INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

1. FILTERED POWER SUPPLY

Power supply is an electronic device composed of stepdown transformer, rectifier diodes, filter capacitor,
regulator and resistor. Its also called converter.
Step-down Transformer used to step down the voltage
without changing its frequency. Primary windings is
greater than the secondary windings.

Voltage doubler a voltage multiplier with a

multiplication factor of 2.
2 Types half-wave & full-wave.
Voltage trippler a voltage multiplier with a
multiplication factor of 3.
Voltage quadrupler a voltage multiplier with a
multiplication factor of 4.

3. VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Rectifier diode is an electronic components that allows

the current to flow in only one direction. Converts AC to
DC.

Voltage regulator an electronic device that is used to

control a voltage to remain at a constant level.

Filter capacitor is an electronic component that store

electrical charge. Used to smooth out the pulses coming
from rectifier diodes (maintain the stability of voltage).

2 reasons:
1. To regulate the output voltage of the circuit.
2. To keep the output voltage constant at the desired
value.

Inductor maintain the stability of the current.

Resistor is an electronic component that limits the flow
of electric current.
RL and C smoothes out the peaks of the pulses.
Choke allows a continuous flow of current from the
rectifier diodes.
Voltage regulator is an electronic components that
regulates the output voltage.
Half-wave rectifier block the negative swings.
Full-wave rectifier does not block negative swings
rather it transforms them into positive swings.
2 Types:
1. Center-tapped used 3 secondary output
terminals transformer and 2 diodes with
2. Bridge type used 2 secondary output
terminals and 4 diodes.

2. VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER
Voltage multiplier is an electrical circuit using a
network of diodes and capacitors. It is used in highvoltage, low-current applications such as Cathode-Ray
Tubes (CRT).

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) maintain the

output voltage even when the generator input
voltage is increased or decreased.
Electronic Voltage Regulator used zener diode to
maintain a constant DC output voltage and also
blocks the AC ripple voltage that cannot be block
by the filter.
Electromechanical Regulator voltage regulation
process is carried out by the coiled sensing wire
to perform as an electromagnet.
Why do we need this AVR?
- to avoid the costs associated with equipment
damage.

4. POLYPHASE RECTIFIER
Polyphase Rectifier rectifier which utilizes two or more
diodes each of which operates during an equal
fraction of AC cycle.
3-phase half-wave rectifier consists of 3-phase
transformer with 3 diodes connected to the 3phase.
3-phase full-wave rectifier also called 6-wave halfwave rectifier.

5. SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

SCR is a semiconductor device that normally blocks
conventional current attempting to pass either way
between the anode and cathode.
Turn on: Apply small voltage bet. gate & cathode.
Turn off: Force commutation or Anode current
interruption
Applications:
1. Power control
2. Switching
3. Zero-voltage switching
4. Over-voltage protection
5. Pulse circuits
6. Battery charging regulator

Shockley diode a thyristor with two terminals (anode

& cathode). Also called Four Layer Diode.
Turn on: Breakdown voltage
Turn off: Forced Commutation
Application:
1. Relaxation oscillator
Thyristor are switching devices that dont require any
control current once they are turned on.
Breakdown Voltage is the voltage at which the
blocking capability fails. (100 volts)
Commutating reminder that the device does not turn
off by itself. (Switching speed = 1 or 2 microseconds)
Gate Trigger Current specifies how much current is
required to turn the device on (No more than 100
microamperes).
Gate Trigger Voltage specifies the voltage required to
trigger the device (0.7 volts).

6. UNIJUCTION TRANSISTOR
UJT also called double-base diode). This device has a
unique characteristic that when it is triggered, its emitter
current increases until it is restricted by emitter power
supply. 2-layer diode with 3 terminals.

4 to 10 k ohms resistance between 2 base terminal

when the emitter is open (Interbase resistance).

7. PROGRAMMABLE
TRANSISTOR

UNIJUCTION

PUT its operation is similar to the UJT hence it is always

considered with UJT. Its trigger voltage can be
programmed via external potential divider. These
devices may also be used in special thyristor applications
due to the availability of an anode gate.
Applications:
1. Thyristor-trigger
2. Relaxation oscillator
3. Pulse circuits
4. Timing circuits
PUT on when anode voltage exceeds the gate
voltage.
PUT off when anode voltage is less than the gate
voltage.
Advantages of PUT over UJT
1. The switching voltage is easily yarned by changing gate
voltage through the potential divider.
2. PUT can operate at lower voltage.
Shockley Diode is a thyristor with two
terminals, the anode and the cathode. It is
constructed of four semiconductor layers that
form a PNPN structure. The devices acts as
switch and remains off until the forward voltages
reaches a certain value; then it turns on and
conducts. Conduction continues until the
current is reduced below a specified value.
Shockley diode is also called Four Layer Diode.