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321885908 സൂക ഷ മജീവികളുടെ ലോകം
321885908 സൂക ഷ മജീവികളുടെ ലോകം
2016 BKv 1
hmeyw:
38,
ew:
kin-pI : www.kssp.in,
www.facebook.com/EurekaFortnightly
1970- {]kn-o-Ic
- Ww Bcw-`n-Xv
kqva-Po-hn-Isf
BZyw I a\p-jy
tUm. sI ]n Ac-hn-
ssat{Im_pw
\fpw Xn
Fw KoXm-RvPen
36
15
slen-tm-_m-IvS
ss]temdn F
_mIvSo-cnb ]d-bpp
P\p
teJ-\
-
Nn{X-IY
6 Ipp-Iq-m-fn-I
kvt\-lm-Zmkv
12 kqvat- em-Ihpw
kqvaZ- in-\n-Ifpw
sI ]mqn
20 sXmen-p-ds DZym\w
]n sI kp[n
24 s\tm-fn-b\pw
ssS^kv tcmKhpw
A\nX kn sI
28 kqvaP
- o-hn-Ifpw
kky-fpw
C cmP
48 ASp-f- bpw
kqvaP
- o-hn-Ifpw
cam-tZhn
50 apw kqvaP
- o-hn-Ifpw
tUm. sI IntjmIp-am
54 IS Hc-Xn-ibw; kqva
-Po-hn-I AXppw tase
C lcn-Ir-jvW
IY
58 Ipn-s-\v Hcp sXmov
C F joP
IhnX
5 Cn-cn-p-
- m-cpsS
s]cpw- kXyw
sI sI IrjvWI
- p-am
57 IS
knp F ]n
t^mtm-^o-
42 tcmKw
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[w
sI ]n F
\namWw
60 mnIv kn
tht... th.
sI cm[
]wn-I
31.
31.
34.
53.
cN-\m-aqe
s{]mPIvSv
62. mn-v amen-\yn-s\-Xnsc
Zqc-Zin\n
Ipp-
Ihn-Xm-]q-cWw 63. {]nb-s bpdot
bn. \ap-h
- sb kqvaP
- o-hn-Is
- fv
hnfn-mw. kqvaP
- o-hn-Is
- f-p-dn-p
Hncn Imcy--fp-am-bmWv C-hW
bpdo \nsf tXSn-sb-p--Xv.
CXn Nne Imcy- Nne-sc-nepw
t\cs a\-n-em-n-b-Xm-hmw. NneXv
Aw IqSn hep-Xmb tijw hni-Zambn ]Tn-m-\p--Xm-hmw. H hmb-\bn a\-n-em-hm-h a\-n-cpn Hv
cv hw Bhnp hmbn-p-t\m-q.
Cu temIw F{X hnkva-b-I-c-am-sWv
\n Xncn-d- nbpw; F{X kp-ca
- m-sWpw.
bpdo-m-am-a
4
4
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
sI sI IrjvW-Ip-am
2016
Pqsse 16
Cn-cn-p--m
hnssizI ]uc-m
R-sf-b-dn-bptam Iqp-Imtc
(Cncn)
XqWnepw Xpcp-nepw
Xobnepw XWp-nepw
sImSp-ap-Sn-p-nepw
IS-en-\m-g
- nepw
s]cp-In--c-pao
R-sf-b-dn-bptam?
(C-n-cn)
Imse ImWm-\m-hmtm
scn-bm Xocm-tm
\nsS apXp-apXp
ap-n-am R
\nmbv hgn-shn
hoSp-Xotm
(Cn-cn)
av, hnv, ]qhv, ]pgI
sf-a kky-Pm-e
samp-ano {]]--an-,
\n-fn-; R-fn-
sbn-se s]cn-b-k-Xy
sap-saptamp-I...
(C-n-cn)
Cn-cn-p--m
R sNmo-Sp-sm
cnscpw kXyw ad-m-Xn-cn-pI!
55
kvt\l Zmkv
6
6
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
77
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
tUm. sI ]n Ac-hn-
Cu tem-I-v \--fpw a-p arK--fpw sN-Sn-I-fpw H-s A-msX Bpw ImWm I-gn-bm- ]e-cpw D-s-v a-\pjy ]-t hn-iz-knp t]m-p. `q-X
- ,
t{]-X-, ]n-im-NpI, am-em-J-I Fn--s\ \-s t{Zmln-p-I-bpw k-lmkqva-Po-hn-I-sf-p-dnv bn- p- I - b pw H- s
BZy-ambn ]Tn teh
sN-p- ]-e-cpw. Flp-ns\ ASp--Xmbn
\apv ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Smw.
m, C-hs
- cm-s aAt-l-s-p-dnv
\p-jy-s `m-h\
- b
- n
\tmSv ]d-bp-Xv Cy
DS
s
eS
p
hcmsWIukn t^m saUnv C-v \-ap-v A-dn dnknse Fandnkv imkv{X-\
- mb
bmw. A-Xm-b-Xv \-tUm.sI ]n Ac-hn-
sf t]-Sn-n-m-\pw cama\m-W.v
kn-n-m-\pw H-sbm-bn D-m-n-sb-Sp- Ip-td IY-I.
F-m C-sXm-p-a-m-sX, \p-sS I-p-Iv Im-Wm I-
k-dnb
Pmk
8
8
A--c- t\m-n-bn-p-tm? A-h hep-Xm-bn Im-Wm-dn-t? A-Xp-t]m-se sN-dnb h-kv-Xp--sf h-ep-Xm-n Im-Wn-p-
D-]I
- c
- W
-
- f
- m-Wv ssa-t{Im-kvt- Im-p-I.
h-f-sc h-f-sc sN-dp-Xm-b-Xp sIm-v km[m-c-W-bm-bn \-ap-v Im-Wm I-gn-bm-
km-[\
-
- f
- pw ssa-t{Im-ktv- Im-n-eq-sS t\mp-tm Im-Wm I-gn-bp-p. H-n-e-[nIw sekp-I D-]-tbm-Kn-v D-m-p-h-bm-Wv- tIm-u-v ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-
I--S D-m-p- U-p-Im-cm-b k-dn-b Pmk-\pw A-t-l-n-s ]n-Xmhpw B-Wv- B-Zy-s tIm-u-v ssat{Im-kv-tIm-v D-m-n-b-Xv; 1590 B-bncp-p A-Xv. A-Xp sh-v h-kv-Xp--sf
HXv C-c-n h-ep--n Im-Wm-am-bn-cpp. H-cp hn-t\m-Z D-]-I-c-Ww F- co-Xnbn am-{X-ta A-Xv A-h t]m-epw I-pq.
tdm-_v lq-v h-f-sc A-dn-b-s-Sp H-cp Cw-Kv-fo-jv im-kv-{X B-bn-cpp. ]Xn-t\gmw \q-m-n A-t-lw D-]tbm-Kn- ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-n-\v- 50 C-c-n hsc h-ep-Xm-n Im-Wn-m\p- I-gn-hv Dm-bn-cp-p. ]-e X-cw sN-dn-b h-kv-Xp-sf `w-Kn-bm-bn h-c- H-cp ]p-kv-X-Iw A-tlw ]p-d-n-d-n; ssa-t{Im-{Km-^n-b F-
t]-cn. A-m-e-s G--hpw hn--gn-s- im-kv-{X]p-kv-X-Iw B-bn-cp-p AXv. X-e-bn-se t]-\pw t\a-bm-bn ap-dn-
tImpw B -]p-kv-X-I-n Im-Wn-ncp-p. tImn Im-Wp- sN-dn-b Ad-I
- v A-t-lw "sk' F- t]-cv- \In. Po-h-\p- F-m h-kv-Xp--fpw sk-pI-fm \nan-X-am-sW-v C-v \-ap-v Adn-bmw.
lq-n-s ssa-t{Im-{Km-^n-b ]p-d-n-dn-b-Xn-\p ti-j-am-Wv- 70 ap-X 250 a-Sp h-sc h-ep-Xm-m I-gn-hp- ssat{Im-kvt- Im-p-If
- p-am-bn H-cm cw-K
- p hcp--Xv. A-Wn t^m
eo-shlq-v F- H-cp
km-[m-c-W U-p-Im-c.
1632 C- - s s\Xem-Uvkn-se sU^v-
eohlq-v
p-I. \n-f
- p-sS kvI
- q-fn Xo--bm-bpw
Im-Wpw. So--tdm-Sp ]-d-bq A-h-bn-eq-sS
\-ap-p Im-Wm I-gn-bm- A-p-X-sfm-s Im-Wn-p X-cm.
2016
BKv 1
99
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Bc-hnsS!!!
RtfmSv tNmZn-msX
_mIvSo-cn-b--sf-n
I-v {]-kn-o-I-cnXmcm??
vk
- n P-\n- eo-shlq-v
I-n-fn Xp-Wn-bp-am-bn _-s- Hcp I-S \-S-p-I-bpw
a-v Nn-e sN-dn-b hym-]m-c \-S-p-I-bpw sN-p H-cp km-[m-cW
-
- m-c\
- m-bn-cp-p. Atl-n\v kv-Iq hn-Zym-`ym-kw am-{X-ta Dm-bn-cp-p-q. eo-shlq-n-s hnt\m-Zw ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-p-I D-m-pI F--Xm-bn-cp-p. H- sekv D- knn ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-p-I B-bn-cp-p
Ah. Cu sekp-I h-f-sc sN-dn-b
tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-bn D--h-bm-bn-cp-p. ImWm D-t-in-p- h-kv-Xp--fp-sS h-fsc A-Sp-p ]n-Sn-v hn-j-an-v t\m--Ww.
C-sXm-s-bm-sW-n-epw A-p--Xn
sh-v anI--h-bm-bn-cpp Cu sIm-p
ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-p-I.
sNdnb hkvXp-sf hep-Xm-bn-mWm am{X-a eohlpv Cu D]-IcWw D]-tbm-Kn--Xv. {]tXy-Inv Hpw
ImWm CS--fn Fs-nepw Hfnn-cn-ptm Fv At\z-jn-m\pw
Atlw Cu D]-I-cWw D]-tbm-Kn-p.
CXmWv At- l s temI- nse
Fm-e-tbpw anI imkv{X-Im-cm-cn Hcm-fm-n-b-Xv.
ssat{Im-kvtIm-n-eqsS I \n-c-h[n ]-Zm--sf-bpw Po-hn-Isf-bpw hc-v
hn-h-c-W--tfm-Sp
Iq-Sn
10
10
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
2016
BKv 1
sm-s kv-Iq-fn-se ssa-t{Im-kvtIm-v D-]-tbm-Kn-v ]-co-n-p t\m-mhp--Xm-Wv-. A-ao-_, bqo-\, ]m-c-aokyw, tdm-n-s^-d F-n--s\ ]-e hn[w. C-h-sb-mw ap-q-dn-te-sd hjw
ap]v B-Zy-am-bn tem-I-n-\p Im-Wnp tIm-Sp--Xv eo-shlq-v B-bncp-p. A-t-lw B-Zy-am-bn I- _mo-cn-b--fn Nn-e-Xv a-\p-jy-\n tcmK- D-m-p-hbmsW-v ]n-oSm-Wv- \-ap-v a-\n-em-b-Xv. C-tX XpSv tcm-Kw am-m ]-p- Bn-_tbm-n-v Hu-j-[--fpw tcm-Kw h-cmXn-cn-m D- hm-Iv-ko-\p-I-fp-sam-s
I-p]n-Sn--s-p. C-Xn-s\m-s \-apv eo-shlq-n-t\m-Sv \-n ]-d-tbt? sIm-Sp-mw \-ap-v B U-p-Imc-\v- H-cp h-en-b k-eyq-v!
11
11
sI ]mqn
temIw cpv; kqvat- emIhpw qe-tem-I-hpw. qetemIw \msa-tmgpw Ip-sImn-cn-p--Xm-Wv. shdpw IpsImv ImWm Ign-bm-{X
sNdnb hkvXp-fpw Pohn-Ifpw
tN-XmWv kqva-tem-Iw.
kqva-tem-I-s-n ]v
a\p-jy\v Hpw Adn-bp-am-bn-cpn- . hmbp Ds- - d nbmw;
]t, AXn-se-sm-s-bm-WpXv F-dn-bn-. hkvXp-sf
apdnv sNdp- X mn, ]ntw
]ntw apdnv sNdpXmn As\
t]mbm F{X hsc
t]mIm ]pw?
Bw BIpw hsc
Fv
{]mNo\
{Kop- I m. IWw
hsc Fv {]mNo\
Cy-m. ]t,
ssat{Im-kvtIm-p-I-fpsS AsXms shdpw
Dulw Bbn-cp-p.
klm-bt- m-sStb
\apv kqvaP
- o-hn-Isf Bcpw AsXmpw
ImWm Ign-bq, At?
Atm ssat{Im-kvtIm- In-cp-n-.
Bfp-I tcmKw
n-s\-p-dnpw Nne Imcy a\-n-em-mw. Nncp-X- hp
acn- pI
p-n-bpsS amjns\
Ap
khkm-[m-c]mq-n-am-jn-s\ ]cnN-bs-Sp-t Bh-iy-an-t- m. W-am-bn-cp-p. ssZhtIm]w sImtm
]nim-Np--fpsSbpw ZptZ-h-X-Ifp- s Sbpw D]- { Zhw sImtm
BWv tcmKw hcp-Xv Fm-Wh hniz-kn--Xv.
Cn- t m \- d nbmw
an tcmK-pw ImcWw tcmKm-Wp- f m- W v (lr- t {Zm- K hpw {`mpw {]talhpw CXn s]Sn tItm). Ah icoc-n {]th-inv s]cp-Ip-tm-gmWv a\pjy tcmKn-bm-hp--Xv. tcmKm-Wp-sf
kqvaZ- in-\n-I D]-tbm-Knv t\cn-tm,
t^mtm FSptm ImWm Ign-bpw.
km[m-cW {]Im-inI kqvaZ- in-\n-I,
Ce-Ivt{Sm kqvaZ- in-\n-I, BtmanIv _ow kqva-Zin-\n-I, kvIm\nwKv
SW-enwKv kqva-Zin-\n-I... Cs\
F{Xtbm Xcw kqva-Zin-\n-I Cpv. tcmKm-Wp-sf ImWp-Ibpw AhbpsS khn- t i- j - X - I ]Tn- p- I bpw
sNbvX-tXm-sS-bmWv Ahsb ico-c-n
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
kNo{ Imd-Up
12
12
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
F
F
2016
BKv 1
13
13
14
14
Fw KoXm-RvPen
a\p-jyv
D]-Im-cn-If
- m-bh
- b
- mWv
kqvaP
- o-hn-If
- n-e[
- n-Ih
- pw.
Fsms D]-Im-c--fmWh \apv sNp--Xv ?
D]-{Z-h--tfm? imkv{Xm[ym-]n-I-bm-bn-cp KoXmRvPentn ]d-bp-Xv
tIq.
2016
BKv 1
15
15
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww: kXojv
Akp- J - - f p- m- h m
Imc-W-m-cm-Ipp _mocnb t]mep ssat{Im-_pI Fp Icp- X n, Fm
kqvaP
- o-hn-Ifpw \apv D]-{Zhw am{Xta
Dm-p-pq Fsm-cn-epw Icp-Xcp-Xv. hmkvXh
-
- n C{Xbpw henb Afhn-ep ssat{Im-_p-I-fn A[n-Ihpw
a\p-jy\v D]-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. Ah-cn-msX
\apv `qan-bn \ne-\nt C FXmWv kXyw. GsXmw Xc-n Ah
\s klm-bn-pp Fsmv ]cn-tim[n-mw.
1) an-ep t]mj-I-L-S-I--sfbpw
[mXp-e-h-W--sfbpw kky--fn-tev
Fn- p- Xv an- e p hnhn[
ssat{Im-_p-I-fm-Wv.
2) `qan-bnse Ghpw henb ipNo-I-
t{]mtm-tkmh
3) Pe-n Aen-p-tNtXm
AmsX sNdpIWn-II
- f
- mbn ]qW-ambn
ebn-m-sXtbm InS-p amen-\y-sf
\ow sNbvXv Pew ipo-Ic
- n-p-X
- n\v
]e ssat{Im-_p-I-sfbpw \mw D]-tbmKn-p-p.
4) DutPmm- Z \ {]{In- b - b mWv
asm-v. _tbm-Kymkv dnbm--dp-I-fn
aotXbv Dm- Z - \ - n\pw s^satj {]{In- b - b n- e qsS CssX
B-tlm Dm-Zn-n-p--Xn\pw
hen-b-tXm-Xn \mw ssat{Im-_p-Isf
B{i-bn-p-p.
5) hymh-km-bn-Im-Sn-m-\-n henb- t Xm- X n ]e cmk- ] - Z m- fpw
Fssk-ap-Ifpw _tbm Bohv Xm{X-Ifpw Dm-Zn-n-p-X
- n\v _mo-cn-b,
^wK-kp-I Fn-hsb D]-tbm-Kn-pp. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Cu ssat{Im-_pIsf D]-tbm-Knv Ak-nIv Bkn-Uv,
_yqn-dnIv Bkn-Uv, emIvnIv Bkn-Uv,
kn{SnIv BknUv Fnh Dm-Zn-n-pp-v. cw I-]n-Sn-p--Xn\pw I-]nSn-m-Xn-cn-p-X
- n\pw thsd thsd cmk]-Zm- BsK-I-fn \np-mp-p. hb-dn-f--n-\p acp-p-Ifpw
hb-nse hnc If-bp--Xn-\p acp-pIfpw ssat{Im-_p-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-p-mp-p.
6) _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn, _tbm-sI-ankv{Sn, P\-n-Ivkv, tamfn-p-em _tbm-
cW {]h-Ic
- mWv ssat{Im-_p-I. ]eXcw _mo-cn-b-fpw t{]mtm-tkm-hIfpw ^wK-p-Ifpw BK-Ifpw arX-amb
kky--P-p-Pm-e-sf PoWn-n-p-Xn\v klm-bn-p-p (decomposers). {]IrXn-bn ssPh-am-en-\y- Ipp-Iq-SmsX
AgpIn PoWnv an Iev t]mIpXv Cu kqva-Po-hn-I Ah Xnp
t]mIp--Xp-sImp am{X-am-Wv.
16
16
17
17
p- p- v . `- W - a mbpw Chsb
iq\ym-Im-ib
- m-{Xn-I D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
15) sImXpIv Iqm- S n- I - f psS
hfsb XS- b p- - X n\v Nne- X cw
BK klm-bn-p-p. Ah ]pd-sSp-hn-p Nne tSmIvkn-\p-I Ipfnepw Agp- p- N m- e p- I - f n- e p- a p
Iqm-Sn-Isf hf-cm A\p-hZ- n-msX
XS-bp-p. CXv \apv KpW-am-Wv.
kqvaP
- o-hn-Is
- f-smv \ap-p
D]-tbm-K- C\nbpw Fn-sbn
]d-bm-\p-v. D]-Imcw sNp-tm
Xs Nne ssat{Im-_p-I-sf-smv
\apv henb D]-{Z-h-hp-ap-v. Nne-sXnepw \apv Hv ]cn-tim-[n-mw.
1) ]e _mo-cn-bfpw ^wK-p-Ifpw
t{]mtm- t km- h - I fpw sshd- k p- I fpw
\apv ]I-hym-[n-I Dm-p-pv. tcmK-Im-c-W-m-cmb kqv-a-Po-hnIsf ]mtm- P - \ p- I (Pathogens)
Fp hnfn-p-p. \app ]cn-Nb
- a
- p
Nne t]cp-I ]d-bmw.
tKv, bw (TB), sS-\-kv, Un^vXocn-b, tImf-d, B{m-Ivkv, `y-hn-j_m-[, Zl-t\-{n-b-hyq-l-ns
hnhn[ `mK- - f n- e p- m- h p
Ak- d p- I , sKmtWm- d n- b ,
sa\n-RvssP-n-kv, Utb-dn-b,
\yqtam-Wn-b, Nne XzIvtcmK XpS- nb Akp- J v Imc- W - m
hyXykvX kv]ojo-kp-
I-fns _mo-cn-b-bm-Wv.
ae-\n (a-te-dn-b), a\p-jy-cnepw IpIm- e n- I - f nepw ImWp onv
knv\v (sleeping sickness), Aao-_nIv
Unk- d n XpS- n- b h Dm- pXv .
t{]mtm-tkmh hK-ns kqvaPo-hn-If
- m-Wv.
dnMvthw (h-s
- m-dn), lntm-m-kvtamknkv Fnh ^wK-kp-I-fmWv Dm-p-Xv.
sshd-kp-I Imc-W-m-cmb ]Ihym-[n-I-fmWv ^vfq, sbtm ^oh, PetZm-jw, ]n-\
- n, ]n-\
- n, sUn-\
- n,
NnpKp-\n-b, sl]n-kv1, sl]nkv
2, sl-ss-nkv F, sl-ss-nkv _n,
t]mfntbm, Fv sF hn, Fv ]n hn,
FbvUvkv, apn-\ocv (mumps), dps_,
akq-cn, Nnt]m-Ivkv, aokkv, dm_okv, Ft_mf XpS-n-b-h.
]I- h ym- [ n- I v Imc- W - m
sImXptIm Cutbm Hp- a
Ftman--Ww. Imc-W-m tad kqva-Po-hn-I Xs. Ahsb
S
n-bps mbtm XpW
t] \-sf
w
m
sa n-. ?
c
Cu I t]mhp
an
S
hns
18
18
Bn-_-tbm-n-p-I
AkpJw h-tm tUm Bn-_-tbmnIv Ipdnp X-Xmbn ]ecpw ]d-bp-Xv tInp-m-hp-a-tm. FmWv Cu Bn-_-tbm-n-Iv?
Nne kqva-Po-hn-I Dm-Zn-n-p acp-pI-fmWv Bn-_-tbm-n-p-I Fv ]d-bmw.
_mo-cn-b
- , ^wK-kp-I Fn-hb
- n \npw
Bn-_-tbm-n-p-I e`n-p-p. Ch D]-tbmKn-mWv tcmK-Im-cn-I-fmb _mo-cn-b-I-tfbpw
apw \in-n-p--Xv. s]\n-kn-enbw s\mtw
F ]qn \npw \nan-p s]\nkn-en
F Huj[w Gsd {]kn--am-W-tm.
2016
BKv 1
19
19
kvIqfp-hn-p-h-m-ep-S
\-sfms sNp Hcp
]Wn-bp--tm. asm-p-a-.
\ XWp sh-nse
Ipfn-bm-WX
- v.
_n \npw IqSn-bX
- v
hnbv, IoSm-Wp- Fmsamw t]mbn. ico-c-nse
Agppw sagp- p- s amw
Hgp-In-tm-b-tm Hcm-izmkw. Ipfn Ign- b p- t m
Ahm-Ny-amb
kpJw sXmSp--
]n sI kp[n
Xp- t ]mse
tXmpw.
XWp ktmjw. Nnescms
IqSp- X
hrnv thn AWp-\min-\n-I tNsv AhIm-i-s-Sp tkmmhpw
D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv.
hne-Iq-Sn-bXpw aW-ap-Xp-amb tkmp-]-tbmKnp Ipfn-npw Ipdp
Ign- b p- t m
Hp
hnbm \psS
kzm`mhnI
Kw
sXmenv XncnsI hcpw.
iv... iv... kvt{] ASnnpw henb Imcy-an-.
aWw \psS ]g- b Xp
Xs. F{X kqnmepw
CsX- s\
XncnsI hcpp? AXns
Kpkv Fm-sW--dnbt?
sm! hnNm-cn--Xp-t]m-e-
Cu kqva-Po-hn-I.
\psS sXmen-p-dv
Xs Ds{X Ah. Ipdsm-p-a-; tImSn--Wn-\v. IuXp-I-I-c-amb
Cu Imcyw Ah-X-cn-n-pXv imkv{X-sagppImc-\mb ]n sI kp[nama\m-W.v
20
20
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
t]Sn-t, kl-Po-h-\hpw
ktlm-]-Im-cn-X-bp-amWv
Cu iey- Cs\ tap Ib-dnbn-cn-p-tm-sg-s
- \-bm-Wm kam-[m-\ambn Dd-p-Xv? Ah-sc-s-nepw kpJt-Sp-I-fp-m-n-bmtem?
A-s\-sbmpw IcpX-. Ch-cn an-t]cpw
\- f p- a mbn kl- h - k nm XpS-n-bXv C-
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
kXojv
2016
BKv 1
21
21
B Xp-I-sf-hnsS?
Cu _mo-cn-b- Fhn-sS-sbm-sbmWv X-Sn-n-cn-p-Xv Fp t\mmw.
ico-c-nse DW-nb `mK-, \\-hpn-Sw, F-a-b-ap `mK- Fn-hn-S-fn-emWv Ah Xmh-f- tXSn-bn-cnp--Xv.
ssIIm-ep-I-fmWv Ftmgpw DW-nbn- c n- p `mKw. sXmen aS- p- I ,
kn-I-fpsS Dh-i-, amdn-Sw, hncep-I Fn-hn-S--fnse Cu-n
Xzv \nhm-k
n-I
]Xn-mep h -fmb
n`mK
^wK-p-Ifpw w
lmP-cpt..!
22
22
hn-S
- f
- n ASn-p-Iq-Sm-\mWv Ipanhn`m-K-m-cmb kqvam-Wp- C-sSp--Xv.
AWp-Po-hn-Isf hmsX `b-t
Imcy-an-. \psS sXmen-bn cmPymXnn-bnse amXncn henb kwLj-sfm-p-an-. Fm-bmepw cp-t\cw
Ipfn-p-Xv \-Xm-Wv. aqn-\p`mKw
sNhn-bp-sSbpw ico-c-n-sbpw aS-pI, CSp-p-I Fn-hn-S
- f
- nepw IqSpX {i sImSp--Ww. tZlw hrnbm-m apnb tkmv thW-sa-smp-an-. A[nIw tkmv ]X-n-npw
Imcy-an-sp a\-n-em-bn-t.
tkmn\pw kvt{]bvpw ]Ww Ifbp--Xn Imcy-an Fp Npcp-w.
Xzns\ Btcm-Ky-I-c-ambn kqn-m\m-h-iy-amb t]mj-I--fp `-WamWv Bh-iyw.
R Hcp-]w kqvaP
- o-hn-If
- m-Wv.
shdpw kqvaP
- o-hn-If
-
- . \ Hm-cw
Akp-J- Dm-p kqva-Po-hnI. km[m-c-W-bmbn Ip-h-cp PetZm-jhpw ]\nbpw sXmv \n-tf-hcpw
`b-s-Sp FbvUvkv, sl-ss-nkv
XpS-n-b-hbpw R Dm-p-Xp
Xs. Fm \n-fpsS sIm--cpXmbva sImp
Xs-bmWv
R \n-fn tcm-Kns hnp-I hnXbvp- - X v.
Hcp Xc-n-
2016
BKv 1
23
23
A\nX kn sI
bp-n ]cm-Pb
- s
- -p. ]mco-kn Xncns-p-tm tIhew 30,000 ssk\n-I
am{X- a mWv _mn- b m- b - X v . Ah- c n
Btcm-Ky-ap--h 1000 Xmsg am{Xw!
F-s\-bmWv s\tm-fn-bs tk\
]cm-P-b-s--Xv? Imc-W-ambn Ncn-{X-Im-cm Nqn-m-Wn-n-cp-Xv djy-bnse
i-amb ssk\yhpw Ahn-Ss AXni- - a mb XWppw BWv . Fm
s\tm- f n- b s\ tXmn- - X m- s c
bmYmyw ASp-nsSbmWv temIw
a\-n-em-n-b-Xv. F-s\-sbtm?
***
enXzm-\nb. bqtdm-nse Hcp sImp-
s\tm-fn-bs
- \-p-dnv \n
tIn- ptm? ]sm- Xmw
\qm-n bqtdm-n apgp-h
A[n-Imcw Dd-n AXn-i-\mb Hcp `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bncpp s\tm- f n- b t_mWmv. Akm-[y-ambn Hp-an
F-Xm-bn-cpp
At-l-ns
Imgv N - m- S v . 1812
s\tm-fn-b N{Ihn ssk\y-hpsamv djy Iog-Sm ]pd- s - p.
Bdv ew ssk\nI-cmWv tk\-bn
Dm-bn-cp-Xv! ]StemIs Iog-S-m
{ian s\tm-fn-b N{I- tbmw ]ptcm- K - a nhnsb Cn-cn-tm sh Ahn- S kqva-Po-hn-I ]cm-P-bbn \nv Nne
s-Sp-nb IY tIn-pssk\n-I tdmU-cntm? A[ym-]n-I-bmb
A\n-Xt- n \nmbn In-tev thv thv
B IY Ah-X-cn-n-p-I\S- p.
]ecpw
bm-Wn-hn-sS.
Xfv Ipgv
hoWv acn- p- p.
ssk\yw F-n IqSp-X
D-Xp-sIm-mhmw Bcpw AXv
Ku\n-msX aptmp IpXn-p.
]t, HSp-hn s\tm-fn-b
n...!
...! l p
n
...! l m
ln p-sI m
I m ] p -
m-W c
ImW
va -f-ms ...
q
k m
.
] -]-nt
Xd
24
24
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
25
25
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
kXojv
26
26
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
cmPohv F Sn
2016
BKv 1
27
27
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
C cmP
A\m-_o\bpw Atkmfbpw
\psS s\h-b-ep-I-fn [mcm-fambn Ip-h-cp kky-amWv Atkmf. CXv Hcp ] hn`mKw kky-am-Wv.
]q-fn. Imb-Ifpw C. Pe-n
s]mn-n-S-p- kky-amWv. CXns
\of thcp-I Xmtgmv Xqn-n-Spw. Cu thcp- I fmWv Pe- n
s]mn- n- S - m klm- b n- p- Xv .
28
28
2016
BKv 1
29
29
^-es
- av Iqn-tmfq. Ch-cpsS ]c-kv]cm-{in-XX
- zw Fs\? "A\m-_o\' (Anabaena) F kb-t\m-_m-o-cn-b-bmWv
Atkm-f-s-Sn-bn Ip-h-cp--Xv.
Cupw
kb-t\m-_m-o-cn-bbpw
Cuv Fv ]d-m Adn-bmtam?
\psS \mn [mcm- f - a p- m- b n- c p
kkyamWv . Ctm hf- s c- p- d t
ImWm-\p-q. Cuns Imb apfmWv
]pXp- k - k y- a p- m- I pXv. Ipn kkyw Dm-Ip-tms
km[m- c W thcpIv ]pdsa tImdtmbv U v thcp- I
(coralloid roots) F
{]tXy- I - X cw thcpI IqSn DmIp-p.
Cu thcp-Iv ]hng- p- ns BIr- X nbmWv. ans apI-fnte- mWv
tImdtembvUv thcp-I-fpsS
hf. CXn Nne
kb- t \m- _ m- o- c n- b I Xma-knv ss\{SPs\ kqn-p-p.
ss\{S-Ps\ Cun\v
\Ipw. Cum-sWn-tem, Xs {]tXyI
thcp-I-fn NmXn
Xma-kn-tms Fv
IcpXn Hpw sNn-.
t\mtmv (Nostoc)
F kb-t\m-_m-o-cnb- b mWv
Cuv
(cycas) ac- ns
thcn
km[m-cW-bmbn
ImWp-Xv.
]bdpw
_mo-cn-bbpw
,
]b- d p- h K- ns \nc- h [n
-fn n
q
kky-sf \ap-d- n-bmw. ]b, a[p] Ipf- w.
,
- p ?
Adn-bnv
Cu ew kqva-Po-hn-I-sf-p-dn-p {]tXyI ]Xn-m-b-Xn-\m "tUm
Upen-nepw Nm-Xn-amcpw' t\mhepw "Hcp anm-{]m-Wn-bpsS \o-bm{X' Nn{XI-Ybpw Nne ]wn-Ifpw tNm Ign-n-n-. Ah ASp e-n
XpS-cp--Xm-Wv. kqva-Po-hn-I-sf-p-dnv Fgp-Xn-n-nb Fm cN-\-Ifpw Cu
e-n Ds-Sp-m Ign-n-n-. Ahbpw XpSe---fn {]Xo-nmw.
FUn-
30
30
kqvaP
- o-hn-Is
- f-p-dnv Ipdv Imcy hmbn--dn--tm. C\n \apv
sNdnb Hcp {]h-\-am-bm-tem?
Hcp IjWw {_Uv FSp-p-I. AXv
hon-\-Iv kuI-cy-{]-Z-amb Hcn-Sv
hbvW
- w. Ddp-v, ]m, XpS-n-bh
- b
- psS
D]-{Z-h-sampw Dm-Im hn[w Hcp
]m{Xw sImv ASv sh-Ww. {_Uv
Im DS AI-m-p sImXn-bmtcm sImXn-n-amtcm hon Bsc-nep-ap-s-n Ah-tcmSv \psS s{]mPn-s\-p-dnv ]d-bm\pw aSn--.
]{X-apm-q...
Hcp mkv apdn.
Xnn-\n-dv
Ccn- p- I - b mWv
Ipn-I.
a\p-jy-p-n-If; kqva-Po-hnp-n-I. Ah
]Tn-p mmW-Xv. Fm, As\ kn-p-Iq-tS?
Cu mn \S- p kw`- h -
Fs-m-am-bn-cn-pw? Ah Ds-Spn
Hcp mkv ]{Xw Xm-dm-n-bmtem? ck2016
BKv 1
31
31
am-bn-cn-nt.
]{X-n\v Hcp t]cn-Sm ad--t.
A[nIw hen--sampw th. Hcp F 4
t]-dns cv ]pdw am{Xw.
\n Xm- d m- nb
]{Xw BKv 30\v apmbn
bpdo-bvv Ab-p-X-cq.
anI ]{X-n\v km-\w.
hn N{-_m_p
{_U
p-m-
]
m
e
sh
n \ p - - X n \
-bp-ap
n
pw
R m - p v ssXcpw
--Xn
k
-\p-sa
l
m
b
cpNn-
m
n
p
-p- s
n-d-n
-tm
v.
...
\ap-dn-bm ]e
{]hn-I-fpsS ]nnepw
kqva-Po-hn-I Dv.
GsX-m-am-WXv ? CXn-s\p-dnv \n-tfmSv ]d-bpXv BIm-i-hm-Wn-bn
{]hn-p
N{-_m_p ama-\m-Wv.
Ce Xntm
nam
Xn
R hv ]pfn-n tm...
-
-sfm-s
-bm p-Xv
Wv
hbdp \ndsb
Xn-bn-p--tm.
Cu Ign--sXms Zln-n-p-Xv
Rfpw IqSn-bm-sWv
h Hmabp-aptm?
Nn{Xo-I-cWw:
cmPohv F Sn
32
32
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
R-fn-m-bn-cp-s-n
Cu `qan-sbm-msI
Ft Hcp Nh-dp-Iq\
BIp-am-bn-cp-stm?
C\n s]mntm aqv!
sh-sam-gn-p--Xn\p apv
]d-b-s. shhpw hf-hp-sams
sNSn-Iv hen-s-Sp-m
]mI-n-em-p-Xv
R-fm-Wv.
amen-\y- s]cp-Ip-tm
R-fn Nne-cpsS Fhpw
s]cpIpw. AXmWv
]e tcmK-pw Imc-Ww.
AXv s]cp-ImsX t\m-t...
Atm...
ico-c-n apdnhv
]msX t\m-t.
apdnhv Im AhnsS
Ib-dn-qSn ]gpv
hcp-m R
{ian-sv hcpw.
!
m v v
v
ymk kwk yK
m
-i
n
b
_t -c- v Bh v
b
lm C n \n -ap-m pw.
-I
n-\y- Ah-b -I-hm-X v Ign-b
e
m
a -m ]mN
cn
\v
n
R
m
c
n
2016
BKv 1
33
33
34
"ssI'Imcyw
\hmkv hS-
- c
s- f
I
n
h
vaP- o p
d- np
kq
p
n
n
b
X{
v
i
n
k
AX ne im .
N X
y
k-
CXv ]epw
Adn-bn
NqtSmsS
C-hW Zqc-Zin-\n-bn
kqva-Po-hn-tem-Is
Nne hnti-j--fm-Wv.
tImgn-tmSv kh-I-emim-e-bn kqvaPo-hn-Isf-p-dnv ]Tn-p-sIm-ncn-p \hmkv ama
Fgp-Xn-bXv {in-q...
35
\n- f psS tXm- nse Hcp
kv]q an Bscms
hkn- pp
FmWv
\n hnNm-cn-p-Xv? 100
tImSn _mo-cn-b, Hcp en-e-[nIw ^wK-kv, 25000
Fw BK hK!
Atm!
k-Xn-Ww!
henb
Imcyw
Bg--S-ense Db NqSnepw
aZ-nepw An-]h-X-ns
]pI- b nepw
Xm]- nepw
hmbpthm shfn-tam Cm
]cn-X
- n-Xn-bnepw Fmw kqvaPo-hn-I-fpsS kmn-[y-ap-v.
XqWnepw
Xpcp-nepw
hsc
kqvam-Wp-hmb sshd-kn\v Pohnm\pw s]cp-In-bp-m-Im\pw Poh\p ap tImi- \n_-am-Wv. AXv _mo-cn-b, ap PohtIm- i - , kky- t Im- i -
Fn-h-bn-semw km[y-am-Wv.
]mh-n\v
thsd hgn-bn
P\p
slen-tm-_m- ss]-tem-dn
AXm-sWs t]cv. kuI-cyn\v Npcp--tcp hnfn-tmfq:
Fv. ss]tem-dn.
s\Sp-s\-Sp- t]cv Xs.
]t, Rms\mcp kqva-Po-hn.
kqva-Zin-\n-bn-eqsS am{Xw
ImWm-hp _mocn-b.
_mo- c nb C\ Hcp- ] m- S p- v .
AXn- s emcp C\w
am{X-amWv Fv.-ss]temdn Cu "Rm'.
\n-fn-tm
kqva-Po-hn-I-fpsS
imkv{X-n-\p-thn
temI- m- W - t m.
kzbw kan tdm_n
Iq- n Ftw
hmd. ]co-W ^eIqn-tm-fq. Iq-W Dd-n-m thn
kzbw Kn\n-
- n-bmb
sa-n-. Rm IqsS_mcn amj. cv
imkv{X--cpsS Bth-i- bp-v. a\p-jy-i-co-c-
n...
Fm Hcp kXyw ]d- b - s ...
Rms\mcp tcmKmWp-hm-Wv... t]Sn-tm.
t]Sn amm Ipdp Ncn{X IYbmhmw.
Ncn{Xw B-hn-izm-khpw {]tNm-Z-\-hpam-Wv.
CXm Hcp Ipn. Cm-es Ipn-b. 1937 P\n Ipn-bm-W.v t]cv tdm_n
hmd. Bkvt{X-en-bnse AsU-se-bvUnemWv Cu Ipn. \n-sf-tm-se-X-s.
\mbn hmbn- pw. IY- I - f m- W n- w.
kml-kn-I-I-Y-I-fm-sW-n ]d-bm-\p-an. Imc-Ww, tdm_n Hcp sImp kmlkn- I - \ m- W v . sskn- f n AsU- s ebv U ns kao] Ipp- p- d - - f n
Hbvv Npn--d-m henb Cw.
{]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy- Iv aXn-ad-
- n-cn-pw.
Ipdp apXn- t m A Ahs\mcp Iymad hmn- s m- S p- p.
t^mtm-{Km-^n, {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-t^m-tm{Km^n tdm_ns hnt\m-Z-am-bXv As\-bm-Wv.
tdm_n anSp-
hnZymn Bbn-cp-p.
imkv{Xhpw imkv{X
]pkv X - I fpw Ah\v
\ C-am-bn-cp-p. sa{Snp-te-j\v ]Tn-p-tm
IW-m-bn-cpp Ahs
{]nb-s hnj-bw. IqsS
I-c-amb IY-bn-Xm..
\n-fpsS P\p-am-a
]d-bp-p.
36
36
37
37
Imc-W--fm a\p-jy
A\p-`-hn-p am\-kn-Iamb hnj- a - Dmp kZw. akm- e Ifpw Fcnhpw apw A[nI-ap `Ww [mcmfw Ign-p-Xpw
Ak-dn\v Imc-W-am-Wv. ]ncn-ap-dpw
Ipd-bvm-\p acpv \I-emWv NnIn. Fm, Cu P-Zn-\
- n tdm_n
Hcp ImgvN-I-p. Hcp s]]vnIv Ak
tcmKn-bn \ns-Sp _tbm-]vkn-bpsS
aosX Hcp Xcw _mo-cnb hf-cpp! Hcp
]ncnb _mo-cn-b. Ap-hsc sshZyimkv{Xw H-Sw hniz-kn-n-cp-Xv IpSen \ndsb Bkn-Up-I-fm-bXn-\m
AhnsS kqva-Po-hn-I-sfmpw \ne\nn Fm-Wv. tdm_ns ]noSp Zn\- Cu _mo-cn-b-sb-p-dnp ]T-\-n-em-bn. cv hj-mew
\nc-c ]co--W-. At-l-n-\p-d-
38
38
lpw!!
y-imamj sshZ w
pZ
kv{X-n _nc
s
t\Sn-bt- XmsS H
p.
XInSw adn
39
39
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww: kXojv
Imc- W - h pw...''
B
Kn\nn tUm BcmsWtm? 12mw hb-n
A\n- b - nsb ac- W n \nv cnv hm- b mbn
amdnb sImp-_m-cn. _mcn amj.
\apv tUm.- _ mcn amj- e n- s \mw
t]mImw.
1975emWv _mcn amj sshZy-imkv{X-n _ncpZw t\Sn-b-Xv. 1979
Atlw tdmb s]v tlmkv]n-en hnhn[ sshZy-im-kv{X-im-J-bnep ]cn- i o- e - \ - ns `mK- a m- b nv
Fn. 1981 ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS Atlw DZc-tcmK kw_--amb NnIn-m-hn-`m-Kn-em-bn. AhnsS shmWv Atlw
tUm.-tdm-_n hmds\ ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-Xv . BZy IqSn- m- g v N - b n Xs
tdm_n Atlw Is-nb ]ncn-b
_mo-cn-b-bpsS ssUp-I _mcnsb
ImWn-p. BknUp \nd hb-dn
Pohn- p _mo- c nb ck- I - c - a mb
hnjbw Xs. tUm. _mcnv DZ-ct- cmK
imkv{X-n henb ]cn-N-b-an-m-Xp-sImv ap--h-sc-t]mse aphn-[n-
40
40
2016
BKv 1
41
41
_mcn amj
42
sI ]n F
tcmKw tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[w
a\p-jy ]I-hym-[n-I ]nSn-s]v Iq-tmsS NsmSp-nb Hcp Ime-ap-m-bn-cp-p. 14mw \qm-nse (650
hjw ap]v) tKv alm-am-cn-bn bqtdm-nse ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw
t] acn-p-t]m-bn. a\p-jyv tcmKs t\cn-Sm-\p amKw
Hp-In HmSn-tm-hpI, As-n tcmKn-Isf amn-mnpI, AXp-a-s-n hon-\-Iv AS-p-]q-n-bn-cpp
{]mn-pI FXp am{X-am-bn-cp-p. Fm, B-Sn
alm-am-cn-I-fn \nv CXp sImsmpw c-t\-Sm-\m-bn-.
tcmKw hcp-Xv tamiw hmbp sImm-sWv hniz-kn
As tUmam hnNn-{X-amb apJw-aq-Sn-I-fp-ambn Aep-\-S-p. hkq-cnbpw tImf-d-bp-sams e-sf
sImsm-Sp-n.
42
acn-n-cp-p. Ign
\qdp hj- n,
{]tXy- I npw 50
hj- n temI
P\- k wJy IpXn- pbp. CXns
{][m\ ImcWw
]I- h ym- [ n- I fpw
AXp-sIm-p acWfpw hf- s c- b [nIw Ipdp
FXmWv.
2016
BKv 1
43
43
Cu Ip-]n-Sp-
- n-\m-[m-cw.
tPwkv ^nv k v F
_me-\n, tKmh-kq-cn-bn
\ns-Sp {Zhw Ipn-shv
GXm\pw Znh-k
- n-\Iw a\pjy-h-kqcn Ipn-sh--tm
tcmKw hcp-n-sp Ip.
CXm- b n- c pp BZys
imkv { Xo- b - a mb {]Xn- t cm[
Ipn-sh-v.
]Xn-t\gmw \qm-n BWn eoshlqv F UpIm-c mv Dc-p-cv Dcp sekp-I-fp-m-n. Chsb D]tbm-Knv sImp ssat{Im-kvtIm-p-I Dm-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p
At-l-ns hnt\m-Zw. 1674 Hcp XSm-I-nse shw
ssat{Im-kvtIm-n-eqsS t\mp-tm shdpw Ip-sImp
ImWm Ign-bm sImp-Po-hn-Isf Atlw Ip. Cp \mw
_mo-cn-b-I Fp hnfn-p Chsb BZy-ambn Hcp a\pjy ImWp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p. ]eXcw _mo-cn-bI
- sf Atlw tcJs-Sp-n.
44
ASv amn
_mo-cnb
kqn-pp {]Xy-s
- -Spp
AtX-]Sn
_mo-cn-bb
- psS
kqn-pp kmn-[y-an
PaIm-c\
- mb tdm_v tImv BWv tcmKmWp-kn-mw kwi-b-n\v CS-\Im--hn[w
sXfn-bn-X
- v. bw, tImf-d, B{mIvkv Fo tcmKsfms _mo-cn-b-I Dm-p--Xm-sWv
Atlw sXfn-bn-p. Hcp tcmKw C AWp-hn
\nmWv Dm-Ip-Xv Fp sXfn-bn-m Nne \ntZi-fpw Atlw aptmv shp.
1. tcmK-ap Fm-hc- nepw tcmKmWp Dm-bn-cn-W
- w. 2. tcmKn-bpsS icoc-n \ns-Sp-p AWp-hns\ et_m-d- d- n-bn {]tXyI ]m{X-f- n
44
2016
BKv 1
sNdnb apdn-hp-I
]gp-mt]mepw AXv
ac- W - n- t ev \bnp Hcp Ime-ap-mbn- c p- p. tcmKm- W psf sImp Bn_-tbm-nv Huj-[-fmWv CXn\v AdpXn
hcp-n-b-Xv. BZys
B n-_-tbm-nv
Bbn- c pp s]\n- k n- e n. Ae- I v k mU
^vsfan-v F Cwojv kqva-Pohn imkv{X apdn-hp-I ]gp-p--Xn-s\ms {][m\
Imc-W-amb ss^-tem-tIm-kv F _mo-cnbsb s]{Sn ]m{X-f- n hfp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p.
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-n-tep
IS-p-tm-tgpw ]Ihym-[n-I tcmKm-Wp--fmWv
Dm-p--sX Imcy-n
kwi-ba- p-m-bn-cp-n-. t]m
Fenv Hcp _lp-ap-J{- ]-Xn`- b m- b n- c p- p. tcmKm- W ps-Xnsc icocw {]Xn-hkvXp- (Bn-t_m-Un-I)
\nan-pp Fv BZy-ambn
]d-Xv Fenv Bbn-cpp. tImi- sf ]e- X cw
Nmbw ]nSn- nv \- X mbn
ImWm\pw a\-n-em-m\pw Ign-bp-sav Atlw ImWn-p. tcmKm-Wp-hn
45
45
46
n-m \ofm-Ir-Xn-bn ImWmw. tcmKw kvs{S]vtm-ssa-kn Ip-]n-Sn-p. A]-XpIp-]n-Sn-m Ctmgpw Cu sSv D]- Ip tijw ap acp-p-Ifpw hp. bw NnIntbm-Kn-p-p. Ign \qm-ns BZy np t`Z-am-m-hp tcmK-f- n-sem-mbn amdn.
]Ip-Xn-bn t]mepw Hcmv tcmK-apsv Is-n-bm acWw GXm-p-dm- b n- c p- p. C- c - msc {]tXyIw
m]n km\-tm-dn-b
- f- n {]th-in-np-Ib
- m-bn-cpp ]Xn-hv. Ah-cn Nne
am{X-amWv c-s-n-cp--Xv. 1943 B_v
jmvkv b-tcm-Km-Wp-hn-s\-Xnsc ^e-{]-Z-amb
Imc-Ww. \K-c
- v IpSn-shw Fn-n-cp
\Zn-If- n ae-hn-kPy-
- Fn-t-cp-X
- m-bncpp {]iv\w. Cmcyw a\-n-em-n-bt- Xm-sS-bm-W,v
aew kwkvc- n-m-\p ]-Xn-Ifpw ipo-Ic- n
s]mXp-Pe hnX-c-W-hp-sams h sNe-hn
km-cp-I \S-n-em-m XpS-n-bX
- .v CtXmsS
tImfdbpsS tXmXv KWy-ambn Ipd-p.
\nP-eo-Ic- W
-
- n\v emb-\n-I \Ip-Ibpw
Xv. tcmKn-bpsS ae-n-eqsS ]pdp IS-p AWp-hns\ sImm Bn-_t- bm-n-p-I D]AWp Pem-ib
-
- sf aen-\s- SppI hgn Bbn- tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw sNm XpS-n-bt- XmsS tImfd
c-v tcmK-ap-m-p-X
- m-bn-cpp alm-am-cnv ac-W
- Cm-Xm-bn.
cm-Wp--fn Ahsb ImWmw. {^p-Im-c- Isf \in-n-p-I-bmWv tcmKw \nb-{n-m-\p
\mb Nmkv emsh-dm-\mWv CXv
amKw. tcmKw h-hsc NnIn-n-m
Ip- ] n- S n- - X v . Chsb ctcmKm-Wp-hns\ sImp ]e acp-pn Fn-p-Xv At\m-^nIfpw Cv e`y-am-Wv. ]s At]eokv C\-ns sImXp-Ipnv tcmKn-If- psS Fhpw tcmKw
I-fm-Wv. Cmcyw Ip-]n-Sn-Xv
h-h-cpsS ac-Whpw hf-sc-b-[nIw
{_no- j p- I m- c - \ mb sdmWmIpd- s - nepw Cpw Hmtcm
Uvtdmv BWv.
hjhpw Bdv ew t] ate-dnb aqew
At\m- ^ n- e okv sImXp- I pacn-p-p; {]tXy-Inv B{^n-b
- n.
Ign 200
hj- n- \ p- n
temI-sa-mSpw esf sImsm- S pnb tcmK-amWv
tImf-d. ITn-\a- mb
hb-dn-f-hpw
ico-c-nse
Pemwiw Ipd-n-m-Xm-hp-X
- p-amWv e-W
- .
tcmK-ap-m-p hn{_ntbm tImfd F _mocn-b
- ns\ tdm_v tImv BWv Ip-]n-Sn--
46
2016
BKv 1
tcmKw hcm- X n- c n- m
Ipn-shv FSp-m
aXn Fm-bn. Fnepw
temIw apgp-h CXp \Sm- m temIm- t cmKy
47
47
cam-tZhn
ASp-f-bnse Cuw
\ne-\nq...!
Rsf kwc-n-q..
48
48
Nncn- - . {^nUvPn- \ - I v,
\psS d{^n-Pt- d-d- n-\I
- v Hcp bpw
Xs- b mWv \S- p- - X v . Bcp- t SsXtm? kqv a m- W p- - f p- t S- X v .
{^nUvPv D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm kqnt {][m\ Imcyw, `Ww
FSpv ]pdv hv A- c o
Dujvam-hn h-Xn-\p-tijw am{Xw
Ign-p-I.
cmhnse Xm- d mnb `Ww
Atmgpw Ignbv pw Dbv pw
Ignbvpw. ]ns cm{Xnbpw Ign-tijw _mn hXv
{^nUvPn Ib-pw. ]mSn. Fm-sWtm? apdnbpsS Xm]-\n-e-bn Ignbp kqvam-Wp-
Fmw {^nUv P n- \ - I v
As\ Fp-I-bm-bn.
{^nUvPn hbvp
`-W]
- Z- mYw \n_-ambpw AS-p-h-bv-Ww.
IS-bn \npw sImp-
h-cp ]-d- n-I IgpIn \mbn XpS-tijw {^nUvPn kqn-p-I. IgpIp-tmgpw XpS-bvp-tmgpw IoS-\m-in\n-Ifpw kqvam-Wp-fpw Cm-sX-bmhp-p.
]m{X- XpSv DW-n-b-tijw
Xs `-W-- \ndv {^nUvPn
hbvq. DW-nb Ah-b
- n _mocn-bv hf-cm-\m-hn-. {^nUvPn-\Ipw _mo- c n- b Dv . Ch
`W ]Zm--fn-tev IS-m-Xncn- m `- W -
AS-p-Xs D]-tbm-Knp-I.
Idp-t]m-bm
(ZoL-t\-cw) {^nUvPn
hbvp `-W
- n
kqvam-Wp- hcpw,
Dd- m- W v. Blm- c - ] Zm- tISm- h pXv C-s\-bm-Wv.
2016
BKv 1
49
49
tUm.-In-tjmIp-am sI
an kqva-Po-hn-I
sNp-Xv
50
50
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
kXojv
51
51
\min-\n-Ifpw ap cmk-h-kvXp-fpw
hnL-Sn-nv hnj-c-ln-X-am-p-p.
$ anse lm\n-Ic
-
- f
- m-bXpw tcmK-Imcn-I-fp-amb Nne kqva-Po-hn-Isf
ASn--ap-p.
anse {][m-\-s
kqva-Po-hn-I
1. _mo-cnb (Bacteria) : Ch ]e cq]n Dv . Zv , tKmfw, tIma,
kv{]nwKv XpS-nb BIr-Xn-If
- mWv IqSpX- e pw. CXn- \ - \ p- k - c n- mWv Ch- b psS
t]cpw. Nneh tcmK-Im-cn-I-fm-sW-n
ap-h D]-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. \-fp-sSbpw
arK-f
- p-sSbpw A-\m-f
- nepw D]-Imcn-I-fmb Nne C\- Pohn-p-ptm!
2. ]q-ep-I AYhm Ipan-fp-I
(Fungus) : {]Im-i-kw-t-jW kwhn-[m\-an-m hn`m-K-am-Wn-h. AXn-\m
Xs ssPh-hk
- vXp-f
- psS hnL-S\
-
- neq-sS-bmWv DuPw Dm-Zn-n-p--Xv.
Ch-bpsS CS-bn D]-Im-c-Im-cn-Ifpw
tcmK-Im-cn-I-fp-ap-v.
3. BIv n- t \m- s sa- k - kv (Actinomycetes) : ico-c-L-S\ DssS ]qens Nne kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-I-fp
Hcn\w _mo-cn-b--fm-Wn-h. kky-i-coc-nse hnL-Sn-m hfsc {]bm-kap koW-LS- \
- b
- p enKv\n (Lignin) Xm-{X-Isf sNdnb LS-I--fmbn
hnL- S n- n- m- \ p Ch- b psS Ignhv
FSpp ]d-tb--Xm-Wv. am{X-a Cv
{]Nm-c
- n-ep Bn-_t- bm-nIv acp-pI-fmb kvs{S]vtm-ssa-kn, \ntbm-ssakn, Fdn-t{Xm-ssa-kn, sS{Sm-ssk-n
XpS-n-bh thXn-cn-s-Sp-p-Xv Chbn \nm-Wv.
4. ]mb-ep-I (Algae) : q{Ko C\fpw sbtm{Ko C\- fpw,
tKmU--{_u C\-fp-amWv (blue-green, yellowgreen, golden-green) Ch-
bn {][m-\n-I. GItIm-i
- f
- pw, _lp-tIm-i-fp-amb ]mb-ep-If
- p-v.
Chbv v Fm- n\pw
{]Im-i-kw-tjW tijn-bp-v. Nne-hbvv
(q{Ko C\w) ss\{S-P
nXo-I-cW tijn-bp-ap-v.
kutcmPs ap kky-P-p-Pm-e-p `W-ambn amn `yirwJ-emPm-e-n\v XpS--an-Sm Chbvm-hp-p. IqSmsX ss\{SPs {Ib-hn-{I-b-n-epw.
5. t{]mtm-tkmh (Protozoa) : ]e _mo-cn-b-I-sfbpw
Bl- c n- m tijn- b p
GI- t Im- i - P o- h n- I - f m- W - h .
AXn- \ m Xs Ah
anse _mo- c n- b - - f psS
Fs \nb- { n- p- p.
Ch-bn Nen-m klm-bnp \of-ta-dnb hmep-If
- p-ff
52
52
Ihn-Xm-]q-cWw
_mo-cn-b-bpsS temI-n
Ddpp ssUt\m-k!
{]ikvX Ihn ]n a[p-kq-Z-\s hcn-Ifm-Wnh. CXn-t\mSv tNcp hcn-I
XpS-
- ntem HSp-
- ntem \n-fpsS bpw-t]mse tNv ]qn-bmn
t\mq.
Ihn Xs-bm-bn-cnpw cN-\-I sXc-s-Sp-p-I. anI cN\ {]kn-oI-cn-pw.
Ab-bvt hnemkw :
IhnXm ]qcWw BKv 2016, bpdo-, Nme-p-dw, tImgn-tmSv 673002.
Ah-km\ XobXn BKv 30
53
53
C lcn-Ir-jvW
`qan-bn Cp
ssPh-ssh-hn-[yns
samw t]pw
Rm..!
54
54
55
55
BK-I
ka-bv {]Im-ik
- w-t-jWw \S-p
kzt]mjn-Ifpw ISP-e
- nse ss\{SP aqe-I
- ns Afhv \nb-{n-p-Xpw Dd-p-hc
- p-p-Xpw nco-Ic
- W
- t- ijn-bp BK-I BWv. DZm-lc
- W
- n\v ss{Stm-sU-kvanbw. Btcm-Kyap Hcp kaql Bhm-kh
- y-h
- b
- mWv
Cu `qanbpsS samw Btcm-Ky-tbpw
\nW-bn-p-X
- .v
""AXv F-s\-bmWv Fv hni-Zo-Icnp Xcmtam Akvew km.''
""Aa-en\v anbpw Ab-ebpw Hs
C-am-W-tm At. Ch-bpsS {][m\
`Ww IS Pe-nse kky--h-I- f mb Ubmw hn`m- K - ns
kqva BK-I BWv. BtKm-f-Xm]-\hpw aen-\o-I-c-Wsampw ISP-e-
56
56
""cp apfw ]q
tNn-s,''m
ss-tm-Smbv
]d-bp-s-n
knp F ]n
GIm--X-sbmcp
IS-em-sW-n
IS-en \ndsb
nc-bp-s-n,
Rm\m--S-en
tmc-mbv Xnc
ame-I t\mn
bncn-m-sW-n,
sNn \np
]pI-p-cp-fm-sbmcp
`qX-a-gnp
hcp--Xp-t]mse
\oe--S-en
pn \nsmcp
am{n-I\
-
- s\
hc-hm-sb-n,
Bp-Ip-Xnp
hcp-smcp Xnc-am
eI-sf-q-hmbv
op-s-n,
B sh]q-hp-I
sfmw I\-hn
\qentmm
Ign-bp-s-n
Bq-am-eI
-
sIm-bn-em-o
smcp-s]--Xn-te
hchm-sW-n,
""Fp kpKw
]qs''p
]d-smcp Imv
]d-p-s-n
GIm--X-bpsS
IS-tem-c-smcp
sh--n
sImmcw ]Wn
Xmsm-mc
sn ap
mhn-en-cpo-
S-ens\ t\mn
hn-X-I-fn-s\
sbgpXpw Rm.
Rm\m aW-tem
cmbv Ipw
Xn-bn-cn-q
ancn-m-sW-n,
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
kNo-{ Imd-Up
bpdo--bn ck-I-c-ambn
[mcmfw Ihn-X-I FgpXn-bn-pv knp-t-n.
C-hW IS-en-s\-p-dnv
Fgp-Xn-bXv hmbn-q.
2016
BKv 1
57
57
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
C F joP
p Am tNmZn-p.
""A-tm... At{Xw Db-c-nev tIdt... Fs sXmn t]Sn-pw...''
Ipn-s- Htcmw hp-sIm-Spp.
\oe-smow Xteev shv Ipns-s Hcp \S-w-v. Ipf--c-bn-eqsS... sRfn---s\.
"Zm, Fs sXmn Itm' F `mhn.
""tlbv... B sXmn-sbmv Xtczm?
hm shbn-ev... Xe thZ-\n-vWp.''
Ipf- n- t ev t\mn- b n- c n- p
aosImn s]m tNmZn-p.
""At... Fs sXmnv aoaWw
Cw-y.'' Ipn-s- Htcmw hpsIm-Sp-p.
\oe-smow Xteev shv Ipns-\v Hcp \S-w-v... hoSns apq-sS... sRfn---s\... "Zm, Fs
sXmn Itm' F `mh-n.
Hcp Imv HmSn-h
- p. "B sXmn-sbmv
Xtczm'v tNmZntw IqSn sNm-sX,
Imv Ipn-s-s sXmow FSpv
H Hmw... ]ns, H--d-...
Ipn-s- Ic-n-temSv Ic-n...
Ic-n-en-\n-Sb
- nepw Ah Dds hnfnp
]d-p.
""Imt... s sXmn Xmtbm...
s sXmn Xmtbm...' v.
]d--en-\n-S-bnepw Imv hnfnp ]dp,
Ipn- s - \v A Hcp
sXmn hmn-sm-Sp-p. Hcp
\oe-sm-n. Ipn-s--\msW-n-tem, B sXmn Xe-bn
\np amn-.
\oe-smow Xteev shv
Ipn-s-s Hcp \S-w-v.
]mS-hc
-
-
- q-sS... sRfn-- s \... Zm, Fs sXmn
Itm F `mh-n..
""t{Imw t{Imw B sXmnsbmv Xtczm?''
hc-ns tamfn-encpv Xhf tNmZn-p.
"" A - t m . . .
shw \\- m
Fs sXmnv
XWp-pw.'' Ipns- Htcmw hpsIm-Sp-p.
\oe-smow
imkv{Xhpw IY-Ifpw
Xteev shv IpnIhn-X-I-fp-ambn joP-tn
s- s Hcp \Sbpdo--bn Fgp-Xp
- n-bn-eqcN-\-Isf \n-dn-bm- w-v... CS-hg
a-tm. CXm... Hcp IY.
sS... sRfn- - hmbn-q.
s\... "Zm Fs sXmn
Itm' F `mhn...
""Nn Nn... B sXmnsbmv Xtczm? sXmn-hv Hcp
sk^n-sb-Sp-m-\m...'' Hme-e-v samss_epw ]nSn-n-cn-
58
58
59
59
sI cm[
Dp-p-kp-hns In
Hcp-{K kn-bp-v. Ah ISbn-tev km[-\- hmm
t]mhp- t m sImp- t ]m- h pXv. Im Hcp ASn-s]mfn
t]gvkm-W-Xv. AXv I-tm
^mna ^nZbvpw AaPnv
Fn\pw ap Iqp- I mpsamw AXp- t ]m- s em- s cw
thW-sa-m-bn. As\- b mWv
Dppkp- h ns D
kvIqfn-sen
Acw kn- b pm- pI F- s \sbv Fm-hpw
]d-p-sIm-Sp--Xv.
Dp- pkp- h ns
]pmc D FmWv
Fn-\mWv mnIv Ihdp-I Xs thW-sav ]d- - s Xv hmbnq. ]n Sn F, amXr\n_w ]nSn-p-Xv.
]Icw CXv t]mtc? XpWn k-anXn Fn-h-bn
kn. XpWn-k-n-bpsS X Adn- b p- - h \namWw hnh-cn-p-Xv
cpsS klm-b-m
A[ym-]-I-\mb cm[
ama-\m-Wv.
\n-fpsS kvIqfnepw
Ccw kn- I
Dm-m {ianq.
hon-se-p mnIvamen-\y-fpsS Afhp Ipd-bvp-X
- n\v
mnIv Ih- d p- I p ]Icw
Nn{Xw 2
Nn{Xw 1
60
60
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Nn{Xw 3
Ipn-I-fpsS imkv{X ssZzhm-cnI
Nn{Xw 4
Nn{Xw 5
If-bp-I. XpSv Nn{Xw 3 ImWn--Xpt]mse XpWn cmbn aSn AS-bm-fs-Sp-nb coXn-bn GI-tZiw 6 sk.-aod-d \of-n I{Xn-I-sImp shp-I.
Aw < amXrIbnepw sh-Ww. XpWn
\nhn-bm Nn{Xw 4 ImWp--Xpt]mse Inpw. apdn-`- m-Ks ^vfmv cp
`mK-tbvpw Dn-tev aSn AhnsS
A
4"
Nn{Xw 6
Nn{Xw 7
Nn{Xw 9
2016
BKv 1
Nn{Xw 10
61
61
Nn{Xw 8
bpdo p-I
{]h\w Bcw-`np
mn-v
amen-\yn\vFXnsc
Ipp-
Kh.bp ]n kvIq
HmS--bw, Aco-tm-Sv, ae-pdw
mnIv amen-\y-hn-ap HmS-bw
F-XmWv apJy-e
- yw. CXn-\mbn Wv Xm-dmn {]tZ-is hoSp-If
- n
Fn-pw. hn]p-e-amb Im-bn-\n-\mbn
P\-Iob kanXn
Dm-pw.
t_m[- h cW mpw
Abk-`m-X-en mnIv
kvt\l
__nX
-tk-hy
{^o In-nbpw
cq]o- I - c n- pw.
XpWn-kn hnX-cWw sNp-Ibpw hoSpI-fn-ep mnIv Imcn-_m-Kp-I tiJcn- p- I bpw sNpw. anI Abk`pw hoSn\pw AhmUv \Ipw.
apl-Zv
kn\m
Kh. F ]n kvIq
thtm-Sn, ]me-mSv
"_n kvamv bpdom v' FmWv
t]cv. mv apdn-bnse mnIv km[-\
- ,
kvIqfnse sam-nep mnIv km[\-, Hmtcm Znh-khpw A[n-Ia
- mbn ]pdp-\npw hcp-h XpS-n-bh
- sb-pdnv
env Xm-dmn ]T\ {]h-\-ambn
Gs- S p- pw. mnIv km[- \ - v
_Z Fs-m-sav Is-p-Ibpw
N-sN-pIbpw sNpw.
c n - X m v t_m[h-c-Whpw
mnIv amen-\yFw.sI.
aplZv {ioteJ
jm^n
-fn-m
kvIq F eyhpw \S-m-pw.
Kh. F ]n kvIq
Ipam-c\
- - q,
apw, tImgn-tmSv
mnIv Ih-dp-I kvIq-fn Fnm-Xn-cn-m {ian-pw. sIm-p-h-h
aS-n-sm-p-t]m-hpw. kvIq- Bh-iyn- t ev mnIv D]- t bm- K n- n- .
t_ms] shbv v tiJ- c n- m
62
62
BcmWv Ah-Imin?
Pqsse 1 e-nse bpdo F\nv
Hcp-]mSv ]p Adn-hp-I \In. AXn
sskP Fkv Fgp-Xnb sshw apl-Zv
_jo kmdns `qan- b psS Ah- I m- i nIsfn- b p ]wn Ipn- I - f p- t Sbpw
apXn- h - c p- t Sbpw a\- n ]cnnXnt_m[-ns Hcp-]nSn hnp ]mIpI-bm-Wv. a\p-jys sXn-m-cW `qan-bpsS
Ah-Imin Ah-\m-sW-m-Wv. Hcn--ep-a-.
{]IrXnbn ImWp
Ddp- p- a p- X B\
hsc- b p Fm
Poh-Pm-e-fpw
`qanbpsS Ah-Im-inI-fm-Wv. a\p-jys
{Iqc-X-bm Cm-XmIp-Xv `qan-bpsS AhIm-in-If
- m-Wv. C\nbpw ]p-\d- n-hp-If
- p-ambv
bpdo hopsap-sav {]Xo-n-p-p.
\Zn Fkv, 6 kn, F Fw bp ]n Fkv
Ipam-c-s\-q, apw, tImgn-tm-Sv673602
Bhn--cptX
Nph-Sp-I-fn CubnsS h Hcp IhnX
{ioaXn sI B aoc-bpsS {]ikvX t\mhemb Bcm-m-cnse Hcp `mKw ]In-bXm-sWv CS-m-ep \npw A\p{io
F Iqp-Imcn Adn-bn-n-p-v (I-hn-Xb
- psS
t]cpw Fgp-Xnb Bfns t]cpw ChnsS
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