 29 July 2016
Keywords: complex modulus; mechanical models; Huet Sayegh model; master curve
1.
Introduction
Asphalt concrete is a viscoelastoplastic material and its

behaviour is temperature and time dependent. Within a
small strain level (i.e. at high frequency and low
temperature), it may exhibit the linear viscoelastic
behaviour without damage. Complex modulus test is
conducted at very small strain levels, and therefore it is
believed that the material will not undergo noticeable
damage. The complex modulus test is one of the primary
simple performance tests used to characterise the linear
viscoelastic property and evaluate the fundamental stress
strain relationship of asphalt concrete (Witczak and
Fonseca 1996, Bonaquist et al. 2003, Witczak 2005).
The complex modulus is also used as input in the
mechanistic-empirical models for evaluating the field
pavement response and performance (Hallin 2004,
El-Basyouny and Witczak 2005, El-Basyouny et al. 2007).
In the laboratory testing procedure, the sinusoidal
loading is applied to the cylindrical asphalt concrete
specimen at a range of frequencies and temperatures. The
strain response also follows a sinusoidal function similar
to the applied stress. However, a time lag exists between
stress and strain due to the viscoelastic behaviour of the
material, as shown in Figure 1.
The testing mode can be either stress or strain
controlled, producing the related response of strain or
stress. This sinusoidal function of input stress could be
expressed in a complex format (Huang 2004)
s s 0 e i vt ;
where i is the imaginary unit (i2 2 1) and v is the

angular frequency.
*Corresponding author. Email: msol@psu.edu

ISSN 1029-8436 print/ISSN 1477-268X online
q 2009 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/10298430802524784
http://www.informaworld.com
Similarly, the corresponding strain response is

expressed as
1 10 eivt2w ;
where w is the phase angle representing the time that the

strain lags the stress (Figure 1).
tL
360 8;
tC
where tL is the time lag of strain to stress and tC is the time

for one cycle test.
The complex modulus has been defined as (Huang
2004):
E * v
s s0 i f
e E 0 iE 00 ;
1 10
where E 0 is the storage modulus (considered as elastic part)

and E 00 is the loss modulus (considered as viscous part).
The dynamic modulus is the absolute value of complex
modulus, calculated by the ratio of stress amplitude to
strain amplitude (Huang 2004).
jE * j
s0
:
10
Because of the laboratory testing limitations, the complex

modulus tests are typically conducted within a limited
range of temperatures and frequencies. However, characterising asphalt concrete viscoelastic property and
predicting pavement structure response and performance
requires knowledge of modulus magnitude at a wider
range of temperatures and frequencies. Therefore,
402
Q. Xu and M. Solaimanian
to account for the pseudo permanent deformation of
asphalt binder and mixture. This configuration of elements
was named as 2S2P1D (two springs, two variable dashpots
and one linear dashpot) model. In this article, the Huet
Sayegh model is investigated for describing the complex
modulus of asphalt concrete in comparison with other
mechanical models.
Figure 1.
Sinusoidal input stress and strain response.
different models have been developed and proposed to fit

the measured complex modulus data and/or establish the
master curve of modulus over a wide range of frequencies.
Examples include the mathematical model of sigmoidal
function using the temperature time superposition rule
(Chehab et al. 2002, Pellinen and Witczak 2002, Schwartz
et al. 2002), which is widely known through several
important projects, including the NCHRP 1-37A, NCHRP
9-19 and NCHRP 9-29, and the empirical Witczak
(Witczak and Fonseca 1996) and Hirsch models
(Christensen et al. 2003), which predict the mixture
modulus from binder properties and mixture volumetric
properties. Contrary to the mathematical or empirical
models, the analytical viscoelastic models have the
advantage of utilising physical elements to describe the
viscoelastic behaviour of materials. Such models include
those known as Burger, Maxwell, generalised Maxwell,
Kelvin and generalised Kelvin. Burgers model is a simple
one capable of characterising the viscoelastic property of
the asphalt concrete, but it cannot be used for a wide range
of frequencies or temperatures (Nilsson et al. 2002).
The simple Maxwell and Kelvin models are not capable of
describing the complex behaviour of asphalt concrete
accurately. However, the generalised Maxwell and Kelvin
models can be used to characterise the viscoelastic
behaviour of asphalt concrete effectively. The former can
successfully describe the relaxation modulus and the latter
can successfully describe the creep compliance of the
materials; however, both of these models require a large
number of elements to express the modulus with
reasonable accuracy (Lytton et al. 1993, Lee 1996).
The analytical Huet Sayegh model was proposed by Huet
(1963) for characterising the viscoelastic property of
materials. Pronk (2005) applied this model for the fourpoint bending test on different asphalt mixes to accurately
fit and describe the stiffness modulus. Olard and Benedetto
(2003) extended the Huet Sayegh model by adding one
linear dashpot in series with the two variable dashpots
2. Objective and scope

The work presented here was to evaluate the Huet Sayegh
model for describing the master curve of complex modulus
and modelling the linear viscoelastic property of asphalt
concrete.
The laboratory test of complex modulus was
conducted on 20 different asphalt concrete mixtures. The
Huet Sayegh model was used to fit the measured modulus
and construct a master curve of complex modulus. The
modelling results of master curves using different
mechanical and mathematical models are also compared.
3.
Experimental program
The complex modulus tests were conducted on laboratory

prepared specimens made of 20 different asphalt concrete
mixtures representing the wearing, binder and base layers
at eight different sites within the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania. For each mixture, three to five replicates
were tested.
3.1
Specimen preparation
The mixtures had different asphalt contents, gradations

and maximum aggregate sizes. The asphalt concrete
specimens were compacted using the Superpave gyratory
compactor. The compacted specimens were then cut and
sawed to yield cylindrical specimens with the diameter of
100 mm and the height of 150 mm. The mixture and binder
properties are detailed in Table 1. The PG76-22 binders
were polymer modified while others were not.
3.2
Test equipment and procedure
As shown in Figure 2, the Instron system equipped with

the related hardware and FastTrack software was used to
control the laboratory test. The Instron system was used
as the control and data acquisition system, the MTS
closed-loop servo-hydraulic system was the load frame
and the environmental chamber was used to control
temperatures. Three extensometers were mounted on
the specimen surface with the angular spacing of 1208
to measure the axial deformation of the specimen
(Figure 2). The tests were conducted at four temperatures
of 4, 10, 25 and 408C, by applying the compressive
M0264
MD216
M0181
M0272
M0251
M0237
M0287
M1255
M1253
M1241B
M1261
M1241A
M2167
M2149
M2302
M2288
M2256
M3298
M3273
M3254
Lab#
Table 1.
5.6
5.0
3.9
5.4
4.7
2.8
5.2
6.7
4.8
4.3
5.3
4.9
5.0
4.4
5.2
3.9
3.9
5.7
5.2
4.9
% Binder
6.6
4.8
5.0
7.2
4.9
5.3
6.9
5.3
5.5
3.3
6.4
6.2
6.2
5.5
6.4
6.1
7.9
7.4
8.3
7.0
% #200
Gmb
2.428
2.454
2.394
2.438
2.484
2.474
2.423
2.295
2.312
2.346
2.412
2.392
2.297
2.507
2.453
2.409
2.458
2.488
2.556
2.500
Binder and mixture properties.
2.502
2.555
2.565
2.468
2.553
2.542
2.468
2.349
2.412
2.536
2.498
2.473
2.457
2.601
2.500
2.540
2.509
2.535
2.590
2.634
Gmm
2.686
2.739
2.687
2.644
2.743
2.643
2.635
2.522
2.548
2.671
2.683
2.632
2.625
2.778
2.675
2.676
2.647
2.729
2.777
2.832
Gsb
1.023
1.032
1.033
1.022
1.028
1.031
1.022
1.032
1.032
1.032
1.029
1.043
1.037
1.037
1.031
1.031
1.031
1.033
1.033
1.033
Gb
2.737
2.770
2.729
2.685
2.755
2.654
2.676
2.586
2.586
2.714
2.715
2.661
2.648
2.795
2.712
2.700
2.664
2.779
2.823
2.863
Gse
7.3
6.6
5.9
5.9
7.5
7.0
6.0
7.0
7.1
5.9
6.7
7.5
5.5
5.1
1.8
4.6
4.7
7.2
6.4
8.9
AV
14.7
14.9
14.4
12.8
13.7
9.0
12.8
15.5
13.6
15.9
14.9
13.6
16.9
13.7
13.1
13.5
10.8
14.0
12.7
16.0
VMA
79.8
73.5
53.6
90.5
80.3
70.3
85.8
82.4
69.5
53.0
76.8
75.9
61.4
73.7
85.6
61.7
81.1
86.8
89.7
68.3
VFA
0.7
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.6
0.4
Pba
4.9
4.6
3.3
4.8
4.6
2.6
4.6
5.8
4.2
3.7
4.9
4.5
4.7
4.2
4.7
3.6
3.7
5.1
4.6
4.5
Pbe
0.80
1.02
0.97
0.90
1.00
0.90
0.90
0.60
0.90
0.80
0.85
1.00
1.16
0.93
1.00
1.00
1.10
1.10
1.20
1.20
F/A ratio
PG64-22
PG64-22
PG64-22
PG76-22
PG76-22
PG64-22
PG76-22
PG76-22
PG64-22
PG64-22
PG76-22
PG64-22
PG76-22
PG76-22
PG64-22
PG64-22
PG64-22
PG64-22
PG64-22
PG64-22
Grade
12.5
19.0
37.5
12.5
12.5
25.0
37.5
9.5
19.0
37.5
12.5
19.0
12.5
19.0
19.0
25.0
37.5
12.5
19.0
25.0
NMAS (mm)

403
404
Figure 2.
Laboratory test equipment and specimen.
uniaxial sinusoidal loads at six frequencies of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5,

10 and 25 Hz for each temperature. The applied load
amplitude produced the strain amplitude of approximately
80 100 microstrain. The test was preceded from the
lowest temperature to the highest temperature and from
the highest frequency to the lowest frequency at each
temperature.
4. Constructing master curve of complex modulus

4.1 Models for describing complex modulus
The temperature time superposition rule of Williams
Landel Ferry (Williams et al. 1995) can be used to
approximate the reduced frequency using shift factor aT
logaT
3.3 Measured dynamic modulus and phase angle
The measured results of stress and strain are used to
determine the dynamic modulus and phase angle using
Equations (3) and (5). Testing data at these four temperatures
and six frequencies for each mix results in 24 values
for modulus and phase angle. As shown in Figures 3 and 4,
with increasing temperature or decreasing frequency,
the dynamic modulus decreases while the phase angle
increases.
Figure 3. Measured dynamic modulus at four temperatures with

six frequencies.
2C1 T 2 T r
and f r f a T ;
C 2 T 2 T r
where aT is the shift factor, f is the frequency at

temperature T and fr is the reduced frequency at reference
temperature Tr. The parameters of C1 and C2 are dependent
on the reference temperature.
The mathematical model of sigmoidal function can be
used to express the dynamic modulus and phase angle over
a wide range of reduced frequencies at a reference
Figure 4. Measured phase angle at four temperatures with six

frequencies.

temperature (Fonseca and Witczak 1996):
logE * A
B
1
e2CD logf r
where A, B, C and D are the material-dependent

parameters. The second-order polynomial function is
used to express the temperature time superposition rule
logaT aT 2 bT c;
where a, b and c are the material and reference

temperature-dependent constants.
The mechanistic mechanical models can describe the
complex modulus in a complex format by using their
physical elements. The structures of the Maxwell, Kelvin,
Burger, generalised Maxwell and generalised Kelvin
models are presented in Figure 5, in which E is the elastic
modulus of spring and h is the viscosity parameter of
dashpot. The associated mathematical expression of
complex modulus for each model was determined by
using Equation (4), which is also shown in some other
literatures (e.g. Olard and Benedetto 2003).
As shown in Figure 6, the Huet Sayegh model has two
parallel branches, one of which is the elastic spring E0,
representing the long-term elastic modulus (frequency is
zero), and the other is formed by three elements in series:
one elastic spring El, as the difference in instantaneous
elastic modulus E1 (frequency is infinite) and long-term
modulus E0, and two parabolic dashpots.
For the parabolic dashpot, the stress strain relationship is given by (Pronk 2005)
4.2 Master curve of dynamic modulus and phase angle

The second-order polynomial function was used to
approximate the temperature time superposition rule for
all models used in this paper, and the statistic test of
goodness of fit was conducted by fitting these mechanical
models (Burger, Maxwell, Kelvin, generalised Maxwell,
generalised Kelvin and Huet Sayegh) to the measured
moduli. Here, the measured dynamic modulus jE*m j
(absolute value of complex modulus), elastic part of
0
00
storage modulus jE m
j, viscous part of loss modulus jE m
j
and phase angle wm are assumed to be normally distributed
around the predicted dynamic modulus jE*p j, predicted
storage modulus jE p0 j, predicted loss modulus jE p00j and
predicted phase angle wp by the Huet Sayegh model,
respectively. The measured and predicted moduli are
considered independent as wm and wp are. The sum
h
ivta 1;
t
where i2 2 1, v 2p f, f is the frequency, h is the

viscosity parameter and a is the parabolic dashpot variable
(0 , a , 1), e.g. k and h in Figure 6. t is the retardation
time regarding the effect of temperature T, which can be
expressed as (Pronk 2005):
2
t eabTcT ;
10
where T is the temperature and a, b and c are the constants.

The complex modulus E* is described by the Huet
Sayegh model as (Pronk 2005)
E * E0
El
;
1 diwt2k iwt2h
11
where d Elt/h1, k and h are the two constants (0 , k,

h , 1).
N
X
"
#
jE*m j 2 jE*p j 2
i1
sE2
(applicable for both analytical and mathematical models),
N
X
i1
"

jE*m j 2 jE*p j 2
sE2
wm 2 wp 2
sw2
and
"
N
X
jE 0m j 2 jE 0p j2
i1
405
sE2
jE 00m j 2 jE 00p j2
sE2
#
;
(applicable for mechanical models) will follow the chisquare (x 2) distribution with N degrees of freedom, where
N is the number of tested data points (i.e. for four
temperatures and six frequencies, N 24). The parameter
x 2 is minimised to achieve the best curve fitting by using
the optimisation method.
Using the HuetSayegh model, the master curves of
dynamic modulus and phase angle over a wide range of
reduced frequencies are obtained by fitting the measured data
using the optimisation method in an excel sheet, as shown in
Figures 7 and 8, respectively. Table 2 shows the model
parameters for the specimen M0287-SPT14. It is indicated
that the HuetSayegh model can fit the dynamic modulus
very well, and the dynamic modulus can be fitted better than
phase angle, i.e. for specimen M0287-SPT14, the x 2 is 1.1
with a probability of more than 99% for the hypothesis
(i.e. the calculated dynamic modulus equals the measured
dynamic modulus) to be accepted. The master curves for all
20 mixtures by using the HuetSayegh model are displayed
in Appendix A (average modulus values of duplicate
406
Figure 5.
Analytical models and expressions of complex modulus.
Figure 6.
Huet Sayegh model.
Figure 7.
Master curves of dynamic moduli by Huet Sayegh model.
Figure 8.
Master curves of phase angles by Huet Sayegh model.
Table 2.
E0 (MPa)
0.1
a
b
407
Parameters of Huet Sayegh model.

E1 (MPa)
d (1/s)
ca
Trb (8C)
17,156
5.2816
0.354
0.354
0.0006
20.2954
7.0278
25
a 25b 625c 0 for the reference temperature 258C.

Reference temperature.
408
Figure 9.
Master curve of dynamic modulus by Maxwell model.
Figure 10.
Master curve of dynamic modulus by Kelvin model.
Figure 11.
Master curve of dynamic modulus by Burgers model.

specimens were used for the same mixtures,
"
#
N
X
jE*m j 2 jE*p j2 wm 2 wp 2
2
x
sE2
sw2
i1
temperature. This phenomenon is also noted for other

models including the sigmoidal function (even though to a
smaller extent). This might be a significant disadvantage of
the HuetSayegh model in its ability to simulate pavement
response at cold temperatures.
For comparison, analysis is also presented based on the
results from other mechanical models (Maxwell, Kelvin,
Burger, generalised Maxwell and generalised Kelvin) for
the same mixture. These models were also applied to fit the
measured dynamic modulus and establish the master curves
with respect to the reduced frequency at the reference
temperature of 258C. To express the complex modulus, the
Maxwell model used four parameters (two material
parameters represented by the spring and dashpot, and the
is used for optimisation), and the associated model

parameters were detailed in Appendix B. In general, the
data indicate that moduli vary within a wide range for
different mixes. It appears that the mixes with larger
aggregate size and lower air void levels have higher modulus.
It is also noted that the master curves of HuetSayegh do not
show a well-defined upper shelf for some specimens at the
test point of 25 Hz and 48C. This could be a result of
insufficient test data at the high frequency and low
409
Figure 12.
Master curve of dynamic modulus by generalised Maxwell model. Generalised Maxwell model: (a) n 6 and (b) n 16.
410
achieving a good data fitting. The model parameters are
detailed in Appendix C. It is also noted that the upper
shelves of model expressions ignore the tested data,
which can be resulted from the mathematical formats of
those mechanical models and insufficient test data at high
values of reduced frequencies. Meanwhile, the optimisation method tries to minimise the x 2 statistics of
summarisation of differences between modelling results
and testing results overall. As a result, the models would
provide a better fitting overall, but may ignore some points
on the upper shelf shown in Figures 9 13.
The master curves of dynamic modulus for the same
specimen (M0287-SPT14) using all mechanical models
at 258C reference temperature were plotted in Figure 14.
other two parameters used for expressing the temperature

time shift factors). The number of parameters for the Kelvin
and Burger models was five and six, respectively. Both the
generalised Maxwell and Kelvin models used (2n 3)
parameters (n is a term number). Master curve results by
using these mechanical models are shown in Figures 9 13,
respectively, indicating that the Maxwell, Kelvin and
Burger models could only fit the dynamic modulus within a
very limited range of reduced frequencies. The master
curves of the generalised Maxwell and Kelvin models result
from assembling of n master curves of single Maxwell
and Kelvin models, respectively. The curve waves appear,
though increasing term number of n will reduce the wave
amplitude, and a large n (i.e. n . 10) is necessary for
Figure 13.
Master curve of dynamic modulus by generalised Kelvin model. Generalised Kelvin model: (a) n 4 and (b) n 12.
Figure 14.
Master curves of dynamic modulus by different analytical models.
It was found that the HuetSayegh, generalised Maxwell

(n 16) and generalised Kelvin models (n 12) all have
close fits for these measured 24 dynamic modulus data points
with low x 2 statistics, as shown in Table 3. All models
including the sigmoidal function indicate that the probability
of accepting the hypothesis (the calculated dynamic modulus
equals the measured dynamic modulus) exceeds 99%.
However, the fitted curves of the generalised Maxwell and
Kelvin models were not as smooth as those of the Huet
Sayegh model. Meanwhile, they ignore the upper shelves
of test data as discussed previously. It was further found that
the modelled complex moduli of the HuetSayegh model
could be fitted by the sigmoidal function closely, as
illustrated in Figure 15. The smoother curve of the Huet
Sayegh model illustrates its advantages over other
mechanical models for describing the dynamic modulus
beyond the range of measured frequencies and temperatures.
Such is the case for data points at the very high reduced
frequency (low temperature or high frequency).
The mathematical model of sigmoidal function
(Equation (7)) has been used by many researchers to fit
Table 3.
x2
411
x2 statistics of analysed models.

PN hjE*m j2jE*p j2 i
Sigmoidal function
Huet Sayegh model
Generalised Maxwell (n 6)
Generalised Maxwell (n 16)
Generalised Kelvin (n 4)
Generalised Kelvin (n 12)
i1
sE2
0.080016
0.059028
0.214593
0.020392
0.177975
0.018816
the measured dynamic modulus and construct the master

curve with six parameters. Using the same shift factors, a
different sigmoidal function with four parameters can be
established to construct the master curve of phase angle
(total n 6 4). By using seven parameters, the Huet
Sayegh model can be used to describe the complex
modulus properly. This calculation procedure can be easily
implemented in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for friendly
use. One of the main advantages of the Huet Sayegh
model over the sigmoidal function is that it is a rheological
model utilising the physical elements to describe the
viscoelastic property of asphalt concrete in a complex
format, which helps towards understanding the mechanical
behaviour and structure of materials.
5. Conclusions
The laboratory complex modulus tests were conducted on
20 asphalt concrete mixtures. Several mechanical models
were used to fit the measured dynamic moduli, and to
construct the master curves of complex modulus with
PN hjE0m j2jE0p j2
i1
s E0 2
jE00m j2jE00p j2
s E00 2
3.889408072
15.50043973
3.740935878
10.18835814
8.23805645
PN hjE*m j2jE*p j2
i1
sE2
jw*m j2jw*p j2
1.10321257
7.12543786
1.20847381
9.87330187
3.50157842
sw2
412
Figure 15.
Sigmoid fit of Huet Sayegh model.
respect to the reduced frequencies. It was found that the

Huet Sayegh model could describe the dynamic
modulus properly over a wide range of reduced
frequencies with seven parameters. Based on the
experimental and modelling results, the Huet Sayegh
model, as a rheological model, without the need for a
large term number or complex calculations, can be a
useful tool for constructing the master curve of dynamic
modulus.
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414
Appendix A:
Master curves of dynamic modulus by Huet Sayegh model.

415
416

417
418

419
420
Appendix B:
421
Huet Sayegh model parameters for all mixtures
Mixture
E0 (MPa)
E1 (MPa)
d (1/s)
M3254
M3273
M3298
M2149
M2167
M0237
M0251
M0272
M0287
M1241A
M1261
M2256
M2288
M2302
M0181
M0216
M0264
M1241B
M1253
M1255
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
28,381.90
35,473.90
25,184.83
29,311.87
23,502.97
25,092.13
24,908.32
25,957.65
21,996.93
22,133.53
16,597.82
27,192.25
28,948.14
30,789.77
22,685.42
25,183.22
21,625.00
20,306.66
18,791.70
18,504.35
13.492356
11.874732
10.387988
5.919594
4.256929
3.649406
6.562897
9.517871
5.986186
5.266329
4.403468
6.468686
5.171846
4.927312
4.144948
9.288503
5.179771
5.051609
5.521520
12.494803
0.317451
0.229700
0.279699
0.267714
0.290003
0.296606
0.277476
0.183220
0.279926
0.284492
0.300663
0.320410
0.284857
0.296796
0.334179
0.321540
0.231531
0.307198
0.285067
0.289114
0.317451
0.229700
0.279699
0.267714
0.290003
0.296606
0.277476
0.183220
0.279926
0.284492
0.300663
0.320410
0.284857
0.296796
0.334179
0.321540
0.231531
0.307198
0.285067
0.289114
0.000072
20.000496
0.001154
0.000938
0.001268
0.001493
0.001185
0.003580
20.000102
0.000197
0.001589
20.000020
0.001084
0.001487
0.000208
0.000891
0.000609
20.000069
0.000605
0.004201
20.305292
20.330976
20.372478
20.337845
20.352085
20.342398
20.343057
20.541592
20.287540
20.307764
20.347257
20.246091
20.341184
20.352207
20.251886
20.316422
20.332282
20.257169
20.307410
20.497011
7.587351
8.584572
8.590497
7.859799
8.009394
7.626727
7.835975
11.302224
7.252366
7.571119
7.688409
6.164856
7.852243
7.876075
6.167133
7.353406
7.926694
6.472400
7.306918
9.799364
Note: For each mixture, three to five duplicate specimens were used, and the average modulus values were used for Huet Sayegh model here.
422
Appendix C:
Coefficient
a
b
c
E0 (or E1)a
E1b
h1
E2
h2
E3
h3
E4
h4
E5
h5
E6
h6
E7
h7
E8
h8
E9
h9
E10
h10
E11
h11
E12
h12
E13
h13
E14
h14
E15
h15
E16
h16
a
b
Model parameters for analytical models (specimen M0287-SPT14)
Maxwell
7.6900
2 0.3490
0.0037
13,152.8538
41.5880
Kelvin
6.7236
2 0.3624
0.0037
13,494.0785
3346.4122
756.9070
Burger
7.1395
20.3344
0.0020
15,018.4164
5249.8256
17,480.0006
117.6947
Generalised
Maxwell (n 6)
Generalised
Kelvin (n 4)
Generalised
Maxwell (n 16)
Generalised
Kelvin (n 12)
7.815582896
2 0.357010224
0.001775476
0.000001
4773.159985
0.000001
4929.463075
0.000001
3086.963928
0.000001
3636.379242
3839.741046
5983.224175
1.512232243
5609.908006
96.29796062
7.2016
2 0.3281
0.0016
15,944.6296
10,319,376.9504
9,934,558.1316
1655.9490
7676.8988
43,479.0025
49.1712
14,686.5942
683.3893
8.1180
2 0.3485
0.0017
0.000001
4075.1707
0.000001
3100.5018
0.000001
3118.6491
0.000002
1.0000
3836.4096
4995.4764
0.000001
4416.4181
0.000001
407.4616
20,401.2263
3301.4224
8.7175
3030.7274
0.0348
3970.5394
0.7409
1794.3451
585.9260
1108.1352
3799.1725
353.0349
40.3925
3090.6547
75.9827
39.2712
2631.0273
142.2836
7621.0204
7.6900
20.3514
0.0018
17,919.5446
10,319,376.9374
9,934,558.1178
720.4349
66,764.0968
75,891.3116
7.7120
49,019.5710
1531.1749
5137.4048
23,052.9339
40,091.4436
10,632.1606
63,664.1717
153.0773
95,319.9739
174.9728
95,770.2367
27,551.1043
32,988.9122
9010.6908
21,350.2571
22,522.9906
67,422.0068
2195.1724
For Kelvin and generalised Kelvin model, it is E1 representing modulus at infinite time.
Unit for modulus E is MPa and viscosity h is MPa s.

Modelling Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Asphalt Concrete by The Huet Sayegh Model

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