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EC2257-Lab Manual PDF
EC2257-Lab Manual PDF
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE I
SERIES AND SHUNT FEED BACK AMPLIFIERS
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
10.
.c
ul
.re
jin
pa
8.
om
1.
1. DIFFERENTIATE AMPLIFIER
w
w
om
4
5
6
CRO
RPS
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
RANGE
BC 107
ul
ITEM
TRANSISTOR
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR
(0-30 )MHz
(0-30) V
(0 1 )MHZ
.re
jin
pa
S.NO
1
2
3
Q.TY
1
1
.c
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1
1
1
w
w
om
RE = VE / IE = ?
VB = VBE + VE
VB = VCC . RB2 / RB1 + RB2
.c
S = 1+ (RB /RE )
RB = RB1
RB2
.re
jin
pa
Find
ul
RB = ?
Xco=(Rc RL) / 10
w
w
Xc0 = 1/ 2 fCo
Co = ?
RB]
D = 1+ Gm
Gmf = Gm / D
Zif = Z iD
Zof = ZoD
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
R1
Rc
om
+VCC
Co
Cin
.c
B
E
ul
BC107
RL
CRO
.re
jin
pa
CE
Vin
F = 1 KHz
R2
RE
WITH FEEDBACK:
+VCC
w
w
RB1
Vin
Rc
Co
Cin
BC107
B
RL
CRO
RB2
RE
Vo
om
Av = -hfe RLeff / Z i
VCE = Vcc / 2
RLeff = R c | | RL
.re
jin
pa
VE = Vcc / 10
ul
.c
re = 26mV / IE
hie = re where re is internal resistance of the
transistor.
hie = hfe re
On applying KVL to output loop,
Vcc = IcRc + VCE + IERE
VE = IERE
Rc = ?
RE = VE / IE = ?
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w
VB = VBE + VE
VB = VCC . RB2 / RB1 + RB2
S = 1+ RB / RE
RB =?
RB = RB1| | RB2
Find
Input Impedance, Zi = (RB | | hie )
om
X co=(Rc | | RL) / 10
Xc0 = 1/ 2 f Co
Co =?
.c
ul
CE =?
.re
jin
pa
Cf = Rf / 2f x 10
Assume, Rf = 68 K
= -1 / Rf
D = 1+ Rm
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Avf = Rmf / Rs
Zif = Zi / D
Zof = Zo / D
Rmf = Rm / D
Rc
Co
om
Cin
B
BC107
RL
R2
RE
.re
jin
pa
Vin
F = 1 KHz
CRO
ul
CE
.c
WITH FEEDBACK:
+VCC
RB1
RF
Rc
Co
w
w
RS Cin
Vin
BC107
B
RL
CRO
RB2
RE
Vo
f3
f1
With feedback
f2
f4
om
GAIN
(db)
f(Hz)
THEORY:
.c
.re
jin
pa
ul
PROCEDURE:
w
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om
OBSERVATION:
WITH OUT FEEDBACK
Vin = ------------ Volts
S.NO FREQUNCY O/P
Gain
voltage
Vo
Av=20 log Vo/Vi
.c
WITH FEEDBACK
S.NO FREQUNCY O/P
voltage Av=20 log Vo/Vi
Theoritical
Without
.re
jin
pa
With F/B
ul
RESULT:
Practical
With F/B
F/B
Input Impedance
Output
impedance
Bandwidth
Transconductance
w
w
(gm)
Without
F/B
Q.TY
2
4
5
CRO
RPS
DUAL(0-30) V
om
ITEM
TRANSISTOR
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR
1
1
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
S.NO
1
2
3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1
RC!
CC2
R3
Rc2
+ Cc
R4
RE2
ul
.c
CE
om
R2
.re
jin
pa
R
C
DRB
w
w
MODEL GRAPH:
Design
GND
C = 0.1F
Find,
fo = ?
om
fo = 1/ 2RC
.re
jin
pa
Av = -hfe RLeff / Zi
ul
.c
RLeff = R c2 | | RL
Rc2 = ?
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Ic approximately equal to IE
RB 2 =?
RB 2 =R3 || R4
VB2 = VCC . R4 / R3 + R4
VB2 = VBE2 + VE2
R3 =?
om
Find R4
Zi2 = (RB2 | | hie2 )
Zi2 = ?
.c
.re
jin
pa
RLeff1 = ?
ul
S = 1+ RB1 / RE1
w
w
RB 1 =?
Find
RB 1 =R1 || R2
VB1 = VCC . R2 / R1 + R2
VB1 = VBE2 +VE2
R1 = ?
Therefore find R2 = ?
Zi1 = (RB1 | | hie1 )
R5 = RL R6
om
X co=(Rc2 | | RL2) / 10
Xc0 = 1/ 2 f Co
Co =?
.c
.re
jin
pa
CE =?
ul
XCE 1/ 2 f CE2
THEORY:
w
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PROCEDURE:
Fo = 0.159 RC
1.
2.
3.
om
RESULT :
Theoritical
f = 1 / 2 RC
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.c
Frequency
Practical
AIM:
To design and construct the transistor Phase shift oscillator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Q.TY
1
( 0 30 ) MHz
(0-30) V
(0-1 )MHz
1
1
1
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RANGE
BC 107
om
ITEM
TRANSISTOR
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR
CRO
RPS
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
.c
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
MODEL GRAPH:
DESIGN:
om
eta = -1 / 29
Amplifier Design :
Gain formula is given by
VCE = Vcc / 2
RLeff = R c | | RL
ul
Assume,
.c
.re
jin
pa
re = 26mV / IE
hie = re where re is internal resistance of the
transistor.
hie = hfe re
VE = Vcc / 10
VE = IERE
Rc = ?
w
w
Ic approximately equal to IE
RE = VE / IE = ?
VB = VBE + VE
VB = VCC . RB2 / RB1 + RB2
S = 1+ RB / RE
RB =?
RB = RB1| | RB2
.c
Xc0 = 1/ 2 f Co
om
Xci = 1/ 2 f Ci
CE =?
.re
jin
pa
THEORY:
ul
w
w
AIM :
CAPACITOR
CRO
RPS
(0 30)MHZ
(0-30) V
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
7
DlB, DRB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
(0- 1 ) MHz
1
1
1
.c
3
4
5
om
ul
.re
jin
pa
+VCC
RB1
Rc
Co
Cin
BC107
E
RL
CRO
RB2
CE
w
w
RE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+ L1 -
L2
+VCC
RB1
RC
0 .01 F
Cin
C
B
BC107
RL
RE
om
CRO
CE
.c
RB2
C2
ul
C1
.re
jin
pa
w
w
MODEL GRAPH:
F = 1/2(L1 + L2)C;
C=?
IE = 5mA; fi = 1kHz
Av = Av = 1 / = C2 / C1
f = 1/2(C1 + C2) / LC1C2
L=?
Amplifier Design :
om
VCE = Vcc / 2
.c
RLeff = R c | | RL
.re
jin
pa
ul
re = 26mV / IE
hie = re where re is internal resistance of the
transistor.
hie = hfe re
VE = Vcc / 10
VE = IERE
Rc = ?;RL = ?
Ic approximately equal to IE
RE = VE / IE = ?
w
w
VB = VBE + VE
VB = VCC . RB2 / RB1 + RB2
S = 1+ RB / RE
RB =?
RB = RB1| | RB2
om
CE =?
.re
jin
pa
THEORY:
ul
XCE = 1/ 2 f CE
.c
w
w
PRACTICAL :
Observed Values:
Time Period =
Frequency =
RESULT :
Thus the LC oscillator is designed for the given
frequency and the output response is verified.
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
Theoritical
Practical
Frequency Hartley Colpitt Hartley Colpitt
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
ITEM
TRANSISTOR
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR
4
5
6
CRO
RPS
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
RANGE
BC 107
500 ,
4.2K ,
2.2K ,
Q.TY
1
1
197K ,
2
1
1
1
1
0.1 f
0.001 f, 100 f
(0-30) V
-
om
S.NO
1
2
.c
+VCC = 10 V
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
10 F
ul
10K
.re
jin
pa
47K
47 F
BC107
Vin = 1 V
F = 1 KHz
120K
2.2k
100 F
w
w
MODEL GRAPH:
100K
CRO
om
.c
THEORY:
.re
jin
pa
ul
PROCEDURE:
w
w
AIM:
To study the output waveform of integrator using op-amp.
1K,10K
0.1 F
IC741
1
1
1
1
1
.c
AUDIO OSCILLATOR
CRO
RESISTORS
CAPACITOR
OP-AMP
BREADBOARD
RPS
QUANTITY
om
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
APPARATUS NAME
RANGE
.re
jin
pa
ul
THEORY:
A simple low pas RC circuit can also work as an integrator when
time constant is very large. This requires very large values of R and
C.The components R and C cannot be made infinitely large because of
practical limitations. However in the op-amp integrator by MILLERs
theorem, the effective input capacitance becomes Cf (1-Av), where Av is
the gain of the op-amp. The gain Av is the infinite for an ideal op-amp, so
the effective time constant of the opamp integrator becomes very large
which results perfect integration.
PROCEDURE:
w
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0.1 F
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
10k
+Vcc=12V
2
IC741
om
.c
ul
-Vee=-12V
.re
jin
pa
1k
MODEL GRAPH:
Vi
w
w
t (msec)
Vo
t(msec)
CR
O
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
CRO
0.1F
(0-1) MHz
w
w
Q.TY
1
1
1
om
CAPACITOR
.c
RANGE
IN4001
1K
10 K
ul
ITEM
DIODE
RESISTOR
.re
jin
pa
S.NO
1
2
1 K O H M
I N 4 0 0 1
V o u t
1 K H z
5 V
om
2 V
ul
.c
1 K O H M
1 K H z
5 V
.re
jin
pa
I N 4 0 0 1
V o u t
2 V
Procedure :
w
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CLAMPING CIRCUITS
Aim:
To study the clamping circuits
(a). Positive clamper circuit (b) Negative clamper circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
ITEM
DIODE
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
CRO
0.1F
Given
.c
.re
jin
pa
DESIGN :
(0-1) MHz
ul
RANGE
IN4001
1K
10 K
f = 1kHz
T = 1 / f = 1x 10- 3 Sec RC
Assuming, C = 0.1F
R = 10 K
w
w
I/P
IN4001
10K
o/p Vo
Q.TY
1
1
1
om
S.NO
1
2
1
1
1
Negative clamper
C = 0.1F
IN4001
10K
o/p Vo
Procedure :
.c
om
I/P
.re
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pa
ul
w
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Result :
Thus the waveforms are observed and traced .for clipper
and clamper circuits .
RANGE
NE555
9K
CAPACITOR
4
5
RPS
CRO
0.01 F
0.1 F
(0-30) V
-
Q.TY
1
1
.c
ITEM
IC
RESISTOR
.re
jin
pa
ul
S.NO
1
2
om
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1
1
1
1
THEORY:
w
w
DESIGN :
Given Vcc = 12V ; VBB = - 2 V; Ic = 2 mA; VCE(sat) = 0.2 V ; h FE =
200 ;
f = 1kHz.
IB 2(min) = Ic2 / hfe = 2mA / 200 = 10 A
Select IB 2 > IB 1(min) (say 25 A )
om
T = 0.69 RC
C
.re
jin
pa
C = 3.2 nF
ul
.c
R2 / R1+R2
VBB R1 = VCE(sat) R2
2R1 = 0.2R2
Assume
R1 = 10 K . Then R2 = 100 K
w
w
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
5.9K
452k
5.9k
10k
.c
3.2nf
om
+ VCC = +12v
ul
22pf
B
BC107
.re
jin
pa
Vo1
100k
-VBB
BC107 VO2
E
PROCEDURE:
w
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OBSERVATION
Theoritical(T=1.095 RC(ms)))
Practical
T(ms)
om
C (uf)
w
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.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
9.ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM :
To design a astable multivibrator and study the
waveform.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
4
5
RPS
CRO
0.74nF
(0-30) V
-
Q.TY
2
2
2
om
CAPACITOR
.c
RANGE
BC107
980K
4.9K
ul
ITEM
TRANSISTOR
RESISTOR
.re
jin
pa
S.NO
1
2
2
1
1
THEORY :
w
w
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
4.9K
+ VCC = +10v
980K
980K
0.74nF
om
0.74nF
4.9K
B
BC107
BC107 VO2
.c
Vo1
.re
jin
pa
ul
Design
T = 1.38 RC
w
w
C =0.74 nF
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
Waveforms :
PROCEDURE :
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RESULT :
Thus the square wave forms are generated using
astable multivibrator.
10.BISTABLE MUITIVIBRATOR
AIM:
To design a bistable multivibrator and study the output
waveform.
RANGE
BC 107
4.7K
22K
CAPACITOR
0.022 f
10 f
100Pf
(0-30) V
-
.re
jin
pa
4
5
6
CRO
RPS
FUNCTION
GENERATOR
Q.TY
1
2
2
.c
ITEM
TRANSISTOR
RESISTOR
ul
S.NO
1
2
om
Apparatus Required:
2
2
2
1
1
1
THEORY:
w
w
Design :
Given Vcc = 12V ; VBB = -12v; Ic = 2mA; VC(sat) = 0.2 V
VBE(sat) = 0.7V
Assume Q1 is cut-off Vc1 = VCC(+12V)
Q2 is in saturation (ON) Vc2 = Vc(sat) (0.2 V)
om
.c
Then
.re
jin
pa
R1 < hfe Rc
ul
Minimum base current, IB (min) must be less than the base current (IB)
i.e.,
IB (min) < IB
w
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Ic2 = Ic I3
IB 2 = I1 I2
IC = VCC Vc2 / RC
RC = VCC Vc2 / IC = 12 0.2 / 2x 10 3 = 5.9 K
I3 = Vc2 - VBB / R1 + R2 = 0.2 + 12 / ( 10 + 91.6 )K = 0.12mA
I1 = Vc1 - VBE / RC + R1
Procedure :
om
.c
ul
.re
jin
pa
and Q2.
w
w
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
+ Vcc = +12 V
5.9K
5.9K
I1
10 K
50pF
I3
10K
50pF
CR
O
C
CR
O
C
B
B
BC107
22
BC107
91.67k
I4
10 E
E
I2
91.67k
10 F
TRIGGER
om
TRIGGER IP
OBSERVATION :
Time Period
Frequency
Amplitude
ul
VOLTAGE
VC1
.c
-VBB
.re
jin
pa
Vc2
RESULT:
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CYCLE II
SIMULATION LAB
1.
Differential Amplifier
Circuit Diagram :
2
1 0
1
1 . 5
R
K
3
1 0
1 A
K
V
1 . 5 K
R
4
1 5
R
0
.re
jin
pa
0 K
ul
5
1 5
1 A
w
w
Program :
Vcc
VEE
VIN
RC1
RC2
RE1
RE2
11
0
1
11
11
4
7
2 0
0
10
0
3
5
12
12
.c
1 2 v
om
12v
12v
DC 0.25v
10k
10k
150
150
V
1 2 v
1
6
11
2
0
8
1.5k
1.5k
20k
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
3
5
12
9
8
2
6
8
9
9
4
7
9
10
10
QN
QN
QN
QN
QN
om
RS1
RS2
Rx
w
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.re
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.c
. TF V (3,5) VIN
END
The results of the transfer function analysis by the .TF
commands are given below
1
0
. 5
8 6
3
K
1RK 2 R
6
T
1
1
2
C
0 V
C
C
V
1
1 n
I N
C
4 1
V E
2
1
0
2 V
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
E
1
PROGRAM:
om
1 V
V+
V-
C
1 2
5
S 2
1 k
0 K
C
1 2
5
S 2
6
T
1
1
ul
1 0
.c
om
VCC 6 0 DC 12V
VEE 0 7 DC 12V
R1 1 0 100K
R2 2 3 100K
R3 2 3 10K
C1 3 0 0.1 UF IC = -5V
XA1 1 3 6
7 2 UA741
.LIB EVAL .LIB
.TRANS 10US 4MS UIC
.PROBE
.END
.re
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0 K
4 1
V-
1 0
V+
. 1
0
- 1
w
w
0 K
A CMOS INVERTER
VDD = 5
40US)
.re
jin
pa
PMOS M1
ul
.c
20US
om
VDD 2 0 5V
VIN 1 0 DC 5V PULSE (0 5V 0 1NS 1NS
RL 3 0 100k
M1 3 1 2 2 PMOD L=1U W= 20U
M2 3 1 0 0 NMOD L=1U W= 5U
.TRAN 1US 80US
.TF V(3) VIN
.OP
.PLOT TRAN V(3) V(1)
.PROBE
.END
NMOS M2
RL 100K
w
w
ANALOG MULTIPLIER
V1 1 0 1V
V2 4 0 1V
.c
ul
6
T
1
1
4 1
R
1
k
2
2 6
5
2
6
T
1
1
4 1
D
1
1
2
4
3
3 7
6
2
U
+
k
2
5
2
6
T
1
1
7 4
1
R
5
2
6
T
1
1
4 1
V+
V-
0 V
w
1 7
w
w
V+
V-
5
2
V+
V-
V+
1 7
V-
0 V
om
1 2 1K
4 5 1K
3 7 1K
6 7 1K
7 8 1K
R6 10 0 1K
D1 2 3 DA
D2 5 6 DA
D3 8 9 DA
.MODEL DA D
X1 2 0 3 IOP
X2 5 0 6 IOP
X3 7 0 8 IOP
X4 9 0 10 IOP
.SUBCKT IOP M P V0
RI M P 1G
E V0 0 P M 2E5
.ENDS
.DC V1 -1 1 0.1
.PROBE
.END
.re
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R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
1 k
0
0
0