Báo Cáo TTTN Cty Phú Hưng Cư NG PDF

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA THNH PH H CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH VT LIU
THC TP TT NGHIP
CNG TY TNHH SN XUT THNG MI
PH HNG CNG
GVHD: TS.HUNH I PH
Nhm thc tp
Nguyn Hu Nh
V1102460
Nguyn Tn Ti
V1103000
Ng nh Duy Tn
V1103072
Nguyn Trng Tnh
V1103669
Nguyn Hong Trinh
V1103777
TP.HCM ngy 10 thng 08 nm 2015
LI CM N
o
u tin, chng em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n ban gim c cng
ty TNHH SN XUT THNG MI PH HNG CNG cho chng em
thi gian c thc tp ti nh my, n anh Nguyn Duy Dng tn tnh gii
thiu, hng dn chng em v nguyn liu s dng, qui trnh cng nh cc thit b
sn xut v hn na dnh thi gian gii p thc mc trong qu trnh thc
tp. Gi li cm n n nhng anh ch cng nhn, vn phng ti nh my gip
chng em rt nhiu trong qu trnh thc tp. Chng em cng hi vng, cng ty
s cng ngy cng pht trin, em thng hiu cng ty n vi mi ngi, t
c nhng thnh cng to ln, gp vo s thnh cng chung ca ngnh bao b ni
ring v ngnh nha ni chung.
Xin cm n cc thy c B mn vt liu Polyme cho chng em c hi
c thc tp, tip thu c nhng ci mi, tip xc vi thc t v so snh nhng
g hc trong nh trng.
Cui cng, trong qu trnh thc tp nu c iu g sai st, bi bo co c
th cn nhiu im cha tt, chng em mong c mi ngi ng gp kin
chng em rt kinh nghim, hc hi.
Xin chn thnh cm n.
Trang 1
NHN XT CA N V THC TP
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Tp HCM, ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2015

Ngi nhn xt
Trang 2
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

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Tp HCM, ngy 17 thng 8 nm 2015

Ging vin hng dn
Trang 3
MC LC
CHNG 1:
1.1.
1.2.
TNG QU N NH
.................................................................7
......................................................................................... 7
a m xy dng................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.1.
a im .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.2.
S b tr nh my ...................................................................................................... 8
1.3.
T chc ................................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.1.
S t chc .................................................................................................................. 9
1.3.2.
Nhim v phng ban c nhn ..................................................................................... 9
1.4.
Sn phm chnh ................................................................................................................... 12

i
1.4.1.
................................................................................ 12
1.4.2.
Mng cao phn t ........................................................................................................ 13
1.4.3.
Mng co LDPE ............................................................................................................. 14
1.4.4.
Mng ph cng nghip ................................................................................................ 15
CHNG 2:
NGUYN LIU ................................................................................16
2.1.
Gii thiu.............................................................................................................................. 16
2.2.
Polyethylene t trng thp (LDPE) ................................................................................... 19
2.2.1.
Tng quan ..................................................................................................................... 19
2.2.2.
LDPE s dng trong nh my ..................................................................................... 21
2.3.
Polyethylene t trng cao (HDPE) ..................................................................................... 25
2.3.1.
Tng quan ..................................................................................................................... 25
2.3.2.
2.4.
c s dng trong nh my ........................................................................... 26
Polymer mch thng t trng thp (LLDPE) ................................................................... 26
2.4.1.
Tng quan ..................................................................................................................... 26
2.4.2.
LLDPE s dng trong nh my .................................................................................. 29
2.5.
Ph Gia ................................................................................................................................. 44
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
..................................................................... 44
i a i ......................................................................... 45
Trang 4
2.5.3.
Cht to mu ................................................................................................................ 46
2.5.4.
ia
2.5.5.
2.5.6.
2.5.7.
................................................................................................................. 50
2.5.8.
ia
dai (Reforcement) .............................................................................. 51
CHNG 3:
Si
.......................................................................................... 47
ia
i .............................................................................. 48
a
.............................................................................. 50
QUY TRNH CNG NGH - THIT B ......................................53
3.1.
S QU TR NH TNG QU T ................................................................................. 53
3.2.
Cc thit b sn xut chnh ................................................................................................. 55
3.2.1.
My trn........................................................................................................................ 55
a
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
i .............................................................................................. 55
.................................................................................................... 56
3.2.4.
........................................................................................................................ 57
3.2.5.
My thi: ....................................................................................................................... 72
3.2.6.
Lng nh bong bng .............................................................................................. 84
3.2.7.
Khung p ....................................................................................................................... 85
3.2.8.
B phn ko p ............................................................................................................. 87
3.2.9.
Thi t b x l Corona (X l b in t b mt mng) ............................................... 89
3.2.10.
H thng ct bin, cun mng ..................................................................................... 93
3.2.11.
My chia cun .............................................................................................................. 94
3.3.
a thit b ............................................................................................ 95
3.4.
ng lm ngui ................................................................................................................. 98
3.5.
Cc s c trong qu trnh sn xut v cch x l, khc phc:........................................ 98
3.5.1.
Mng b dnh vo trc p phng:................................................................................. 98
3.5.2.
Mng xut hin ht: ..................................................................................................... 99
3.5.3.
Li cun b li: ............................................................................................................. 99
3.5.4.
Cc tm i chng cn trng b qun vo trc cun: ............................................... 99
3.5.5.
Cc v v
CHNG 4:
iai n thi: ......................................................... 100
NH GI SN PHM ...............................................................102
Trang 5
4.1.
Cc tiu chu
t mng PE: ................................................................. 102
4.1.1.
Tnh cht quang hc: ................................................................................................. 102
4.1.2.
Tnh ch ............................................................................................................ 103
4.2.
Cc li sn phm ............................................................................................................... 106
4.2.1.
u:.............................................................................. 106
4.2.2.
Mng b sc................................................................................................................. 106
4.2.3.
Mng b mt c ........................................................................................................... 107
4.2.4.
Mng b vy c............................................................................................................ 108
4.2.5.
Mng b v cam .......................................................................................................... 109
4.2.6.
Mng b ht................................................................................................................. 110
4.2.7.
Mng b vng sau khi x l corona ........................................................................... 110
4.2.8.
Cun b n
4.2.9.
Cu m
u ............................................................................................... 112
4.2.10.
Cc lp mng x
a i
CHNG 5:
o
5.1.
5.2.
CHNG 6:
n sng khi qun ...................................................................... 111
N TO N
ng Blocking................................................................ 112
O NG PHNG CHY CHA CHY........113
lao ng................................................................................................................ 113

a
PCCC ........................................................................................ 114
KIN NG GP .....................................................................116
TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................................................117
Trang 6
CHNG 1: TNG QU N NH
1.1.
Trong bi cnh kinh t pht trin mnh

m cng vi khoa hc cng ngh hin i, i
sng ngy cng c nng cao v th nhu cu
tiu dng cng theo m pht trin. Cc
doanh nghip trong nc lc by gi cha p
ng c nhu cu ca th trng do cu vt
cung, vn ny ang l mi quan tm v l tnh hnh chung ca nhiu doanh nghip.
Hiu c vn , ng L Vn Cng suy ngh v quyt nh thnh lp
cng ty ly tn l: Cng ty TNHH sn xut thng mi Ph Hng Cng vi mong
mun gp mt phn nh sc lc, tr tu ca mnh ha chung vo nn kinh t phn
no lm phong ph thm v p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng.
Ngy 24/03/2004 Cng ty TNHH sn xut thng mi Ph Hng Cng c
thnh lp theo giy php ng k kinh doanh s: 0303224432 do s K Hoch & u
T TP.HCM cp ngy 24/04/2004, ng k thay i ln 7 ngy 13/04/2015 v l thnh
vin ca Hip Hi nha Vit Nam. Vi tin thn l Cng Ty TNHH sn xut thng
mi Ph Hong Cng. Phm vi v chc nng hot ng trong giai on ny ch yu
l kinh doanh mua bn cc mt hng nghnh nha (ht nha cc loi).
Thng 09/2008 c s ng ca s K Hoch & u T TP.HCM, Ban
Gim c cng ty quyt nh chuyn t hnh thc kinh doanh thng mi dch v
sang trc tip sn xut v kinh doanh cc loi mng nha nh: Mng LLDPE dng
ghp mng phc hp v in n, mng co LDPE dng cho ng gi thc phm.
Nm 2015 c chuyn thnh Cng ty TNHH sn xut thng mi Ph Hng
Cng.
L mt doanh nghip c nhiu nm kinh nghim trong lnh vc sn xut v gia
cng mng in, mng ghp phc hp LLDPE v PE Co dng cho cc sn phm trong
ngnh bao b nh: bao gi thc phm, bao gi thy hi sn, bao gi resort ht chn
khng
Trang 7
Trc tnh hnh kinh t ngy cng kh khn, th trng cnh tranh gay gt
chng ti lun t ho mnh l mt doanh nghip tr, lun trn y sc sng v kht
vng vn ln. T khi thnh lp n nay, hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca cng ty
to dng cho mnh ch ng vng chc trn th trng ca ngnh in ghp phc hp
bao b, c uy tn vi khch hng ln trong v ngoi nc.
Tri qua nhiu nm va sn xut va u t tch ly nhiu kinh nghim,
cng vi i ng cng nhn c tay ngh, dy chuyn sn xut hin i s cung cp cc
sn phm t cht lng cao, gi c cnh tranh, giao hng ng hn v kp thi.
a m xy dng
1.2.
1.2.1. a im
a ch tr s chnh: 132/1B/C29 T Hin Thnh, Phng 15, Qun 10, Tp.H
Ch Minh.
Nh My: 82-84-86 H Vn Long, P. Bnh Hng Ha B, Qun Bnh Tn, Tp.
H Ch Minh.
1.2.2. S b tr nh my
1.1: S b tr mt bng nh my sn xu
ng
Trang 8
1.3.
T chc
1.3.1. S t chc
1.2: S t ch
ng
1.3.2. Nhim v phng ban c nhn

1.3.2.1.
T chc qun l
Gim c:
iu hnh mi hot ng chung ca Cng ty, chu trch nhim php l v
mi mt ca Cng ty.
Chu trch nhim v hiu qu cc cng vic chung ca Cng ty.
Ph gim c k thut:
Chu trch nhim v hiu qu cc cng vic chung ca t chc sn xut.
ra cc phng hng sn xut mi, nng cao hiu xut sn xut cho nh
my.
Giao dch v thng lng vi khch hng khi c s c v hng ha
Ban Th k v Tr l:
Theo di, kim tra v nhc nh vic thc hin cc cng vic ca Cng ty.
nh gi cht lng vic thc hin cng vic theo nh k.
Kim tra vic thc hin ni qui, qui nh ca Cng ty.
Trang 9
xut cc trng hp thng pht hp l.

Phng Hnh chnh Nhn s:
Chu trch nhim thc hin cc cng tc hnh chnh nh: cc vn v sinh
mi trng, x l nc thi, ATL PCCC, bo him
Theo di h s v tnh hnh nhn s.
Chm cng v tnh lng cho cn b cng nhn vin, thc hin cc ch
i vi ngi lao ng
1.3.2.2.
n x
B phn qun l sn xut:

Theo di cc vn v k thut ca sn phm.
Thit lp qui trnh sn xut thch hp cho tng loi sn phm.
n c thc hin cc qui nh v ATL, v sinh cng nghip
xut cc bin php ci tin, thay i thit b, quy trnh sn xut nhm
nng cao hiu qu sn xut.
Gii quyt cc s c bt ng khi trng ca bo co.
Trng ca sn xut:
Kim sot ton b cc cng vic lin quan n sn xut trong ca lm vic.
Theo di k hoch sn xut do phng K hoch ra.
Kim tra k cc bc cng vic trc khi thc hin lnh sn xut v cc
cng vic chun b trc khi vn hnh my.
Thng xuyn theo d i qu trnh sn xut kp thi pht hin vn
khc phc hay bo cho b phn qun l sn xut.
Sp xp cc cng vic cho nhn vin trong ca khi c nhn vin vng mt
hoc ngh bnh t xut.
B phn kho:
Qun l, theo di h thng kho vt t, nguyn vt liu.
Sp xp, xut cc phng n bo qun vt t, nguyn vt liu.
Chu trch nhim v mt s liu bo co nhp xut tn kho.
B phn kim tra cht lng:
Qu trnh kim tra cht lng sn phm c thc hin cui dy chuyn
sn xut vi cc nhim v chnh.
Trang 10
Kim tra quy cch sn phm: b dy, b rng v chiu di mng.

Kim tra vic x l corona ca sn phm.
Kim tra s b tnh cht mng nh: bng, mng c nhn hay khng, c
khuyt tt no bt thng xy ra hay khng.
B phn bo tr:
Chu trch nhim v vic lp t, qun l , bo tr, sa cha h thng in v
tt c cc trang thit b ca nh my.
Lp cc quy trnh, quy nh lin quan n vic qun l, vn hnh, bo tr, sa
cha my mc, trang thit b, h thng in.
xut cc kin lin quan n vic sa cha, mua mi my mc thit b,
h thng in.
T chc, lu tr h s, cp nht thng tin lin quan ti my mc thit b.
Chu trch nhim qun l trang thit b phc v hot ng bo tr.
1.3.2.3.
o n
Phng Kinh doanh:

Theo di, qun l h s v giao dch vi khch hng.
Nhn n t hng v theo di lch giao hng cho khch.
Theo di tin sn xut v thng xuyn kim tra hng ho trong khi sn
xut.
xut v phi hp vi cc b phn lin quan t chc tham d cc k hi
ch, trin lm trong nc.
Tm hiu nhu cu ca khch hng, th trng xut nhng bin php
thch hp nhm nng cao vic tip th v bn hng.
Phng K hoch:
Thu mua vt t, nguyn vt liu phc v cho qu trnh sn xut.
Theo di s lng vt t, nguyn vt liu nhp xut v tn kho thng qua h
thng kho.
Lp nh mc s dng vt t nguyn liu cho ph hp vi tng n hng
sn xut.
Lp k hoch sn xut chung trong cng ty. Kim sot cht lng v s
lng hng ho trc khi xut hng cho khch.
Trang 11
Lp k hoch xut hng cho khch.

Phng K ton:
Chu trch nhim v mi hot ng ti chnh, k ton ca Cng ty.
Phn nh nghip v k ton theo ng qui nh ca Nh nc.
1.4.
Sn phm chnh
i
1.4.1.
Hnh 1.3: Cc sn phm s dng mng LLDPE

S dng nguyn liu t 100% ht nha nguyn sinh ca cc hng ni ting
nh: Exxonmobil Chemical, DOW Chemical, Mitsui Chemical m bo cht lng
an ton khi tip xc trc tip vi thc phm.
c sn xut trong mi trng cch ly, khng bi bn, khng cn trng
Sn phm c sn xut theo yu cu ca khch hng, vi mt s sn phm c
bit th cng ty lun sn sng thit k v t vn nhm lm tha mn tt nht yu cu t
khch hng.
Vi cht liu lm t nha nguyn sinh nn ph hp cho cc my ng gi, in,
ghp tc cao, hn dn nhit thp
Mng LLDPE ca Chng ti c ng dng trong tt c cc cu trc in, ghp
phc hp nh: OPP//LLDPE; OPP//LDPE//LLDPE; OPP (PET)//AL//LLDPE; OPP
(PET)//MPET//LLDPE
c Tnh: mng LLDPE c tc in cao (in b mt), cng hn nng,
cng hn ngui ca mi hn cao, kh nng chu va p, khng xuyn thng
Trang 12
tuyt vi. H s ma st ca mng LLDPE c kim sot ph hp theo tng

yu cu ca sn phm c th.
: mng LLDPE c ng dng trong cc lnh vc bao b nha mm
nh: ng gi trong ngnh thc phm, ngnh thy hi sn, nng dc, thuc
tr su, bao b ng lnh
i: dng cun: mng n, mng ng.
1.4.2. Mng cao phn t
Hnh 1.4: Mng cao phn t.

Mng Cao Phn T ng dng trong quy trnh sn xut tm Aluminium Plastic
Panel phc v cho cc cng trnh xy dng c cc c tnh cch m, chng n rt t,
chu ng c mi trng c nhit cao trong khong thi gian di lu, chu ha
cht rt tt.
: mng cao phn t c ng dng rng ri trong vic sn xut cc
tm hp kim nhm nha cho ngnh xy dng, panel qung co bao gm s

dng trong iu kin ni tht v ngoi tht.
i: dng cun.
Trang 13
1.4.3. Mng co LDPE
Hnh 1.5: Mng co LDPE.

S dng Nguyn Vt Liu t 100% ht nha nguyn sinh ca cc hng ni
ting nh: Exxonmobil Chemical, DOW Chemical, Mitsui Chemical, Dupont
Chemical m bo cht lng an ton khi s dng.
c sn xut trong mi trng cch ly, khng bi bn, khng cn trng
Sn phm c sn xut theo yu cu ca khch hng, vi mt s sn phm c
bit th chng ti lun sn sng thit k v t vn nhm lm tha mn tt nht yu cu
t khch hng.
Vi cht liu lm t nha nguyn sinh nn ph hp cho cc my ng gi tc
cao, hn dn nhit thp, chng tnh in tt
C hai loi nha LDPE v LLDPE u c s dng trong th trng ny,
trong nha LLDPE thng c thm vo m bo bn c hc v gia tng
n nh nhit.
c Tnh: mng co LDPE c tc ng gi cao, cng hn nng, cng
hn ngui ca mi hn rt tt nng do dai v chu va p tuyt vi. Mng
Trang 14
co LDPE gm c hai chng loi: Mng co LDPE m, mng co LDPE trong

sut, ph hp cho c hai tiu ch ca my ng gi (dao ct nhit hoc dao ct
c). dy ng nht, co cao theo yu cu ca khch hng.
: mng co LDPE c ng dng trong cc lnh vc ng gi bao b
nha mm nh: ng gi trong ngnh sa, ngnh nc gii kht ( block sa,
block chai, lon).
i: dng cun, dng ng.
1.4.4. Mng ph cng nghip

S dng Nguyn Vt Liu t 100% ht nha nguyn sinh ca cc hng ni
ting nh: Exxonmobil Chemical, DOW Chemical, Mitsui Chemical, Dupont
Chemical m bo cht lng an ton khi s dng.
c Tnh: c kh nng ngn cn nh sng, bn c l ca sn phm di lu
trong thi gian s dng.
: s dng mng ph nng nghip ngn nga c di, duy tr v n
nh m cho mi trng t, chng cc loi cn trng gy hi, lm ti xp

t tng nng sut cy trng.
i: dng cun.
Hnh 1.6: Mng ph cng nghip
Trang 15
CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU

2.1.
Gii thiu
Cc sn phm ca nh my ch yu s dng nguyn liu Polyethylene cc loi
sn xut.
Polyethylene (PE) l polymer n gin v thng dng nht. N c tng hp
t monomer ethylene v bao gm mt chui mch carbon vi hai nguyn t hydro lin
kt vi mi nguyn t carbon. Cc phn t ring r, hoc chui, c th ko di t hng
trm n hng chc ngn nguyn t carbon. Chui PE c cu trc thng hoc phn
nhnh, ty thuc vo cch polymer c tng hp. C nhiu k thut tng hp
polyethylene.
Hnh 2.1: Phn t Plolyethylene (PE)

Phng php gia cng mng thi PE khc nhau i cht ty thuc vo s lp.
Tuy nhin, mt im ging nhau quan trng l tt c cc lp PE phi c gi tr nhit
dung ring cao. Nhit dung ring l lng nng lng cn thit nng mt n v
khi lng nguyn liu ln mt . Nu mt loi polymer c gi tr nhit dung ring
cao, iu ny c ngha l n lm ngui tng i chm. Polyethylene c nhit dung
ring khong 2 kJ/kg.K so vi hu ht cc polymer khc khong 1 kJ/kg.K. y l l
Trang 16
do ti sao thp lm mt khi thi mng polyethylene l kh cao. Phi mt thi gian
loi b nhit t hai lp i qua cc trc p ngn chn chng dnh li vi nhau.
Phn loi: Da vo khi lng phn t, t trng, kt tinh v mc khu
mch m PE c chia thnh 8 loi:
VLDPE (PE t trng rt thp): L mt polyme ch yu l mch thng, cn cc
mch nhnh rt ngn. T trng: 0,880 - 0,915 g/cm. c ch to nh qu
trnh trng hp trit di p sut cao. L cht v nh hnh c mm do
tuyt i, dai rt tt, cng v tng kh nng bo v mi trng, m rng kh
nng hn hp vi nguyn liu cht do mm khc nh PVC, EVA thay i
tnh nng ca n. Dng sn xut mng co PE, mng cng PE, gng tay bo
h, tham gia qu trnh bin i cc loi cht do khc, mng PE cng nghip,
mng PE nhiu lp.
LDPE (PE t trng thp): T trng: 0,910 - 0,925 g/cm. Nhit ha thy tinh
Tg -110 C.
LLDPE (PE t trng thp mch thng): T trng: 0,915 - 0,925 g/cm.
MDPE (PE t trng trung bnh): T trng: 0,926 - 0,940 g/cm.
HDPE (PE t trng cao): Ngc vi LDPE, HDPE c sn xut i p sut
thp vi cc h xc tc nh crom/silic catalysts, Ziegler-Natta hay metallocene.
T trng: 0.941 - 0,965 g/cm.
UHMWPE (PE c khi lng phn t cc cao): L loi PE c khi lng phn
t trung bnh s c hng triu (t 3,1 n 5,67 triu). UHMWPE rt cng nn
c ng dng lm si v lp lt thng n. T trng: 0,935 - 0,930 g/cm.
Nhit nng chy Tm 130 C.
PEX hay XLPE (PE khu mch): c ch to bng cch cho thm cc pext
hu c (v d: dicumyl pext,...) vo PE trong qu trnh gia cng. Cc phng
php khu mch PE tt nht l phng php c quay (rotational molding) v
bc x hng ngoi (irradiation).
HDXPEX (PE khu mch t trng cao): c ng dng lm mng nha, ng,
dy v cp in.
Trang 17
PE m n
Tnh ngn cn nc v m rt tt.

Tnh hn nhit rt tt.
Gi c tnh mm do d nhit thp, c th s dng iu kin -58C.
Nhit thay i th nht PE cng thay i u nn PE d gia cng.
Khng gy c hi.
Gi thnh r so vi cc loi nha khc.
PE c cc tnh ch t b t l n
Tnh thm O2 kh cao.
Tnh ngn cn mi hng gii hn.

Tnh khng du m kh thp.
Khi nu chy nhit qu cao gy mi kh chu.
Mng PE thng c mu c, mun ci thin tnh trng ny th PE phi c

lm lnh nhanh sau khi n nhng rt kh.
ng dng ca chung PE:
PE c rt nhiu ng dng cho mng thi, chim t l rt cao c s dng trong
cc ng dng hng ha nh bao b v ti xch. Cc sn phm i hi phi c s kt

hp hiu qu ca hiu sut, phng php gia cng v chi ph m PE l loi polymer l
tng cho hu ht cc ng dng . N nh, chu nc, c mt s cn bng tt v
bn v tnh mm do. PE d n v nhit hn dn thp nn t c hiu qu v
vn chi ph. Ngoi cc thuc tnh chung, PE l mt polymer c lch s nghin cu
lu di nn cho php thit k v kim sot k thut trng hp mang li c tnh c
th trong mt phm vi rng. C th sn xut c PE a lp vi bn, trong hoc
tnh mm do cao hn nhiu so vi bnh thng.
n
y PE:
PE thng d b c nn c dng nhiu trong quy trnh n mng mng ri

bin i thnh mng bc, ti hoc bao ti.
PE cn c th c n ra di dng lp ph ln lp giy hoc giy ba.
S dng sn xut chai l. ng dng quan trng nht ca PE l lm cc loi
np chai khc nhau.
Trang 18
Mng mng PE nh hng v ko cng s b c dng nhiu di dng

mng co v mng cng.
Hin nay PE c xem l mt loi nha c s dng nhiu nht trong tt c
cc loi vt liu nha. Polyethylene thng c phn loi theo t trng ca n, y l
thc o ca khi lng trn n v th tch (v d, g/cm3 hoc lb/in3). Khi bt k loi
polymer no ngui i t trng thi nng chy, mt s mch c th sp xp thnh trt t
cao hn, vng tinh th dy c hn. iu ny s xy ra vi cc on ca cc phn t
di lp i lp li. Trong cc phn c cha hnh dng khng u, chng hn nh nhnh
hoc kt thc mch, hin tng kt tinh khng xy ra v cc vng ny c gi l
vng v nh hnh (khng trt t).
2.2.
Polyethylene t trng thp (LDPE)
2.2.1. Tng quan
Hnh 2.2: Cu trc LDPE

Polyethylene t trng thp (LDPE) c tng hp nh cch m mt polymer
phn nhnh cao c hnh thnh. N bao gm nhnh mch ngn (di t hn su
nguyn t carbon) v nhnh chui di (gn bng chiu di ca mch chnh). Nhnh
trong chui lm gin on trnh t ca polymer v ngn chn kt tinh cc b. Kt tinh
t hn mt thp hn.
LDPE c tng hp bng phng php gc t do p sut cao. C hai loi l
phn ng chnh l l phn ng ni hp hoc l phn ng hnh ng. L phn ng ni
hp c xu hng cung cp nhiu nhnh lm tng a phn tn. LDPE c phm vi
nng chy rng, vi nhit nng chy cao nht 110C. T trng LDPE thng
trong khong 0.91 0.93 g/cm3.
Trang 19
LDPE c c tnh lu bin hc nn ph hp sn xut mng bng phng

php thi mng nn x l n tng i d dng. So vi cc loi PE khc, n nng chy
nhit tng i thp (220 240F, 105 115C), bn chy, nht trt thp
v tnh cht trt dnh mng ca LDPE lm tng kh nng gia cng m khng lm tiu
tn nhiu nng lng cho my n. Loi LDPE dng thi mng c nht va
phi, nhng nhiu nhnh nn cn mt ca x l tng i rng v bn nhit cao
trong bong bng. iu ny dn ti bong bng n nh m c th lm vic vi chiu
cao ng lm ngui thp (dng ti bong bng Pocket Bubble, hnh bt hoc hnh
qu l Long stalk Bubble).
Hnh 2.3: Hnh dng bong bng trong thi mng

LDPE rt d hn nhit, mm, dai v gi thnh r nht. Cc loi LDPE c h s
trt khc nhau s c nhng ng dng khc nhau trong bao b, chng hn cn ng gi
sn phm c s lng ln th cn h s trt thp c kh nng xp ng tt, cn khi
ng gi sn phm mm trong bao b dng ti th cn h s trt cao. LDPE c s
dng nhiu nht to mng mng lm ti. Ngoi ra, cn dng cho cc loi ti v
lp lt khi bn c hc khng phi l yu cu chnh ca ng dng ,cho cc ng dng
yu cu trong cao, cn quan st c sn phm, bao gi thc phm, mng co.
Trang 20
2.2.2. LDPE s dng trong nh my

2.2.2.1.
LDPE LD2426K:
Nh sn xut: Innoplus.
Ph gia: tc nhn trt , tc nhn chng kt khi.
c im: chng kt khi, d gia cng, c tnh quang hc tt.
ng dng: mng co, bao b thc phm
Bng 2.4: T
T
a
G
2426
T
T trng
0.924 g/cm3
ISO 1183
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
4.0 g/10 min
ISO 1133
dy mng th nghim
50 m
Modul ko
ng sut bin dng
bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
260 MPa
ISO 527-2
11.00 MPa
ISO 527-2
MD: 17.00 MPa

TD: 12.00 MPa
MD: 260%
TD: 600%
ISO 527-3
ISO 527-3
bn va p
100 g
ASTM D1709
Nhit nng chy
111C
ISO 3146
92C
ISO 306
bng
> 90 (20)
ASTM D2457
< 8%
ASTM D1003
BUR
1:2.5
Nhit ha mm vicat (A50

(50C/h 10N))
Trang 21
2.2.2.2.
LDPE HP0823N:
Nh sn xut: Sabic.
Ph gia: khng c.
c im: d nng chy, d gia cng, cng tt, tnh quang hc, hn nhit v
nh hng mng co tt.
ng dng: mng co, mng cng nghip mng, bao b mng
Bng 2.5: T
T
a HP0823N
G
T trng
0.923 g/cm3
ISO 1183
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
0.8 g/10 min
ISO 1133
11 MPa
ISO 527-2
ng sut bin dng

bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
MD: 26 MPa
TD: 24 MPa
MD: 300%
TD: 600%
ISO 527-3
ISO 527-3
260 MPa
ISO 527-2
bn va p
150 g
ASTM D1709
Nhit nng chy
111C
ISO 3146
96C
ISO 306
Nhit ha mm (A50
(50C/h 10N))
bng
c
> 40 (20)
> 90 (60)
< 8%
ASTM D2457
ASTM D1003
Trang 22
2.2.2.3.
LDPE 1925AS:
Nh sn xut: Tasnee.
Ph gia: tc nhn trt, tc nhn chng kt khi.
c im: d gia cng, tc nhn trt, chng kt khi, tnh quang hc tt,
ma st thp.
ng dng: mng co, mng bo v
Bng 2.6: T
T
a 1925 S
G
T trng
0.925 g/cm3
ISO 1183
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
1.9 g/10 min
ISO 1133
dy mng th nghim
50 m
ng sut bin dng
11 MPa
ISO 527- 2
MD: 18 MPa
ISO 527-3
bn ko ti im t
TD: 26 MPa
dn di khi t
MD: 250%
ISO 527-3
TD: 600%
Module
260 MPa
ISO 527-2
bn va p
110 g
ASTM D1709
Nhit nng chy
111C
ISO 3146
Nhit ha mm (A50
94C
ISO 306
> 50 (20)
ASTM D2457
(50C/h 10N))
bng
100 (60)
c
< 7%
ASTM D1003
Trang 23
2.2.2.4.
LDPE 2427F:
Nh sn xut: Lyondellbase.
Ph gia: tc nhn trt, tc nhn chng kt khi, tc nhn chng oxy ha.
c im: d gia cng, chng kt khi, tnh quang hc tt, ma st thp.
ng dng: mng co, mng dn dng, bao b thc phm
Bng 2.7: Thng s tnh cht ca 2427F

T
0.924 g/cm3
ISO 1183
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
0.75 g/10 min
ISO 1133
dy mng th nghim
50 m
ng sut bin dng
11 MPa
T trng
bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
MD: 24 MPa
TD: 22 MPa
MD: 300%
TD: 600%
ISO 527-2
ISO 527-3
ISO 527-3
260 MPa
ISO 527-2
bn va p
110 g
ASTM D1709
Nhit nng chy
111C
ISO 3146
96C
ISO 306
Nhit ha mm (A50
(50C/h 10N))
bng
c
> 40 (20)
> 90 (60)
< 9%
ASTM D2457
ASTM D1003
Trang 24
2.3.
Polyethylene t trng cao (HDPE)
2.3.1. Tng quan

Polyethylene t trng cao (HDPE) c cu trc mch thng, c mt vi nhnh
hoc khng c nhnh. Thng thng HDPE c tng hp thng qua cc phng
php Zeigler-Natta, Philips hoc Unipol. Mi phng php i hi phi dng p sut
tng i thp v c xc tc bi hp cht hu c kim loi vi mt kim loi chuyn
tip. Trong thc t, HDPE thng c polymer ha vi mt lng nh comonomer
dn ti mt vi mch nhnh ngn dc theo mch chnh lm cho polymer d dng
gia cng hn. T l mch thng cao dn n mt t l phn trm kt tinh cao (ngha l
t trng cao). HDPE c t trng trong khong 0.93 0.96 g/cm3.
Hnh 2.8: Mch phn t HDPE c m mch nhnh thp

Gia cng HDPE c phn khc bit hn so vi gia cng LDPE. V mc kt
tinh cao hn v cu trc phn t n nh hn, HDPE nng chy nhit cao (265
275F, 130 135C). N cng i hi momen xon trc vt cao hn, cng sut ng
c v th ln hn. thc y qu trnh nhp liu tt hn thng qua s ma st gia ht
nha v xylanh, phu nhp liu c rnh thng c s dng.
Mt trong nhng s khc bit r rng nht gia gia cng HDPE v LDPE l
HDPE thng c chiu cao lm ng ngui cao (cung di hoc hnh dng ly ru).
Chiu cao ng lm ngui thng bng tm n mi ln ng knh die. HDPE c
xu hng bn chy thp hn LDPE, do s n nh bong bng c nhiu vn hn.
Bng cch tr hon ko ngang bong bng cho n khi c lm mt (v d, chiu cao
ng lm ngui cao), cc bong bng s n nh hn.
Trong s cc loi nha polyethylene, HDPE c bn v cng cao. Vi
kt tinh cao nn n c bn ko cao hn LDPE v kh nng chng thm kh kh tt,
mc d vy nhng do bn va p thp nn n khng c nhiu ng dng. HDPE th
hin tnh lu bin Newton thp hn LDPE, v vy n t ph hp cho cng ngh p n,
n ch thch hp cho cng ngh mng thi hoc mng.
Trang 25
2.3.2. H
c s dng trong nh my
HDPE TITANZEX HM5000

Nh sn xut: Lotte Chemical Titan.
Ph gia: khng c.
c im: d gia cng, cng cao, kh nng ko mng ln.
ng dng: ko si, lm li bt c, bao b thc phm
Bng 2.9: T
T
a H
G
H 5
T trng
0.951 g/cm3
ASTM D1505
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
0.8 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
50 m
ng sut bin dng
25.5 MPa
ASTM D638
bn ko ti im t
38.2 MPa
ASTM D638
dn di khi t
>500 %
ASTM D638
Nhit chy mm
126C
ASTM D1525
2.4.
Polymer mch thng t trng thp (LLDPE)
2.4.1. Tng quan

Polyethylene mch thng t trng thp (LLDPE) l copolymer ca ethylene vi
1-ankene, thng thng l 1-Butene, 1-Hexene, 1-Octene, tuy nhin cc alkene mch
nhnh nh 4-methyl-1-pentene thng c s dng nhiu hn. N c tng hp
tng t HDPE, nhng c hm lng comonomer cao hn nhiu, chng hn nh
hexene hoc octen. S kt hp ca comonomer trong mch nhnh cong v ngn c
chiu di nht nh (Hnh 2.5). Bng cch kim sot s lng nhnh thng qua cc
hm lng comonomer, mc kt tinh do c th kim sot c t trng. Cc
bin th ca LLDPE c gi l polyethylene t trng rt thp (VLDPE) v
polyethylene t trng siu thp (ULDPE). T trng LLDPE thng trong khong 0.88
0.93 g/cm3.
Trang 26
Hnh 2.10: Mch phn t LLDPE vi nhiu mch nhnh

Trong 3 loi th copolymer butene l sn xut nhiu nht trong cc loi nha
LLDPE. Trong LLDPE, hm lng comonomer khong 5% n 10% trng lng.
Hnh 2.11: Tnh cht ca 3 loi LLDPE

Phn ng polymer ha s dng nhiu h xc tc nh Zeigler-Natta trong hai
phng php l trong pha kh hoc trong h huyn ph. Do nhit si ca 1-octene
kh cao nn trng hp trong huyn ph c s dng nhiu hn. S phn b cc thnh
phn cc comonomer c m rng. V vy, trong mt mch phn t hoc trong mt
on mch phn t, c nhng ni c t nhnh, cn ni khc li c nhiu nhnh hn.
Lin quan n gia cng, tnh cht ca LLDPE c xu hng nm gia LDPE v
HDPE (nhit nng chy 240 260F, 115 125C). Khi trong my n n c yu
cu tng t nh HDPE, i hi momen xon cao hn v thng s dng phu nhp
liu c rnh. Tuy nhin, khi qua u die thng c gia cng ging nh LDPE, mc
Trang 27
d bn nng chy c xu hng thp hn so vi LDPE. c x l bng cch s

dng vng thi kh ming kp n nh bong bng, ng thi cung cp mt lng
ln khng kh lm mt.
LLDPE l s kt hp ca HDPE v LDPE. N c nhiu nhnh ngn v khng
cha nhnh di, v vy s kt tinh thp, cc tnh cht c hc c ci thin, nhng kh
nng lu bin khi gia cng thp hn so vi LDPE. bn ca n l cao hn so vi
LDPE, ngang vi HDPE. Tuy nhin, n cho cm gic mm mi v cng thp hn
HDPE.
Hin nay ngoi s dng h xc tc Zeigler-Natta cn s dng h xc tc
Metallocene. H xc tc Metallocene cho ta nhiu tnh cht vt tri:
bn cao, cng cao.
Kh nng chu nhit, khng ha cht tt.
n nh cao trong qu trnh gia cng.
Hiu sut cao hn.

dy mng mng hn.
Khng va p, khng x tt.
Tnh cht quang hc cao.
Trang 28
2.4.2. LLDPE s dng trong nh my

2.4.2.1.
LLDPE Exceed 1018KA:
Nh sn xut: ExxonMobil.
Ph gia: ph gia trt SA (1000ppm), tc nhn chng kt khi ABA
(5000ppm), cht tr gia cng, cht n nh nhit.
Loi: C6-LLDPE.
c im: trong cao, bn ko ln, d dng ko khi gia cng.
ng dng: bao b thc phm, bao b nng nghip, cng nghip, bao b k thut,
ti ng rc, mng a lp
Hnh 2.12:
T
a
G
1 18
T
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ExxonMobil Method
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
1 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
25.4 m
ng sut bin dng

bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
bn x
MD: 9.4 MPa

TD: 9.4 MPa
MD: 50 MPa
TD: 43 MPa
MD: 500%
TD: 600%
MD: 190 MPa
TD: 190 MPa
MD: 250 g
TD: 470 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
bn va p
590 g
ASTM D1709A
Nhit nng chy
119C
ExxonMobil Method
bng
>39 (45)
ASTM D2457
18 %
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 29
2.4.2.2.
LLDPE LL1001KW
Nh sn xut: ExxonMobil.
(3500ppm), cht n nh nhit.
Loi: C4-LLDPE.
c im: d gia cng, trong sut cao, khng m thng.
ng dng: mng co, bao b cng nghip
Bng 2.13:
T
a LL1001KW
G
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
1 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
30 m
ng sut bin dng

bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
bn x
MD: 11.8 MPa

TD: 10.8 MPa
MD: 60 MPa
TD: 38 MPa
MD: 590%
TD: 860%
MD: 220 MPa
TD: 250 MPa
MD: 120 g
TD: 480 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
bn va p
120 g
ASTM D3420
Nhit nng chy
120C
ExxonMobil Method
Nhit chy mm
101C
ASTM D1525
bng
>47 (45)
ASTM D2457
9%
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 30
2.4.2.3.
LLDPE 118W:
Nh sn xut: Sabic.
Ph gia: tc nhn trt (1500ppm), tc nhn chng kt khi (3500ppm), tc
nhn khng oxy ha.
Loi: C4- LLDPE.
c im: bn ko cao, tnh cht kt dnh nhit tm thi tt, khng to l tt,
trn hp vi LDPE 10-20% s cho trong sut cao.
ng dng: bao b thc thc phm ng lnh, lp lt, ti ng , ti ng
rc
Bng 2.14:
T
a 118W
G
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ASTM D 1505
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
1.0 g/10 min
ASTM D 1238
dy mng th nghim
50 m
ng sut bin dng
9 MPa
bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
bn x
bn va p
MD: 37 MPa
TD: 30 MPa
MD: 650%
TD: 830%
MD: 160 Mpa
TD: 360 MPa
ASTM D 882
ASTM D 882
ASTM D 882
ASTM D 1922
105 g
ASTM D 1709
Nhit nng chy
121
Sabic Method
Nhit ha mm
101C
ASTM D 1525
bng
42 (45)
ASTM D 2457
11%
ASTM D 1003
BUR
2.5
Trang 31
2.4.2.4.
LLDPE 120W:
Nh sn xut: Sabic.
Ph gia: tc nhn trt (1500ppm), tc nhn chng kt khi (3000ppm).
Loi: C4- LLDPE.
c im: bn ko cao, bn va p cao, tnh cht quang hc tuyt vi.
ng dng: bao b thc thc phm ng lnh, lp lt, ti ng
Bng 2.15: T
T
a 120W
G
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ASTM D 1505
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
1 g/10 min
ASTM D 1238
dy mng th nghim
50 m
ng sut bin dng

bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
bn x
bn va p
MD: 10MPa
TD: 9 MPa
MD: 38 MPa
TD: 30 MPa
MD: 650%
TD: 810%
MD: 160 g
TD: 360 g
ASTM D 882
ASTM D 882
ASTM D 882
ASTM D 1922
120 g
ASTM D 1709
Nhit nng chy
121
Sabic Method
Nhit ha mm
101C
ASTM D 1525
bng
90 (60)
ASTM D 2457
10%
ASTM D 1003
BUR
2.5
Trang 32
2.4.2.5.
LLDPE Lotrene Q2018H:
Nh sn xut: Qatofin.
Ph gia: ph gia trt SA erucamide (1500ppm), tc nhn chng kt khi ABA
(3200ppm), cht n nh nhit.
Loi: C4-LLDPE.
c im: d gia cng, to bong bng c n nh cao.
ng dng: mng a lp, mng mng, bao b thc phm, bao b chu ng, bao
b ng cc cht ty ra,
Bng 2.16:
T
a
G
Q2018H
T
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
2 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
40 m
ng sut bin dng

bn ko ti im t
Bin dng ti im t
Module
bn x
MD: 11 MPa
TD: 11 MPa
MD: 35 MPa
TD: 32 MPa
MD: 850%
TD: 900%
MD: 215 MPa
TD: 245 MPa
MD: 220 g
TD: 420 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
bn va p
130 g
ASTM D1709A
Nhit nng chy
121C
Internal
Nhit ha mm (A50 (50C/h 10N))
100C
ASTM D1525 (A120)
bng
55 (45)
ASTM D2457
14 %
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 33
2.4.2.6.
LLDPE 1210P:
Nh sn xut: DOW.
(2000ppm).
Loi: C4-LLDPE .
c im: bn mu tt, d gia cng, tnh cht quang hc tt, hn tt.
ng dng: bao b thc phm, bao b cng nghip, bao b k thut
Bng 2.17: Thng s tnh cht ca 1201P

T
T trng
0.919 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (MFR) (190/2.16kg)
1 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
ng sut bin dng
bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
bn x
51 m
MD: 10.3 MPa
TD: 11.1 MPa
MD: 31.7 MPa
TD: 25.1 MPa
MD: 660%
TD: 710%
MD: 183 MPa
TD: 217 MPa
MD: 110 g
TD: 260 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
bn va p
100 g
ASTM D1709A
Nhit nng chy
116C
DOW Method
Nhit chy mm
101C
ASTM D1525
bng
69 (20)
ASTM D2457
11 %
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 34
2.4.2.7.
LLDPE 1211P:
Nh sn xut: DOW.
Ph gia: khng c.
Loi : C4-LLDPE.
ng dng: bao b thc phm, bao b cng nghip, bao b k thut.
Bng 2.18: Thng s tnh cht ca 1211P

T
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
1 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
51 m
ng sut bin dng

bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
bn x
MD: 10.3 MPa

TD: 11.0 MPa
MD: 31.7 MPa
TD: 25.0 MPa
MD: 660%
TD: 710%
MD: 183 MPa
TD: 217 MPa
MD: 110 g
TD: 260 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
bn va p
100 g
ASTM D1709A
Nhit nng chy
116C
DOW Method
Nhit chy mm
101C
ASTM D1525
bng
69 (20)
ASTM D2457
11 %
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 35
2.4.2.8.
LLDPE 2045.11G:
Nh sn xut: DOW.
(3000ppm), tc nhn n nh nhit.
Loi: C4-LLDPE.
ng dng: bao b thc phm, bao b cng nghip, bao b k thut
Bng 2.19: Thng s tnh cht ca 2045.11G

T
T trng
0.922 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
1 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
25 m
ng sut bin dng

bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
bn x
MD: 13.4 MPa

TD: 14.1MPa
MD: 46.1 MPa
TD: 35.3 MPa
MD: 540%
TD: 660%
MD: 211 MPa
TD: 234 MPa
MD: 440 g
TD: 630 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
bn va p
180 g
ASTM D1709A
Nhit nng chy
122C
DOW Method
Nhit chy mm
104C
ASTM D1525
bng
34 (45)
ASTM D2457
20 %
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 36
2.4.2.9.
LLDPE FN810:
Nh sn xut: SK global chemical.

(2000ppm).
Loi: C8-LLDPE.
c im: d gia cng, trong sut cao, khng b gel, bn ko, bn x
cao, bm dnh tt.
ng dng: mng co, bao b cng nghip.
Bng 2.20: Thng s tnh cht ca FN810
T
T trng
0.919 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
0.9 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
50 m
ng sut bin dng

bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
bn x
bn va p
MD: 11.8 MPa

TD: 10.8 MPa
MD: 53.9 MPa
TD: 49.0 MPa
MD: 700%
TD: 800%
MD: 183 MPa
TD: 217 MPa
MD: 18 g/m
TD: 23 g/m
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
13 kg.cm
ASTM D3420
Nhit nng chy
116C
DOW Method
Nhit chy mm
101C
ASTM D1525
17 %
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.2:1
Trang 37
2.4.2.10. LLDPE FS153S:

Nh sn xut: Sumitomo.
Ph gia: ph gia trt, tc nhn chng kt khi.
Loi: C4-LLDPE.
c im: d gia cng, bn cao.
ng dng: mng ph nng nghip, bao ti, ti ng, bao b dn dng
Bng 2.21: Thng tin tnh cht ca FS153S

T
T trng
0.921 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
1.1 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
30 m
ng sut bin dng

bn ko ti im t
Bin dng ti im t
Module
bn x
MD: 11 MPa
TD: 11 MPa
MD: 35 MPa
TD: 30 MPa
MD: 740%
TD: 840%
MD: 205 MPa
TD: 250 MPa
MD: 135 g
TD: 400 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
bn va p
115 g
ASTM D1709A
Nhit nng chy
121C
Internal
Nhit ha mm (A50 (50C/h 10N))
100C
ASTM D1525 (A120)
bng
85 (45)
ASTM D2457
10 %
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 38
2.4.2.11. LLDPE FC21HN:

Nh sn xut: Qamar.
Ph gia: ph gia trt SA, tc nhn chng kt khi ABA.
Loi: C4-LLDPE.
c im: d gia cng, trong sut trung bnh.
ng dng: bao b dn dng
Bng 2.22: Thng s tnh cht ca FC21HN

T
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
1.0 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
30 m
ng sut bin dng
12 MPa
bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
bn x
MD: 55 MPa
TD: 40 MPa
MD: 550%
TD: 850%
MD: 190 MPa
TD: 220 MPa
MD: 30 g
TD: 160 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
bn va p
120 g
ASTM D3420
Nhit nng chy
122C
QAMAR Method
Nhit chy mm
102C
ASTM D1525
11 %
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 39
2.4.2.12. LLDPE FC18N:

Nh sn xut: Qamar.
Ph gia: khng c.
Loi: C4-LLDPE.
c im: d gia cng.
ng dng: lm cht nn
Bng 2.23: Thng s tnh cht ca FC18N

T
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (MFR) (190/2.16kg)
1.0 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
30 m
ng sut bin dng
12 MPa
bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
bn x
MD: 55 MPa
TD: 40 MPa
MD: 550%
TD: 850%
MD: 190 MPa
TD: 220 MPa
MD: 30 g
TD: 160 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
bn va p
120 g
ASTM D3420
Nhit nng chy
122C
QAMAR Method
Nhit chy mm
102C
ASTM D1525
8%
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 40
2.4.2.13. LLDPE FD21HN:

Nh sn xut: Qamar.
Loi: C4-LLDPE.
c im: d gia cng, trong sut trung bnh.
ng dng: bao b dn dng
Bng 2.24: Thng s tnh cht ca FC21HN

T
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
2.0 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
30 m
ng sut bin dng
12 MPa
bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
bn x
MD: 40 MPa
TD: 35 MPa
MD: 600%
TD: 900%
MD: 190 MPa
TD: 210 MPa
MD: 30 g
TD: 140 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
bn va p
110 g
ASTM D3420
Nhit nng chy
122C
QAMAR Method
Nhit chy mm
100C
ASTM D1525
14 %
ASTM D1003
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 41
2.4.2.14. LLDPE EFDC-7050:

Nh sn xut: Equate.
Loi: C4-LLDPE.
c im: dai cao, bn ko cao, khng thng, to mng c dy mng.
ng dng: lp lt, bao b thc phm, bao b cng nghip, bao b k thut
Bng 2.25: Thng s tnh cht ca EFDC-7050

T
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
2.0 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
25 m
ng sut bin dng
12 MPa
bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
Module
bn x
bn va p
MD: 31 MPa
TD: 23 MPa
MD: 800%
TD: 850%
MD: 195 MPa
TD: 220 MPa
MD: 31 g
TD: 124 g
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1922
85 g
ASTM D3420
50 J/mm
EQUATE Method
Nhit nng chy
124C
EQUATE Method
Nhit chy mm
102C
ASTM D1525
14 %
ASTM D1003
bng
50 (45)
ASTM D2457
Nng lng m thng
BUR
2:1
Trang 42
2.4.2.15. LLDPE XP9200EN:

Nh sn xut: Dealim.
Ph gia: chng oxy ho, tc nhn tr gia cng.
Loi: C6-LLDPE.
c im: bn va p cao, tnh cht quang hc tt, chng UV, d gia cng,
hn nhit tt.
ng dng: mng a lp, bao b nng nghip, mng k thut cao
Bng 2.26: Thng s tnh cht ca XP9200EN

T
T trng
0.918 g/cm3
ASTM D792
Ch s chy (190/2.16kg)
1.0 g/10 min
ASTM D1238
dy mng th nghim
30 m
bn ko ti im t
dn di khi t
bn x
MD: 56.9 MPa

TD: 45.1 MPa
MD: 580%
TD: 620%
MD: 124 kg/cm
TD: 127 kg/cm
ASTM D882
ASTM D882
ASTM D1004
bn va p
700 g
ASTM D1709
Nhit nng chy
116C
ASTM D3418
Nhit chy mm
106C
ASTM D1525
12 %
ASTM D1003
bng
87 (45)
ASTM D2457
BUR
2.5:1
Trang 43
2.5.
Ph Gia
2.5.1.
Tc nhn chng kt khi l ph gia c ch s kt dnh (kt khi) ca b mt

polymer v gi chc nng bi trn trong sut qu trnh gia cng cho ra sn phm
nha. Sau khi mt mng thi bong bng i qua trc kp v hai bn c p vi
nhau, cc tc nhn ny gip mng s c d dng ko ra ngoi. Nu s dng n vi t
l thch hp, tnh cht trong sut ca mng film s khng b nh hng. Tuy nhin n
li c nh hng n hiu qu bm dnh ca b mt sn phm.
Tc nhn chng dnh phi t c hiu qu cao v th hin c cht lng
tin cy v n nh, ch nh hng t hoc khng nh hng n nhng thuc tnh ca
mng film. V mt an ton sc khe th ph chng dnh cng nh nhng ph gia khc
u v hi i vi ngi tiu dung cui cng ng theo nhng qui nh ca cc nc
v sn phm c lin quan n thc phm.
Cc loi ph gia chng kt khi thng s dng trong cng ngh thi v n
mng l:
bt tinh ch cha hm lng tinh th silica thp vi cc kch thc ht khc
nhau, c gia cng t khi bt. Khi s dng trong qu trnh gia cng mng
polyolefin, bt tinh ch khng lm nh hng n trong sut ca mng.
Calcium carbonate c u im l gi thnh r nhng c nhc im l lm
gim trong sut ca mng, t m n hon ton c. Do , Calcium
carbonate thng c s dng cho nhng loi mng m c v mu sc c
th chp nhn c.
Talc ch yu dng cho mng LDPE v LLDPE. u im ca Talc l hiu qu
chng kt khi tt hn calcium carbonate v mng thu c t b m hn. Tuy
nhin, mng s dng Talc c gi thnh cao hn v i hi thit b gia cng c
bit.
Nephylene syenite cng c dng mng polyolefin mc d n tng i him.
Nephylene syenite khng cha hm lng th thch anh v silica tinh th
nhng li c cng cao, h s khc x gn vi PE. Trong cc ng dng v
mng polyolefin, hm lng nephylene syenite s dng xp x 10%.
Trang 44
Nh my s dng loi tc nhn chng kt khi c sn trong nha ca nh cung

cp.
2.5.2.
i ai
Tc nhn chng tnh in c thit k gim thiu s tch t ca tnh in

trn b mt polymer. Nhiu polymer d b nhim tnh in trong lc gia cng, chng
hn nh khi mng i qua mt lot cc trc dn trn ng ti c b phn cun.
iu ny c bit c vn vo nhng ngy khi m rt thp. Cht chng tnh in
gip gim tnh in bng cch lm cho b mt polymer c dn in hn. V d,
phng php thu ht m ln b mt. Chng tnh in bn ngoi c p dng trc
tip ln b mt polymer. Cc cht chng tnh in ni ph bin hn, chng hn nh
cc amin.
C ch hot ng bng cch di chuyn n b mt ca polymer, cc nhm chc
trong phn t s hp thu nc trong kh quyn. Nc lm gim in tr sut trn b
mt t 1014 1015 (ohm) cho hu ht cc loi polymer (bao gm c styrene v
polyolefinics) n 1011 1018 (ohm).
Ph gia kh tnh in s dng trong nh my ASA-126:
Tnh cht:
Nha nn:
PE.
MFI (190C, 2.16kg):
5.00g/10 min.
T trng:
0.96 g/cm3.
Hm lng hat cht:
3000 ppm.
Hm lng m:
< 1500 ppm.
Hm lng cc ph gia khc: 5%.

Ph gia ASA-126 c p dng loi b tnh in cho nha PE vi hm lng
s dng t 1 4% ty thuc vo dy vo cng ngh v chng loi nha.
i vi mng film :
LLDPE LDPE------------------------------------ 0.5 1.5%.
HDPE-------------------------------------------------1 3%
Tc dng: hn ch s tch t in trn b mt sn phm, hn ch s bm bi.
Cc tc nhn trong ph gia chng tnh in ASA-126 c khuynh hng di
chuyn ra b mt sn phm nhm loi b tnh in tch t trn sn phm. Do
Trang 45
vy ASA-126 mt phn no nh hng ti kh nng in n v kh nng hn

dn ca sn phm. Khi s dng ASA-126 vi hm lng 4 - 5% th cn phi
tng mc x l corona v kim tra tc hn dn ca sn phm.
2.5.3. Cht to mu
Cht to mu l ph gia ph bin nht c s dng trong ngnh cng nghip
nha to mu sc cho sn phm nhm hp dn ngi tiu dng. Khng ch c s
dng cho gi tr thm m , n cn c th hp th tia cc tm, v d nh carbon en.
Cht to mu c a vo polyme c nhiu dng khc nhau nh hp cht mu c
bn, mu c c, mu kh, v mu lng.
Cc hp cht mu c bn c c phi sn. Trc khi a vo my n,
n c pha trn vi t l nht nh vi polymer... Ngoi ra, qu trnh pha ch nh
hng n tnh thng nht ca mu sc. Tuy nhin qu ny tn km v cn mt b
phn x l thc hin cc cng vic pha ch.
Mu c c thng l bt vin c cha mt lng mu c t l phn trm cao
trong mt khi polymer tng thch. Cc vin nn ny sau c trn vo polymer
nn theo t l s cung cp cho nng mu chnh xc cho hn hp. Vin mu c
c thng c gim xung khong 4% ca hn hp cui cng v ch cn tn t cng
sc s dng cc hp cht mu c bn. y l mt trong nhng hnh thc dng s ph
bin nht ca mu nha.
Mu kh l bt mu c c m khng cn cht kt dnh polymer. Mc d n c
th c s dng cho nhiu loi polymer, nhng x l li gp kh khn. Ht c kch
thc rt mn c th bay vo khng kh nh bi v to ra mt m hn n nn lng
tht thot kh nhiu. Ngoi ra, s lng ln c th gy ra n kt t trong phu nhp
liu v khng vo my n ng u.
Mu lng c cha mu, trong mt dung dch nn. N gip loi b mt s cc
vn x l lin quan n mu kh, nhng i hi mt my bm a vo my.
Cc t l phn trm ca mu, trong khi cht lng c th c kh cao do ch c
mt t c cho vo, t l cn thit l khong 1%.
Mu dye hu c l cc hp cht cung cp cc mu sc rc r nht cho polymer.
Chng c xu hng ha tan trong polymer v do c phn b d dng nht trong
Trang 46
ton b hn hp. Mu dye c xu hng n nh nhit v phi ph hp vi nhit x

l polymer. ng dng chnh to ra cc sn phm c mu trong sut.
Bt mu nh, ht mu thng phi c chia nh v phn tn mu sc mt cch
thng nht. Chng c th c ngun gc cc hp cht hu c hoc v, nhng ni chung
l n nh nhit hn mu dye. Chng c xu hng che ph tt hn ( che ph) so vi
mu dye, nhng khng rc r. Trong lch s nhiu loi mu c tng hp da trn
cc kim loi nng nh ch v cadmium, nhng vn mi trng thc y mt s
thay i ca cc loi mu gim kim loi nng.
Cht to mu nh my s dng Polybatch White 8100CA:
Polybatch White 8100CA l ht nha mu cha 60% titanium dioxyde qua
x l cc b s dng trong nhng ng dng trong nh ca polyolefin.
Tnh cht:
MFI (190C, 2.16kg):
20.00 g/10min.
T trng:
1.73 g/cm3.
Mt khi:
1000 kg/m3.
m:
< 1000ppm.
ng dng: Polybatch White 8100CA l ph gia mc c bn s dng cho

nhng mc ch thng thng c tn sc v trong sut cao thng s
dng cho cc sn phm mng 50 300m v cc sn phm c bng phng
php n. Polybatch White 8100CA khng cha tc nhn nhum.
2.5.4.
ia
Si
L cc cht c tnh tng hp km vi polymer, khng tan m ch phn tn

trong khi polymer v d di chuyn ra ngoi b mt ca sn phm. Ph gia trt ng
vai tr nh mt cht bi trn b mt trong khi v sau khi sn xut nha. Cc cht ny
c tc dng lm gim ma st gia cc ht nha, gia ht nha v b mt thit b
khuy trn hoc lm gim bm dnh ca nha khi nng chy ln cc b mt gia
cng.
Ph gia trt c th lm thay i cc tnh cht b mt ca mng v do h
thp s ma st gia cc b mt ca cc lp mng vi nhau. t hiu qu trong s
dng th ph gia trt phi tri ln b mt polymer sau mt thi gian s dng v th n
phi khng tng thch vi polymer mt mc no . Do vy ph gia trt mt
Trang 47
phn no c nh hng ti kh nng in n v kh nng hn dn ca sn phm. Khi

s dng ph gia trt vi hm lng tng i cao phi tng mc x l corona v
kim tra tc hn dn ca sn phm.
Ph gia trt s dng trong cng ngh polymer gm c hp cht amid ca cc
acid bo, du silicon, sp, du parafin, glycol Trong , cng ngh ch to mng
PE, PP ch yu s dng hp cht amid ca cc acid bo.
Nh my s dng loi tc nhn trt c sn trong nha ca nh cung cp.
2.5.5.
ia
Cht tr gia cng s dng trong qu trnh gia cng s gip to thun li cho qu
trnh to chy (bin dng bt thun nghch) ca vt liu, ng thi gip ci thin b
mt ca vt liu. Ph gia tr gia cng khng c nh hng xu n kh nng hn, dn
hoc tnh cht x l Corona cng nh kh nng bm dnh ca mc in hay keo ghp ln
b mt mng.
Ngoi ra cht tr gia cng cn gip:
Gim cc vt nt trn phi n, trnh to cc vng tp trung ng sut, tng
cng tnh nng c l, ci thin ngoi quan ca sn phm.
Tng bng v phng cho b mt sn phm do lm gim ma st ca dng
nha nng trn b mt khun ng thi gip nha bin dng tt hn trn b mt
khun.
Gim cc li v mt quang hc: gim cc m sm mu trong sn phm (do
phn nha chy trn thnh thit b bong trc), hn ch khc x nh sng, gip
d dng ty sch cc vt chy trn b mt thit b v chng vic ti hnh thnh
ca chng.
Gim kt dnh nha trn ming khun n, hn ch vic nha bm dnh nhiu
trn ming khun v b phn hu nhit.
Tng kh nng in n.
Tng kh nng chu va p cho sn phm: lm gim cc vt nt t vi, hn ch
cc im yu lin kt hnh thnh trong khi nha khi gia cng.
Tng kh nng trn ln v phn tn ca nha v cc thnh phn trong hn hp.
Gip gim thi gian chuyn i trong sn xut.
Trang 48
Gim p sut n: gip an ton cho thit b v cng trnh c cc li do hin

tng qu nn sinh ra: dn, bin dng.
Gim nhit n: gim tiu hao nng lng, hn ch vic qu nhit, phn hu
nhit ca nha.
P
n n
my
n PP
Khi thc hin qu trnh gia cng LDPE hay LLDPE trn thit b n, trng thi
lu bin ca cc loi nha ny khi nng chy dn n kh nhiu vn nh
hng cht lng sn phm v thit b. PPA gip khc phc mt s vn nh:
vy c, da ln trn mng, gip gim p sut u n, tng kh nng trn hp
gia cc nguyn liu. c bit cn c th tng do dai ca mng thi, ng
thi ng ha ch s chy (MFI) ca hai loi nha khc nhau (chnh lch MFI
< 6).
Tnh cht:
Nha nn:
PE.
MFI (190C, 2.16kg): 4.00 g/10min.

T trng:
0.925 g/cm3.
Hm lng m:
< 1500 ppm.
Phng php v hm lng s dng:

Bc 1: Khi khi ng thit b n, nn tng hm lng PPA ln ti 10 n
20%. Hm lng ny c duy tr trong khong thi gian t 10 20 pht
nhm gim ma st gia b mt ca dng nha vi u khun v khun.
Bc 2: Sau khong thi gian trn, hm lng s dng PPA xung cn 1
n 2% v duy tr sut trong qu trnh gia cng. Tuy nhin, nu trc vt v
u khun tt, th hm lng s dng c th duy tr mc 0.5% trong sut
qu trnh gia cng.
Ph gia tr gia cng khng c nh hng n kh nng hn, dn hoc tnh cht
x l Corona, cng nh kh nng bm dnh ca mc in hay keo ghp.
ng dng: c dng trong ngnh n tm PP, thi chai, thi bao b PE, n
ng HDPE, ko si PP
Trang 49
2.5.6.
ioxydant)
Cht chng oxy ha ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha ca polymer dn n s gim

cp phn t. Chui polymer b ct mch phn hy thnh cc on ngn khi c oxy
(khng kh), c bit nhit cao. Polymer b gim cp s i mu v gim tnh cht
c hc. Trong mt s trng hp to lin kt ngang (hoc hnh thnh gel) c th xy ra
trong qu trnh oxy ha. Ngay c khi khng c mt cc cht ph gia khc, nhiu
polymer vn c thm cht chng oxy ha. iu ny m bo s n nh ca
polymer khi gia cng.
C ch chnh s dng cc cht ph gia chng gim cp oxy ha l bt gc
t do (in t), c to ra bi qu trnh oxy ha, trc khi n c th tn cng cc
chui polymer. Phenolics v amin l hai trong s cc loi ph bin nht ca cht chng
oxy ha.
ng dng: tng bn, cng; hn ch s bin i mu, try xc, to gel.
Nh my s dng loi cht chng oxy ha c sn trong nha ca nh cung cp.
2.5.7.

Hai loi chnh ca cht n nh l cht n nh nhit bo v polymer trong gia
cng v n nh chng tia cc tm (UV) bo v polymer khi tip xc vi qu nhiu

bc x mt tri.
n nh nhit c ng dng ch yu vi polyvinyl clorua (PVC). PVC l rt
nhy cm vi nhit v lc ma st trt, gii phng hydro clorua (HCl) khi n phn
hy. V nhng tc dng n mn ca HCl v xu hng phn hu ca polymer mt cch
nhanh chng, PVC phi c n nh trong qu trnh n. Trong lch s, nhiu cht n
nh PVC c da trn ch v cadmium. Vn mi trng thc y pht trin
cht n nh mi hn, v d nh hp cht da trn bari-km v canxi-km.
n nh UV c s dng vi cc polymer d b bt nng lng tia cc tm.
Nng lng tia cc tm c th gy ra s ct chui trong polyme khng c bo v.
Kt qu ca s gim cp ny bao gm mt tnh cht c hc, thay i mu sc, v rn
nt. n nh ni chung l s hp th cao bc x ca tia cc tm, ngn chn nng lng
lm tn hi n polymer. Chng cng c th hot ng bt cc gc t do hnh thnh
trong qu trnh gim cp. Cht c ch amin l cht bt cc phn t gc t do hiu qu.
Nh my s dng loi cht chng oxy ha c sn trong nha ca nh cung cp.
Trang 50
ia
2.5.8.
dai (Reforcement)
Trong qu trnh sn xut, v s p ng hn ch ca mt s nha nn, yu t do

dai b hn ch. Ngoi ra hn ch gi thnh, ngi sn xut thng s dng nha ti
ch hoc n thm Canxi Carbonate (cht n), v th tnh cht c l ca sn phm
khng c p ng vi s i hi ngy cng cao ca khch hng.
Ty theo sn phm ( dy, hm lng cht n v nha ti sinh ...) nn t l dao
ng t 1 n 5%.
Tc dng:
Tng kh nng hp thu lc v phn b lc, gip sn phm tng kh nng chu
va p (i vi sn phm p phun); tng kh nng chu ti trng ri (i vi bao
b dt PP, mng PE, mng PP).
Tng kh nng chu khng x, nn gip cho mng tng kh nng khng x theo
c phng dc v phng ngang. Mt s sn phm p phun yu cu gia cng
c (bt vt, bn inh, khoan l,...,ct dp) th cng gip hn ch vic rch, v
sn phm trong gia cng v sau s dng.
Tng kh nng chu lnh, hu ch cho mt s ng dng ca mng PP s dng
trong iu kin nhit thp, trong thit b lnh.
Tng kh nng khng xuyn thng cho mng.
Tng mm cho sn phm.
Tng dn di khi t (tc sn phm b bin dng nhiu hn trc khi b t).
Gip hn hp ci thin c c tnh chy, gip hn hp gim ma st ni. Do
cng ci thin c nng sut gia cng.
Khc phc vt dng trn mng, gip mng tng bng v tng trong.
Ci thin c mt phn c tnh hn dn cho sn phm mng.
2.5.8.1.
Evolue SP1520
Tnh cht:
Nha nn:
PE.
MFI (190C, 2.16kg): 2.0 g/10min.

T trng:
0.913 g/cm3.
Nhit nng chy:
116 C.
Tnh cht hn dn tuyt vi.

Trang 51
2.5.8.2.
Evolue 2520
Tnh cht:
Nha nn:
PE.
MFI (190C, 2.16kg): 1.9 g/10min.

T trng:
0.925 g/cm3.
Nhit nng chy:
122 C.
Gia cng d dng.

bn cao.
Khng nhit, chng kt khi tt.
Trang 52
CHNG 3: QUY TRNH CNG NGH - THIT B

3.1.
S QU TR NH TNG QU T
Nguyn Liu
Trn
Thi
Lm Ngui
p phng
X l Corona
(Nu c)
Ct bin,
chia cun
ng gi
Thnh phm
3.1: S quy trnh tng qut

Trang 53
mi
Nguyn liu l ht nha v cc loi ph gia c cn theo n pha ch, a vo

my trn. Hn hp nguyn liu sau khi trn c a vo my n qua phu
nhp liu.
Ti my n, nguyn liu c gia nhit n nng chy, sau i qua li lc
n u die, nha chy qua cc khoang u die (u phn phi nha), ti y c
th iu chnh c b dy mng cng nh ng knh bong bng.
Nha sau khi ra khi u die c lm ngui mt phn nh mt lung khng
kh c iu chnh, sau c thi phng ln nh p sut kh nn a vo
qua u die. H thng lm ngui mng thng thng dng qut gi, khng kh
c thi xui theo chiu sn phm, dng kh phi khng ch c tc , p
sut. Khng kh trc khi qua qut kh phi c lc sch bi.
Bong bng i qua khung p, qua hai trc p. Cn phi ch n vic gi n
nh lng kh trong bong bng v n s quyt nh b dy mng v ng knh
bng. dy ca mng cn c th iu chnh bng lng nha qua u die, t
s gia ng knh bong bng v ng knh u die, tc ko mng.
Sau khi c p phng, mng i qua cc trc m n b phn x l corona
(nu c yu cu) ri i n b phn ct bin v chia cun.
Sau khi t yu cu v chiu di mng cn c, cc cun s c ng gi th
cng thnh cc cun mng thnh phm.
Trang 54
3.2.
Cc thit b sn xut chnh
3.2.1. My trn
My trn l thit b dng trn nguyn vt liu thnh mt hn hp ng nht
phn b u. Qu trnh trn ch kt thc v c hiu qu khi mi mu kim tra u c t
l cc thnh phn theo n pha ch. Hiu qu trn ph thuc vo ln ht,
khi lng ring, m v mt s c tnh khc ca vt liu trn.
Hnh 3.2: My trn nguyn liu

3.2.2.
S dng thng cha nguyn liu gip ta c th cung cp mi ln mt lng ln

hn hp nguyn liu cho my n, gip ngi cng nhn thm nhiu thi gian chun
b nguyn liu theo lnh sn xut m vn m bo vic cp liu khng ngng cho my
n. Thng cha c thit k d dng ht ht nguyn liu trong thng v c che
chn, y kn khng c d vt ri vo.
Trang 55
Hnh 3.3: Thng cha nguyn liu

3.2.3.
khng
Nhim v chnh l h tr cho vic cp liu, ht nguyn liu t thng cha i
vo phu nhp liu. My ht chn khng c iu chnh thi gian ht l 15 giy cho
mt ln ht. Khong cch gia hai ln ht cp liu l da vo bng iu khin cn
c trn tc quay ca trc vt m iu chnh thi gian ht nguyn liu p ng
lin tc nhu cu nguyn liu ca my n.
Hnh 3.4: B ph iu khin my ht chn khng
Trang 56
3.2.4.
Nhim v chnh ca thit b n l to nn p sut ln y vt liu qua
khun, ng thi lm nhuyn hoc nng chy vy liu nha.
Hnh 3.5: H th
in tr gia nhit gn trn thn xylanh
Hnh 3.6: C
A: trc vt, B: thn my n (xylanh), C: thit b gia nhit, D: u o nhit, E: hng cp liu,
F: phu cp liu, G: gim p lc y, H: gim tc bng bnh rng, I: motor, J: vng cp liu,
K: vng nn, L: vng y.
Trang 57
3.2.4.1. Cc Loi thit b n:

a. My p n trc vt n:
3.7:
Trong cng nghip, c 3 loi my n chnh: n trc vt, n piston, v n

trng hay a.
b. My p n hai trc vt:
3.8:
ai c vt.
Loi 2 trc vt cng chiu: hai trc t cnh nhau, quay cng chiu (co-rotating
twin crew extruder). Dng tc cao 200-500 vng/pht (rpm). Cc loi thit b mi
c th t tc 1000-1600 rpm.
Trang 58
Loi hai trc ngc chiu (counter-rotating twin screw extruder): s dng ch
yu phi trn, chy tc 200-500 rpm. Loi tc thp thng c s dng
hn 10-40 rpm.
Loi ngc chiu c c tnh vn chuyn tt hn so vi loi cng chiu. Mt
c tnh khc phn bit my n l mc n khp vo nhau ca cnh trc vt.
Thng thng cc trc vt xen vo nhau. Hai trc vt khng xen k nhau c u
im l khng c tip xc gia kim loi-kim loi. T s L/D t n 100:1 hay cao
hn. L/D ca trc vt xen k nhau thng nh hn 60:1. Mt nhc im ca loi hai
trc khng n khp nhau l kh nng trn b hn ch.
3.2.4.2. Cc thnh phn thit b n:
a. Trc vt:
Trc vt c dng hnh tr di, c cc cnh xon xung quanh. Cc chc nng ca
trc vt: vn chuyn, gia nhit, nng chy v n vt liu nha. n nh ca qu
trnh lm vic, cht lng sn phm ph thuc nhiu vo trc vt.
Hnh 3.9: Cc thng s quan trng ca trc vt

Chiu di trc vt L khong 15D-3 D; ng knh D; chiu su rnh vt h; b dy
n v
x l fl
; bc vt pitch; gc nghin ca cnh vt helix angle.
Thng thng trc vt lm bng thp chu nhit, chu mi mn v c cng

cao. Nhng thp c cng cao th kh khn trong vic ch to trc vt v trc vt d
b gy trong qu trnh gia cng (thp lm trc vt c cng nh hn thp lm
xylanh).
Trang 59
Trc vt chia thnh ba vng: vng np liu, vng nng chy v vng nh
lng.
n np l
: l vng c su trc vt ln nht. Mc ch ca vng ny l
chuyn nha t phu liu n cc vng sau ca trc vt. Trong vng ny nguyn
liu thng dng rn, nhit rt phc tp, nht ca vt liu thay i tu
theo vn tc, cn trnh gia nhit mnh nguyn liu khng b dnh vo cc
rnh vt trnh cn tr dng dch chuyn ca nha.
n nn
y: l vng c su rnh gim mnh. Trong vng ny nguyn
liu b nn mnh v nng chy ng thi cc kh, hi nc s b y ra khi

my n bng ng phu np liu hoc thit b thot kh trn thn xylanh.
n n ln : l vng c su rnh thp nht. Trong vng ny nha c

nng chy ng nht (chy nht hon ton) ng thi vng ny to p lc mnh
y nha nng chy ra khi u n.
Cc thng s trong trc vt:
T l L/D: ng knh trc vt thng t 16 36 tu theo vt liu. T l L/D t

18:1 n 32:1, t l 24:1 l c s dng ph bin nht.
T l nn p: t 2:1 n 4:1, ty thuc vo loi polymer v t trng ca nguyn
liu. L t s gia th tch mt bc vt phn cp liu vi th tch mt bc vt
phn nh lng. T l nn p qu nh th sn phm khng c kt cu cht ch,
b mt sn phm km bng, c th tn ti bng kh. T l nn p cng ln th
sn phm kt cu cng cht ch v sn phm cng c bng cao. Song t l
nn p qu ln s gy tn ti ng sut d nhiu gy hin tng sn phm c th
b rn nt, cc rng ca trc vt chu p sut ln c th b h hng.
Gc nghing cnh vt: hng nghing c th t tri sang phi. Khe h gia
xylanh v vt xon: nhm lm gim dng nha chy ngc v ma st gia vt
xon vi xylanh. Thng khe h L = 0.003D.
S gn cnh trc vt: l s khong cch cc trng trn trc vt tnh cho mt
bc vt. Trc vt c th c nhiu gn nhng gi thnh cao.
a nha ha: l mt b phn c t cui trc vt (phn tip gip vi
u nh hnh). Phn ny c th ch to lin vi trc vt hoc ch to ri ri
ghp vo vt xon, c ng knh nh hn xylanh khong 1 cm, c cu to nh
Trang 60
mt bnh rng hnh tr, chn rng bng ng knh trc vt phn nh lng.
a nha ha c tc dng nh mt b phn ct x, o, nha ho, tng cao hiu
qu trn.
Vn tc trc vt: lin quan n p sut nha trong xylanh, sn lng, mc
trn, thi gian gip cho nha nng chy, nhit gia cng (vn tc trc vt
cng cao th nhit cng cao do nhit ma st). V vy vic ci t tc trc
vt l rt quan trng phi m bo c qu trnh nha ha, nng sut cao, vt
liu khng bp hn hy do qu nhit.
Nhit : do chuyn ng ca dng nha i ln pha trc nn ma st ca vt
liu i vi trc vt phi cao hn vt liu i vi xylanh, do phi to s khc
bit nhit gia trc vt v xylanh, nn phi lm ngui cho trc vt trong qu
trnh gia cng to s sai bit nhit . Thng thng trc vt c lm ngui
vng nhp liu, nh vy n nh hng n nng sut, hiu qu gia cng v
tn hao nhit lng. Nn dng nc lm ngui cho trc vt, c van iu
chnh lng nc lm ngui xung nhit mong mun. Trong nhng my
hin i ngy nay ngi ta thit k mt h thng iu chnh t ng (xylanh c
th lm ngui vng np nguyn liu m bo nhp liu c thun tin).
b. Thn my n:
Thn my n c dng hnh tr, bn trong c ph vt liu cng v chng mi
mn. Trn thn my c cc l thng kh thot cc cht bay hi c trong nha v d
nh tch m.
3.1 :
Trang 61
c. Cp liu:
B phn cp liu ni vo thn my n. Hng cp liu (feed throat) c h thng
nc lm mt trnh hin tng nng chy vt liu, dnh vo thnh thit b. Chiu di
hng khong 1,5 ln, rng khong ng knh ca thn my.
Mt s my n khng c hng cp liu, m nguyn liu c a trc tip vo
thn my n.
Phu np liu c thit k sao cho m bo dng vt liu chy n nh. C cc
thit b h tr gip qu trnh np liu n nh.
Hnh 3.11: Cc loi u phu np liu
Hnh 3.12: Phu np liu.
Trang 62
d. Gia nhit v lm lnh:

Cc thit b gia nhit bng in c t dc theo thn my n. Cc my n
thng c t nht 3 vng nhit dc theo chiu di ca thn my n. Cc my n
di hn c th c hn 8 vng nhit . Mi mt vng c h thng gia nhit v lm
lnh ring, c sensor o nhit . Nhit thng o trn thn my. u die c th c
mt hay nhiu vng nhit ph thuc vo phc tp ca n. u die thng c
gia nhit, t khi lm lnh.
Thn my n phi lm lnh nu nhit nha tng, trnh lm nhit ca
thn my tng qu gii hn cho php. iu ny cng xy ra tng t khi n nha c
nht cao, tc n ln. Lm lnh thng bng khng kh. Qut lm mt t
pha di my n, mi qut gii nhit cho mt vng.
Hnh 3.13: H thng lm mt

Khi cn ly i mt lng nhit ln, c th dng nc. My n hot ng tt
nht khi trc vt cp nng lng cho qu trnh, gia nhit hoc lm lnh cng s t i.
Do vy, vi my n trc vt n, lm lnh bng khng kh l . Nc lm lnh qu
nhanh s gy kh cho vic khng ch nhit .
e. Gia nhit v lm lnh trc vt:
Trc vt c gia nhit hay lm lnh pha bn trong, cht lng trao i nhit
tun hon bn trong.
Hnh 3.14: H thng gia nhit

Trang 63
f. Tm chn (breaker plate) li lc:

c t cui thn my n, l mt tm kim loi dy, dng a, c l.
Mc ch chnh: cc li lc, ngn cn chuyn ng xoy ca nha nng
chy khi ra khi trc vt. C th kt hp b phn khuy o vo tm chn ny. Tm
chn khuy o ny c nhiu rnh nh dn, s chia nh dng chy, ko di dng chy.
Thit b ny s ci thin khuy o phn b v phn tn.
Nhim v li lc: gi li cc tp cht. Thng thng, nhiu tm lc c kt
li vi nhau, bt u l tm li th, tip n l cc tm li c kch thc nh dn,
ri mt tm li th, p st v tm chn. Tm li th sau cng ch lm nhim v
tm li tinh. Sp xp cc li lc to nn hp lc (screen pack).
g. Hp lc (Screen pack):
Ngoi chc nng lc tp cht, hp lc cn lm tng khuy trn trong my n.
Hp lc thng gm: li lc 20 mesh, tip n l 40-60-80, cui cng l li 20
mesh c p vo tm chn.
3.15: S
c ht c th
a i lc
h. u to hnh (u Die):
u to hnh t u ra ca my n, to ra sn phm vi nh dng mong
mun. i vi cng ngh n thi mng th u to hnh c dng vnh khuyn
(annular die).
C 3 thnh phn chnh ca u die: knh dn vo (inlet chanel), mt a din
(manifold) v vng phng (land region). Knh dn vo c thit k sao cho vn tc
dng ct ngang ca nha nng chy l khng i trong qu trnh di chuyn.
Trang 64
Hnh 3.16: Cu t u Die
Hnh 3.17: Dng nha
a u Die
Khi nha vo u to hnh, chy quanh torpedo. Qua cc vng king (spider
legs), nha chy thnh dng u n. Chy v nh chp, sn phm dn ng c to
ra.
3.18: u Die cho loi
iu lp
Trang 65
u to hnh ny c th to ra sn phm c nhiu lp trong mt cng on. C

hai h chnh: h cp (feed block system) v h nhiu l (multimanifold system). Trong
h cp, cc dng nha khc nhau c kt hp v i vo u to hnh ca my n
n.
loi nhiu l, cc dng nha nng chy khc nhau i vo u to hnh ring
bit, mi dng nha c mt l ring. Cc dng nha s kt hp vi nhau gn u ra
to nn sn phm c nhiu lp.
i. ng c:
ng c in dng ko quay trc vt. Tc quay ca ng c l 1800 rpm.
Tc quay ca trc vt thng l 100 rpm. Do vy cn c b phn gim tc. Khi gn
trc tip ng c v hp s - truyn ng trc tip (direct drive). Nu truyn ng qua
dy ai gia ng c v hp gim tc truyn ng gin tip (indirect drive).
ng c DC c s dng trong nhng nm 90, ngy nay thng s dng ng
c AC.
Hnh 3.19: Cch l
Cn phi s dng b gim tc, v tc ca motor ln hn nhiu so vi tc

ca trc vt. Thng t l ny l 15:1 n 20:1; c th thp nht 5:1 v cao nht l
40:1.
to ra n nh ca sn phm, bm bnh rng (gear pump) c gn thm
vo my n, t gia my n v u to hnh. Vt liu i vo vng khng gian gia
hai bnh rng v di chuyn ln pha trc. Khi hai bnh rng bt u n khp vo
nhau, nha nng chy b y ra khi bnh rng v i ra khi bm.
Nha trong bnh rng c bm bnh rng y, to ra n nh u ra tt
hn l khng c bm bnh rng. Mt thun li khc l to ra mt p lc hiu qu cho
my n. Bm bnh rng c s dng trong hai trng hp: n vi chnh xc
Trang 66
cao v yu cu n nh u ra nh hn 1%; khi my n khng to ra p lc,

v d trong my n c thot kh cn hot ng p sut cao.
3.2 : Bm
c s dng
Tuy nhin khi s dng bm bnh rng cn lu :

Khi trong nha c cc ht n c tnh mi mn cao, bnh rng s b mi mn,
lm gim chnh xc ca bm.
Nha nng chy s hot ng nh cht bi trn.
Nu lu nha li trong bm qu 15 pht, nha s phn hy.
3.2.4.3. C
n on n:
Cc chc nng ca my n: vn chuyn cht rn, nng chy hoc lm nhuyn

do, trn, vn chuyn vt liu dng nng chy, tch kh, nh hnh sn phm.
Chc nng ca mi vng trong my n ph thuc hnh dng my n, c tnh
ca nha v iu kin hot ng ca my. Ranh gii cc phn trn trc vt l c nh
nhng ranh gii ca cc vng chc nng c th thay i theo tnh cht ca nha v
iu kin hot ng ca my n.
a. Vn chuyn vt liu rn:
Vt liu s di chuyn trong phu cp liu v dc theo phng bn knh ca trc
vt. Trong phu cp liu, vt liu di chuyn do tc dng ca trng lc. Dc theo trc
vt, lc ma st tc ng ln nha, ci ny gi l vn chuyn do lc ko. Trong vng
vn chuyn vt liu rn, vng nng chy, vng vn chuyn vt liu nng chy, vt liu
vn chuyn cng theo c ch ny.
Trang 67
trng lc:
Dng chy kh phc tp trong vng ny. Khi vt liu gm ht c kch thc ln
nh, ht nh tch khi cc ht ln, to nn dng chy khng n nh trong
phu. iu ny gy ra bt n nh u ra ca my n.
Vi cc vt liu kh thao tc: phn b kch thc ht trong mt vng rng, mt
khi thp, my n cn phi ci tin hot ng c hiu qu - ng knh
vng cp liu ln hn vng nh lng (metering section, vng y); hoc
dng phu cp liu c vt ti. Trong mt s trng hp c th dng vng cp c
rnh xon. Cc tnh cht khi quan trng: mt khi, nn, h s ma st
trong, h s ma st ngoi, kch thc v phn b kch thc, hnh dng v phn
b hnh dng ht.
Mt khi l khi lng ring ca vt liu, k c th tch khong trng gia
cc ht. Mt khi ca vt liu sau khi to ht thng bng 60 % mt
thng thng. Nu vt liu c mt khi nh hn 30% mt thc, vic vn
chuyn s gp rc ri, cn phi thay thit b. Vt liu c nn cao s kh thao
tc, d gp tr ngi trong phu cp liu.
H s ma st trong l ma st gia cc ht nha vi nhau. H s ma st ngoi l
ma st gia cc ht nha v cc b mt khc nh b mt xy lanh my n. Vic
vn chuyn hiu qu khi c ma st trong v ngoi u nh. dc theo my
n hiu qu, ma st thnh my n phi cao, mat st trc vt nh.
Thit k phu cp liu nh hng ti dng chy trong phu. Nn trnh vic
ng li vt liu trong phu. Phu c tit din hnh trn tt hn tit din vung
hoc ch nht.
Hnh 3.21:
ng ca loi ph n dng chy nha

Trang 68
dm bo dng chy trong phu n nh:

Khuy o nh vt liu, tch vt liu khi thnh phu, c hiu qu vi
cc vt liu c bm dnh cao.
To rung ng trnh tc phu, ph lin kt cu gia vt liu.
Dng vt xon trong phu cp liu.
m ca hng cp liu cng nh hng n s vn chuyn ca vt liu trong
my dn. Vi loi vt liu c chy khi thp, cn m rng hng cp liu
theo chiu di chuyn ca cnh trc vt.
Vn chuyn do lc ko:
Do lc ma st nha s vn chuyn dc theo chiu di ca trc vt. Khi trc vt
quay, lc ma st gia nha v trc vt y vt liu ln pha trc. Lc ma st
ny lm cho vt liu vn chuyn ln pha trc v lc gi vt liu li.
Khi vt liu chuyn ln pha trc do trc vt quay, dng nh lc ma st gia
nha v trc vt lm cho vt liu tin ln pha trc. Tuy nhin s thc khng
nh vy. Lc ma st ti thnh my n y vt liu tin ln pha trc. Nu
thnh my khng c ma st, vt liu s ri vo cc rnh ca trc vt v ch c
chuyn ng trn.
C p ngho vt li u (starve feeding):
Vt liu ri trc tip vo trc vt, khng lu li phu cp liu. Vt liu ph
mt lp trn rnh vt ch bng vi ln ng knh trc. Khi rnh trc vt khng
y hon ton, p sut trn vt liu nha s khng tng, t nhit sinh ra do ma
st v khuy trn.
Cch cp liu ny s gim chiu di hiu qu ca my n, c li nu my n
di hn chiu di cn thit trong qu trnh gia cng. Tuy nhin khi chiu di ti
hn, cch cp liu ny s dn n hot ng km hiu qu.
Vi my n hai trc vt tc cao, cch cp liu ny kh ph bin. Vi my
n n th t hn. Kiu cp liu ny cn gim ti cho ng c ca my n,
gim nhit to ra khi nha nng chy, c th b sung nhiu thnh phn phi
trng ch cn mt cng cp liu.
Trong cng on trn, phi trn cp ngho vt liu hay c s dng v c th
loi b s vn cc ca cht n.
Trang 69
C p li u c rnh xon:
ng lc vn chuyn vt liu l lc ma st ca b mt thnh trong ca my
n. Lc ma st c th b nh hng bi nhit thnh xy lanh, tuy nhin nh
hng khng ln. Mt phng php gia tng ma st thnh xylanh l gia cng
cc rnh b mt trong. Vic ny s nh hng kh ln n c tnh cp liu
ca my n. Rnh thng chy dc theo thn my, chiu di khong vi ln
ng knh. Pha ngoi cc phn c rnh, thng c lm lnh trnh nha
nng chy ti cc v tr ny.
Trn hnh, cc rnh phn cp liu ca my n c th iu chnh c. C th
thay i cch vn chuyn vt liu ph hp vi c tnh ca nha v cu trc
my n. C th iu chnh trong lc my ang vn hnh.
Nh vy, c th t c nh su ca rnh c c dao ng p lc l nh
nht ti u ra ca my n.
u im:
Nng sut t ph thuc vo p lc ra nn n nh ca qu trnh n
c ci thin.
Nng sut cao hn.
C th n loi nha c khi lng phn t cao.
Nhc im:
Phi lm lnh phn c rnh trnh hin tng nng chy nha trong
rnh.
Xut hin ng lc cao trong rnh, gy mi mn.
p sut trong rnh ln, thnh my n chu phi p lc ln.
Ti trng ln cho ng c, lc xon cho trc vt ln.
tng hiu qu vn chuyn, ngoi tng ma st ca thnh my n, cn c th
gim ma st trn trc vt. Thc hin bng cch: thit k trc vt thch hp, nhit
trc vt, vt liu lm trc vt.
Gim ma st rc vt c th thc hin bng vic t nng bn trong trc vt. Mt
cch khc l t b phn gia nhit bn trong trc vt. X l hoc ph mt l kim
loi khc ln b mt trc vt c th gim ma st b mt.
Trang 70
b. Nng chy:
C hai dng nng chy xy ra trong my n:
Nng chy gin tip (CSM):
Cc ht rn b nn cht, quay dc theo chiu di ca knh trc vt. Mt lp nha
nng chy mng hnh thnh gia cc ht rn v thn my n. Nng chy
thng xy ra gia b mt tip xc pha gia ht rn v mng nha nng chy.
Nha tip tc nng chy c thu vo trong mng nha, nhng b y ra p vo
cnh trc vt ang hot ng.
Hnh 3.22: Nng chy gin ti p

Nng chy phn tn (DSM):
Cc ht rn phn tn trong mt mi trng nng chy. Chng gim kch thc
cho n khi chy hon ton. Kiu nng chy ny thng thy trong my n hai
trc vt, my n n trc phi trn. Theo chiu di ca trc, nng chy xy ra
im 1-2D. Trong my n n trc chiu di ny l 10-15D.
Hnh 3.23 : Nng chy phn tn

Trang 71
3.2.5. My thi:
3.2.5.1. C b
on
on thi:
Cp nha vo u die ghp dng (i vi sn xut mng nhiu lp)thi

bong bnglm lnh nhanh n nh bong bngp bong bng.
3.2.5.2. Cc thit b chnh:
3.2.5.2.1. H thng u Die:

H
3.24:
u Die cho mng nhiu lp
a. Ch nn :
Chc nng ca u die thi mng l nh lng nha nng chy mt p
sut v tc n nh, v chuyn n thnh mt ng vch mng trong khi gi
cho nhit nng chy u.
i vi n thi mng, u die bao gm v ngoi bng kim loi v mt li tr
to thnh mt hnh khuyn m nha phi chy qua sau c y n
thnh dng ng. Ming u die c c nh bi nhng vng kim loi m c
th tch ri vi li v v ngoi v c bt vt vo c th thay th.
b. Phn loi:
Phn loi theo chc nng ta c : u die dng cho sn xut cho mng mt lp
v u die s dng cho mng nhiu lp.
Phn loi theo cch cp nguyn liu ta chia lm 2 loi: u die nhn nha t
pha bn (hnh a) v u die nhn nha t pha di (hnh b).
Trang 72
Phn loi theo cu to ta chia lm cc loi: u die dng li dng xon c v li

dng phng.
(a)
Hnh 3.25:
(b)
u die nhn nha t
a v
a i (b)
u die dng trn c thit k vi khe h nhn dng nha t pha bn hoc
pha di. Loi nhn t pha bn hot ng p sut thp, t tn km v cho php thay
i chiu rng bng cch di chuyn trc g ln xung.
Loi nhn t pha di cho dng chy n nh hn, c bit cc loi khng cn
chn nhn to ra dng ghp. Mng c thi t trc xon c, u die nhn dng
nha pha di lun cho mng trong hn v phng hn so vi lm bng u die nhn
nha t pha di. u im chnh ca loi nhn nha t pha di l gip nha c
n nh hng vo trung tm, tc dng chy hoc khi c nhit nha thay i.
Trong cc dy chuyn thi mng nhiu lp, trong h thng u die ny c gn
thm b phn feed-block phn phi dng nha cho b phn u die.
Hnh 3.26: B phn feed-block
Trang 73
Cng ngh mi hin nay thay v b phn feed-block ngi ta thit k u die
cho mng nhiu lp c cu to gm cc co c dng hnh tr, hnh nn hoc dng
phng ng tm vi h thng rnh phn phi xon c. Nhim v ca b phn ny l
tp hp v iu chnh phn phi cc dng nha chy tng khi ra khi cc my n v
ghp cc lp li vi nhau. Thit k ny gip mng c ng u m bo c dng
chy v nhit ti u die.
Cc co thng c li dng hnh nn hoc hnh tr c rnh xon c, hoc dng
phng.
Hnh 3.27: Cc dng co dng cho h th
u die mng nhiu lp
Trang 74
c. C u to u Die:
Ki u Die dng li phng:
Hnh 3.28: Mt ct ca u die d
ng dng cho mng nhiu lp
H thng u die ny bao gm nhiu lp vng u die hnh vnh khuyn

(khong 3-11 lp) xp chng ln nhau, c ng knh ln khong 7ft, bn trong c cc
khoang c nhim v nh hnh dng nha chy t di ln.
3.29: u Die vi cc vng bn trong
Trang 75
Bottom Plate:
Hnh 3.30: Vng son c ca a i

C dng vng xon c c thit k s c tc dng u ha lu v phn
phi lng dng chy do dy ca tng lp v trong tng s c
thng nht. Ngoi ra n gip gim thp p lc, to s chy linh hot ca
dng nha, cu trc lp v phm vi u ra.
Ngoi ra n gip kt hp trn tt hn, tng tnh ng nht v nhit v
phn b dng nha. N phn b trn ton khu vc hnh xon c v pha
l i trung tm. Khi nha n l i trung tm, n c a thng (90 ) ln
cc khoang tip theo hoc ra khi rnh u die, n c thit k chnh
xc vi sai s nh hn 0.0127 mm.
Middle plate:
Hnh 3.31: Lp gia ca v
a i
Trang 76
Dng nha phn b xung quanh cc khoang chy nm gia lp trn cng
v lp gia. Cc khoang ny gip a lng polymer chnh xc vo li
ca u die.
Hnh 3.32: S phn b dng nha bn trong h th
u Die 3 lp
in tr gia nhit c gn thng vo u die thng l gia nhit hai vng i vi u

die loi nh v 3 vng i vi vng die loi ln. Nhit u die phi c iu chnh
mt cch cn thn.
Phn nha nng ra khi u die ti mt nht tuyn tnh thng trong khong t 0.6
n 4 in./sec. (1.5-10 cm./sec.).
Mt s loi u die c xoay vi tc t 1/8 n 1 ft/min iu chnh dy ca
mng (nhng ngy nay ta khng s dng h thng xoay u die thay vo ta thit k
mt b trc xoay phn trc p).
Ty theo loi polymer s dng v cc yu t gia cng khc nhau m ta iu chnh
nhit u die mt cch hp l.
Ki u die li xon c:
L mt phng thc dng tng p sut ngc trn u die l to nhng
ng rnh xon c trn l i lm dng nha di chuyn uc khc. S pht trin trong
thit k u die cho n thi mn to ra nhng li xon c da trn nguyn tc trn.
Trong thit k ny, dng nha nng chy c dn tc gc ca li ca u die np
di, chy qua mt s cng np liu ti bn u die v sau chy vo mt dy cc
Trang 77
knh hoc rnh xon c hp trn li .Nhng rnh xon c ny tng dn su ti khi
dng chy chm n ming u die, dng nha chy theo hnh xon c, ri chy qua
hnh khuyn gia v u die v li. S kt hp gia rnh xon c v hng ln trn
m bo tc nha n nh. Bt k s chy khng n nh no s gy ra s sai st
dy mng.
(a)
(b)
Hnh 3.33: u Die li xon c dng cho mng 1 lp (hnh a) v 3 lp (hnh b)

Nguyn tc c bn cho vic n cho mng nhiu lp cng ging nh n mng
n. Tuy nhin u die c thit k phc tp hn cng nh cn kt hp mt s lng
nhng dng nha khc nhau. My n c t xung quanh u die v mi dng vo
u die mt im khc nhau.
Hnh 3.35: Mt ct ca ng nha
u die trc xon ng nhiu lp

Trang 78
Vic iu chnh dy ca mng ph thuc vo h s BUR v t l DDR.

(
BUR ch ra s gia tng ng knh bong bng trn ng knh u die.

Vic o ng knh bong bng trong qu trnh sn xut rt kh chnh xc v
vy ta c cng thc gn ng l:
Lng dy gim cui cng sau khi thi c biu th bng t l DDR:
(
Hnh 3.36:Ch s BUR v DDR bi u th s
q a
i nhau v c tnh ca
mng:
BUR = 1: gn nh tt c cc nh hng l theo chiu dc.
BUR > 1: mng mng, nh hng ngang do ng knh bong bng c ng
knh ln hn l u die.
Trang 79
Nu BUR tng ln, nh hng ngang tng, v ti mt s gi tr BUR, s nh

hng ca cu trc bong bng c cn bng
DDR l kh nng ca nha c p n ti b dy m khng c bong bng ko
bt ra. ng nht, rnh u die v thit k, BUR v nhit nng chy.
DDR > 1: mng mng, nh hng dc do nha nng chy b y ra khi u
die nhanh hn.
Hnh 3.37: Chiu ca dng nha trong h th
u Die qua
Trang 80
3.2.5.2.2. Vng thi kh

C dng hnh vnh khuyn gn bn ngoi v xoay cng u die. C chc nng
lm ngui bong bng v chnh bong bng khi ra khi u die. C cu to bao gm h
thng bm to p sut v cc dy dn kh ni trc tip vi u die.
Hnh 3.38: Vng thi kh

Cc vng khng kh c c thit k nh hng mt lung khng kh
thng nht ngay ti chu vi bn ngoi ca cc mng bong bng xut hin t u die.
Bt k s thay i nhit kh hoc tc dng chy xung quanh chu vi ca
vng khng kh s lm tng t l lm mt khng ng nht v hu qu dn n s
khng u trong cc bong bng v dung sai dy mng km.
Hu ht cc nh sn xut vng kh c kin ring ca h v thit k vng kh,
v to ra nhiu loi hiu qu khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mt s tnh nng c bn v thit k
ca h m bo dng khng kh ng nht xung quanh chu vi ca vng:
Cc ca thi kh c t i xng xung quanh vng, theo chiu hng tm
hoc tip tuyn.
Phn b bn trong vng ng dn cung cp kh quanh co cn bng dng
khng kh.
Cc u ra vng khng kh lch 60 hoc 90 so vi chiu ngang, ti a
ha hiu qu lm mt. Cc lung kh mong mun l song song vi b mt bong
Trang 81
bng, v chy vi tc cao m khng lm bin dng cc bong bng hoc gy

bt k s bt n no ti hnh dng bong bng.
Thng qua b phn thi, chia thnh hai dng kh, mt dng kh nhit
thng c dn vo gia phi thi phng phi, to bong bng. Dng kh cn li
c lm lnh bng h thng my lnh, thi quanh bong bng lm ngui nhanh
mng bong bng, phi lm ngui nhanh mng bong bng khng b c v polymer
khng thi gian kt tinh, mng s trng thi v nh hnh lm cho mng c
trong sut.
Mt vng thi kh cu to tt c kh nng cung cp mt lng ln khng kh v
c vch ngn m bo vic phn phi kh ng u xung quanh bong bng. Khong
30 n 50 cu.ft khng kh mi pht phi c cung cp cho mi inch ca chu vi vng
thi kh. Mng dy hn yu cu mt khi lng ln khng kh lm mt, c bit l
tc tuyn tnh cao. Tc khng kh ti ca kh l khong 6.000 10.000 ft./pht.
Lm mt bong bng c th c iu chnh bng cch thay i th tch khng
kh cung cp cho vng thi kh. Thit b lm lnh c th c s dng cung cp cho
lm mt b sung ti thng lng cao hn.
3.4 : B v m a v
Tuy nhin s lm mt khi bn ngoi ch thch hp cho mng mng v mng vn

cha c lm ngui hon ton vn cn vn cn mt s im kt tinh m cch lm
mt bn ngoi khng tc ng ti v ch cho nng sut mt gii hn nht nh.
V vy ngi ta ci tin bng cch lp t h thng lm mt bn trong tng
nng sut v gip loi b nhit d gip mng trong hn hn ch vic kt tinh
Trang 82
Hnh 3.41: B phn lm mt bn trong ca vng thi kh

T l sn lng c th thu c ln n 3,5 kg/h cm chu vi u die m khng
c bt k s bt n nh bong bng, bng cch s dng cc vng kh vng kp cng
vi mt IBC.
3.42: B v m a v
dng thi t b lm lnh bn trong

Vic thi gi lm mt ngoi vic phi iu chnh ng theo thng s k thut
tnh ton m cn b nh hng bi yu t thi tit bn ngoi. Thi tit kh, nng hay
thi tit lnh, mt u phi iu chnh gi lm mt cho thch hp. Vic iu chnh
ny c ph hp hay khng bng cch cn c vo ng lm ngui trn bong bng c
v tr theo yu cu hay khng.
Trang 83
3.2.6. Lng nh bong bng

Trong khi sn xut, n nh cu trc mng th bong bng lm ngui c th
t n cao 15m, ng knh khong 2m (ty theo rng mng c yu cu),
dy thnh ch vi chc m nn bong bng d dao ng khi chu tc ng ngang t bn
ngoi.
Khi bong bng b dao ng s dn n mng c dy khng ng u. Nn
n cn c n nh bn ngoi bng cch s dng lng n nh.
Lng n nh phi c kim tra thng xuyn m bo rng cc b phn
n nh khng gy khuyt tt cho mng.
Hnh 3.43: Lng nh bong bng

Lng c cu to t nhng vt liu nh thp trn dng rng b mt nhn hoc
c ph lp mng, hoc t g. Chng c kh nng ln qu trnh tip xc vi mng
s khng gy khuyt tt cho mng.
Trang 84
3.2.7. Khung p
Cu to gm bng phng cha cc trc dn hng lm bng ng kim loi trn
b mt nhn c th quay quanh trc, hoc c th lm bng cc m kh gip hn ch
khuyt tt cho mng, dn hng bong bng trc khi p thnh mng phng.
Hnh 3.44: Khung p bong bng vi cc thanh b
m kh
Cc bng kh s c p dn ti khung p cho n khi gp trc p, cc b phn

p kh c lp t p kh v iu chnh tc ko mng. Cc trc p gm hai con
ln, thng cu to bng thp v mt lp bc ngoi bng vt liu n hi nh cao su,
hn ch sai st trong qu trnh p mng.
Cc trc p thit k t ti pha trn u die, cao t nht l hai mt, trc
tip v ph hp vi khung p. Ch khi vng kh lm mt c lp t trn u die th
chiu cao ca trc p mi thay i ng k, trc p t cng cao th mng cng c
lm ngui. Tuy nhin trc p qu cao c th dn n bong bng bt n, c bit l khi
n polyme LLDPE.
Lc p gia hai trc nn dc theo chiu di ca n v ch va duy tr lc ko
tuyn tnh ca mng v p kh khng lt vo mng. Nu lc p qu cao dn n
Trang 85
vic hnh thnh cc np nhn. Mng nng cng dn n vic hnh thnh cc np nhn
trn mng
Cc chi tit ca trc ln phi lun gi trong tnh trng n nh v t ng tiu
chun. S mn hoc t lch cc v tr c th dn ti cc vn nh sau:
Gy nh du bn ngoi cc vt try xc hoc g trn cun.
S thot kh trong qu trnh p trn cun do s xp cht km. iu ny lm cho
ng knh bong bng khng n nh v nh li. Bt k s thot kh no s gy
tc hi n qu trnh p mng.
Hnh thnh cc np gp v vt nhn do s mi mn ca trc p.
Hnh thnh cc np gp v nhn do cc li v tr gia cc b phn khung p, u
die v trc p.
Hnh 3.45: Mt s thng s thi t k ca b phn khung p

Vi A l chu vi tam gic c hnh thnh (phn c t en), D l khong cch
t trc p ti phn di cng ca khun p. Thng s dng cho dng nha c ch s
MFI vo khong 0.935 g/cm3.
Trang 86
3.2.8. B phn ko p
3.46: S tr
Mt cp trc p (thit b ko ra) nm pha trn cng ca thp lm mt. Mc

ch l ko mng t u die. Ngoi ra, cc trc p ng vai tr cn khng kh cho
phn trn cng ca bong bng, v vy, t nht mt trong cc cun thng l c bc
cao su.
3.47:
Trang 87
Cun c nh l ng c iu khin thit lp tc dy chuyn. Tc dy

chuyn (tc trc p) iu khin chnh xc dy mng, ng knh bong bng, v
chiu cao ng lm ngui, bin ng ca tc ng c cn c gim thiu,
thng t hn 1% ton thang o.
Kch thc ca trc p v tt c cc trc cun cui dy chuyn xc nh chiu
rng kh mng ti a m h thng c kh nng sn xut. Chiu rng kh mng c lin
quan n ng knh bong bng bng phng trnh sau y:
BD = 2 LF/
BD: ng knh bong bng
LF: kh mng
Cc tm mng ra khi thp c th chuyn i trong dy chuyn, hoc n c th
c qun trn cun chuyn i sau . Trong cc h thng qun cc cun bao b, ton
b t hp trc ko thng nm trn bn xoay dao ng. Li ch ca h thng ko dao
ng l phn phi ng u dy nh (dy). Nu khng, sau khi qun to ra cun
c cc im cao v thp khng ng u.
3.48:
Trang 88
3.2.9.
Thi t b x l Corona (X l b in t b mt mng)
3.2.9.1. M
a x l b mt mng:
Thng thng, mng nha PE c tnh tr v b mt nhn vi sc cng b mt

thp lm cho chng khng lin kt vi keo dn, mc in, lp ph. V th cc loi mng
PE cn c x l lm tng sc cng b mt cho mng nhm ci thin bm dnh
mc, keo dn, lp ph khi in hoc khi cn.
B mt thm t l mt trong nhng yu t dnh cht vi mc v cht kt
dnh. Thm t tt, thng c th nhn thy khi mt cht lng lan trn mng nha, c
ngha l vt mc hoc keo c dng s khng b bn, v thng s lin kt khi kh.
Thm t km, c th nhn thy khi mt ht cht lng to thnh cc git khi c t
trn mt mng nha, thng c ngha l vt t s b bn v s khng lin kt khi kh.
Kh nng thm t b mt l vn v mc kt hp gia cc nha v cc
dung mi mc khc nhau. Kh nng thm t c o bng sc cng b mt ca c
hai cht rn v cht lng; khi sc cng b mt ca cht rn cao hn nhiu so vi cht
lng kt hp, sau ny s ly lan v t. Khi ngc li l trng hp, cht lng s
khng t nhng li thnh ht hoc git.
X l b mt PE l tc ng n s thay i ha hc trong b mt phn t
to s phn cc ln v tng sc cng b mt. Cc dung mi thng thng, khi tip xc
vi b mt c x l ca PE, s ly lan v thm t trong cng mt cch thc nh n
vi cc loi nha vi sc cng b mt tng ng. Polyethylene c x l s c sc
cng b mt cao ti 46 n v.
C kh nhiu phng php x l b mt mng nhng cch c s dng ph
bin rng ri nht hin nay l phng php dng tia la in hay cn gi l phng
php x l Corona hay phng php x l tnh in. Phng php ny ph bin v c
nhiu u im nh: chi ph thp, thit b khng chim dng nhiu khng gian, c
lp t trn dy chuyn x l trc tip mng lin tc, thi gian x l nhanh v n
gin.
Trang 89
3.49: Bi
Trang 90
3.2.9.2. P n p p Co on :
Hnh 3.50: Thi t b x l corona

Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc ca vic s dng trc ln dn in bng
kim loi ni t, vi v bc cch in nh mt in cc, khi mng i qua s c x
l trn n lm l ra mt b mt ca mng do s phng in t in cc tuyn tnh song
song c duy tr ti in p cao.
3.51. S
a.
Trang 91
S sp xp bn trong thit b x l Corona bao gm cc in cc trc ln ni

t (A) vi chi qut tip xc v mt vng (B) v v bc cch in (C) c kh nng
chu gradient in p cao. Trn v trc, song song vi trc ln l in cc tuyn tnh
(D), t thp hn, b mt bng phng, trong thit lp mt khe cha khng kh ng
u (E) vi b mt tip xc mng v in cc trc ln. in cc tuyn tnh c kt
ni vi mt ngun tn s cao, in cao th (F) thng qua mt dy dn c bit (G).
B mt kim loi phng ca in cc tuyn tnh v on in cc trc ln ni t
i din n l nhng tm kim loi ca t in (condenser). Khe khng kh ng u,
mng c x l, v lp bo v trc, hot ng nh bn in mi ca ba lp trong
cc t in v vi s la chn thch hp ca in p u ra khong cch khng kh c
th c duy tr trong trng thi phng xuyn qua lin tc (corona hoc phng in)
m khng vt qu bn in mi ca mng hoc lp bo v trc. M phng ny
iu khin, r r t in (mt lp ng vai tr nh mt dy dn).
C m p n p p x l Co on :
Thng c s dng vi mng b dy mng.
Trong x l c th lm gim c tnh vt l ca PE (to ra tnh dn, h thp tnh
cht quang hc, nhit hn dn, tnh chu va p, tnh khng x) v to kt
khi.
Tng tnh in trn b mt polyethylene.
Trong khi hot ng cho ra kh ozone, i hi phi c h thng thng gi tt.
Ph gia nh hng b mt x l:
Ph gia trt
Cc loi du bi trn
Cc tc nhn chng tnh in
Cc tc nhn chng kt khi hu c
Nha t trng thp c x l d dng so vi nha c t trng cao hn.
Mc x l l mt hm s ca tc v cng ca x l.
Vic s dng in p tng i cao vi cc in cc m l mt mi nguy him
tim tng.
nh hng ca in p v cng dng in ln mc x l:
Trang 92
Mc x l tng ng vi mc in p ti mt mc nht nh, vt

qua bm dnh gim nu in p tng.
Hiu qu ca vic tng cng dng in cao nht mc tng i
thp (1.0 2.0 amps).
nh hng ca khong cch v s lng in cc:
nh hng ca in p gim dn theo khong cch ngy cng tng gia
cc in cc v b mt polyethylene.
Kh nng in n khng tng t l tng ng vi s lng cc in cc.
bm dnh mc in tc thp hiu qu hn nhiu so vi tc cao.
nng cao hiu qu x l tc cao, dng cch khc nh cng dng in
cao hn hoc mt s x l sp xp song song l cn thit.
3.2.10. H thng ct bin, cun mng
H thng ny c lp t cui dy chuyn bao g hai b phn chnh:
Mt h thng dao dng ct bin tch hai lp mng v chia thnh cc cun
nh (ty theo yu cu kh mng)
H thng trc cun i xng hai bn lm nhim v cun mng.
3.51. B
.
Trang 93
Chng hot ng bng cch s dng m t dn cun trn b mt cun mng.

Cun dn v c bn a mng vo cun mng quay. Khi cun mng c ng knh
tng ln, cc trc ca cun mng di chuyn tch n khi trc dn, duy tr p lc trn b
mt. H thng ny c s dng ch yu cho cc cun cn cng trung v cao.
Bn cnh , h thng trc cun cn c mt vi chc nng khc nh chuyn i
t ng cun v x tnh. Mm my cun c mt c ch di chuyn mt cun mi
(li) vo v tr trong dy chuyn v di chuyn mt cun hon thnh ra ngoi. C th
bt u bng tay bng mt lnh iu khin hoc t ng da trn trng lng cun
hoc chiu di mng. My cun thng c trang b h thng x tnh x l tnh
in tch t trong cun mng thi.
3.2.11. My chia cun
Hnh 3.52: My chia cun

My chia cun t ngoi dy chuyn h tr cho h thng sn xut trong vic x
l li corona ca mng v x l mt s li k thut trong qu trnh sn xut.
Cc trng hp cn s h tr ca thit b chia cun:
Khch hng gi tr li sn phm khi corona ca mng cha t yu cu: corona
t on, corona khng x l hai bin, hin tng vng cun khi x l
corona.
Khch hng gi tr sn phm khi cun mng b nhn, kh mng khng ng
theo yu cu khch hng, so le bin
Qu trnh sn xut gp s c nn phn mng gia cun khng t yu cu,
cn phi x l li cun mng loi b phn mng gia khng t yu cu.
Chi nh cc cun c kh ln sng cc cun c kh nh hn.
Trang 94
3.3.
a thit b
Nh my c 3 dy chuyn sn xut chnh: My I sn xut mng mt lp, My II

v My III sn xut mng ba lp.
Bng 3.53:
h thng
sn xut mng 1 lp
My I
KWAT 1600/60- WINDSOR
Model
Thng s sn xut
Kh mng
mm
900 1500
dy mng LDPE
25-200
dy mng LLDPE ( 20-30% LDPE)
15-70
dy mng HMHDPE
10-50
LDPE
Kg/h
140-160
LLDPE ( 20-30% LDPE)
Kg/h
100-120
HDPE
Kg/h
120-140
Thng s
T l L/D
30:1
u n
mm
60
Cng sut ng c
kW
56
Cng sut gia nhit
kW
5.6
Lc y trc vt
KN
1350
Sc cha phu np liu
Lt
125
Cng sut 4 b gia nhit
kW
8.4
S lng bn gia nhit
4
u die
ng knh u die
mm
300
ng knh ming u die cho LDPE
mm
375
mm
375
mm
200
ng knh ming u die cho ( 20-30%

LDPE)
ng knh ming u die cho HMHDPE
S lng b gia nhit
Cng sut gia nhit
4
kW
20
Trang 95
H thng trc p
Chiu di trc
mm
1600
ng c
kW
5.6
Tc p
m/min
7-70
B ph n cun
Kch thc trc
mm
75 (ID) x 1.5(OD) x1600 (L)
ng c chnh
kW
0.75
ng c ph
kW
0.75
ng knh trc
mm
600
Tc cun
m/min
15 75 v 2.5-15
Tng h thng
Cng sut tng
kW
LWH
103
Bng 3.54:
h thng
10 6.5 9.5
3 lp
DUKE 1900 WINDSOR /55-60-55 NON IBC
Model
Thng s sn xut
Kh mng
mm
1000 1900
dy mng
20 150
LDPE
Kg/h
230 250
LLDE-LLDE-LLDE (20-30% LPDE)
Kg/h
220 240
Thng s
T l L/D
30:1
ng knh trc vt loi I
mm
55
ng knh trc vt loi II
mm
60
Cng sut ng c u n loi I
kW
30
Cng sut ng c u n loi II
kW
56
Cng sut gia nhit u n loi I
kW
3.55
Cng sut gia nhit u n loi II
kW
8.4
p lc y u n loi I
KN
1010
p lc y u n loi II
KN
1400
Trang 96
Gii hn thit b kim sot nhit
0-350
S lng khu gia nhit v lm mt
Nng sut ng c lm mt
kW
0.54
Sc cha phu np liu u n loi I
Lt
85
Sc cha phu np liu u n loi II
Lt
120
u die
ng knh rnh u die
mm
425
Cng sut gia nhit
kW
23.4
Vng thi kh
Loi
Vng kp
Cng sut ng c bm kh
kW
9.375
Gii hn ng knh bong bng
mm
650-1300
H thng trc p
Chiu di trc
mm
2000
ng c
kW
2.2
Tc p
m/min
7-70
B ph n cun
Chiu di trc
mm
1800
Chi tit ng li
mm
76(ID) x 95(OD) x 2000(L)
ng c chnh
kW
1.5
ng c ph
kW
1.5
ng knh trc
mm
800
m/min
7 70
kW
3.75
Tc cun
Cng sut may ht baiva
Tng h thng
Cng sut tng
kW
Bng 3.55:
203
a.
dy mng ti a
250m
Mc x l tt nht
42din
Cng dng in ti a
10A
Cng sut tiu th ti a
4000W
Trang 97
3.4.
ng lm ngui
Hnh 3.56: ng lm ngui ca bong bng

L ng phn chia ranh gii trng thi trong v c ca bong bng.ng lm
ngui cng bng phng th mng c dy v c tnh mng ng u.
ng lm ngui c hnh thnh cho mng ang trng thi v nh hnh
c c lm ngui nhanh v ko cng theo chiu dc lc ko mt phn gy
nn s nh hng ca mch polymer lm cho mng c c.
Mng HDPE c ng lm ngui cao hn LDPE, LLDPE, v nhit gia cng
cao hn, nn thi gian lm ngui lu, qu trnh chuyn trng thi chm lm cho
chiu cao ng lm ngui ln.
3.5.
3.5.1.
Cc s c trong qu trnh sn xut v cch x l, khc phc:

Mng b dnh vo trc p phng:
Hnh 3.57: Mng thi sau khi d
x l s c
Trang 98
i vi mng khi cha c lm ngui hon ton, dng cha ph gia chng
dnh, lc trc p qu ln th c th xy ra s c mng b dnh vo trc p. Nh th
lm mng b nhn, nng th gy h hng cho h thng cun p, cun
Cch x l:
Dng my ngay lp tc khi pht hin s c, tho phn mng dnh trn trc, c
th v sinh v qun bng keo trong li quanh trc.Xem xt li n pha ch vi
hm lng ca cc ph gia, iu chnh tc , lc cng trc p.
3.5.2.
Mng xut hin ht:

Trong qu trnh sn xut, cc cng nhn c kinh nghim s thng xuyn kim
tra cun mng v c th pht hin c s xut hin ca cc ht lm cho b mt mng

khng c trn lng.
Cch x l:
Cn ln k hoch thay li lc: nu nghim trng th cn phi dng ngay my
v thay li lc, nu khng th dng my sau khi hon thnh xong 1 loi sn
phm.
Ch : sau khi thay li lc cn ch v sinh b phn thi mng.
3.5.3.
Li cun b li:
Khi lng li vo trc cun, mun cho l i c c nh th phi bm kh vo
trc cun lm cc thanh ngm ni ln gip gi cht l i. i vi loi li lm bng giy

carton th d b h nh b m lm mm gim c tnhdn n khi cun mng, li chu
ti trng ngy cng ln s b bin dng, khng ly li ra khi trc, cn tr vic ly sn
phm.
Cch x l:
X kh nn ti a kt hp dng lc ly cun mng ra khi trc.
Cn kim tra l i trc khi s dng, nn dng cc l i c qui cch ng, bo qun
li ni kh ro.
3.5.4.
Cc tm i chng cn trng b qun vo trc cun:

Trong qu trnh sn xut, do khng cn thn, cc tc nhn bn ngoi lm mng
qun vo trc cun.

Cch x l:
Ngng hot ng ca my v g phn li ra khi trc cun, tip thc ko li mng
Trang 99
3.5.5.
Cc v v
iai n thi:
Bong bng khng n nh c th dn n dy khng u hnh dng ca cc

bong bng thay i theo thi gian dn n dy ca mng b thay i. Trong mt s
trng hp, nng ng lm ngui, tng tc thi khng kh hay gim nhit
khng kh c th khc phc tnh trng ny.
Ngoi ra, ta c th iu chnh vng kh n gn bong bng, gim t l lm mt
hay tng thng lng dng chy polymer cng c th gii quyt vn ny. Bong
bng khng n nh thng ri vo nhng trng hp sau:
Hnh 5.58: By loi hnh dng bong bng

"Bong bng gn sng" xut hin khi c s bin ng lin tc ng knh bong
bng. Hin tng ny xut hin khi hn hp chy c ko di qu nhanh (v
d, t l a ln kh ln). Gii php gim t l a ln l tng thng lng
dng chy polymer.
"Bong bng xon c b t n nh" xy ra khi bong bng xoay xung quanh khi n
ra khi vng khng kh. iu ny thng do ng lm ngui qu thp v
khng cho php khng kh xung quanh lm mt bong bng. Cn phi iu chnh
tng ng lm ngui hay tng thng lng.
Trang 100
" ng lm ngu i
o ng" c xem nh l chuyn ng ln xung ca
im u tin bong bng t n ng knh ti a ca n. N c th bt ngun

t nhiu nguyn nhn, chng hn nh thay i p lc u ra my n (x nha)
hay thay i iu kin mi trng xung quanh bong bng (v d nh gi thi).
X nha c th c n nh bng cch ci thin vic cp liu nguyn liu rn
v hn hp chy.
"Bong bng vng xu ng" c coi l bong bng m rng vi ng knh ti a
ca n trong mt chiu cao rt ngn. l do qu trnh lm mt khng y
v vic gim ng lm ngui.
" on bn b " thng xut hin ti ming u die khi tc ko di trn
mng l qu cao. Khi mng c ht qu nhanh hoc ngui qu nhanh, bong
bng c th b rch. Cc gii php kh thi bao gm tng nhit ming u die
gim nht dng polymer v gim p sut kh thi.
" on bn on " thng xy ra khi chiu cao ca ng lm ngui thp,
lm cho y ca bong bng dao ng. Cc gii php nh nng cao ng lm
ngui, gim tc qut gi.
"Bong bng php phng" xy ra khi khng kh bn trong bong bng tng v
gim theo chu k. iu ny ch yu l do h thng lm mt bong bng bn
trong (IBC) c vn . Cc gii php nh: kim tra cc van IBC, my thi, v
cm bin.
Trang 101
CHNG 4: NH GI SN PHM
4.1.
4.1.1.
Cc tiu chu
t mng PE:
Tnh cht quang hc:
4.1.1.1. c:
c l thc o lng nh sng b tn x khi n gp mng phim, c th hiu
l s gim tng phn ca mng phim. Nguyn nhn l do cc chm tia sng truyn
thng b phn tn vi cc gc tng i ln so vi chm tia ti, do nhng im khuyt
tt nh trong mng vi kch thc nh hn bc sng nh sng (<0,5m).
c c xc nh l phn trm tia sng truyn qua b phn tn bi mng c
gc ln hn 2,5 so vi chm tia ti bnh thng v c o bng cch s dng mt
qu cu hazemeter quay quanh trc, da theo tiu chun do ASTM D1003. Trong cc
loi mng dng lm bao b th cc thng s v c thng thp. Ngoi ra lng tia
tn x gc rng (c th gy ra s m khi in n bao b) cng cn c hn ch.
4.1.1.2. bng:
bng l thc o ca s phn chiu nh sng t b mt mng v vy m n
ph thuc vo mn v phng ca b mt mng. i vi mt mng hon ton trn
lng cc tia sng s c phn chiu ngay ti b mt v b mt mu s rt bng. Tn
x t bt k b mt khng u no cng s gy m hnh nh phn nh v s dn n
vic gim bng.
bng c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D2457, s dng mt ngun sng
chiu vo b mt mu vi gc ti 45 , bng c o bng lng tia sng phn x
ra khi mng.
4.1.1.3. trong:
trong th hin lng nh sng i qua mng m khng b phn tn, tc
truyn sut ca nh sng, c xc nh theo tiu chun ASTM D1746. trong km
l do nh sng b phn tn vi cc gc tng i nh vi cc tia truyn qua. Tn x vi
gc nh xy ra ch yu t cc b mt hoc ti cc im khuyt tt ni nh v cam hay
ht vi kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi bc sng nh sng (>0,5 m).
i vi cc loi bao b dng bc ngoi v cn thy c sn phm bn trong
th cn c trong cao.
Trang 102
Bng 4.1: Tm tt cc
ng ca vi
a i iu kin gia cng ti tnh cht
quang hc ca mng phim.

T
n tnh cht quang
u kin gia cng

LDPE
Nhit chy cao
ng lm ngui
cao
thi phng
ao
dy mng mng
4.1.2.
ko)
LLDPE hay mLLDPE
Gim khuyt tt, quang tnh tng
Gim khuyt tt, quang tnh tng
Khuyt tt gim nhng c do kt tinh tng
c do kt tinh tng, quang tnh

km
Quang tnh tng khi ng lm ngui thp v Quang tnh km nu ng lm

nhit chy thp, nhng s gim dn
ngui khng i
Quang tnh km nhng c do kt tinh gim
Quang tnh tng
Khuyt tt gim v quang tnh tng
Quang tnh tng
Tnh ch
4.1.2.1. bn v p:
y l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca mng PE trong nhiu ng
dng c kh nng chu c lc tc dng theo phng vung gc vi mng. Phng
php hay dng nht o bn va p l ASTM D1709. C th, mt mu mng trn
ng knh 5 inch c kp vo , dng thanh kim loi th ri t 1 cao quy nh
vo mu. Ngoi ra cn c cc th nghim o bn va p khc nh ASTM D4272,
ASTM 3420.
Hnh 4.2: Thi t b
va p
Trang 103
bn va p ph thuc vo s nh hng, trng lng phn t v loi PE

c s dng. S gia tng tc ng tnh nh hng theo chiu ra ca sn phm (cho
tc ng khc khi sao snh vi chiu ngang) s dn n kh nng cao gy ra li do
nn. Trng lng phn t v ch s MFI thp l quan trng i vi kh nng chu nn
cao ca mng. Tuy nhin, nha metallocene mang li mt bn nn vt xa cc loi
khc cng trng lng phn t v MFI.
Phn ra c th c bn nn thp hn ng k so vi phn trong ca mng t
40 80% ty thuc vo tnh cht ring ca nha PE v cc iu kin gia cng c s
dng. Trng lng phn t cao, MFI cao, mng dn s dn ti phn ra yu.
4.1.2.2. bn x:
bn x, hay ng hn l kh nng hn s ch pht trin vt nt, l mt trong
nhng tnh cht quan trng ca mng. bn x c o bng mt thit b c dao
ng dng qu lc trong phng php Elmendorf (ASTM D1922) c 2 chiu ca
mng. Th nghim ny o mc nng lng cn m rng vt nt t mt khe nh trn
mu. Cc th nghim khc cng c th o c kh nng pht trin vt nt (ASTM
D1922) v o kh nng hnh thnh vt nt (ASTM D1004).
Hnh 4.3: Thi t b bn x

Mng sn xut km c th d dng b rch ra ngoi mun khi xut hin mt l
hay vt rch. i vi cc bao ti cha vt nng th cn thm tnh chng thng, hoc
kh nng chu c s tc ng khi cha cc vt nhn.
bn x gim khi tng trng lng phn t ca polymer nhng khng b nh
hng khi thay i ch s MFI.
Trang 104
4.1.2.3. bn ko:
Hnh 4.4: Thi t b
n ko
bn ko ti im t l thng s thng thy ca mng PE, em li mt

lng thng tin nhm nh gi kh nng p ng cho hu ht cc ng dng. gin
di ti im t c s nh hng tng t nh bn x. Trc im gin di ti hn,
gin di c th hi phc tuy nhin nu vt qua im ny, mng s b ko di vnh
vin. bn ko thng lin quan n trng lng phn t. Do , HDPE s c
bn ko cao nht. i vi mng LDPE/LLDPE mng, mt lng nh HDPE c
thm vo nhm ci thin bn. ng cong ng sut/bin dng c th dung cp mt
lng ln thng tin v mng mng phim. Bn cnh vic a ra cc thng s gi tr ca
bn ko, gin di khi t v module ko (thc o cng) th din tch ng
cong ng sut cng l 1 thng s nh gi nng lng cn thit ph v mng do
nh hng n bn ca mng.
4.1.2.4. dn di:
dn di th hin kh nng dn di ca mng trc khi b ph v hoc chy
do. Mng dn di ng k trc khi t im ph hy c gi l vt liu d un cn
mng b ph v ch sau mt lc ko nh c gi l vt liu dn. dn di thng
c o bng t l phn trm v tnh bng cch chia s dn di ca mu im ph
hy (hoc im tht) vi chiu di mu ban u v nhn vi 100 (theo tiu chun
ASTM D882).
Tng t bn ko, dn di ph thuc rt nhiu vo loi nguyn liu, iu
kin qu trnh sn xut, iu kin thc hin th nghim o bn ko.
Trang 105
Bng 4.5: Tm tt cc
T u
kin gia cng
ng ca
ia
LDPE v LLDPE
bn ko
a p
a mng

bn x
(LDPE,LLDPE)
bn x
(mLLDPE)
T l thi
Gim theo chiu dc

Tng t theo chiu
ngang
Tng, c bit
vi ng lm
ngui cao
Tng hoc ko i theo

chiu dc
Gim theo chiu ngang
Gim
Nhi chy
C xu hng gim
Tng
Gim
Tng
Khong cch
ng lm
ngui
t tc ng
Thay i
Tng theo chiu dc

Gim theo chiu ngang
t tc ng
Tng nh theo chiu

dc
Tng r rt
Gim theo c 2 hng
Tng theo
chiu dc
Khe Die
t nh hng
Gim
t nh hng
t tc ng
Hnh dng
cung bong
bng
Gim theo chiu dc

Tng theo chiu
ngang
Tng
Gim theo chiu ngang
Cha xc
nh
dy mng
t tc ng
Tng
Tng theo chiu dc

Gim theo chiu ngang
Gim
4.2.
4.2.1.
Cc li sn phm
u:
Trong cc li th b dy mng khng ng u l li nghim trng nht. Khi

xy ra li ny th cn phi kim tra, sa cha li thit b, to lng ph phm ln, gy
ra cc li cun mng nh nhn, gn sng. Nguyn nhn c th l do qu trnh ko
mng khi nh hng theo chiu MD, lng nha cung cp khi thi khng u do tc
chy khng u, bong bng khng n nh (vi cc dng bong bng c trnh
by phn qui trnh thi mng).
4.2.2.
Mng b sc
B mt mng xut hin cc ng sc dc theo thiu di mng. Nguyn nhn
c th l do tp cht trong qu trnh thi mng (li lc khng c v sinh, tp cht

u die), khi qun cun to ra vt xc
Trang 106
Hnh 4.6: Mng b sc
Hnh 4.7: V i
4.2.3.
i lc
Mng b mt c
Mng b mt c l trong mng tn ti cc dng ht nh cng. Chng nh hng
n tnh thm m v l cc im tp trung ng sut. Nguyn nhn c th do nguyn

liu u vo hoc c to ra trong qu trnh n bi nhit qu cao hoc s ng
dng nha chy.
Trang 107
Hnh 4.8: Mng b mt c

Mng b mt c xut hin khi nha b chy trong qu trnh n do hin tng
qu nhit u die, thi gian n qu lu, nha b dnh trn trc vit hay u die. Bin
php khc phc l iu chnh, kim sot nhit cc khoang nhit, dng cc ph gia
nh cht tr gia cng gip bi trn, chng nha bm dnh vo u die.
4.2.4.
Mng b vy c
Mng b vy c l 1 li b mt khi mng xut hin nhiu ng ln sng.
Nguyn nhn l do do ng sut trt qu ln khi hn hp nha nng chy i qua u

die.
Hnh 4.9: Mng b vy c

Trang 108
LLDPE c ch s MFI thp vi khong phn b trng lng phn t hp d lm

cho khim khuyt ny d quan st hn ti tc n thp so vi LDPE. Hin tng
ny cn c gi l nt chy b mt. Li ny pht sinh do s giao nhau ca cc dng
chy sinh ra s thay i dng nha ti thnh v khe ca u Die i vi ng sut ct
ti hn. iu ny dn n b mt b ni vy lm cho quang tnh km v c th nh
hng n c tnh ca mng. Nt chy b mt chu nh hng bi tc n, nhit
gia cng v khong cch khe Die.
Cch khc phc l gim tc trt ca ming Die (tng khong cch u ai)
v tng nhit chy nht. Cht tr gia cng c a vo n pha ch ca mng
nhm ngn chn hnh thnh li ny v ni rng tc n ln ti a. Cc cht tr gia
cng ny to ra mt lp ph ln b mt, iu chnh li dng nha.
4.2.5.
Mng b v cam
V cam l mt li b mt nh hng n trong sut ca mng PE, tng t
nh li da c ngoi tr vic n b ko di theo chiu ra ca mng v c b mt th hn.

Li hnh thnh do cc t gy b mt do b p vo 1 ng sut lm cho cc lp b mt
chy b n y khi ra khi u Die.
Hnh 4.10: Mng b v cam
Trang 109
Li ny cng nghim trng khi gia tng ca tc n hoc gim nhit . nh

hng ca li s c hn ch khi tng chiu cao ng lm ngui, v lm vy nha
chy c thi gian hi phc di hn cng nh cc b mt g gh c thi gian mn ra.
Tc ko cao cng vi t l thi phng cao cng gip b mt c xu hng mn ra.
4.2.6.
Mng b ht
Mng b ht l do tnh khng ng nht ca dng nha chy bao gm cc khi
vt liu ri rc c trng lng phn t cao hn so vi phn cn li ca mng, dn n

vic tri ra khi b mt. iu kin n c cht nh hng n li ny mc d mt s
ci tin nhm ci thin s ng nht trong my n, v d: tng tr lc n
Hnh 4.11: Mng b ht

4.2.7.
Mng b vng sau khi x l corona

i vi cc loi mng c x l corona th thng xut hin hin tng mng
chuyn sang mu vng. Nguyn nhn l do bn cht ca vic x l corona l lm t

gy mch phn t gip cho vic in n d dng hn tuy nhin khi bo qun khng tt
mng s b oxy ho v chuyn vng. hn ch vic ny th cc cun sau khi c
qun v chia cun c bao gi ng qui nh nhm hn ch tip xc vi khng kh,
hi m
Trang 110
Hnh 4.12: Mng c x l corona b v

4.2.8.
Cun b n
n sng khi qun
Mng sau khi cun c th xut hin hin tng cun b nhn, nguyn nhn l do
b dy mng khng ng u.
B dy mng khng u c th l do li lc v sinh khng tt, li u ai,
bong bng c s n nh km do dng kh trong bong bng qu mnh, mng b dnh
vo trc dn do cha lm ngui hoc lc trc dn, cun qu ln
Cch khc phc l v sinh li lc thng xuyn hoc khi pht hin li, kim
tra u ai, iu chnh sc cng ca cc trc dn hp l
Hnh 4.13: Cun mng b

Trang 111
4.2.9.
Cu m
Trong qu trnh sn xut th cun mng khng u c th l do sc cng ca

trc dn cha lm mng khng c cun cht, ng knh bong bng gim do
lng kh cung cp trong qu trnh thi khng lm gim chiu rng ca mng (nu
khng s dng ct bin). Trong qu trnh cun v chia mng c th l do s sut khi
khng iu chnh mt thn.
4.2.10. Cc lp mng x
a i
ng Blocking
Hin tng blocking l hin tng cc lp mng b dnh li vi nhau. Nguyn

nhn l do do cc phn t polymer trng lng thp thot ln b mt mng ngay lp
tc sau khi n. Khi mng c lm phng trn h thng trc p, b qun cht vo
cun hay chu bt k ng sut no th nhng phn t trng lng thp 2 mt s lin
kt vi nhau v lm 2 mng dnh li, kh tch ri khi to mng n
Cch hn ch l m bo mng c lm ngui tt trnh vic mng cha ngui
khi i qua cc trc cun, iu chnh p sut trc p ph hp trnh qu cao, iu
chnh sc cng ti b phn cun, thm ph gia chng dnh vi t l thch hp, ngoi ra
cng cn c ph gia chng tnh in
Trang 112
CHNG 5:
N TO N
O NG PHNG CHY
CHA CHY
5.1.
lao ng
Ni quy an ton lao ng trong phn xng:

Khi tuyn dng hp ng lao ng hoc thu cng nhn lm vic, n v qun
l lao ng phi hun luyn v k thut an ton, bin php an ton cho ngi
lao ng c lin quan n tng cng vic, ngnh ngh ca ngi lao ng trc
khi phn cng lm vic.
Trc khi t chc thi cng sa cha, bo dng, lp t d ln hay nh u
phi c phng n an ton lao ng, phng n phi c cp qun l trc tip
duyt v phi c ph bin n ngi lao ng tham gia trc tip sn xut.
Cng nhn vin c trang b bo h lao ng v cc dng c trong thi gian
lm vic. Cc trng n v, t trng t sn xut phi t chc kim tra cc
dng c ca ngi lao ng trc khi phn cng lm vic. Nu khng mang
dng c an ton, tuyt i khng c phn cng lm vic trn cao khi c ma,
ging bo, sm st. Trng hp c bit phi c s ng ca Gim c.
Trong thi gian lm vic CB CNV khng c i li ni khng thuc phm
vi ca mnh.
Khi c s c hoc nghi ng thit b c s c c th xy ra th CB CNV phi
bo ngay cho Trng ca x l.
Nu khng c phn cng th CB CNV khng c t s dng v sa
cha thit b.
Khi cha c hun luyn v quy tc an ton v vn hnh thit b th khng
c s dng hoc sa cha thit b.
Cc sn phm, hng ha vt t, thnh phm ng gi, cch tng 0.5 mt,
cch xa ca thot nn, cu dao in, phng tin cha chy, t thuc cp cu.
Khi sa cha my phi ngt cng tc in v c t bin bo mi c sa
cha.
Trang 113
Khi chun b vn hnh my hoc sau khi sa cha xong phi kim tra li dng
c, chi tit c nm trn my khng v khng c ngi ng trong vng nguy
him mi cho my vn hnh.
Trong kho phi sp xp ngn np gn gng, khng dng c, dy in, vt t,
trang thit b gy tr ngi i li.
Trong qu trnh thi cng nu pht hin c nguy c, s c nguy him, khng an
ton th phi ngng ngay x l. Khi no iu kin m bo an ton cho
ngi v thit b mi tip tc cho thi cng.
Khi xy ra s c tai nn lao ng, nhng ngi c mt ti hin trng phi:
Tt cng tc in cho ngng my.
Khn trng s cu nn nhn, bo co ngay cho nhn vin ph trch An
ton v Y t ca Cng ty.
Tham gia bo v hin trng ngi c trch nhim x l.
CB CNV c ngha v bo co cho i din lnh o An ton v Sc
khe v s c tai nn lao ng, v vic vi phm nguyn tc an ton lao
ng xy ra ti Cng ty.
5.2.
Phng chy ch a chy (PCCC)

PCCC l ngha v ca ton th CB CNV k c khch hng n lm vic ti
cng ty. m bo an ton ti sn, tnh mng ca CB CNV trong cng ty, cng ty
nghim cm:
Cm s dng la, ci un nu, ht thuc trong kho, ni sn xut v ni cm
la.
Cm cu mc, s dng in ty .
Cm dng dy in cm trc tip vo cm.
Cm dng dy ng, dy bc thay cu ch.
Cm cc cht d chy gn cu ch, tp l in v ng dy dn in.
Cm dng kho m np phuy xng bng thp.
Khi ht gi lm vic, cc Phng phi kim tra tt ht cc thit b in trc khi
ra v v bo v kim tra 2 ln giao ca s sch.
Trang 114
Sp xp vt t, hng ha trong kho phi gn gng, sch s. Xp ring tng loi

c khong cch ngn chy (0.5 mt cch tng) tin vic kim tra hng v
cha chy khi cn thit.
Khi xut hng, xe khng c m my trong kho, ni sn xut v khng c
ht thuc l, khi xe u phi hng u xe ra ngoi.
Khng cc chng ngi vt trn li i li.
Khi xy ra ho hon cn thc hin cc vic sau:
Phi bo ng gp cho mi ngi (h thng PCCC t ng).
Cp cu dao in ni xy ra chy.
Dng bnh CO2, bt nc, my bm, vi rng cu ha dp tt m
chy.
Gi in cho i Cnh st PCCC gn nht.
B tr thit b PCCC trong nh my: Nh my c b tr cc bnh cha chy ti
cc v tr nh kho nguyn liu, my in, gn ni x l corona ca 3 my n thi.
Hnh 5.1: Bnh cha
c b tr trong nh my
Trang 115
CHNG 6: KIN NG GP
-
Cn quy hoch li cc khu nguyn liu sn xut, li cun.
Cc v bao nguyn liu dng ri cn tp trung vo 1 ni, trnh chng

cht ln dy in, thit b
Lng hng ph mi ngy kh ln, cn cn thn kim tra trong qu trnh sn

xut c th hn ch cc li c bn.
Nn tn dng ngun ph liu nh a vo sn xut a dng sn phm,

phn tng sn phm theo yu cu tnh cht sn phm.
Cn ch vic bao gi, bo qun cun mng hn ch mng b xung cp do

cc yu t mi trng.
Trang 116
TI LIU THAM KHO

-
Kirk Cantor, Blown Film Extrusion, 2nd Edition, Hanser Publishers, Munich
Film extrusion and conversion 3, technical guide.
Cc ti liu tham kho trn mng khc
Trang 117

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA THNH PH H CH MINH

KHOA CNG NGH VT LIU

Nguyn Trng Tnh

Nguyn Hong Trinh

TP.HCM ngy 10 thng 08 nm 2015

Tp HCM, ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2015

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

Tp HCM, ngy 17 thng 8 nm 2015

Nhim v phng ban c nhn ..................................................................................... 9

Sn phm chnh ................................................................................................................... 12

Mng cao phn t ........................................................................................................ 13

Mng co LDPE ............................................................................................................. 14

Mng ph cng nghip ................................................................................................ 15

NGUYN LIU ................................................................................16

Polyethylene t trng thp (LDPE) ................................................................................... 19

Tng quan ..................................................................................................................... 19

LDPE s dng trong nh my ..................................................................................... 21

Polyethylene t trng cao (HDPE) ..................................................................................... 25

Tng quan ..................................................................................................................... 25

c s dng trong nh my ........................................................................... 26

Polymer mch thng t trng thp (LLDPE) ................................................................... 26

Tng quan ..................................................................................................................... 26

LLDPE s dng trong nh my .................................................................................. 29

dai (Reforcement) .............................................................................. 51

QUY TRNH CNG NGH - THIT B ......................................53

Cc thit b sn xut chnh ................................................................................................. 55

Lng nh bong bng .............................................................................................. 84

Thi t b x l Corona (X l b in t b mt mng) ............................................... 89

H thng ct bin, cun mng ..................................................................................... 93

My chia cun .............................................................................................................. 94

Cc s c trong qu trnh sn xut v cch x l, khc phc:........................................ 98

Mng b dnh vo trc p phng:................................................................................. 98

Mng xut hin ht: ..................................................................................................... 99

Li cun b li: ............................................................................................................. 99

Cc tm i chng cn trng b qun vo trc cun: ............................................... 99

iai n thi: ......................................................... 100

t mng PE: ................................................................. 102

Tnh cht quang hc: ................................................................................................. 102

Tnh ch ............................................................................................................ 103

Cc li sn phm ............................................................................................................... 106

Mng b sc................................................................................................................. 106

Mng b mt c ........................................................................................................... 107

Mng b vy c............................................................................................................ 108

Mng b v cam .......................................................................................................... 109

Mng b ht................................................................................................................. 110

Mng b vng sau khi x l corona ........................................................................... 110

n sng khi qun ...................................................................... 111

O NG PHNG CHY CHA CHY........113

lao ng................................................................................................................ 113

PCCC ........................................................................................ 114

TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................................................117

Trong bi cnh kinh t pht trin mnh

1.3.2. Nhim v phng ban c nhn

xut cc trng hp thng pht hp l.

B phn qun l sn xut:

Kim tra quy cch sn phm: b dy, b rng v chiu di mng.

Phng Kinh doanh:

Lp k hoch xut hng cho khch.