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Physics Ebook
Physics Ebook
1. MOTION IN A CIRCLE
= 2 or =
1.1 Radians
Example:
Example:
Solution:
2
= 0.72
Find the angular velocity
=
0.729.81
0.35
Page 1 of 32
= 2
Question 1:
3.2 107
Use centripetal force equation, = 2
= 6.0 1024 (1.96 107 )2 1.5 1011
= 3.46 1022 N
Part (b):
= 2
= 2
= =
2
=
3.46 1022 = 2
Geostationary orbit:
o Equatorial orbit
Substitute values into the expression
11
24
o Period is 24hrs; same angular speed as Earth
6.67 10
6.0 10
3.46 1022 =
o From West to East; same direction of rotation as Earth
(1.5 1011 )2
30
= 1.95 10
Page 2 of 32
Question 1:
= 2
Using angular velocity, substitute =
= 2 2
2
Substituting =
4 2
= 2 3
2
=0
2
2.8 Weightless
An astronaut is in a satellite orbiting the Earth, reports
that he is weightless, despite being in the Earths
gravitational field. This sensation is because
Gravitational force provides the centripetal force: the
gravitational force is equal to the centripetal force
2
=
2
3. IDEAL GASES
3.1 The Avogadro Constant
Part (b):
= (
)
(
)
= (
+
)
Substitute values
= 6.67 1011 6.0
650
650
1024 (
)
6.4 106 4.2 107
10
= 3.45 10 J
Ideal gas: a gas which obeys the ideal gas equation for all
values of , and
=
where = amount of substance (no. of moles)
Conditions for equation to be valid:
o fixed amount of gas
o ideal gas
1
Boyles Law: hence = constant
=
1
2
L
Consider a cube of space with length and a
particle moving with velocity
Cx
When particle collides with wall, velocity
is reversed and change in momentum is
= ( ()) = 2
Distance moved by particle is = + = 2
Using speed-distance formula, time between collisions is
2
=
2 2
= = 2 = 3 =
Rearrange to = 2
1
Considering particles in 3D (hence the ) with average
3
speed < >,
1
1
= 3 < >2 or = 3 < >2
Avogadros constant, =
3 1
= < >2
2 2
Boltzmanns constant, =
3
=
2
{S11-P41}
Question 2:
4. TEMPERATURE
Melting
Boiling
Throughout substance
Fixed temp./pressure
Increases
Increases
slightly
significantly
Constant during process
Evaporation
On surface
All temps.
Spacing &
P.E.
Remaining
Temp. &
liquid
cools
K.E.
Melting & boiling occurs without change in temp.:
o Temp. is a measure of random K.E. of the particles
o At phase transition all energy used to break bonds
o No change in K.E. occurs so temp. does NOT change
Cooling effect of evaporation:
o Particles which escape are those with higher velocity
so average KE of remaining substance decreases
o Temp. = average KE overall temperature decreases
Disadvantages
Advantages
Thermistor
Thermocouple
Readings can be taken remotely
Very robust
Faster response
Fast response
Wider range
Accurate
Small thermal capacity
Sensitive at low temps. Physically small
readings taken at point
Power supply not need
Non-linear variation with temperature
Narrower range
For accurate reading, a
high resistance
Slower response time
voltmeter required
than thermocouple
Larger thermal capacity
Larger in size
Not suitable to measure
varying temp.
Regular lattice
Attraction
Strong
Motion
Liquid
More
disordered
than solid
Less than
solid
Gas
Completely
disordered
Negligible
Brownian
Vibrate about Translational
move at high
fixed point
motion
speeds
Quantities required:
o Accurate measurement of mass
o Temperature at time intervals
o Voltage and current supplied
= ( )
Page 5 of 32
/ =
Quantities required:
o Mass at time intervals
o Voltage and current supplied
Beaker containing water heated
to 100oC and maintained
Mass readings taken at regular
time intervals
Plot graph of mass against
time
Solution:
{S03-P04}
Question 2:
Question 6:
Page 6 of 32
i)
ii)
iii)
Solution:
Question 2:
6. OSCILLATIONS
6.1 Describing Oscillations
= 2
Acceleration:
= 2
= 2 (0 sin )
Page 7 of 32
= 2 (0 cos )
{W08-P04}
Question 3:
Kinetic Energy:
1
= (02 2 )
= 2 2
1
= 2 (02 2 )
2
Total Energy:
At = 0, is max and = to total energy
1
= 2 (02 (0)2 )
2
1
= 2 02
2
Potential Energy:
= + so =
1
1
= 2 02 2 (02 2 )
2
2
1
= 2 2
2
Graphs:
11 8 = 3 mm
11 mm
6.6 Damping
Tall buildings
Car suspension
Oscillation
Car oscillates due to
spring like connection
to wheels
During earthquakes
Damping
Critical damping
needed to stop
oscillation as quickly as
possible to avoid
motion sickness
hydraulic in nature
Large weight hung at
the top of the building
to supply a counter
oscillation
7. ELECTRIC FIELDS
Page 9 of 32
{S06-P04}
Question 2:
=
4 2
=
4 2
Substitute information given
1
2 106 =
4 0.352
= 2.7 105C
=
4 2
=
4
The potential difference between two points A and B
from an isolated charge is defined as work done in
taking a unit positive charge from B to A
1 1
( )
40
is equal to the gain in electrical potential energy if Q
is positive and loss if Q is negative
In general,
If +ve charge moved in direction of electric field, its
electric potential energy will decrease
If -ve charge moved in direction of electric field, its
electric potential energy will increase
If charge accelerated in the field, its electrical potential
1
energy will be converted to kinetic = 2 2
=
Part (a):
Solution:
Part (b):
=
4
Substitute information given
1
2.6 105
=
4
0.35
= 7.0 105 V
Page 10 of 32
= 1 + 2 + 3
Hence,
= 1 + 2 + 3
8. CAPACITANCE
8.1 Capacitors
1
1
1
= + +
1 2 3
Hence,
1
1
1
1
= + +
1 2 3
Page 11 of 32
=
4
= =
= 4
4
{W09-P42}
Question 4:
9. MAGNETIC FIELDS
9.1 Concept of Magnetic Field
Solution:
Part (a):
Part (b):
9.3 Electromagnetism
Strength of magnetic field can be increased by:
Increasing the current
Increasing number of turns per unit length of solenoid
Using soft-iron core within solenoid
Right Hand Grip Rule:
Page 12 of 32
force
Question 5:
Small weights =
Force due to current =
Assuming forces act at same distance from pivot, so no
need to take moments, equate forces
=
and
= ( )
and
=
If particle moving at an angle to the magnetic field, the
component of velocity to magnetic field is sin
Solution:
Part (a):
Part (b):
Page 14 of 32
()
so =
=
=
2
=(
).
2 2
2
Hence, therefore parabolic (projectile) motion
Gain in -component of velocity increases
9.16 Crossed-Fields
1
Determination of :
= 2 2
1
2
= (
)
2
2
= 2 2
Page 15 of 32
Gravitational
Electric
Magnetic
Force always
Forces is attractive or repulsive
attractive
Force directly
Force directly
Force directly
proportional to
proportional to
proportional to
the mass
the charge
the current
Force inversely proportional to square of the distance
Force
independent of
Force depends on the medium
the medium
Force is weak
Force is strong
Force is in
Force is parallel Force is perp. to
direction of field
to the field
the field
Force directly
Force independent of state of
proportional to
motion of the body
velocity of body
{W09-P04}
Question 8:
{S11-P42}
Question 5:
Question 6:
Part (a):
= 02
= 02
=
Using force calculated previously, and information from
question
0.075 = 170 103 4.5 102
= 9.80 T
Value calculated is for 140 turns so dividing by it
9.80
= 0.0700 T = 70 mT
140
Part (d):
= 0.0882 V
=
2 2 2
{S10-P42}
Question 7:
Part (a):
=
Part (c):
0
2
220
2
= 156 V
Page 17 of 32
For one half of the time, the voltage is 0, this means that
the power available from a half-wave rectified supply is
reduced.
Transformer relationships:
=
=
=
(or simply use ratios)
Page 18 of 32
u.v.
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
11.10 Smoothing
Output
zinc plate
gold leaf
Time
zinc plate
gold leaf
Page 19 of 32
= 0 +
where 0 is the work function of the metal
Thus, the energy of the absorbed photon is partly used
to release the electron from the metal and partly to give
it a kinetic energy
1
2
= 0 +
2
where 0 is the threshold frequency
= =
where is Planks constant, is the mass and is the
velocity of the particle. is the de Brogile wavelength
Diffraction of Electrons:
electron energy
many
energy
levels
forbidden
gaps
energy
bands
Page 20 of 32
electron energy
metal
insulator
forbidden gap
conduction
band
valence
band
electron energy
decay: 42
o nucleon no. decreases by 4
o proton no. decreases by 2
decay: 10
o proton no. increases by 1
+ decay: +10 +
o proton no. decreases by 1
decay: 00
o proton and nucleon no. unchanged
Page 21 of 32
14.3 Thermistor
resistance
temperature
1
2
15.3 Comparator
= +
15. ELECTRONICS
15.1 Operational Amplifier
Page 23 of 32
=
( + 1 ) 1
cross multiply and rearrange
+ 1
=
1
the overall voltage gain is given by
voltage gain =
15.7 Relays
= 1 +
1
Page 24 of 32
16. COMMUNICATION
16.1 Radio Waves
Page 26 of 32
Coaxial cable
More expensive
Less attenuating
Higher bandwidth
Less electrical
interference and noise
Little cross-talk
More secure
Page 27 of 32
Polar Satellite
Not always in the same
position relative to earth
so dishes must be moved
Cannot be used for
continuous comm.
Used for remote sensing
Geostationary Satellite
Remains in fixed position
above point on equator
so no need to move dish
Can be used for
continuous comm.
Continuously monitor
climatic change
no. of decibels = 10 lg (
)
signal-to-noise ratio = 10 lg ( )
Page 28 of 32
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Page 31 of 32
MRI
Ultrasound
X-Ray
Advantages
Sharp image
Improvable contrast
Can form image where
air is trapped (lung)
Portable equipment
Less harmful than X-ray
Can break kidney stones
Used for treatment of
sprained joints
Disadvantages
Equipment heavy and
not portable
May cause ionization
and damage tissues
Cannot be used to form
image where air is
trapped e.g. lungs
Image not sharp due to
refraction
Rapid movements in
tissue may damage
Clearer image than
Equipment heavy and
ultrasound
not portable
Image can be studied in Requires patient to
any plane or direction
remain still
Lower health risk than If patient body contains
X-ray/ultrasound
metal, heated/attracted
Pacemakers may be
upset by magnetic field
Page 32 of 32