Financial inequality whereby women earn a lower wage than

men although they share identical professional qualifications

and credentials. Glass ceiling whereby women are prevented
from competing for higher positions and climbing the
professional ladder through fair and equal promotion in the
workplace.
Gender stereotypes whereby definitions of femininity and
masculinity8 influence the types of jobs or story topics that
female journalists are assigned compared to their male
colleagues. For instance, Editors have the tendency to assign
soft news like entertainment and lifestyle to female
journalists and hard news such as politics, economics, and
sports to male journalists. Pregnancy and motherhood, which
are frequently used as factors upon which women are
discriminated against and denied employment or promotion.
These are unfairly perceived to be obstacles to a womans
ability to perform professionally. They are also anticipated as
potential threats to a womans long-term commitment to a job.
4 Main causes of gender discrimination in South African media
workplaces
The respondent also stated that femininity was seen as an inferior quality
particularly for people in leadership positions. Homosocial bonding15 in
newsrooms was also a barrier for many female journalists. Respondents felt that
male journalists preferred to work and trusted other males because they look like
them as many media workplaces were led by men.

Colour
discrimination: The
population was classified
into four groups: Black,

White, Indian, and Coloured (capitalised to denote their legal definitions in South African law).
The Coloured group included people regarded as being of mixed descent, including
of Bantu, Khoisan, Europeanand Malay ancestry. Many were descended from people brought to
South Africa from other parts of the world, such as India,Madagascar, and China
as slaves and indentured workers.[77]
The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria at the time that the
Population Registration Act was implemented to determine who was Coloured. Minor officials
would administer tests to determine if someone should be categorised either Coloured or Black,
or if another person should be categorised either Coloured or White. Different members of the
same family found themselves in different race groups. Further tests determined membership of
the various sub-racial groups of the Coloureds. Many of those who formerly belonged to this
racial group are opposed to the continuing use of the term "coloured" in the post-apartheid era,
though the term no longer signifies any legal meaning. The expressions "so-called Coloured"
(Afrikaans sogenaamde Kleurlinge) and "brown people" (bruinmense) acquired a wide usage in
the 1980s.
Discriminated against by apartheid, Coloureds were as a matter of state policy forced to live in
separate townships, in some cases leaving homes their families had occupied for generations,
and received an inferior education, though better than that provided to Blacks. [citation needed] They
played an important role in the anti-apartheid movement: for example the African Political
Organization established in 1902 had an exclusively Coloured membership.

Women under apartheid[edit]

Colonialism and apartheid had a major impact on black and coloured women, since they suffered
both racial and gender discrimination.[78][79] Jobs were often hard to find. Many black and coloured
women worked as agricultural or domestic workers, but wages were extremely low, if existent.
[80]

Children suffered from diseases caused by malnutrition and sanitation problems, and mortality

rates were therefore high. The controlled movement of black and coloured workers within the
country through the Natives Urban Areas Act of 1923 and the pass laws separated family
members from one another, because men usually worked in urban centres while women were
forced to stay in rural areas. Marriage law and births[81] were also controlled by the government
and the pro-apartheid Dutch Reformed Church, which tried to restrict black and coloured birth
rates.

Sport under apartheid

By the 1930s, Association football mirrored the balkanised society of South Africa; football was
divided into numerous institutions based on race: the (White) South African Football Association,
the South African Indian Football Association (SAIFA), the South African African Football
Association (SAAFA) and its rival the South African Bantu Football Association, and the South
African Coloured Football Association (SACFA). Lack of funds to provide proper equipment
would be noticeable in regards to black amateur football matches; this revealed the unequal lives
black South Africans were subject to, in contrast to Whites, who were obviously much better off
financially.[82] Apartheid's social engineering made it more difficult to compete across racial lines.
Thus, in an effort to centralise finances, the federations merged in 1951, creating the South
African Soccer Federation (SASF), which brought Black, Indian, and Coloured national
associations into one body that opposed apartheid. This was generally opposed more and more
by the growing apartheid government, and with urban segregation being reinforced with
ongoing racist policies it was harder to play football along these racial lines. In 1956, the
Pretoria regime the administrative capital of South Africa passed the first apartheid sports
policy; by doing so, it emphasised the White-led government's opposition to inter-racialism.
While football was plagued by racism, it also played a role in protesting apartheid and its policies.