10/5/2015

Chapter3dTheFirstLawClosedSystemsOttoCycleEngines(updated4/22/12)

Chapter3:TheFirstLawofThermodynamicsforClosedSystems
d)TheAirStandardOttoCycle(SparkIgnition)Engine
TheAirStandardOttocycleistheidealcycleforSparkIgnition(SI)internalcombustionengines,first
proposedbyNikolausOttoover130yearsago,andwhichiscurrentlyusedmostmotorvehicles.The
followinglinkbytheKruseTechnologyPartnershippresentsadescriptionofthefourstrokeOtto
cycleoperationincludingashorthistoryofNikolausOtto.Onceagainwehaveexcellentanimations
producedbyMattKeveneypresentingboththefourstrokeandthetwostrokesparkignitioninternal
combustionengineengineoperation
TheanalysisoftheOttocycleisverysimilartothatoftheDieselcyclewhichweanalysedinthe
previoussection.Wewillusetheideal"airstandard"assumptioninouranalysis.Thustheworkingfluid
isafixedmassofairundergoingthecompletecyclewhichistreatedthroughoutasanidealgas.All
processesareideal,combustionisreplacedbyheatadditiontotheair,andexhaustisreplacedbyaheat
rejectionprocesswhichrestorestheairtotheinitialstate.
ThemostsignificantdifferencebetweentheidealOttocycleandtheidealDieselcycleisthemethodof
ignitingthefuelairmixture.RecallthatintheidealDieselcycletheextremelyhighcompressionratio
(around18:1)allowstheairtoreachtheignitiontemperatureofthefuel.Thefuelistheninjectedsuch
thattheignitionprocessoccursataconstantpressure.IntheidealOttocyclethefuelairmixtureis
introducedduringtheinductionstrokeandcompressedtoamuchlowercompressionratio(around8:1)
andisthenignitedbyaspark.Thecombustionresultsinasuddenjumpinpressurewhilethevolume
remainsessentiallyconstant.Thecontinuationofthecycleincludingtheexpansionandexhaustprocesses
areessentiallyidenticaltothatoftheidealDieselcycle.Wefinditconvenienttodeveloptheanalysis
approachoftheidealOttocyclethroughthefollowingsolvedproblem:

SolvedProblem3.7AnidealairstandardOttocycleenginehasacompressionratioof8.Atthe
beginningofthecompressionprocess,theworkingfluidisat100kPa,27C(300K),and800kJ/kgheat
issuppliedduringtheconstantvolumeheatadditionprocess.Neatlysketchthepressurevolume[Pv]
diagramforthiscycle,andusingthespecificheatvaluesforairatatypicalaveragecycletemperaureof
900Kdetermine:
a)thetemperatureandpressureoftheairattheendofeachprocess
b)thenetworkoutput/cycle[kj/kg],and
c)thethermalefficiency[th]ofthisenginecycle.
SolutionApproach:
ThefirststepistodrawthePvdiagramofthecompletecycle,includingalltherelevantinformation.We
noticethatneithervolumenormasshavebeenprovided,hencethediagramandsolutionwillbeinterms
ofspecificquantities.

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Chapter3dTheFirstLawClosedSystemsOttoCycleEngines(updated4/22/12)

Weassumethatthefuelairmixtureisrepresentedbypureair.Therelevantequationsofstate,internal
energyandadiabaticprocessforairfollow:

Werecallfromtheprevioussectionthatthenominalspecificheatcapacityvaluesusedforairat300Kare
Cv=0.717kJ/kg.K,,andk=1.4.Howevertheyareallfunctionsoftemperature,andwiththeextremely
hightemperaturerangeexperiencedininternalcombustionenginesonecanobtainsignificanterrors.In
thisproblemweuseatypicalaveragecycletemperatureof900KtakenfromthetableofSpecificHeat
CapacitiesofAir.

Wenowgothroughallfourprocessesinordertodeterminethetemperatureandpressureattheendof
eachprocess,aswellastheworkdoneandheattransferredduringeachprocess.

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Chapter3dTheFirstLawClosedSystemsOttoCycleEngines(updated4/22/12)

NotethatthepressureP4(aswellasP2above)couldalsobeevaluatedfromtheadiabaticprocess
equation.Wedosobelowasavailiditycheck,howeverwefinditmoreconvenienttousetheidealgas
equationofstatewhereverpossible.Eithermethodissatisfactory.

Wecontinuewiththefinalprocesstodeterminetheheatrejected:

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Chapter3dTheFirstLawClosedSystemsOttoCycleEngines(updated4/22/12)

Noticethatwehaveappliedtheenergyequationtoallfourprocessesallowingustwoalternativemeans
ofevaluatingthe"networkoutputpercycle"andthethermalefficiency,asfollows:

Notethatusingconstantspecificheatvaluesoverthecyclewecandeterminethethermalefficiency
directlyfromtheratioofspecificheatcapacitieskwiththefollowingformula:

whereristhecompressionratio

QuickQuiz:Usingtheheatandworkenergyequationsderivedabove,derivethisrelation
Problem3.8ThisisanextensionofSolvedProblem3.7,inwhichwewishtousethroughoutall
fourprocessesthenominalstandardspecificheatcapacityvaluesforairat300K.UsingthevaluesCv=
0.717kJ/kg.K,andk=1.4,determine:
a)thetemperatureandpressureoftheairattheendofeachprocess[P2=1838kPa,T2=689K,T3
=1805K,P3=4815kPa,P4=262kPa,T4=786K]
b)thenetworkoutput/cycle[451.5kJ/kg],and
c)thethermalefficiencyofthisenginecycle.[th=56%]
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