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Carl Jung - Simply Psychology
Carl Jung - Simply Psychology
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HomePsychodynamicCarlJung
CarlJung
bySaulMcLeodpublished2014
CarlJungwasanearlysupporterofFreudbecauseoftheirsharedinterestintheunconscious.Hewasan
activememberofthetheViennaPsychoanalyticSociety(formerlyknownastheWednesday
PsychologicalSociety).
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WhentheInternationalPsychoanalyticalAssociationformedin1910Jungbecamepresidentatthe
requestofFreud.
Howeverin1912whileonalecturetourofAmericaJungpubliclycriticizedFreudstheoryofthe
Oedipuscomplexandhisemphasisoninfantilesexuality.Thefollowingyearthisledtoanirrevocable
splitbetweenthemandJungwentontodevelophisownversionofpsychoanalytictheory.
MostofJung'sassumptionsofhisanalyticalpsychologyreflecthistheoreticaldifferenceswithFreud.
Forexample,whileJungagreedwithFreudthatapersonspastandchildhoodexperiencesdetermined
futurebehavior,healsobelievedthatweareshapedbyourfuture(aspirations)too.
DifferencesbetweenJungandFreud
TheoryoftheLibido
Jung(1948)disagreedwithFreudregardingtheroleofsexuality.Hebelievedthelibidowasnotjust
sexualenergy,butinsteadgeneralizedpsychicenergy.
ForJungforpurposeofpsychicenergywastomotivatetheindividualinanumberofimportantways,
includingspiritually,intellectually,andcreatively.
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Itwasalsoanindividualsmotivationalsourceforseekingpleasureandreducingconflict
TheoryoftheUnconscious
LikeFreud(andErikson)Jungregardedthepsycheasmadeupofanumberofseparatebutinteracting
systems.Thethreemainonesweretheego,thepersonalunconsciousandthecollectiveunconscious.
AccordingtoJung,theegorepresentstheconsciousmindasitcomprisesthethoughts,memories,and
emotionsapersonisawareof.Theegoislargelyresponsibleforfeelingsofidentityandcontinuity.
LikeFreud,Jung(1921,1933)emphasizedtheimportanceoftheunconsciousinrelationtopersonality.
However,heproposedthattheunconsciousconsistsoftwolayers.
ThefirstlayercalledthepersonalunconsciousisessentiallythesameasFreudsversionofthe
unconscious.Thepersonalunconsciouscontainstemporalityforgotteninformationandwellasrepressed
memories.Jung(1933)outlinedanimportantfeatureofthepersonalunconsciouscalledcomplexes.A
complexisacollectionofthoughts,feelings,attitudesandmemoriesthatfocusonasingleconcept.
Themoreelementsattachedtothecomplex,thegreateritsinfluenceontheindividual.Jungalso
believedthatthepersonalunconsciouswasmuchnearerthesurfacethanFreudsuggestedandJungian
therapyislessconcernedwithrepressedchildhoodexperiences.Itisthepresentandthefuture,whichin
hisviewwasthekeytoboththeanalysisofneurosisanditstreatment.
HoweverbyfarthemostimportantdifferencebetweenJungandFreudisJungsnotionofthecollective
(ortranspersonal)unconscious.Thisishismostoriginalandcontroversialcontributiontopersonality
theory.Thisisalevelofunconscioussharedwithothermembersofthehumanspeciescomprisinglatent
memoriesfromourancestralandevolutionarypast.Theformoftheworldintowhich[aperson]isborn
isalreadyinborninhim,asavirtualimage(Jung,1953,p.188).
AccordingtoJungthehumanmindhasinnatecharacteristicsimprintedonitasaresultofevolution.
Theseuniversalpredispositionsstemfromourancestralpast.Fearofthedark,orofsnakesandspiders
mightbeexamplesanditisinterestingthatthisideahasrecentlybeenrevivedinthetheoryofprepared
conditioning.Howevermoreimportantthanisolatedtendenciesarethoseaspectsofthecollective
unconsciousthathavedevelopedintoseparatesubsystemsofthepersonality.Jungcalledtheseancestral
memoriesandimagesarchetypes.
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Archetypes
Archetypes(Jung,1947)areimagesandthoughtswhichhaveuniversalmeaningsacrosscultureswhich
mayshowupIdreams,literature,artorreligion.
Jungbelievessymbolsfromdifferentculturesareoftenverysimilarbecausetheyhaveemergedfrom
archetypessharedbythewholehumanrace.ForJung,ourprimitivepastbecomesthebasisofthehuman
psyche,directingandinfluencingpresentbehavior.Jungclaimedtoidentifyalargenumberof
archetypesbutpaidspecialattentiontofour.
Thepersona(ormask)istheoutwardfacewepresenttotheworld.ItconcealsourrealselfandJung
describesitastheconformityarchetype.Thisisthepublicfaceorroleapersonpresentstoothersas
someonedifferenttowhowereallyare(likeanactor).
Anotherarchetypeistheanima/animus.Theanima/animusisthemirrorimageofourbiologicalsex,
thatis,theunconsciousfemininesideinmalesandthemasculinetendenciesinwomen.Eachsex
manifestsattitudesandbehavioroftheotherbyvirtueofcenturiesoflivingtogether.Thepsycheofa
womancontainsmasculineaspects(theanimusarchetype)andthepsycheofamancontainsfeminine
aspects(theanimaarchetype).
Nextistheshadow.Thisistheanimalsideofourpersonality(liketheidinFreud).Itisthesourceof
bothourcreativeanddestructiveenergies.InlinewithevolutionarytheoryitmaybethatJungs
archetypesreflectpredispositionsthatoncehadsurvivalvalue.
Finallythereistheselfwhichprovidesasenseofunityinexperience.ForJungtheultimateaimofevery
individualistoachieveastateofselfhood(similartoselfactualisation)andinthisrespectJung(like
Erikson)ismovinginthedirectionofamorehumanistorientation.
ThatwascertainlyJungsbeliefandinhisbookTheUndiscoveredSelfhearguedthatmanyofthe
problemsofmodernlifearecausedbymansprogressivealienationfromhisinstinctualfoundation.
Oneaspectofthisishisviewsonthesignificanceoftheanimaandtheanimus.
Jungarguesthatthesearchetypesareproductsofthecollectiveexperienceofmenandwomenliving
together.HoweverinmodernWesterncivilizationmenarediscouragedfromlivingtheirfeminineside
andwomenfromexpressingmasculinetendencies.ForJungtheresultwasthatthefullpsychological
developmentbothsexeswasundermined.
TogetherwiththeprevailingpatriarchalcultureofWesterncivilizationthishasledtothedevaluationof
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femininequalitiesaltogetherandthepredominanceofthepersona(themask)haselevatedinsincerityto
awayoflifewhichgoesunquestionedbymillionsintheireverydaylife.
CriticalEvaluation
JungsideashavenotbeenaspopularasFreuds.Thismightbebecausehedidnotwritefromthe
laymanandassuchhisideaswerenotagreatlydisseminatedasFreuds.Itmayalsobebecausehisideas
werealittlemoremysticalandobscure,andlessclearlyexplained.
OnthewholemodernpsychologyhasnotviewedJungstheoryofarchetypeskindly.ErnestJones
(Freudsbiographer)tellsthatJungdescendedintoapseudophilosophyoutofwhichhenever
emergedandtomanyhisideaslookmorelikeNewAgemysticalspeculationthanascientific
contributiontopsychology.
However,whilstJungsresearchintoancientmythsandlegends,hisinterestinastrologyandfascination
withEasternreligioncanbeseeninthatlightitisalsoworthrememberingthattheimageshewas
writingabouthave,asamatterofhistoricalfact,exertedanenduringholdonthehumanmind.
FurthermoreJunghimselfarguesthattheconstantrecurrenceofsymbolsfrommythologyinpersonal
therapyandinthefantasiesofpsychoticssupporttheideaofaninnatecollectiveculturalresidue.Inline
withevolutionarytheoryitmaybethatJungsarchetypesreflectpredispositionsthatoncehadsurvival
value.
However,Jungsworkhasalsocontributedtomainstreampsychologyinatleastonesignificantrespect.
Hewasthefirsttodistinguishthetwomajorattitudesororientationsofpersonalityextroversionand
introversion.Healsoidentifiedfourbasicfunctions(thinking,feeling,sensing,andintuiting)whichina
crossclassificationyieldeightpurepersonalitytypes.
PsychologistslikeHansEysenckandRaymondCattellhavesubsequentlybuiltuponthis.Aswellas
beingaculturaliconforgenerationsofpsychologyundergraduatesJungthereforeputforwardideas
whichwereimportanttothedevelopmentofmodernpersonalitytheory.
Promotedstories
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References
Jung,C.G.(1921).Psychologicaltypes.ThecollectedworksofCGJung,Vol.6BollingenSeriesXX.
Jung,C.G.(1933).Modernmaninsearchofhissoul.
Jung,C.G.(1947).OntheNatureofthePsyche.London:ArkPaperbacks.
Jung,C.G.(1948).Thephenomenologyofthespiritinfairytales.TheArchetypesandtheCollective
Unconscious,9(Part1),207254.
Jung,C.G.(1953).Collectedworks.Vol.12.Psychologyandalchemy.
FurtherInformation
PsychodynamicApproach
SigmundFreud
UnconsciousMind
ListentoaBBCradiobroadcastonCarlJung
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Doarchetypesexist?
Howtocitethisarticle:
McLeod,S.A.(2014).CarlJung.Retrievedfromwww.simplypsychology.org/carljung.html
Comments(11)
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CamillaGhazala 72weeksago
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Loveyourwork,howeveryouhaveomittedAlfredAdlerwhowasintrinsicallylinkedwiththeSocietyanddevelopedIndividual
Psychology.
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@SauleKalin 46weeksago
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+1
LovethispieceofJung'swork.ItclearlystateshiscontributionsandmakesgreatconnectionswithhowFreudinfluencedhistheories.
Verywelldone,andwasveryhelpful.
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Maryama 43weeksago
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0
Thanksthishasbeensousefulformyessay:)
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LouiseShepherd 36weeksago
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GreatarticlebothaboutJungandFreud:)writingmybachelorfromthemsothankyouforhighlithning:)
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lakshideepika 34weeksago
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+1
Clearlydefined,thankyou...
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Monique 18weeksago
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Clear,concise,easytofollow.Thanks.
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victoria 11weeksago
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Coolstuff
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sanjayansuseelan 11weeksago
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crystalclearandconcise
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CarlJung|SimplyPsychology
1replyactive10weeksago
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Stephen 6weeksago
IdonotfullysubscribetoJungstheorythatourancestralpastdirectsourfuture...thissimplymeansthatthereisnoorminimalhuman
progressfromthethentothenow...thisbordersonthealienationoftheprogressivemodernexperiences.ThanksStephen
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Ellie 5weeksago
+1
neededtorefreshmemoryofJung.Thanksforthearticle
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ArticleContent
Introduction
Freudvs.Jung
TheoryoftheLibido
TheoryoftheUnconscious
Archetypes
CriticalEvaluation
References
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