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United Nations History & Wikipedia
United Nations History & Wikipedia
United Nations
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The United Nations Organization (UNO) or simply United Nations (UN) is an international
organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international
security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and the achieving of world
peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop
wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary
organizations to carry out its missions.
There are currently 192 member states, including nearly every sovereign state in the world. From
its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and
administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization has six
principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council
(for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (for
assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development); the
Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International
Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (which
is currently inactive). Other prominent UN System agencies include the World Health
Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund
(UNICEF). The UN's most visible public figure is the Secretary-General, currently Ban Ki-moon
of South Korea, who attained the post in 2007. The organization is financed from assessed and
voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese,
English, French, Russian and Spanish.[2]
Contents
• 1 History
• 2 Organization
○ 2.1 General Assembly
○ 2.2 Security Council
○ 2.3 Secretariat
2.3.1 Secretary-General
○ 2.4 International Court of Justice
○ 2.5 Economic and Social Council
○ 2.6 Specialized institutions
• 3 Membership
○ 3.1 Group of 77
• 4 Functions
○ 4.1 Peacekeeping and security
○ 4.2 Human rights and humanitarian assistance
○ 4.3 Social and economic development
○ 4.4 Mandates
○ 4.5 Other
• 5 Funding
• 6 Personnel policy
• 7 Reform
• 8 See also
○ 8.1 Relations between specific states and the United Nations
• 9 References
• 10 Further reading
• 11 External links
History
This section requires expansion.
Main article: History of the United Nations
Membership
Main article: United Nations member states
An animation showing the timeline of accession of UN member states, according to the UN.
Note that Antarctica has no government; political control of Western Sahara is in dispute; and
the territories administered by the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Kosovo are considered by the
UN to be provinces of the People's Republic of China and Republic of Serbia, respectively.
With the addition of Montenegro on 28 June 2006, there are currently 192 United Nations
member states, including all fully recognized independent states[18] apart from Vatican City (the
Holy See, which holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City, is a permanent observer).[19]
The United Nations Charter outlines the rules for membership:
1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states
which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the
judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these
obligations.
2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will
be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the
recommendation of the Security Council.
—United Nations Charter, Chapter 2, Article 4, http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/
Group of 77
The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its
members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the
United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has
since expanded to 130 member countries. The group was founded on 15 June 1964 by the "Joint
Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development (UNCTAD). The first major meeting was in Algiers in 1967, where the
Charter of Algiers was adopted and the basis for permanent institutional structures was begun.[20]
Functions
Peacekeeping and security
Main article: History of United Nations Peacekeeping
See also: List of United Nations peacekeeping missions
UN peacekeeping missions. Dark blue regions indicate current missions , while light blue
regions represent former missions.
The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed
conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to
discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own
military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces,
also called the "Blue Helmets", who enforce UN accords are awarded United Nations Medals,
which are considered international decorations instead of military decorations. The peacekeeping
force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.
The founders of the UN had envisaged that the organization would act to prevent conflicts
between nations and make future wars impossible, however the outbreak of the Cold War made
peacekeeping agreements extremely difficult because of the division of the world into hostile
camps. Following the end of the Cold War, there were renewed calls for the UN to become the
agency for achieving world peace, as there are several dozen ongoing conflicts that continue to
rage around the globe.
A 2005 RAND Corp study found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping
efforts. It compared UN nation-building efforts to those of the United States, and found that
seven out of eight UN cases are at peace, as compared with four out of eight US cases at peace.
[21]
Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars,
genocides and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit
circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—has been the main
cause of the decline in armed conflict since the end of the Cold War.[22] Situations where the UN
has not only acted to keep the peace but also occasionally intervened include the Korean War
(1950–1953), and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Persian Gulf War in 1990.
Japan 16.624%
Germany 8.577%
France 6.301%
Italy 5.079%
Canada 2.977%
Spain 2.968%
China 2.667%
Mexico 2.257%
The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. The regular
two-year budgets of the UN and its specialized agencies are funded by assessments. The General
Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is
broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay, as measured by their Gross
National Income (GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income.[45]
The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be overly dependent on any
one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a 'ceiling' rate, setting the maximum amount
any member is assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the
scale of assessments to reflect current global circumstances. As part of that revision, the regular
budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%. The U.S. is the only member that has met the
ceiling. In addition to a ceiling rate, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or
'floor' rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget. Also, for the least developed countries (LDC), a
ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied.[45]
The current operating budget is estimated at $4.19 billion for the 2-year (biennial)period of 2008
to 2009, or a little over 2 billion dollars a year[45] (refer to table for major contributors).
A large share of UN expenditures addresses the core UN mission of peace and security. The
peacekeeping budget for the 2005–2006 fiscal year is approximately $5 billion (compared to
approximately $1.5 billion for the UN core budget over the same period), with some 70,000
troops deployed in 17 missions around the world.[46] UN peace operations are funded by
assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale, but including a weighted
surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping
operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less
developed countries. As of 1 January 2008, the top 10 providers of assessed financial
contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations were: the United States, Japan,
Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, China, Canada, Spain, and the Republic of Korea.
[47]
Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget (such as UNICEF, the WFP and
UNDP) are financed by voluntary contributions from other member governments. Most of this is
financial contributions, but some is in the form of agricultural commodities donated for afflicted
populations.
Because their funding is voluntary, many of these agencies suffer severe shortages during
economic recessions. In July 2009, the World Food Programme reported that it has been forced
to cut services because of insufficient funding.[48] It has received barely a quarter of the total it
needs for the 09/10 financial year.
Personnel policy
The UN and its agencies are immune to the laws of the countries where they operate,
safeguarding UN's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. [49] This
independence allows agencies to implement human resources policies that may even be contrary
to the laws of a host – or a member country.[citation needed]
Despite their independence in matters of human resources policy, the UN and its agencies
voluntarily apply the laws of member states regarding same-sex marriages, allowing decisions
about the status of employees in a same-sex partnership to be based on nationality. The UN and
its agencies recognize same-sex marriages only if the employees are citizens of countries that
recognize the marriage. This practice is not specific to the recognition of same-sex marriage but
reflects a common practice of the UN for a number of human resources matters. It has to be
noted though that some agencies provide limited benefits to domestic partners of their staff and
that some agencies do not recognise same-sex marriage or domestic partnership of their staff.
Reform
Main article: Reform of the United Nations
Proposed logo for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, which would involve direct
election of a country's representative by its citizens.
Since its founding, there have been many calls for reform of the United Nations, although little
consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world
affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work.[50] There have also been
numerous calls for the UN Security Council's membership to be increased, for different ways of
electing the UN's Secretary-General, and for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly.
The UN has also been accused of bureaucratic inefficiency and waste. During the 1990s the
United States withheld dues citing inefficiency, and only started repayment on the condition that
a major reforms initiative was introduced. In 1994, the Office of Internal Oversight Services
(OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.[51]
An official reform programme was begun by Kofi Annan in 1997. Reforms mentioned include
changing the permanent membership of the Security Council (which currently reflects the power
relations of 1945), making the bureaucracy more transparent, accountable and efficient, making
the UN more democratic, and imposing an international tariff on arms manufacturers worldwide.
[citation needed]
In September 2005, the UN convened a World Summit that brought together the heads of most
member states, calling the summit "a once-in-a-generation opportunity to take bold decisions in
the areas of development, security, human rights and reform of the United Nations."[52] Kofi
Annan had proposed that the summit agree on a global "grand bargain" to reform the UN,
renewing the organisation's focus on peace, security, human rights and development, and to
make it better equipped at facing 21st century issues. The result of the summit was a compromise
text agreed on by world leaders,[53] which included the creation of a Peacebuilding Commission
to help countries emerging from conflict, a Human Rights Council, and a democracy fund, a
clear and unambiguous condemnation of terrorism "in all its forms and manifestations", and
agreements to devote more resources to the Office of Internal Oversight Services, to spend
billions more on achieving the Millennium Development Goals, to wind up the Trusteeship
Council because of the completion of its mission, and that the international community has a
"responsibility to protect" – the duty to intervene in when national governments fail to fulfill
their responsibility to protect their citizens from atrocious crimes.
The Office of Internal Oversight Services is being restructured to more clearly define its scope
and mandate, and will receive more resources. In addition, to improve the oversight and auditing
capabilities of the General Assembly, an Independent Audit Advisory Committee (IAAC) is
being created. In June 2007, the Fifth Committee created a draft resolution for the terms of
reference of this committee.[54][55] An ethics office was established in 2006, responsible for
administering new financial disclosure and whistleblower protection policies. Working with the
OIOS, the ethics office also plans to implement a policy to avoid fraud and corruption.[56] The
Secretariat is in the process of reviewing all UN mandates that are more than five years old. The
review is intended to determine which duplicative or unnecessary programmes should be
eliminated. Not all member states are in agreement as to which of the over 7000 mandates should
be reviewed. The dispute centres on whether mandates that have been renewed should be
examined. As of September 2007, the process is ongoing.[57]
See also
• High-level Panel on United Nations • United Nations Convention on the Law
Systemwide Coherence of the Sea
• International relations • United Nations elections and
• List of Permanent Representatives to the appointments
United Nations • United Nations in popular culture
• Model United Nations • United Nations International School
• Official statistics • United Nations Peace Messenger Cities
• UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador • United Nations Postal Administration
• UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador • United Nations University
• Official languages of the United Nations • University for Peace
• United Nations Association • World Heritage Site
• U.N. Me - documentary film • Yearbook of the United Nations
• Criticism of the United Nations
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Further reading
• United Nations Intellectual History Project Book Series. Indiana University Press.
• "Think Again: The United Nations", Madeleine K. Albright, Foreign Policy,
September/October, 2004.
• Hans Köchler, Quo Vadis, United Nations?, in: Law Review, Polytechnic University of
the Philippines, College of Law, May 2005 Online version.
• An Insider's Guide to the UN, Linda Fasulo, Yale University Press (1 November 2003),
hardcover, 272 pages, ISBN 0-300-10155-4.
• United Nations: The First Fifty Years, Stanley Mesler, Atlantic Monthly Press (1 March
1997), hardcover, 416 pages, ISBN 0-87113-656-2.
• United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations edited by
Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, Oxford University Press; 2nd edition (1 January
1994), hardcover, 589 pages, ISBN 0-19-827926-4.
• A Guide to Delegate Preparation: A Model United Nations Handbook, edited by Scott A.
Leslie, The United Nations Association of the United States of America, 2004 edition
(October 2004), softcover, 296 pages, ISBN 1-880632-71-3.
• "U.S. At War – International." Time Magazine XLV.19 7 May 1945: 25–28.
• The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, edited by Thomas G. Weiss and Sam
Daws, Oxford University Press, July 2007, hardcover, 896 pages, ISBN 978-0-19-
927951-7, ISBN 0-19-927951-9.
• Gold, Dore. Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos. New
York: Three Rivers Press, 2004.
External links
Find more about United Nations on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Official websites
• United Nations official homepage
• United Nations Systems of Organizations
• About the United Nations
• Global Issues on the UN Agenda
• High-level Panel on United Nations Systemwide Coherence
• Journal of the United Nations: Programme of meetings and agenda.
• The United Nations Regional Information Centre (UNRIC)
• UN Chronicle Magazine
• UN Organisation Chart
• UN Works
• United Nations Charter – Charter text
• United Nations Directory
• United Nations Security Council Resolutions
• United Nations Volunteers
• United Nations Webcasts
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• World Map of UN websites and locations
Other
• United Nations Rule of Law, the United Nations' centralised website on the rule of law.
• Documents and Resources on UN, War, War Crimes and Genocide
• Eye on the U.N. – A Project of the Hudson Institute New York and the Touro Law Center
Institute for Human Rights
• History of the United Nations – UK Government site
• Inner City Press – UN related news.
• Outcomes of the 2005 World SummitPDF (82.9 KB)
• Permanent Missions To The United Nations
• Searchable archive of UN discussions and votes
• List of UN datasets on CKAN, a registry of open data
• Task Force on United Nations – U.S. Institute of Peace
• U.N. watch – non-governmental organization based in Geneva whose mandate is to
monitor the performance of the United Nations by the yardstick of its own Charter.
• United Nations Association of the UK: independent policy authority on the UN
• United Nations: Change at the Helm - Change for the Whole Ship? – Independent news
reports by the news agency Inter Press Service
• United Nations eLearning Unit created by ISRG – University of Innsbruck
• United Nations Research Guide from the Mississippi State University Libraries
• Website of the Global Policy Forum, an independent think-tank on the UN
• http://unfccc.meta-fusion.com/kongresse/CBD2008_2/templ/ply_cbd.php?
id_kongresssession=1147&player_mode=isdn_real
• United Nations Offices Worldwide
• (English) (French) EQUITAS, the Authority on Judicial Morality providing legal
resources helpful in aid for the better advancement of the Rule of Law.
United Nations (UN)
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and SCSL · UNCTAD · UNCITRAL · UNDCP · UNDP · UNEP · UNESCO ·
UNODC · UNFIP · UNIFEM · UNFPA · OHCHR · UNHCR · UNHRC ·
agencies UN-HABITAT · UNICEF · UNITAR · UNOSAT · UNRWA · UNWTO ·
UPU · WFP · WHO · WMO