:

.. 2553

6 1

2
3

4



.. 2549 5


6

2553

1
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3

1-2
1-2
1-2
1-9
1-11
1-18
1-18
1-20
1-21
1-21
1-29
1-29
1-35
1-35
1-38
1-40

2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5

2-1
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-3
2-5

-1

2553

2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4

2-10
2-10
2-10
2-10
2-11

3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

3-1
3-13
3-15
3-18
3-20

4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14

4-1
4-8
4-10
4-13
4-16
4-19
4-31
4-42
4-43
4-50
4-57
4-59
4-60
4-61

5
5.1
5.1.1
1)
2)
3)

5-1
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-6

-2

2553

4)
5)
6)
5.1.2
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4

5-7
5-8
5-11
5-14
5-16
5-16
5-20
5-21
5-22
5-23
5-28
5-28
5-32
5-35
5-38

6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
6.2
6.3
6.3.1
1)
2)
3)
6.3.2
6.3.3
1) -
2) -
3) --
4)

6-1
6-1
6-4
6-6
6-8
6-8
6-16
6-19
6-19
6-19
6-21
6-22
6-24
6-26
6-26
6-26
6-27
6-28

-3

2553

6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
1) -
2) -
3) --
4)
5)
6)
7)
6.4.4
6.5
6.6
6.6.1
6.6.2
6.6.3

6-30
6-30
6-35
6-44
6-48
6-49
6-54
6-54
6-56
6-59
6-61
6-62
6-63
6-70
6-70
6-74
6-84

1.1
-1
1.1.1
-1
1)
.. 2549
-2
2)

.. 2549
-5
3)
.. 2549
-20
4) .. 2549
-26
1.1.2 -26
1)
.. 2552
-26
1.2
-29
1.2.1
-29
1)
.. 2549
-30

-4

2553

2)
.. 2549
-34
3)
.. 2549
-35
1.2.2
-39
1)
.. 2548
-39
2)
.. 2548
-40
3)
.. 2548
-41
4)
.. 2549
-42
1.3
-46
1.3.1
-46
1.3.2
-47
1.3.3

-60
1.3.4

-60
1.3.5
-60
1.3.6

-60
1.3.7

-67
1.3.8
-67

-5

2553

(Condensate) (
) 1-1

1-1

1-1


(Saturated Steam) (Heat Exchanger)
(Superheat Steam)
(Power Plant)

.. 2549
2
1-1

2553

1.5
8

1.1

1) (Furnace) (Combustion chamber)

2) (Water space)
3) (Steam space)



3 1-2

1.2
3

1.2.1
(Fire tube boiler)

()
(Boiler shell)


( ASTM SA516-70 ASME Section II)

()
(End plate or tube sheet)

1-2

2553

1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
8-13-
14-

15-
16-
17-
18-19-
20-
21-
22- 3
23- 2
24-

25-
34-
26-
35-
27-
36-
28-
37-
29-
38-
30- 39-
31- 40-
32-
33-

1-2

1-3

2553

()
(Stay)

(Stay Rod) (Gusset stay) (Stay tube)
()
(Furnace)

(Reinforce ring)

()
(Fire tube)
2
()
4
2.5-3.5



(Pass) 1-3

(Wet back)
(Dry back)
1-4 1-5

1-4

2553

() 1

() 2

() 3

() 4
1-3

()

()
1-4

1-5

2553

1-5
3

()
(Horizontal package fire tube boiler)


100-12,000
(MAWP) 1-2 MPa

1-6

2553

(Package fire tube boiler)

3 (3-pass wet back fire tube boiler) 80%
1-6 4 (4-pass dry back fire tube
boiler) 10% 1-7 2
500
12,000 (WAWP) 1-2 MPa
70% 750 kPa
80-93% (LHV)

1-6 3

1-7 4
()
(Vertical fire tube boiler)
80%

1-8

1-7

2553

(Steam load)


1,000

10-2,500
(MAWP) 1 MPa
75-85% (LHV)

1-8
()
(Tubeless boiler)



1-9

(Steam load)

1-8

2553

10-1,500
(WAWP) 1 MPa
75-80% (LHV)

1-9
1.2.2
(Water tube boiler)

100
1,300 MW (MAWP) 1-31 MPa
593 oC
5,000
1 MPa

1.5
MPa 15,000

Boiler lay-up

1-9

2553

(Cold end corrosion)

1-10 3
()
(Steam drum or Upper drum)


Steam separator
Steam purifier
()
(Mud drum or Lower drum)
(Header)





()
(Water tube)



(Overheat) (Long
term overheat) (Fin) 3
(12.7-76.2 ) 2.0-3.5

1-10
1-10

2553

1.2.3
()
(Power plant boiler)
2-11 (Superheated steam) 4-20 MPa
(Steam turbine) (Generator)


Superheater, Desuperheater, Economizer, Recuperator


10 MW (VSPP)

1-11
()
(Waste heat boiler or heat recovery steam generator,
HRSG)
Gas turbine
(Cogeneration or combined cycle)
(Duct burner)
(Steam turbine)
HRSG

1-11

2553

Superheater, Desuperheater, Economizer, Air preheater, Duct burner Diverter

1-12

1-12
() A, D O
A, D O (A, D and O type water tube boiler)
1-13 (Package water tube boiler)
1.8-10 MPa 5,000-100,000
Superheater 570 0C
A
(Mud drum)
Superheated, Desuperheater, Economizer, Recuperator,

1.5
MPa 15,000


Boiler lay-up
(Cold end corrosion)

1-12

2553

1-13 A, D O
()
(Once-through coiled water tube boiler)


1-14

300
1,000 MW 1.5 MPa
Super critical

1-13

2553

1-14
()
(Vertical water tube boiler)
(Header)

1-15



1,000


(Once-through boiler)
10-2,600
2 MPa 80-85% (LHV)

800

1-14

2553

1-15
()
(Bend water tube knock down boiler)

1-16 (Header)


2

300-3,000
1 MPa 8085% (LHV)

1-15

2553

1-16
()
(Hybrid boiler)


1-17

1-18 5,000-20,000

2 MPa

1-17

1-16

2553

1-18
()
(Electrical boiler) 10-3,000
1-2 MPa


1-19

1-19

1-17

2553

1.3


1.3.1
(Feed water system)


()
(Water treatment system)

(Total dissolved solids, TDS)

5
()
(Feed water tank)

(Make up
water) 100 C
10 C
1.6%
100 C

(Deaerator)

(Condensate water return)

75%

4.5 (
10 )



1-18

2553

5
10

90 oC
50%
(Pitting corrosion)
(Condensate tank)
(Vent)

(Steam trap) By pass valve

(Vent) (Over flow)

High pressure condensate
return Condensate return



60 oC
Stress corrosion cracking
()
(Feed water system)
4
()
(Chemical feed system)


(Boiler internal water treatment)
5

1-19

2553

1.3.2


(Maximum allowable working pressure)

()
(Pressure gauge)
100 .
1.5 2
(Operating pressure)

4
()
(Pressure switch)


(Bellow) (Diaphragm)


4
()
(Modulating pressure control switch)


Potentiometer

()
(High limit pressure switch)


(Alarm)

(Reset)

1-20

2553

1.4


(Condensate)




1.4.1

()
(Steam header)


1-20 (Check valve, non-return
valve)

1-20

1-21

2553

()
(Steam line) (Main steam line)
(Branch steam line)


(Water hammer)
30-50
(Pocket) (Steam trap)
1-21 ()
1-21 ()
1-1 (Expansion joint,
expansion loop, omega loop, or full loop)
1-22 1-24

()

()
1-21

1-22

2553

1-1

1-22 Expansion loop

1-23 Omega loop

1-23

2553

1-24 Full loop

ASME, API,
ANSI , BS , DIN , JIS

ASME, ASTM, API, ANSI

ASTM
1-2
1-2
Pipe
A-53
API-5L
A-106B

ASTM
Weld fitting Screwed and socket fitting
Flange
Valve
A-234 WPB A-105
A-105-71
B62, A-105
A-234 WPB A-105-71
A181 Gr.I
B62, A-216 WCB
A-234 WPB A-105 Gr.I,II
A-105 Gr.I,II
A-105 Gr.II
A-182 Gr.I,II
A-216 WCB
A-335-P11 A-234 WP11 A-182-F11
A-182-F11
A-182-F11
A-217 WC6
(High carbon steel pipe)

0.1 MPa
50

1-24

2553

40 (Sch.40)

ASTM
1-3

15-40


25

50-100

2 (Water
hammer) Sch.40
1-3 ASTM
ASTM schedule 40 steel pipe
Grade
A-53B
A-53B
A-106B
Nominal pipe size
Type: Seamless
Type: ERW
mm (in)
SE (psi)
SE (MPa)
SE (psi)
SE (MPa)
15 (1/2)
2222
15.31
1896
13.06
20 (3/4)
1915
13.19
1634
11.26
25 (1)
1736
11.96
1482
10.21
30 (1 1/4)
1528
10.53
1304
8.99
35 (1 1/2)
1429
9.85
1220
8.41
50 (2)
1280
8.82
1093
7.53
65 (2 1/2)
1290
8.89
1100
7.58
80 (3)
1193
8.22
1018
7.01
100 (4)
1096
7.55
935
6.44
125 (5)
1022
7.04
872
6.01
150 (6)
978
6.74
834
5.75
200 (8)
926
6.38
790
5.44
: Seamless
ERW (Electrical resistance welding)
SE Stress endurance
1-25

2553

30
(Friction loss)
30

1:100 1:250
(Condensate)
1-25

1-25

1-26

1-26

2553

1-26

1-27 ()

1-27 ()
(Riser) 1-21
()

1-4

1-27

2553

1-4
Nominal pipe size (mm)
Interval of horizontal run (m)
Interval of vertical run (m)
Steel
Copper
Mild steel
Copper
Mild steel
Copper
(Bore)
(Outside dia.)
15
1.2
2.4
1.8
15
1.8
3.0
20
22
2.4
1.2
3.0
1.8
25
28
2.4
0.5
3.0
2.4
32
35
2.4
1.8
3.7
3.0
40
42
2.4
1.8
3.7
3.0
50
54
2.4
1.8
4.6
3.0
65
67
3.0
2.4
4.6
3.7
80
76
3.0
2.4
4.6
3.7
100
108
3.0
2.4
5.5
3.7
125
133
3.7
3.0
5.5
3.7
150
159
4.5
3.7
5.5
200
6.0
8.5
250
6.5
9.0
300
7.0
10.0

()

()

()
1-27

1-28

2553

1.4.2




4
()
(Bottom blow down valve)

()
(Surface blow down valve)

1.4.3





()




(Steam trap)

(Water locked)
(Water hammer)

1-29

2553

(Air locked)
1-5

1-6
1-5

1-30

2553

1-6

-
- Water
seal
-

-
-

-
-

- - Water hammer
-
-
-

-
- - Water hammer

-
-

-
-

-
-
-
- Water hammer

-
-

-
(30%)
-
0.3 kg/cm2
-
(30%)

()
(Condensate recovery or condensate return)
(Feed water tank)

100 oC
1-31

2553

100 oC
10 oC
1.6%

(Regeneration)


o

100
C

2



3
-

-


(Vent pipe)
- (Condensate lift)

1-28 6
0.7
(Check valve)

1-32

2553

15-40

(Galvanized steel
pipe)

Sch.40



1-4


1-29

1-28
1-33

2553

1-29

1-34

2553

1.5
1.5.1
1)
(.)
ASME, JIS, EN


ASME, JIS, EN

2)

()
Superheater (Superheated steam)
Superheater (Saturated
steam)
External superheater (
)
()
2 MPa
o
212 C

()
(Steam load)
(Steady load) (Fluctuated load)
1-35

2553

()



(Knock down)
()

ASME , EN , BS , JIS
(.)
()




C
1,000


1-7 C
1-8
1-7

(kg/h)
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
(kcal/kg)
10,200
9,000
11,000
7,000
6,000
(/kg)
29.37
15.00
16.81
8.50
2.50

68.09
70.15
58.70
99.80.848
184.35
(kg/1,000 kg )

2,000
1,052
987
848
431
(/1,000 kg )

1-36

2553

1.
2.
3. A (600), C (1500) D (2500)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1-8 C

(kg/h)
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
(kcal/kg)
9,900
4,700
2,800
6,000
2,800
(/kg)
15.00
2.7
1.60
2.50
1.00

70.15
186.89
313.70
184.35
313.70
(kg/1,000 kg.)

1,052
505
502
461
314
(/1,000 kg. )
:

1,000
3,300
1.00
249.05
249

()


()

(On-Off)
(Modulating control)
()
(Turn down ratio)
100%
Turn down ratio 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1
15:1 Turn down ratio
Turn down ratio 4:1
25%
1-37

2553

()


3, 4
5 (17.8, 23.7 29.7 m2/ton/hr)
()
( Pass)
, 2 , 3 4

()
(Overall boiler efficiency)
(Fuel to steam efficiency) (Heat loss)


(Lower heating value, LHV)
4-5%
(Higher heating value,
HHV)
()


1.5.2
2
()
(Equivalent boiler capacity)
(Catalog)

100 oC
2

(Ton/hr)
(kg/hr) 1
1,000
100 oC 1
1-38

2553

1,000

(Boiler horse power, BHP)
1
34.5 212 oF
1
34.5

1 Ton/hr

= (1,000 kg x 2.2 lb / kg) / 34.5 lb BHP

= 63.9 BHP

(kJ/hr)

= m x hfg ()

m (kg/hr)
hfg
(2,257 kJ/kg)

()
(Actual boiler capacity)

()
100 oC
10-20%
(Enthalpy)
(Latent heat)

1-39

2553

m
hfg
hg
hf

m x h fg / (hg hf)

(kg/h)
(Latent heat) (2,257 kJ/kg)
(Enthalpy) (kJ/kg)
(Enthalpy) (kJ/kg)

1.5.3



(.) ASME, JIS, EN


(Once through boiler) 10
(Maximum allowable working pressure) 10




2.5
1.5 (Once
Through Boiler) 10
10

2 0.6
2

1

1-40

2553

.. 2549
4

2.1
2.1.1

(Drain) (Steam trap) (Steam
header) (Steam atomizing pipe)
(Superheater) ()

2-1

2553

(Manual)

50 oC/hr


700 kPa/hr
(Steam hammer)

(Superheater)

(Back fire)

2.1.2

Overheat

70 oC
(Pitting corrosion)

2-2

2553

2.1.3

(Manual)

(Back fire)

(Induced draft fan) 5

15 kPa


(Hydrazine)
10-20 ppm
2.1.4

2-3

2553

(Total Dissolved Solid, TDS)

1 8 1
15




10 oC 1.6%

50 oC (T exhaust gas < T saturated steam + 50 oC)

()

()
()
()
2-4

2553

(Check Valve)

(Carry Over)

2-1 2-3
2.1.5

(Induced draft fan)

2-5

2553

2-6

2553

2-1
......................................... ....................... ............................ - .........................................................

: 1

1
2

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

pH

Hardness

pH

Hardness

TDS

: ..............................................................

2-7

2553

2-2
......................................... ....................... ............................ - .........................................................

) (

) (

: 1

pH

Hardness
(

pH

Hard- TDS

ness

1
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

: ..............................................................

2-8

2553

2-3
......................................... ....................... ............................ - .........................................................

) (

) (

: 1

pH

Hardness
(

pH

Hard- TDS

ness

1
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

: ..............................................................

2-9

2553

2.2
2.2.1
1)


(Na 2 SO 3 ) (N 2 H 4 ) 100 ppm (Na 2 SO 3 N 2 H 4 680
378 ) (NaOH) 400 ppm (
1,364 3,780 )
2)
100 kPa Lay-up coil
Mud drum 100 kPa Lay-up coil

2.2.2


(Quick lime) (Silica gel) 3 kg/m3
(Activated alumina)
3

(N 2 )

5

2.2.3

.. 2549

2-10

2553

.. 2549

2.2.4



(Thermal shock)

3
3

2-11

2553

5







4

3.1



3.2 3.5

()


.. 2549

3-1

2553

.. 2549


(Functional
test)
(Fusible plug)

()
3-1
() 3-2
()

.. 2549

3-2

2553

3-1

(Shell)

(End plate)
(Flue

gas)
(Cast iron
section)

(Water tube)

(Fire tube)

(Stay)

(Casing)

(Refractory)

(Insulation)

(Foundation

bolt)

1)
(Concrete

foundation)
2)

(Boiler

body)

(Sliding part)

3-3

1)

2)

2553

(Control
panel)

(Part)
1)
1)

2)
2)

(Terminal)

1) 1)
2) 2)

(Pilot lamp)

(Case and cover)
(Screw)

1) 1)

2)
2)

3-4

2553

(Body)
(Injector)

(Non-return valve)

1)

2)

3)

(Feedwater

tank)

1)

2)

(Piping)

3-5

1)

2)

3)

1)

2)

2553

(Expansion joint)

(Pipe supporter)

(Steam trap)

(Casing)

(Shaft and

coupling)

(Bearing)

(Coil)

3-6

2553

(Belt)

(Pulley)

(Soot
blower)

( CO
)

(Seismic
detector)

(Super
heater)

(Detecting part)

(Measuring part)

(Economizer)

(Sensor)

(Calibration)

(Sensor)

1)
1)

2)

2)

1) 1)

2)

3-7

2553

(Multi-tube
airpreheater)

(Rotor)

(Regenerative airpreheater) (Bearing)

(Driving
motor)

(Element)

(Sealing part)

1)

2)

3)

(Load)

1)

2)

3)

3-8

2553

3-2

1)

2)

(Feedwater) (Blowdown) (Drain)

1) Forced draft Primary air

(Fan housing) (Rotor)

(Pressure Head)

(Coupling alignment)

2) Induced draft
(Housing)
(Housing liner)
Fly ash
(Fan rotor) (Liner)
Flyash

(Shaft seal)
-

(Coupling alignment)
3-9

2553

(Superheater)

(Economizer)

(Air-preheater)

1) Superheater header Tube

Overheat
2)
(Soot)
3) Header Tube
4) Vent Drain
5) Header Tube
1) Oxygen pitting Scale
Header Tube
2) Header
Tube
(Soot)
3) Vent Drain
4) Flue gas
Economizer
5)
6) Header Tube
1) (Multi-tube air-preheater)

2) (Regenerative air-preheater)
Cold end

(Gear drive)
(Soot blower)
(
)

3-10

2553

()

-
-

- (Bottom blowdown)
- ()
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-

-

- ()
- CO 2
O 2
- (Safety valve)

-
-
- ()
-
3-11

2553

- ()

- 6
-
-

- (Safety
valve)

-
-
- ()

-
-

3-3
3-3

1
7
1 3-6 1

O
M

O
M

O
M

O
M

O
M

O
M
3-12

2553

7
O
O

1 3-6

1
M
M

O
O
M

O
M
M

O
M
M

O
O
M

O
O
M

M
O

O
M

O
M

O
M
,
O
M

O
M

O
M
,
O
M

O
M

O
M

:
O
M

3.2

3-13

2553

Over heat

(
)
(Cold end corrosion)




(Sulfuric
acid corrosion)

(Soot blower)
- (Soot blower)

-

1 MPa
500 kPa
- Soot blower

-
50%
50%
-

-
- Soot blower

-
- Soot blower
3-14

2553

- Soot blower Hanger bearing Soot

blower nozzle Soot
Soot
-
-
-

3.3
(Water side)


5

6
3
1.5

()
()
()
()

3 6

3-4

3-15

2553

3-4

1)
1)

Ca, Mg, CaCo 3 , MgCo 3 ,

CaSo 4

2)

2)

( 5 8

1)
1) Lime-soda softening,
NaCO 3 , Na(HCO 3 ), Na(HO 3 ) demineralization, or Anion

exchange
2) 2)

(Carry Over) 1)
1)

2)
2)
3)
3)

4)
4)

5)
5)
6)

6)

3-16

2553

1) pH 7
HCI, H 2 SO 4
2) CO 2
3) O 2
4)

1)
2)

3)

4)

1)
pH
9-11
2) CO 2

3) O 2

4)
Aeration, Cation exchange

1)

2)

3) (
5 8
)
4)

() Drum, header
(Corrosion) (Scale) (Pitting)

(Manhole)

(Separator) Drum

Drum Header

(Man hole) (Stud thread)

3-17

2553

Drum
Drum
Drum
() Drum, header
Drum Header
Overheat
Drum
Drum Header

Drum Header

Drum Header
Tube Fin
(Soot blower)

3.4



()



(Tube
sheet)
() ( )

Overheat

3-18

2553

Hot
spot

(Crack)
() ()

Hot spot
Overheat
()


()

Overheat




()

3-19

2553

()
(Pressure drop)

3.5
(Fire side)


4

6

1.5

6

3-20

2553

(Cold end corrosion)

S + O2

SO 2

2
1)
SO 2 + O

SO 3

2)
SO 2 (1/2)O 2 + Catalyst

SO 3

(Sulfuric
acid dew point) (H 2 SO 4 )
(, H 2 O) (H 2 SO 4 )

SO 3 + H 2 O

H 2 SO 4

H 2 SO 4

Fe SO 4 + H 2

(Sulfuric acid dew point)



(, H 2 O)
(H 2 SO 4 )

3-21

2553

(Excess air)
Catalyst (Soot blower)

3-22

2553

.. 2549

4.1
(Feedwater pump)

1)
(Reciprocating pump)
(Positive displacement pump)



4-1

4-1

4-1

2553

2)
(Centrifugal pump)


4-2


(Multi-stage centrifugal pump) 4-3

4-2

4-3

4-2

2553

3)
(Turbine pump)

4-4

4-4
4)
(Rotary pump)

(Rotor)

(Gear pump)
4-5 ()
(Vane pump)

4-5 ()
(Lobe pump)
2 5
4-5 ()

(Screw pump)

4-5 ()

4-3

2553

()

()
4-5
4-4

2553

(Drive lobe)

(Pump case)

(Driven lobe)

()

()
4-5 ()
4.1.1

1.1 (Maximum
allowable working pressure: MAWP)
4-5

2553

4.1.2

1)

(Continuous feed)
(Control valve)

2)
(Continuous feed)
(Control valve)
(Deaerator)

(Casing)
(Sheet metal)



3)
(On - off)
(Intermittent)

108 oC

4-6

2553

4.1.3


2


4-1
4-1

(Rotor)

1)
(Gland)

2)

(Bearing)

(Shaft)

(Eccentricity)
(Run out)
1)

2)

4-7

1)

2)

1)

2)

2553

4.2
(Safety relief valve)



4-6

4-6
4.2.1

1 50
2

(Maximum firing rate)

1.03
(MAWP)

4-8

2553

4.2.2
15

2
2%
2 psi

Dip pan


4.2.3

4-2
4-2

4-9

2553

- Valve nozzle Disk seat
-

4.3


(Level sight glass) 4-7 4-8

2

4-7

4-10

2553

4-8
4.3.1

15

4.3.2

800 kPa

4-11

2553

800 kPa

Self check valve

4.3.3
8

-
()

4-3
4-3

1) 1)

2)

3)
2)

3)

4-12

2553

4.4
(Check valve or non-return valve)

4-9 ()
(Back pressure)

(Lift check valve)

4-9 () (Piston
check valve)

DN80
(Swing chech valve)
4-9 ()





(Turbulant flow)

(Water hammer)
(Disc check valve) 4 (Body)
(Disc) (Spring) (Spring retainer) 4-9 ()




4-9 ()

DN125

4-13

2553

()

()

()
4-9

4-14

2553

()

()
4-9 ()

Economizer

4.4.1

1
(Economizer)
4-10 2
1 2
4-11

4-10
4-15

2553

4-11
4.4.2



4.4.3

4.5
(Pressure indicator or pressure gauge)

2
1)
(Mechanical pressure gauge)


3 (Diaphragm)
(Bourdon) (Bellow)
4-12 4-14

4-16

2553

4-12

4-13

4-17

2553

4-14

2)
(Electrical pressure gauge)
(Transducer)





0.01%
4-15

4-15
4-18

2553

4.5.1

1 (Siphon)
(U-shape) 4-16

4-16
4.5.2
1.5-2

208 oC

4.5.3

4.6



(Blowdown valve or bottom blowdown valve) 4-17
4-19

2553

(Blowdown or bottom blowdown)

(Total dissolved solid) TDS
(Part per million, ppm) TDS (Total
suspended solid, TSS) TDS

(Blowdown rate)
2

4-17
1)
4-18 TDS 300
ppm TDS 3500 ppm
6% 1,000
60
60

4-20

2553

(%)

(ppm)

(ppm)
4-18
2)

% Blowdown (min)

(litre/hr)

% x TDS .
TDS

% Blowdown (min) x (kg/hr)

100 % Blowdown (min)

1: 1,000
TDS 150 ppm TDS 3,500
ppm

% Blowdown (min)
=
% x TDS .
TDS
% Blowdown (min)
=
100 x 150 . = 4.3%
3,500
(litre/hr)
=
% Blowdown (min) x (kg/hr)
100 % Blowdown (min)
(litre/hr)
=
4.3 x 1,000
= 45 litre/hr
100 4.3

4-21

2553

2: 1,000
60% (40% ) TDS 150 ppm TDS
3500 ppm

% Blowdown (min)
=
% x TDS .
TDS
% Blowdown (min)
=
40 x 150 . = 1.7%
3,500
(litre/hr)
=
% Blowdown (min) x (kg/hr)
100 % Blowdown (min)
(litre/hr)
=
1.7 x 1,000
= 18 litre/hr
100 1.7

-
-

(
) 7.0 bar
165 oC 35 oC
535.60 kJ 130 oC

4-22

2553

3
1)
(Manual blowdown)

(Intermittent blowdown valve with manual lever) 4-19

10 TDS TDS TDS

4-19
2)
(Timing blow down)
(Timer)
(Intermittent blowdown valve with pneumatic actuator)
4-20

4-23

2553

4-20
3)
(Continuous blow down)
(Conductivity sensor) TDS
TDS (Blowdown controller)
TDS
4-21

4-21
4-24

2553

(Bottom blowdown)
(Surface
blowdown)

(Surface blowdown valve) 2

3

(Surface blowdown controller)
(Total dissolved solid, TDS) Carryover
TDS
(Surface blowdown) (Feedwater)
TDS
(Total dissolved solid)
ppm



4.6.1

1
20 65



4.6.2
(Bottom blowdown)
8

(Blowdown tank or blowdown vessel)

4-22

4-25

2553

4-22

(Surface blowdown heat recovery)

(Flash tank or flash vessel)
4-23

4-23
4-26

2553

4.6.3

(Low fire)
2-3
2

4.6.4

(TDS)
1)


(TDS)

4-24

TDS
TDS

4-24
4-27

2553

2)


1% - 8%
20%
4-4
4-4
()

lb/h (kg/h)

1,000 (453.6)
952,000
147,000
1,099,000
2,000 (907.2)
1,904,000
294,000
2,198,000
4,000 (1,814.4)
3,808,000
588,000
4,396,000
:
150 psig
$8.00/MBtu 60 oC
80% $0.004 per gallon
4.6.5



(Make up water)

4-28

2553

1)

4-5

4-5

()
()

(psig)

10
0.97
0.03
202
33
14
35
0.93
0.07
167
82
33
88
0.88
0.12
158
143
47
205
0.81
0.19
146
218
60
655
0.68
0.32
123
365
75
1310
0.58
0.42
104
485
82
o
:
0 C

100 psi

Energy content

4-29

2553

2)

3)

10 psi 5

6 oC
655 psi 5

35 oC
655 psi 2

113 oC 10 oC
140 oC

4-30

2553

4)
()
94 oC

5)

4.7
(Thermal Insulation)



95%




500 oC

4-31

2553

5
1) Flake insulation


2) Fibrous insulation

(Glass wool or fiber glass) ( 4-25) (Rock wool) ( 4-26) (Ceramic wool)
(Alumina) (Asbestos)


()

90%

10-48 kg/m3
56-100 kg/m3

4-9 150-220 mm
()





()
540 oC
-150 oC 350 oC
370 oC
27-32 m K/W 25.4 mm
0.031-0.037 W/m-K

4-32

2553

4-25

()


800 oC 30
48-400 kg/m3

5-10 50-100 mm
()

10 ppm ASTM D-512


()
1000 oC
100-550 oC
100-550 oC
0.044-0.165 W/m-K

4-33

2553

4-26

10-48 kg/m3
48-400 kg/m3
3) Granular insulation
(Calcium silicate)
4-27
()
650 oC
190-230 kg/m3
354 kN/m2
4-6
4-7
()





()


650 oC
0.052-0.085 W/m-K
0.84 kJ/kg-K

4-34

2553

4-6
(%)
(oC)
400
1.5
500
1.6
600
1.7

(kN/m3)
690
690
620

4-7
(oC)
(W/m-K)
50
0.052
100
0.056
150
0.061
200
0.066
250
0.072
300
0.078
350
0.085

4-27
4) Cellular insulation

5) Reflective insulation
Stainless steel

4-8

4-35

2553

4-8

o
(W/m-K)
( C)

-
550
0.053-0.056
(Asbestos)
1

- 2 350
0.048-0.053
-
400
0.055-0.065
-

-
400-600 0.039-0.048
(Rock wool)
-

-

Diatomaceous -
250
0.062-0.097
earth
-
500
0.083-0.097

(Glass wool)
1 8K-24K 300-350 0.054-0.040
2 10K-96K
0.057-0.036
3 96K
0.040

-
0.037
1
-
0.045
- 1 650
0.053

-
0.065

Pearlite
- 1 650
0.053

-

2
High Temp Low Temp
4.7.1

(Main steam valve)
()
85

4-36

2553

4.7.2
1)




(Thermal conductivity, k)
(Thermal resistance, R)









2)

4
2 4

4-37

2553

3)

Diatomaceous Earth





2

4-38

2553

4)
(Shell loss)
()
(ABMA)
4-28

4-28

1.0%

(Btu/h)
()

5)


(Fitting)

4-39

2553

2,200 oF
30,000 BTU/hr-ft2
(Absolute temperature) 4-29

4-29
6)

4-30
1 1

4-40

2553

4-30 1 1

4.7.3


5-10 2-3

(Burner throat)
(Slag)

4-41

2553

4.8

4.8.1

(Globe Valve) 4-31 (Steam
header) 4-32

4-31
Main stop valve
Globe valve

Boiler
4-32
4.8.2

(Steam hammer)

4-42

2553

4.8.3

4.9




2
1)
(Float operated level controller)


(On-off feed water control)




(Maximum water level) (Minimum
water level)
2)

4-33

2

4-34
(Modulating feed water control)

4-43

2553

4-35

4-33

4-34

4-35

4-44

2553

3)
(Differential pressure cell)
2


4-36
(Variable capacitance)
(Strain gauge) (Deflection of
a diaphragm)

4-36

4-45

2553

(Extra low water level sensor)

4.9.1

1
(Low water alarm)

(Low water cut-off)

(Burner)

4.9.2







100
100

()

4-46

2553

()

()

()

-

3 - 6 )
-

()
6

()
4-6
() Package boiler
4-6
4.9.3




()

4-47

2553

()

4-9

4-9

1)
1)
)

2)
2)

(Bellow)

4-48

2553

(Electrode)

(Insulator)
(

)
()

(
Copes)

1)

2)

1)

2)

(Expansion 1)
tube)

2)

4-49

1)

2)

1)
2)

1)

2)

2553

(Electrode holder)

4.10
(Pressure switch)
4-37
(Bellow)
(Diaphragm)






3

(Constant-fire or on-off burners)

-
- (High/low-fire burners)
2

- 4-38

4-50

2553

(Modulating
burners)

4-37

4-38 -
4.10.1
1

(Force draft fan) (High
pressure cut off)

4-51

2553

4.10.2

(Specific latent heat)

1)

Superheat

1-2%

4-52

2553

Downstream
2)

3)

4-53

2553

4)

5)

6)

4-54

2553

7)

8)

(Heat input) 4-10
(Heat output)
(Indirect steam)
(Latent heat) (Sensible heat)
4-11

4-10 1

(oC)
(bar)
30
40
50
60
70
5.0
2,623
2,581
2,539
2,498
2,456
6.0
2,631
2,589
2,547
2,506
2,464
7.0
2,638
2,596
2,554
2,512
2,471
8.0
2,643
2,602
2,560
2,518
2,476
10.0
2,652
2,611
2,569
2,527
2,485
:
(Specific enthalpy) (kJ/kg)
4-11 1
(bar)
5.0
6.0
7.0
o
( C)
151.86
158.85
164.97
Sensible (kJ/kg)
(1)
640.21
670.54
697.20
Latent (kJ/kg)
(2)
2,108.5
2,086.3
2,066.3
Total enthalpy (kJ/kg) (1+2)
2,748.7
2,756.8
2,763.5

8.0
170.43
721.10
2,048.0
2,769.1

10.0
179.91
762.79
2,015.3
2,778.1

4.10.3
1


4-55

2553

4-12
4-12

1) 1)
- (Electrical

contact)

(On-off type


pressure switch)

2)
2)

1) 1)

2)
2)

(Pressure

detecting element)
(Siphon

tube)

4-56

2553

1)

(Potentiometer)

(Wiper)
(Proportional type

pressure switch)
2)

3)

1)

2)

(Siphon tube)

1)

(Wiper)

2)
3)

1)
2)

4.11
(Flame detector)

(Manual control)
4-39

()

()

4-39
4-57

2553

(Electronic flame detector or electronic photo cell)

4-40

4-40
2
(Air venting)

4.11.1





(Pre purge)

4-58

2553

4.11.2


4.11.3

12

(Magnetic starter)


(Protect and shielding glass)

(Case)

UV (Ultraviolet photo-electric tube) (Flame

rod)
(Flame detector)
(Primary safety controller)

4.12
(Flue gas or exhaust gas temperature reader)



(Temperature sensor) 4-41

4-41

4-59

2553

4.12.1

1
4.12.2


4.12.3

4.13
(Flue gas thermostat)


4-42

4-42
4.13.1

1

4-60

2553

4.13.2

4 2 3
(Economizer)
(Air
preheater)

- 7
170 C (High fire)
50-60 C
225-230 C
- (Low fire) 190 C

50 C 230 + 50 = 280 C
4 3
260-280 C
4.13.3

4.14




4-43

4-61

2553

4-43
4.14.1

3
4.14.2

4.14.3

4-62

2553

5.1

(Demineralizer) (Reverse osmosis,
RO)

(pH) 8 9 (
7 7
7 )

(Dissolved
oxygen) 6 ppm 20 oC

5.8 9.5 8.5 11.8


5-1

2553

(Blow down) ( Scale

Sludge)




(Pitting corrosion)

(Hardness)

(ppm)




110 ppm

5-2

2553

5.1.1
(External boiler water treatment)



1)
(Sand filter) (Suspended solid)


1 NTU (NTU = Nephelometric turbidity unit)
1 NTU

5-1

5-1
2)
(Hardness)


(Water softener)
5-2

(Ion exchange resin)


5-3
5-3

2553

(Back wash) 5-4 ()


(Regeneration)
(NaCl) Regeneration

5-4 ()
5-5

5-2

5-4

2553

5-3

()

()

5-4
5-5

2553

5-5
3)
(Deionizer or demineralizer)
3
()

()
(Cation filter)
Strong cation exchange resin

(Regeneration)

H+
H+
H+

(98%)
1-5%
H+
H 2 SO 4 H+ SO 4 SO 4
(HCl)

5-6

2553

()
(Anion filter)
Strong anion exchange resin

(NaOH) 4% OH-
OH-
H+
H+ OH- H 2 O
()
(Mix bed filter)
2 Cation resin Anion resin





Anion resin Cation resin

5-6

5-6
4)
(Dealkalizer)

5-7
5-7

2553

(Alkalinity)

ppm
M-alkalinity Methyl orange (pH = 4.8)
P-alkalinity Alkalinity

Phenolphthalein (pH
= 9.0)
Total alkalinity = M-alkalinity + P-alkalinity
100
ppm 4 120 ppm
50%
(Regeneration)
NaCl (Na+, Cl-) NaOH (Na+, OH-)
OH-

5-7
5)
(Osmosis)
(Semi permeable membrane)
5-8 ()


()
5-8

2553

()

(Osmotic pressure)
(Vapor pressure)

5-8 ()
(Reverse
osmosis, RO) 2

()

()

5-8
(Membrane processes)
(Semi permeble membrane)
3 Electro dialysis (ED), Reverse osmosis (RO) Ultra filtration (UF)

Electro dialysis
Reverse osmosis
( Hyper filtration) Ultra filtration Reverse
osmosis Ultra filtration 7
Reverse osmosis 20 70
Reverse osmosis
Electro
dialysis 2
Electro
dialysis (ED), Reverse osmosis (RO) Ultra filtration (UF) 5-1

5-9

2553

5-1

RO
20-70

200 ( )
UF
7 500
ED

Reverse osmosis Ultra filtration
Electro dialysis Reverse osmosis

5-9 5-10

5-9

5-10

5-10

2553

6)

2


(Deaerator)


0.005
0.005
100%

82 oC 93 oC (180 oF 200 oF)
2 1 102 oC
(215 oF) 3

()


82-93 oC (180-200 oF) (Cavitation)
(Steam shock)
()
(Tray-type deaerator)
5-11 (Vertical domed deaerator section)
(Horizontal boiler feedwater storage vessel)
(Perforated tray)

(Vent)
(Vent condenser)


5-11

2553

(Sparger pipe)

5-11
()
(Spray-type deaerator) 5-12
(Preheating section) (E)
(Deaerator section) (F) (Baffle) (C)

(Nozzle) (A)

5-12

2553

5-12
6
5-2
5-2
Dissolved
Sand filter
Softener
Dealkalizer
Reverse
Constituent
osmosis
Calcium**
No change
98-100%
Must have
Must have
(Ca)
soft water
soft water
Magnesium**
No change
98-100%
Must have
Must have
(Mg)
soft water
soft water
Hardness*
No change
98-100%
Must have
Must have
soft water
soft water
Sodium
No change
Increases
No change
90-95%
(Na)
Bicarbonate
No change
No change
90%
90-95%
Alkalinity
(HCO 3 )*
Sulfate
No change
No change
90-95%
90-95%
(SO 4 )
Chloride
No change
No change
Increases
90-95%
(Cl)
Silica
No change
No change
20%
90-95%
(SiO 2 )*
5-13

Deaerator
No change
No change
No change
No change
No change

No change
No change
No change

2553

Dissolved
Sand filter
Softener
Dealkalizer
Reverse
Deaerator
Constituent
osmosis
Soluble Iron
No change
100%
Must have
Must have
No change
(Fe)
soft water
soft water
Total
No change
No change
No change
No change
No change
Dissolved
Soilds*
Suspended
Down to 10
Must be
Must be
No change
Soilds*
micron
removed
removed
Dissolved
No change
Free CO 2
To 0.005 cc
Gases*
Only
of O 2
: All of the above packaged water systems can be readily integrated into existing CleaverBrooks boiler rooms. And all are designed to accommodate boilers of any make.
* Specifically limited by ASME guidelines on boiler feedwater quality.
** The sum of calcium and magnesium equal the hardness. Hardness has been listed as a separate
item for those analyses showing hardness only.
5.1.2
(Internal boiler water treatment)


(Chemical feed system or dosing system)

(Dissolved oxygen)

5-14

2553

2 MPa

(Deaerator)

1 MPa

1,000

2

5-9
5-15

2553

5.2
.. 2549
(Boiler feed water) (Boiler water) 5-3
5-4
5-3

pH value
5.8 - 9.5
Total hardness
10
ppm as CaCO 3
5-4

pH value
8.5 - 11.8
Total dissolved solid (TDS)
3,500

ppm

3 (pH value) (Total
hardness) (Total dissolved solid, TDS)

5.2.1
(Acid)
(H+) (Alkalinity)

2

()
(Organic acid)
(Carboxylic
group, -COOH 1 2 1 )

()
(Inorganic acid)
(Hydro acid) (H+) 1
(HCl )

5-16

2553

(Oxy acid) 3
1 (H 2 SO 4 2
1 4 )
(HNO 3 1
1 3 )
(Alkalinity)

(pH value) 1 14
pH value 1 pH value 14
pH
value 7 pH value 7
pH value 7
pH value 7

5-10

5-10

5-17

2553

pH value (Litmus paper)

5-11 pH value
4.5-8.3

5-11

Universal indicator 5-12
pH value
5-13 Universal indicator
pH value 1-14

(Digital pH meter or digital pH meter)

pH value
(Real-time value)

5-14

5-18

2553

5-12 Universal indicator

5-13

5-14
5-19

2553

5.2.2
(Water hardness)
(Total hardness)

(Calcium
carbonate) mg/l ppm

()
(Temporary hardness) (Carbonate
hardness) Calcium Magnesium bicarbonate

(CO 3 2-) (HCO3-)

(Permanent hardness) (Noncarbonate hardness) Calcium Magnesium carbonate

(SO 4 2-) (Cl-)
Ca2+
Mg2+ (Na+)
(Pseudo hardness)
()
Calcium Hardness Ca2+
Magnesium Hardness Mg2+

(Carbonic acid, H 2 CO 3 )

CaCO 3 (MgCO 3 ) Ca2+ Mg2+

(Total
hardness meter) Spectrophotometer 470
(Light detector) (Silicon photocell)

5-20

2553

5-15

5-15
5.2.3
(Solid)
(Total solid)
2
(Suspended solid)
(Dissolved solid)
Total dissolved solid (TDS)

(Total
dissolved solid, TDS) (part per million, ppm)
(mg/L)

(Convert)



(Conductivity meter) 2

5-21

2553

0-1,990
(s/cm)



TDS (ppm) = Conductivity (s/cm) 0.7




5-16

5-16
5.2.4

(Water sample cooler)
5-17




5-22

2553

(Enthalpy)

5-17
5.2.5

.. 2549 5-3 5-4



1) 0.5 30
(Fire tube boiler)
110 oC Low alloyed

(Furnace)







5-23

2553

5-5 5-7
5-5

(bar)
0.5-15
15-30
Total hardness (Ca and Mg)
ppm CaCO 3
<3
<1
o
pH value at 25 C
8.5-9.5
8.5-9.5
Oxygen
mg/L
<0.1
<0.02
5-6
30 S/cm

(bar)
0.5-15
15-30
Total hardness (Ca and Mg)
ppm CaCO 3
<10
<3
o
pH value at 25 C
10.5-12.0
10.5-11.8
o
Direct conductivity at 25 C
<4,000
<2,000
S/cm
Composite alkalinity (p-value)
ppm CaCO 3
100-900
100-600
Phosphate (PO 4 )
mg/L
10-30
10-30
Silica (SiO 2 )
mg/L
<120
<100
5-7
30 S/cm

(bar)
0.5-15
15-30
Total hardness (Ca and Mg)
ppm CaCO 3
<3
<1
o
pH value at 25 C
10.5-11.5
10.5-11.3
o
Direct conductivity at 25 C
<2,000
<1,000
S/cm
Composite alkalinity (p-value)
ppm CaCO 3
25-250
10-100
Phosphate (PO 4 )
mg/L
10-30
10-20
Silica (SiO 2 )
mg/L
<100
<80

1

5-24

2553

2) 0.5 180
(Water tube
boiler) 110 oC (Natural
circulation) Low alloyed


40
Superheater
(Header)

25 oC 30 S/cm Tri-sodium phosphate
Caustic stress corrosion cracking
5-18



5-8 5-10
Once through 5-11

1
5-8

(bar)
<40
40-100
Total hardness (Ca and Mg)
ppm CaCO 3
<1
<0.5
pH value at 25 oC
>9.0
>9.2
o
Direct conductivity at 25 C
<30
S/cm
Acid conductivity at 25 oC
S/cm
Total sodium and Potassium (N and K)
mg/L
Silica (SiO 2 )
mg/L
Oxygen
mg/L
<0.02
<0.02

5-25

>100
0
>9.2
<0.2
<0.01
<0.02
<0.1

2553

5-9
(Deionizer or demineralizer)

(bar)
60-80
80-100
<40
40-60
Total hardness (Ca and Mg) ppm CaCO 3
<5
<3
<1
<0.5
o
pH value at 25 C
10.8-11.8 10.8-11.5 10.0-11.0 9.8-10.5
o
Direct conductivity at 25 C
<3,000
<1,500
<500
<250
S/cm
Composite alkalinity (p-value) ppm CaCO 3 50-500
50-250
10-50
5-15
Phosphate (PO 4 )
mg/L
<15
<15
<10
<6
Silica (SiO 2 )
mg/L
<40
<15
<4
<2
5-10
30 S/cm

(bar)
<60
60-100
>100
<100
>100
With solid alkalizing agent
With AVT
o
Direct conductivity at 25 C
<100
<30
S/cm <200
o
Acid conductivity at 25 C
<50
<40
<5
<5
S/cm
pH value at 25 oC
10.0-11.0 9.8-10.5 9.3-9.7
>8.3
>8.5
Composite alkalinity (p-value) ppm
5-50
5-15
CaCO 3
Phosphate (PO 4 )
mg/L
<10
<6
<3
: AVT All volatile treatment

5-18 Caustic stress corrosion cracking

5-26

2553

5-11 Once
through

o
pH value at 25 C
6.6-9.0
11.0-11.8
o
Direct conductivity at 25 C
<400
<4,000
S/cm
Composite alkalinity (p-value)
ppm CaCO 3
<800
Composite alkalinity (m-value)
ppm CaCO 3
<80
<1,000
Chloride (Cl )
mg/L
<40
<400
Total solid
ppm CaCO 3
<400
<4,000
Total hardness (Ca and Mg)
ppm CaCO 3
0
<3
Calcium hardness
ppm CaCO 3
0
<3
Iron (Fe)
mg/L
<0.3
<1.0
Silica (SiO 2 )
mg/L
<40
<400
3) 0.5 10
1.5
Low alloyed

(Manual)
(Specific steam product) 25
Kg/m2-hr

25 Kg/m2-hr
10 1.5

1) 2)



(Internal boiler water treatment, IBWT)
(Sight
glass) 1

5-12
5-13
1
5-27

2553

5-12

IBWT
Total hardness (Ca and Mg)
ppm CaCO 3
<10
<150
o
pH value at 25 C
8.5-9.5
7.0-9.5
Composite alkalinity (p-value)
ppm CaCO 3
2.5-25
0-25
Oxygen
mg/L
<0.5
<2
5-13

IBWT
Total hardness (Ca and Mg)
ppm CaCO 3
<10
<50
o
pH value at 25 C
11.0-12.3
11.0-12.0
o
Direct conductivity at 25 C
<5,000
<3,000
S/cm
Composite alkalinity (p-value)
ppm CaCO 3
100-1,000
100-500
Phosphate (PO 4 )
mg/L
10-20
10-40
Suspended solid
ppm
<50

5.3

5.3.1

5-14
2


(Pitting corrosion)

(Stress corrosion)

5-28

2553

(Impingement corrosion)

(Condensate grooving)

(Caustic embitterment)

2

5-14

Hydrogen overvoltage
X0 X+a + ae 2H+ + 2e- H 2
( 7)

()

5-29

2553

1)
(General corrosion) OH-
Electrolytic dissociation Fe2+
Fe(OH) 2 pH Fe(OH) 2
Fe(OH) 3 Fe(OH) 2 Fe 2 O 4
Fe 2 O 4
Fe(HCO) 3 pH

2)
(Pitting corrosion)

Local galvanic action OH-
Fe(OH) 2
Local galvanic action

Dissolved oxygen 7 ppb
Dissolved oxygen


Condensate water return
75%
35 kPa
Dissolved oxygen 7 ppb
Dissolved oxygen
Deaerator

Dissolved oxygen




2-3 ppm
Dissolved oxygen
5-30

2553

Dissolved oxygen

3)
(pH value 7)

(Caustic embrittlement or caustic
stress corrosion cracking) 310 0C
pH value 8.5-12.7 (pH = 7)
pH 8.5-12.7 310 0C


2 MPa
370 oC pH
9-11
pH 12

pH
12.7
(Caustic stress corrosion cracking)
2 MPa
pH
pH 10.5-11.0
pH 11

pH 11
(pH)

(pH)
(pH)


6

5-31

2553

4)
(NaOH)

(Intercrystalline)
(Caustic
embitterment) (Stress) pH



(Superheater)

pH
pH

pH
2



pH

5.3.2

2




(Silica)
2

5-32

2553

5-15
(Scale)
(Sludge)


(Blow down valve)






Maximum allowable stress

Maximum
allowable stress
Over heat

5-15

CaCO 3

Ca(HCO 3 ) 2

CaSO 4

MgCO 3

MgSO 4
Epsom salt

SiO 2

CaCl 2

Mg(HCO 3 ) 2

MgCl 2

NaCl

Electrolysis

Na 2 CO 3

Na(HCO 3 ) 2

NaOH

Na 2 SO 4
Glaubers salt

5-33

2553

10 ppm
0 ppm

(NaCl)




(Regeneration)
15 Ib /ft3 (240 Kg/m3 )

5-34

2553

12-16%
Stand by

3
1 NTU

3
0.1%

(Back wash)

(Bottom blowdown) 8

5.3.3


(Carry-over)

Enthalpy




(TDS) 3,500 ppm
5-35

2553

(Carry-over)
3
1)
(Priming)

2)
(Foaming)


3)

(Total dissolved solid, TDS)

2 MPa
(TDS) 3,500 ppm
(TDS)
(Bottom Blowdown)
5-36

2553

(TDS)

(Surface
blowdown)
(Feed water)

(TDS)
(TDS)

(TDS)

5-37

2553

5.4
5-16

5-16

1) 1)
(Water treatment)

(Ion exchange

2)
resin)
(Reagent)

2) 3)

3)

(Resin


tower)

1) 1)

2)
2)

1) 1)

(Agitator)
2)
2)

5-38

2553

6.1


(Hydrocarbon fuel)
3
1)
2)
3)

6.1.1
(Solid fuel) 3
1)
(Natural solid fuel)
() (Wood) C41H63O27N0.8

() (Peat)

6-1

2553

() (Coal)
4

(1) (Anthracite coal) C94H3O3N0.3S0.3
90%
6-1 ()
(2) (Bituminous coal) C85H5O10N0.3S0.3
4-6% 75-90%

6-1 ()
(3) (Subbituminous coal) C75H5O20N0.3S0.3
6-1 ()
(4) (Lignite) C70H5O25N0.7S0.6 40%
60%
6-1 ()

()

()

()

()

6-1

6-2

2553

2)
(Prepared solid fuel)
() (Wood charcoal)
o
280 C
() (Coke)
85-90%
() (Briquette coal)


() (Pulverized coal)
(Cement kiln)
3)
(Biomass)


10 MW (Very small power
producer, VSPP)

() (Paddy husk) 13.4-14.65 MJ/kg (3,200-3,500 kcal/kg)

9-11% 18-19%

() (Sawdust) 7.5% 14.65 MJ/kg (4,630 kcal/kg)

6.2%
() (Bagasse) 50% 9.42 MJ/kg (2,250
kcal/kg) 7.53 MJ/kg (1,800 kcal/kg)
()

6-3

2553

(Explosion door)

(Dust
explosion)

6.1.2
(Liquid fuel) (Crude oil) 3

1)
35-180 oC

2)
150-275 oC
3)
2
225-350 oC

6-4

2553

36,000 Btu/L 9,100 kcal/L 10,200 kcal/kg

( 2 )

1,000 kg/hr

4)
350 oC
(Residual)

4
() A (LFO 600) FO1 FO2 (Light fuel oil)
38.18 MJ/L
5,000 kg/h
A C
() B (MFO 1200) FO3 (Medium fuel oil)
39.52 MJ/L

() C (MFO 1500) FO4 (Medium fuel oil)
41.28 MJ/L A
A C
C

6-5

2553

() D (HFO 2500) FO5 FO6 (Heavy fuel oil)

43.45 MJ/L C
D D

70 1,000
6.1.3
(Gaseous fuel)


2
1)
(Natural gaseous fuel)
(Natural gas field) (Associated gas field)
(CH4)

5
() (Natural gas, NG)
o
-161 C
(CH4) (C2H6)
C 25%



400 kPa 200 kPa
200 kPa
6-6

2553

() (Liquefied natural gas, LNG)

-164 oC 600

() (Compressed natural gas, CNG)
() 20,680 kPa (3,000 psi) 140
kg/m3
() (Liquefied petroleum gas, LPG)
(C3H8) (C4H10)
70% 30%
0.51-0.55 689-1,379 kPa
(100-200 psi)
55 1 C

() (Natural gasoline liquid, NGL)
(C5H12)
(Solvent)

2)
(Prepared gaseous fuel)
(Biogas)
(CH4) 50-70%
(CO2) 30-50% (H2)
(O2) (H2S2) (N2) (H2O)

(CH4) (CO2)

6-7

2553

2 (Dual fuel burner)

(Biogas composition)


(Gas booster)
(H2SO4)
(H2S) (H2O)
21-23 MJ/m3
6.1.4
(Electrical energy) (Fuel)
(Energy)







10-2,000
2 MPa
6.1.5

6-1


.. 2553
6-2

6-8

2553

.. 2547
6-3
..
2547 6-4

kJ/kg,
kJ/L kJ/m3
(Higher heating value, HHV)
(Lower heating
value, LHV)

LHV = HHV mwhfg = HHV 9mH2hfg
mw
hfg

mH2 1
C, H, O, N, S )
(C, H, O S)
(Dulongs equation) MJ/kg
HHV = 33.917C + 143[H - (O/8)] + 9.094S

Q C = m& F LHV
Q C , MJ/hr
m& F , kg/hr L/hr m3/hr
LHV , MJ/kg MJ/L MJ/m3

6-5

6-9

2553

6-1

-
-
-

- -
-

6-10

2553

6-2 (.. 2553)

1.
15.6/15.6 oC
(Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 oC)
2. (Cetane number)
(Calculated cetane index)
1 .. 2555
1 .. 2555
3. ,
(Viscosity, cSt)
3.1 40 oC (at 40 oC)

3.2 50 oC (at 50 oC)

4. , oC (Pour point, oC)
5. ,
(Sulfur, %wt.)
1 .. 2555
1 .. 2555
6.
(Copper strip corrosion)
7.
,
(Oxidation stability, g/m3)
8. ,
(Carbon residue, %wt.)
9. ,
(Water and sediment, %vol.)
10. ,
(Ash, %wt.)
11. , oC (Flash point, oC)

5
0.81
0.81
ASTM D 1298
0.87

0.87

0.920
ASTM D 613
ASTM D 976

47
50

47
50

45
45
ASTM D 445

1.8

1.8

4.1

4.1

8.0

10

10

6.0
16

ASTM D 97

1.5
1.5
-

ASTM D 4294
ASTM D 2622
ASTM D 130

ASTM D 2274

0.035
0.035
0.005
0.005

1
1

25

0.05

0.05

ASTM D 189

0.05

0.05

0.3

ASTM D 2709

0.01

0.01

0.02

ASTM D 482

52

52

52

ASTM D 93

6-11

2553

12. , oC (Distillation, oC)

(90% recovered)
13.
,
(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,
%wt.)
1 .. 2555
1 .. 2555
14. (Colour)
14.1 (Hue)
14.2 (Intensity)

1
ASTM D 86

357

357

ASTM D 2425

11

4.0

11

4.5
2
3
7.5
4

55
4
EN 14078

1.5
15.

2
(Methyl ester of fatty acid, %vol.)
5

460
16. ,
460
CFC F-06-96
(Lubricity, wear scar, m)
17. () (Additive)

: 1
2 5 ()
ASTM D 1500 2.0 2naphthalenol [(phenylazo) phenyl] azoalkyl derivatives 20
3 4 ASTM D 1500
5

ASTM D 1500 ASTM D 2392

6-12

2553

6-3 (.. 2547)

1. ,

(Sulphur content, %wt.)

2.
15.6/15.6 oC
(Specific gravity at 15.6/15.6 oC)
3. ,
(Viscosity, cSt)
50 oC
100 oC

1
2.0

2 3 4
2.0 2.0 2.0

5
0.5 ASTM
D 4294

0.985 0.990 0.995 0.995 0.995 ASTM

D 1298
ASTM
D 445

7
80
60

81
180
60

181
230
60

231
280
60

3
30
60

4. , oC
ASTM
o
D 93
(Flash point, C)
o
5. , C
24
24
30
30
57 ASTM
o
D 97
(Pour point, C)
6. ,
10,000 9,900 9,900 9,900 9,900 ASTM
(Gross heat of combustion, cal/g)
D 240
7. ,
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ASTM
(Ash content, %wt.)
D 482
8. , 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ASTM
(Water and sediment, %vol.)
D 1796
9.
8.0
- ASTM
(Colour)
D 1500
:

6-13

2553

6-4 (.. 2547)

1. 37.8 oC,

1,380
ASTM D 1267
o
(Vapour pressure at 37.8 C, kPa)
2. , oC (Distillation, oC)

2.2
ASTM D 1837

95
(95% Evaporated)
3.

2.0
ASTM D 2163
,

(Pentane and composition content, %vol.)

4. (Corrosion)
1 ASTM D 1838
5. ,

140
ASTM D 2784
(Sulphur content, ppm by wt.)
6.

0.05
ASTM D 2158

100 ., (Residue, ml)

7. (Water content)

8. (Odorant)

6-14

2553

6-5

26.37 MJ/kg

10.47 MJ/kg

10.88 MJ/kg

7.53 MJ/kg

16,780 kJ/kg

18,870 kJ/kg

20,170 kJ/kg

18,821 kJ/kg

19,579 kJ/kg

15,580 kJ/kg

12,393 kJ/kg

15,945 kJ/kg

14,777 kJ/kg

10,126 kJ/kg

14,407 kJ/kg

14,591 kJ/kg

25,080 kJ/kg

20,920 kJ/kg
()
16,700 kJ/kg
()
18,000 kJ/kg

42.72 MJ/L
40.11 MJ/L
44.50 MJ/kg
41.78 MJ/kg

41.18 MJ/L
38.67 MJ/L
42.90 MJ/kg
40.28 MJ/kg

38.60 MJ/L
36.24 MJ/L
45.95 MJ/kg
43.14 MJ/kg

34.48 MJ/L
32.38 MJ/L
46.59 MJ/kg
43.76 MJ/kg
3

38.45 MJ/m
34.33 MJ/m3
51.27 MJ/kg
45.77 MJ/kg

26.50 MJ/L
23.67 MJ/L
50.00 MJ/kg
44.66 MJ/kg

3.60 MJ/kWh
3.60 MJ/kWh
:

6-15

2553

6.2
90 (
)

(Exothermic reaction)


6-2

C + O2
CO2 + 94,050 kcal/kmol
()
H2 + O2
H2O + 68,320 kcal/kmol
()

S + O2

SO2 + 70,960 kcal/kmol

(Theoretical air)

Ao = 8.89C + 26.7(H O/8) + 3.33S

Ao
, kg
C, H, O, S , kg

Ao = (1/0.21)(0.5H2 + 0.5CO + 2CH4 + 3.5C2H4 +3C2H4 + 6.5C4H10 O2)

6-16

2553

- (NO)
- (NO2)
-

- (CO2)
- (CO)
- (H2O)
- (O2)

- (O2)
- (N2)

()

- (C)
- (H)
- (S)

6-2









C + O2
CO + 26,410 kcal/kmol
()

6-17

2553

(CO)

CO + O2
CO2 + 67,640 kcal/kmol
()




(Excess
air)

5-10%
1520% 15-60%
( )
6-6
6-6

-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-

-
-

6-18

15-20%
15-40%
30-60%
30-60%
15-50%
20-50%
20-25%
25-35%
5-10%
10-20%
5-10%
7-12%

2553

6.3



(Coal burner)
2

6.3.1
(Liquid fuel burner)
2 Filming (Oil film)
Disintegration (Oil
droplet)
3
1)
(Pressure atomized burner)

(70-300 psi)
50-120 sec Redwood No.1 (
) Swirl
chamber (Rotational
velocity) (Mixing)




6-3

2
() (Non-oil return or non-recirculation nozzle)
() (Oil return or recirculation nozzle)




6-19

2553

Turn-down ()
Atomizer

On-off

6-3
6-20

2553

2)
(Steam or air atomized burner)
(Twin-fluid atomized burner)



6-4

6-4
6-21

2553

3

() (Low pressure burner)
1.08 25-40%

() (Medium pressure burner)

1.25-2.00
3-5%

() (High pressure burner)

2.00-4.45 23%


(Turn down ratio) 4:1

Droplet
(Mixing) Droplet
(Thermal load)


9%

3)
(Rotary cup burner)

3,500-4,000

(Primary air) (Air nozzle)

15-20% (Secondary air)

6-22

2553

6-5

6-5
6-23

2553

Turn-down 10:1

(Oil droplet)

() Weishaupt/Monarch, Olympia, Elco
Klockner, Bentone, Baltur Riello, Oertli, Nuway, Ray Henchel, Wanson (Thermo Pac)
() Cleaver Brooks, Kewanee, Yorkshipley, Ray,
Hauwk
() IHI, Takuma, Kure
() Saacke, Hamworthy, MP.Boiler, Sunray,
Ray
6.3.2
(Gas fuel burner)
2
1) (Pre-mix gas
burner)

6-6

6-24

2553

2) (Nozzle-mix gas burner)

6-7

Burner

Burner

100% Premix

Air

Low Pressure
Gas

Air

High Pressure Gas

Pressurized Air

Injector & Burner

Proportional
Mixer & Burner

6-6

Air
Gas

Air

Gas

Nozzle Mix Burner

6-7
6-25

2553

6.3.3


(Heat load)

1) -
- (On-off burner) (Constant-fire burner)
(Single stage burner)
(On)

(Off)



6-8

(On)

(Off)

6-8 -
2) -
- (High/low-fire burner or HF-LF burner) 2
(Two-stage tuning burner) 2
2 1
1 (Low fire)
(Full load) 2 2
6-26

2553

2 (High fire)
-
1 70% 2
30% 100% 1.4:1
1 30% 2 70%
3.3:1 6-9

(High fire)

(Low fire)
(Off)

6-9 -
3) --
-- (High/medium/low-fire burner or HF-MF-LF burner)
3 (Three-stage tuning burner) 3
3
1 1 (Low fire)
2 2
1 (Medium fire) (Full load)
3 3 3
(High fire)
- -
6-10

6-27

2553

(High fire)

(Medium fire)
(Low fire)
(Off)

6-10 --
4)
(Modulating burner)
(Oil regulator) (Needle
nozzle) (Ignition load)
(Servomotor)

(Full load)

3 : 1 10 : 1



2

()
(Two-stage modulating burner)
(Ignition load)
(Full load)
(Partial load)
2 6-11

6-28

2553

(High fire)

(Medium fire)
(Low fire)
(On)
(Off)

6-11
()
(Proportional modulating burner)

(Oil regulator)

6-12

(High fire)

(Low fire)
(On)
(Off)

6-12

(Turn down ratio)

(Maximum firing rate) (Minimum firing
rate) 10:1
10%
6-29

2553

10:1 - 3:1

6.4

6.4.1






(CO2)

6-13

6-13
6-30

2553

3
1)
(Smoke tester)

(Unburn gas)

2
()
(Stationary smoke tester)


6-14

6-14
()
(Hand-held smoke tester)

6-15
(Smoke scale) 10 0-9

2 240
mg/Nm3
0 1

6-31

2553

6-15
2)
(Excess air tester)
(O2) (CO2)
3
()
(O2 absorber
liquid tester)
6-16


20.8%

6-16

6-32

2553

()
(CO2
absorber liquid tester)

6-16

()
(Electronic
excess air tester)
(Electronic sensor)
O2 sensor 6-17
Real-time

6-17

(Calibration)

6-33

2553

3)
(Flue gas analyzer)

SO2, SO3, NOx





(Log memory)
6-18

6-18








(Air preheat)

6-34

2553

6.4.2
1)
(Flue gas temperature)

2)
(Stack loss)
Q = m x cp x (Tex Ta)
Q
M
cp
Tex
Ta

(kJ/hr)
(kg/hr)
(kJ/kg- oC)
(oC)
(oC)

3)
(%Stack loss) 6-7
6-9 %CO2

6-7 C
6-8 6-9
%CO2
%O2 %CO2 (Convert) %O2
%CO2 %O2, %CO2
6-19 6-23
(
oF)

6-35

2553

C 6-8 %CO2
CO2 = 14.5% 360 oF
13.3%
:


4-5%
13.3% - 4% = 9.3%

-
- %CO2 %O2
4)

6-19 6-23

6-19 6-23
5)
(Combustion efficiency)
(%) = 100
6-24 6-30

oF

6-36

2553

6-7

6-8 C

6-9

6-37

2553

6-19 %O2, %CO2

6-20 %O2, %CO2

6-38

2553

6-21 %O2, %CO2

6-22 %O2, %CO2 C

6-39

2553

6-23 %O2, %CO2

6-24

6-40

2553

6-25

6-26 17%

6-41

2553

6-27

6-28
6-42

2553

6-29 C

6-30
6-43

2553

6)
(Fuel to steam efficiency)
Fuel to steam efficiency (%) = 100 - %Stack loss - %Radiation and convection loss
%Radiation and convection loss
(Heat transfer)
6.4.3

O2 CO2 (Excess air)

(Excess air)
240 mg/Nm3
320 mg/Nm3
(Excess air)
(Excess air)

-
-
-

6-44

2553

6-10
6-10

High
fire

6-11



6-12

6-45

2553

6-11

(%)
(%)
(Min)
(Max)
(Min)
(Max

10.0
15.0
2.0
2.7

12.5
20.0
2.3
3.5

20.0
25.0
3.3
4.2
:

6-12
(oC)
Air atomized Pressure atomized Steam atomized
A
90-150
85-105
66-85
C
108-125
100-125
80-100
D
90-110
(cSt)

12-17
12-20
20-40

Rotary cup
60-75
75-90
82-100
30-60

(%O2) (%CO2)
(ppm)

6-13
6-14
6-13

(%CO2)

12.8
13.8
10.0

11.5
13.0
9.0

10.0
12.5
8.5

9.0
12.0
8.0

6-46

2553

6-14

%O2

%CO2

CO (0-10 ppm)

%O2
%CO2

CO
1.
%O2

%CO2
CO

2.

3.

1.

2.
3.
4.

6-47

1.

2.

CO
%O2 %CO2

1.

2.


TDS

3.
4.

2553

1) -
- (Pressure atomized on-off burner)
2




20-25

-
1.
6.5
2.
6-12
3. (%O2) (%CO2)
(CO ppm)
4.
6-14
5. 4 %O2, %CO2,
CO
6. 6-31

6-31
6-48

2553

2) -
- (Pressure atomized hi/lo-fire
burner) 2 (Pressure atomized two-stage
tuning burner) 2
(Low fire) (High fire)
-
2 2 2 6-32
2 (Nonoil return injector)
(Oil return injector)
6-33

6-32 2 -

6-33
6-49

2553

(Pre-purge period)
(10) (Normally open, NO)
(8) (3)
(10) 20-25
(3) (1)
(9) (7) (8) 1 (Low fire Partial
load) (High fire Full load) (11)
(2) (4) 2 (4)
(2) 1
2 (10)
(3)

2
(Limit switch)
(Stopper)
-
2
1. (Nozzle) 100-120 oC
2. (Air diffuser)
6-34

6-34
3. (Fuel oil pump)
2 (Two-stage burner)
20-25
6-35
4.
5. O2 CO2 O2 3.5-4.5% CO2
12.5-13.5%
6-50

2553

6-35
6. CO

7.

Tex = Tsat + 83 oC (150 oF)

85 psi ( 6 ) (Saturated temperature)
164 C ( 6-15)
247 oC

o

6-15

2
o
o
kg/cm
psi
C
F
kcal/kg
BTU/lb
0.03
0.00
100
212
539
970
0.35
5.00
109
228
533
960
1.05
15.00
121
250
525
745
2.50
35.00
138
281
513
724
3.00
45.00
144
292
508
715
6.00
85.00
164
328
493
888
13.00
185.00
194
382
469
843
20.00
285.00
214
417
449
809
6-51

2553

6-36

4

1. 1 ( Low fire Partial

load) (Limit switch) 2
2. 2 ( Full load High
fire) 3
3. 1 2 ()
1
:
4. (Servo drive)

1 (I) 2
2 (II) (partial load)
3 (III) (full load)
4 (IV) (close)

3(III)
1(I) 2
2(II)
4(IV)

6-36 (Servo motor)

5.
1 (I) ( 2 )
25-30

6-52

2553

2 (II) ( (Partial load))

10-15
3 (III) ( (Full load))
50-60
4 (IV) ()
6. (Partial load) 2 (II) (Full load) 3 (III)
O2 = 2-6 %
CO2 = 11-14 %
(Soot No.) = 0-3
(Stopper) -
2
2 6-37 (
1)
2

2 (
)
2
1

6-37
6-53

2553

1.
6.5
2.
6-12
3. (Low Fire)
4. (%O2) (%CO2)
(CO ppm)
5.
6-14
6. (Low fire)

%O2 %CO2 CO

7. (High fire)
8. 4 5
9.
%O2, %CO2 CO

3) --
-- (Pressure atomized
high/medium/low-fire burner) 3 (Pressure atomized three-stage tuning burner)
- -

2 3 3
- 1
-
(Medium fire) 1
4)

(Pressure
atomized two-stage modulating burner)
(Modulating burner)
2
-
6-54

2553

(Fuel regulating value)

-
(Adjustable cam)

I
130
II
0
III
(Ignition load) 30
IV
2 100
V VI
VII
(Partial load) 50
Cam

6-38
1.
6.5
2.
6-12
3. (Low fire)
4. (%O2) (%CO2)
(CO ppm)
5.
6-14
6. (Limit switch)
(Low fire) (Specification)
7. 5
(Spring band)
%O2 %CO2
CO
8.

6-55

2553

9.

10. 4 7

11. 2

6-38
5)
(Pressure atomized modulating
burner)

10-20


1. (Nozzle) 100-120 oC
2. (Air diffuser)

3. (Fuel oil pump)

4.
5. O2 CO2 O2 3.5-4.5% CO2 12.513.5%
6-56

2553

6. CO

7.

1. ( 3
25-30 ) 6-39 6-40

2. Low fire ( 7
40-55 ) 2-3

3. High fire ( 1
100-130 ) (Damper)

4. Low fire High fire


5. (7 )
:

6-39

6-57

2553

6-40
6. 6-41

(Ignition) 25-30 ( #2-3)

(Partial load) 40-55 ( #4)
(Full load) 100-130 ( #6-7)

6-41
7.

7.1 2-3
CO2 11-14 %
6-58

2553

O2 2-6 %
(Soot No.) 3
7.2 4-5
CO2 11-14 %
O2 2-6 %
(Soot No.) 3
7.3 6-7
CO2 11-14 %
O2 2-6 %
(Soot No.) 3
6)
(Air or
steam atomized modulating burner)


(Metering cam)
-
(Rotary damper)

1. (Nozzle) 95-105 oC
2. (Oil pressure)
70-90 psi
3. 6-42 35-45 psi
10 psi ( 25-35 psi)
4. 10 psi (
15 psi)
5.
6. O2 CO2 O2 3.5-4.5% CO2 12.513.5%
7. CO

8.

6-59

2553

6-42

1. 643 1
2. Low fire ( 7
40-55 ) 2-3

3. High fire ( 1
100-130 )

4. ( 212) Low fire High fire

6-43
6-60

2553

7)
(Rotary cup
modulating
burner)

10-20




1. 70-90 oC
A 70-75 oC C 80-85 oC
2.
2-3 bar
3. 3,500-4,000

4.
5. O2 CO2 O2 3.5-4.5% CO2
12.5-13.5%
6. CO

7.

1. 1
6-44
2. Low fire 2-3

3. High fire 8-10

4. ( 2-10)
Low fire High fire

6-61

2553

6-44
6.4.4


2
1) 6-45

6-45
2) 4-39



6-62

2553

() (High fire)

(Low fire) 1/5

- -

()

()

(Soot) (Coke
deposit)


() (Mixing)

6.5



6-16


1)
:
( 6-46)
: 1.

2. ()
3.
:
1.
2.

6-63

2553

3.

6-46
:

: 1.
2.
3.
:
1.
2.
3.
:
1. 24 6
2. 8-12 12

2)
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

( 6-47)

3
6-64

2553

6-47
3)
:
:
:
:
:
:

4)
:
:
:
:
:

( 6-48)

1.
2.
1.
2.

( 6-49)

( 6-50)
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.

3.

6-65

2553

6-49

6-50
5)
:

: 1.
2.
:
1.
2.
6)
:

: 1. 300 oC
2.
:
1.
2.
6-66

2553

6-16

Sludge

Flash point

Sludge

Burner tile

Pressure reduction valve Pressure

relief valve

6-67

2553

()

Relief valve

Burner valve

Combustion chamber

6-68

2553

Sludge

Sludge Wax content

Sludge Wax

Sludge
Slip

Combustion chamber

Heater

6-69

2553

6.6




(Burner tile)

6.6.1

6-17 6-18
6-17

(Stoker)

(Fire grate)

6-70

2553

6-18

(Pulverized

coal firing)
(Shaft and
Roll)

(Feeder housing)

4 Ball-race mill, Bowl mill, Impact

(Pulvarizer)
Attrition mill Ball mill

Housing

(Adjusting
mechanism)
(Grinding surface)

Spring Grinder
Bearing, Shaft Journal


(Scraper)

Alignment

Bearing
(Exhauster in

pulvarizer)

Housing Exhauster Liner

Leak

6-71

2553

(Coal burner)

(Pulverized
coal firing)
()
Underfeed stoker

Stoker coal
firing

Spreader stoker

(Traveling grate)

(Coal nozzle)

Coal nozzle (Refractory
throat)

Underfeed stoker

(Main ram
and distribution ram)
(Tuyeres)

(Windbox and damper)
(Clinker and ash
grinding mechanism) (ram)
(Windbox damper)
Spreaders stoker

Distributor blade Distributor tray

Feeder Lining

(Alignment)

Over fire air fan Distribution nozzle

Grate bar

Dampers and frame
Fire door liner Over fire

Air seal

6-72

2553

Stoker coal (Traveling grate)

firing () ()

(Ash removal system)

Hydraulic

Windbox
Air damper
Damper

Shear pin
(Grate drive)

(Header support hanger)

50
3

6-73

2553

()

1)





3

3 ..

2)
3 ..

Ceramic fiber

6.6.2

6-19 6-20
6-19

1)
1)
(Wire net)

2)
2) 3)
3)
4)

4)

6-74

2553

(Temperature

controller)

1)

2)

(Electrical contact)

(Control valve)

(Sealing
part and pipe)

(Gland
packing)

(Bearing)

(Rotor)

(Pressured gauge)
(Nozzle)


(Stabilizer)

(Atomizing cup)
(Nozzle
tip)

6-75

1)

2)

2553

()

1)
(A/F ratio

mechanism)

2)

(Electrode) 1)

2)

3)

4)

(Burner)
1)

2)

3)

6-76

1)
2)

1)

2)

3)
4)

1)

2)
3)

2553

(Electrode) 1)
()

2)

3)

4)

(Refractory material
and burner tile)

(Bearing)

(Vane and
damper)

(Air duct and
wind box)

(Wire net and

suction port)

1)

(Plate and frame)

(Explosion
2)
door)

6-77

1)

2)

3)
4)

1)

2)

2553

1)

2)

3)

4)

(Lightning rod)

(Foundation)

(Bottom part)

(Foundation)

1)
(Oil level

controller)
2)

3)

(Bellow)

(Oil level gauge)

6-78

1)
2)

3)

4)

1)
2)

3)

2553

(Coil)

(
)

(Driving
source)

(Fixing)

(Indicator of
rotary angle)

(Potentiometer)

(Contact
of balancing relay)

1)

2)

6-79

1)

2)

2553

()

(Air damper)

1)
1)

2)
2)

6-20

6-80

2553

()

1.2
O2
3.5%
CO2 12.5%

Burner vane

-

Swirler

(
) (
)

Turbine (Clearance)
drive (Clearance)

6-81

2553

(Steam driven

()
reciprocating

pump)

Setting Relief Valve

Oil heater

(Calibration)

Trap drain valve

Shut off (
)

Burner
nozzle


(Oil strainer)

6-82

2553

()

(Fuel oil heater)

(Windbox)

()

Oil heater

Vent Drain

Setting Relief Valve

(Air
damper)


Windbox

6-83

2553

(Damper)

Blade
Blade

Damper

(Seal strip) Damper

Blade

Damper

Damper Induced
draft fan Forced draft fan Purge
Damper

6.6.3

6-21
6-21

(Gas firing)
Damper



6-84

2553

1.1
2

1.1.1
.. 2549

.. 2549 4


.. 2549

.. 2549

.. 2549
.. 2549

-1

2553

1)
.. 2549
6 8 (2) (3) (4) (6) (7) (8)
.. 2535
29 35 48 50


1
(1) (5) (6) 6 8 9 2 (.. 2535)
.. 2535
(2) 2 3 3 (.. 2535)
.. 2535
2
(boiler)
(1) 2
1.5

(2) 8

(pressure vessel)
(1) 1.5
103
(2) (reactor)
1

3

(1)
(2)
(3)

-2

2553

4

3


5

10



11
(maximum allowable working pressure)

12

13

-3

2553

16
14

15

16

17

18

19

-4

2553

2)
.. 2549
3 4 6 9 14 15 16 17 18 19

.. 2549 .. 2535

1

20

(1)

(2)
12
(3)


(4)

(5)

-5

2553

2



1

3
2
2

4

(.) ASME, JIS, EN



(Once Through
Boiler) 10 (Maximum Allowable Working
Pressure) 10


3

5



6

(Mill Certificate)

-6

2553

8

(1)

(2) (Welding Procedure)

(3)

10
(4)


4
(5) (4) (Name Plate)


.
(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5) (Maximum allowable working pressure)
(6)
(7)
(8) (Serial Number)
(9) (Model)
.
(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5) (Capacity Output)
(6) (Minimum Flow Rate)
-7

2553

(7) (Serial Number)

(8) (Model)
9
(Stress relief)
10
(Manufacturing Data Report)

11


12

(.) ASME, JIS, EN


(Once Through
Boiler) 10 (Maximum Allowable Working
Pressure) 10


13

(1)

2.5
1.5 (Once Through Boiler)
10 10

(2) 2 0.6
2
(3)
1

-8

2553

(4)

14
(1)

3
30

(2)

15


16


17 20
16

18

1
(1)
(2)
(3)
3
20

1 5

-9

2553

19

1
(1)
(2)
(3)
3

1 3


20
6

21 6
3

22



2
23 18 19
21 30

24


(1)

(2) 3
(3)

-10

2553

3
(4)
30

7

25

30
1


1

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(1)
2
(2)

9

-11

2553

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)

(6)

(1)

(2) 3

(1)

(2)

3

(3)

(4)

(1)

(2) 3

-12

2553

(1)



(Model)

(2)


()

()

()
(3)


(4) (1) (3)
6 (1)

(5)

(6)

(1)

(2) 3

(1)


-13

2553

(Model)

(2)


()

()

()
(3)


(4)

(5)

3

(6) (1) (3)
6 (1)

(7)


(8)

(1) 1
(2)

(3) 1
()

() 3

-14

2553

(4)

1
(5)
()
()
()
()
()
(6)
(7)
3
(8)
3

2

1
1.

2.

(1) 1
(2) 3
24
(3) 1

(4)
(5)
(6)
3.
(1)

-15

2553

(2)

5
(3)
10
(4)
3
4.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(5)

(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
5. 31
6.
15
7.
70

8.

9.
2
10.


11.
15

-16

2553

12.
3
30
13.

(1)
(2)
(3)
2
1.
36 30 3
3
2.

3
1.

2.
80
3. 60
3

1
1.

1.1
( Burner
)
1.2
490C

1.3 -

-17

2553

1.4

1.5 -

1.6

1.7 2


1.8

1.9
2.

1.8
3.

3.1

3.2


3.3
(Confined Space)

2 (External Inspection)

1.

2.

3.
4.
-18

2553

5.

3 (Internal Inspection)

1. (Combustion
Chamber) (Smoke Tube) - (End Plate) (Water Tube)
(Economizer) (Air Pre-heater)

1.1

1.2 (Overheat)
1.3
1.4
1/16 (1.5 )
1.5
1.6

1.7
1.8
2. (Hydrostatic
Test) 490C
2.1
1.5
(Maximum Allowable Working Pressure MAWP) 10
1 1.25 (MAWP)

2.2 (Annual Hydrostatic Test)

1 1.25
(MAWP)

2.3 2.1 2.2

(MAWP) 1.5 (Maximum
Working Pressure MWP) 30
2.4 (Safety Valve) 1.03
(MAWP)
-19

2553

4 (Functional
Test)

5
1.

2.



3.

3)
.. 2549
5
.. 2549
.. 2535
1

1

2

-20

2553

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2 1.1
(Maximum Allowable Working Pressure: MAWP)
2.2
2.2.1 1 50
2
2.2.2
(Maximum Firing Rate)
2.2.3
2.2.4

2.2.5 1.03
(MAWP)
2.2.6

2.2.7

2.3
2.3.1 1
2.3.2

2.3.3
2.3.4
15
2.3.5

2.4 (Check Valve Non Return Valve)

2.4.1 1
(Economizer)

2.4.2 2
1
2.4.3 2

2.5 (Pressure Indicator Pressure Gauge)

2.5.1 1
-21

2553

2.5.2 (Siphon) (U-Shape)

2.6 (Blow down Valve)

2.6.1 1
2.6.2 20 65
2.6.3
2.6.4

2.7
2.7.1 (Main Steam Valve)
()
85

2.7.2 60
2.8
2.8.1 (Globe Valve)
2.8.2 (Steam Header)

2.9
2.9.1 1
2.9.2
(1) (Low Water
Alarm)

(2) (Low Water
Cut-off)
(3)
(Burner)

2.10 (Pressure Switch)

2.10.1 1

2.10.2
(1)
(Force Draft Fan) (High
Pressure Cut off)

-22

2553

(2)

2.11 (Flame Detector)

2.11.1

2.11.2

(1)
(Pre Purge)
(2)

2.12
1
2.13 (Flue Gas Thermostat)
2.13.1 1
2.13.2

2.14
3

2

3
(Heat Transfer Medium Thermal Fluid
Thermo Fluid Thermic Fluid Thermal Oil Thermo Oil Hot Oil)
(Mineral Oil) (Semi-synthetic Fluid) (Synthetic
Fluid)

4

4.1 (Expansion Tank)
4.1.1

-23

2553

1000
50
1000
30
4.1.2
1.5
4.1.3

4.1.4 1000
(Overflow Pipes)
4.1.5 (Expansion Pipe)

4.2 (Storage Tank Drain Tank)
4.2.1 1000
4.2.2


4.3 (Circulating Pump)
4.3.1
4.3.2
(Film Temperature)
4.3.3
1

4.3.4
4.4 (Strainer)

4.5 (Temperature Sensor)
(Temperature Indicator and Controller)
4.5.1

4.5.2

-24

2553

4.5.3


4.6
4.6.1
1.5
4.6.2

4.7
4.7.1
(Safety Relief Valve)

4.7.2 4.7.1

4.8
4.8.1

4.8.2

4.8.3 90

4.9
4.9.1
85
4.9.2 60

4.10 (Air Venting)

4.11

3

-25

2553

4) .. 2549
8
.. 2549
.. 2535

1. (Boiler feed water)

pH value
5.8 - 9.5
Total Hardness
10
ppm as CaCO3
2. (Boiler water)

pH value
8.5 - 11.8
Total Dissolved Solid
3,500
(TDS)

ppm

1.1.2
1

.. 2552 11
.. 2552

6 103 .. 2541
29
33 41 43

1

-26

2553

1
82 1
120 10

(1) 19
(2) 23
(3) 177
(4)
83
ISO ASME JIS DIN TRD
BS EN
84

85

86

87
(1)

(2)


88
(1) (Boiler Feed Water) (pH)

(2) (Boiler Water) (pH)

-27

2553

89

2
90
ISO ASME JIS DIN TRD
BS EN

91

90
92
(1) 60
2
(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)
(8)

93

3
94


20
-28

2553

1 5

95

96

97

1.2


2

1.2.1

3

.. 2549

.. 2549

-29

2553

.. 2549

1)
.. 2549
16 2 (.. 2535)
.. 2535
1
(Boiler)

2

(1) 4 .. 2550
(2) 4 .. 2550
3

(1)
() 2
()

(Contrasting background)
()
400

()

()

-30

2553

15 15 .
01-49 -1
(2)
() (1) ()
() () 3
3 2

(3) . 02-49 -2

-31

2553

-1 . 01-49
-32

2553

-2 . 02-49
-33

2553

2)
.. 2549
16 2 (.. 2535)
.. 2535
1
(Boiler)
(Liquefied Petroleum Gas) (Natural Gas)

2 3 1

(1)
() 2
()

(Contrasting background)
()
400

()

()

15 15 .
01-49 -1
(2)
() (1) ()
() () 3
3 2

-34

2553

(3) . 02-49 -2
5

3)
.. 2549
16 2 (.. 2535)
.. 2535
1
.. 2548 4 .. 2548
2

(Cupola)

-35

2553

()
1. (Total Suspended
Particulate)
()

2. (Antimony)
()
3. (Arsenic)
()
4. (Copper)
()
5. (Lead)
6.
()
7. (Chlorine)
()
8. (Hydrogen
chloride)
()
9. (Sulfuric acid)
()
10. (Hydrogen
sulfide)
()
11. (Carbon
monoxide)
()

.
-
-
-
-
.
/
.

240
320
320
320

300
400
20

240
320
16

20

16

30

24

30
3

24
2.4

30

24

200

160

25

100

80

870

690

-36

2553

()
12. (Sulfur
dioxide)
()

13.
(Oxides of nitrogen)
()

14. (Xylene)
()
15. (Cresol)
()

.
-
-
-
-
.

-
-
-
-

500

950
700
60
60
-

200

200
400
200
200
-

4 2

5

(1) Determination of Particulate Emissions from

Stationary Sources (United States environmental
Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)
(2) Determination of
Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources (United
States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)
(3) Determination of Hydrogen
Halide and Halogen Emissions from Stationary Sources Non-Isokinetic Determination of
Hydrogen Halide and Halogen Emissions from Stationary Sources Isokinetic
(United States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)

(4) Determination of Sulfuric Acid Mist and Sulfur
Dioxide Emissions from Stationary Sources (United
States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)
-37

2553

(5) Determination of Hydrogen Sulfuric,

Carbonyl Sulfide and Carbon Disulfide Emissions from Stationary Sources
(United States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)

(6) Determination of Carbon Monoxide

Emissions from Stationary Sources (United States
Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)
(7) Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
from Stationary Sources Determination of Sulfuric Acid Mist and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from
Stationary Sources (United States Environmental
Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)
(8) Determination
of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Stationary Sources
(United States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)

(9) Measurement of Gaseous Organic

Compound Emissions by Gas Chromatography
(United States Environmental Protection Agency : U.S. EPA)

6
(1) 1 760
25 (Dry Basis)

(2)
() 1 760 25
(Dry Basis) (Excess Air) 50
7
() 1 760 25
(Dry Basis)
7

-38

2553

1.2.2
4


.. 2548

.. 2548

..
2548

.. 2549

1)
.. 2548

55 .. 2535
114
.. 2545 .. 2545
29
35 48 50 51



1

-39

2553

(1)

(2)

3 2 (1) (2) 15
4

2)
.. 2548

55 .. 2535
114
.. 2545 .. 2545
29
35 48 50 51



1

1

/
(LPG) (NG)

2 1

3 2 15
4

-40

2553

3)

.. 2548

68
.. 2535 114

.. 2545 .. 2545
29 35 48 50 51

1

1

/
(LPG) (NG)
2

(1) 3

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
3 2


(dilution)

-41

2553

4)
.. 2549

55 .. 2535
114
.. 2545 .. 2545
29 35 48
50 51

1
2 3

-42

2553

1.
(Total Suspended
Particulate)
()

1.1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
1.2
/
1.3
2.
2.1
(Sulfur dioxide)

()

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.2
3.

(Oxides of nitrogen as
(1)
Nitrogen dioxide)
(2)
()
(3)
(4)
4.
(Carbon monoxide)
()
5.

(Hydrogen sulfide)
()

-43

300

240
320
320
320
240

400

320

500

950
700
60
60
-

870

200
400
200
200
690

100

80

2553

6.
(Hydrogen Chloride)
()
7.
(Sulfuric acid)
()
8. (Xylene)
()
9. (Cresol)
()
10. (Antimony)
()
11. (Arsenic)
()
12. (Copper)
()
13. (Lead)
()
14. (Chlorine)
()
15. (Mercury)
()

200
160

25

200

20

16

20

16

30

24

30

24

30

24

2.4

3
(1) 1 760
25 (Dry Basis)
(%O2)
(2) 1 760
25 (Dry Basis)
(%O2) 7

-44

2553

4 2
(1) Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions from
Stationary Sources (United States Environmental
Protection Agency)

(2) Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

from Stationary Sources Determination of Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from
Stationary Sources

(3) Determination of Nitrogen Oxide

Emissions from Stationary Sources

(4) Determination of Carbon Monoxide

Emissions from Stationary Sources

(5) Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl

Sulfide and Carbon Disulfide Emissions from Stationary Sources

(6) Determination of Hydrogen Halide and

Halogen Emissions from Stationary Sources Non-Isokinetic Determination of Hydrogen Halide
and Halogen Emissions from Stationary Sources Isokinetic

(7) Determination of Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Dioxide
Emissions from Stationary Sources

(8) Measurement of Gaseous Organic Compound Emissions by

Gas Chromatography

(9) Measurement of Gaseous Organic Compound Emissions by

Gas Chromatography

(10) Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources

-45

2553

(11) Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources

(12) Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary

Sources

(13) Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary Sources

(14) Determination of Hydrogen Halide and Halogen Emissions

from Stationary Sources Non-Isokinetic Determination of Hydrogen Halide and Halogen
Emissions from Stationary Sources Isokinetic

(15) Determination of Metals Emissions from Stationary
Sources

5

6

1.3





1.3.1


3
30



-46

2553

1.3.2


1 20

1 5

1

1 3

()

()



()

-47

2553

-48

2553

-49

2553

-50

2553

-51

2553

-52

2553

-53

2553

-54

2553

-55

2553

-56

2553

-57

2553

-58

2553

-59

2553

1.3.3

30
1.3.4

1.3.5
20

1.3.6

-60

2553

-61

2553

-62

2553

-63

2553

-64

2553

-65

2553

-66

2553

1.3.7

1.3.8


-3
/
/

/
/

.
/

-3

-67

2553

-68

2553

-69

2553

-1

PSI

PSI

kPa

0.1450377

kg/cm2 cm H 2 O feet H 2 O inch Hg mm Hg inch H 2 O

kPa

Atm

Bar

mPa

6.894757 0.070307 70.306927 2.306723 2.03602 51.71486 27.68068 0.068046 0.0689476 0.00689
1

0.0101972 10.19745 0.33456180.2952997 7.50061 4.01472 0.0096692 0.01

kg/cm2 14.223343 98.06694

1,000.026 32.809312 28.95901 735.5588 393.711810.96784160.9806649 0.09806

cm H 2 O 0.01422290.0980634 0.001

0.032808 0.02895810.7355372 0.3937 0.00096780.0009806 0.00098

feet H 2 O 0.433515 2.968961 0.0304791 30.48

0.882646 22.4192

inch Hg 0.4911542 3.386389 0.0345316 34.53253 1.132957

inch H 2 O 0.03612630.24908190.0025422 2.54

0.029499 0.0296896 0.00298

0.535255 0.00131580.0013332 0.00013

0.08333 0.07355391.8682683

Atm

14.696 101.32535 1.033231 1,033.263 33.8995 29.9213

Bar

14.5038

mPa

145.0377 1,000

1.019716 1019.7466 33.4833

12

25.4 13.5954840.03342110.0338639 0.00386

mm Hg 0.01933680.13332250.0013595 1.359554 0.04460460.0393701

100

0.001

760

0.00245830.0024908 0.000249

406.794

1.0132535 0.1013

29.53 750.0626 401.8596 0.986923

10.197 10,197.45 334.56 295.299 7500.61 4014.74

o

9.669

0.1

10

: (H 2 O) 68 F (20 C) (Hg) 32 F (0 oC)

(Strength & Stress)
-2
Fahrenheit

Celsius
Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin

Rankine
Raumur

Kelvin

F = (oC x 1.8) + 32 K = oC + 273.15

C = (oF - 32) / 1.8

C = K - 273.15

Rankine
o

Ra = ( C x 1.8) +
32 + 459.67

K = (oF + 459.67) /
Ra = oF + 459.67
1.8

F = (K x 1.8) 459.67

Ra = K x 1.8

C = (Ra - 32 o
F = Ra - 459.67 K = Ra / 1.8
459.67) / 1.8
o
F = (oRe x 2.25) + K = (oRe x 1.25) + Ra = (oRe x 2.25) +
o
C = oRe x 1.25
32
273.15
32 + 459.67

-1

Raumur
o

Re = oC x 0.8

Re = (oF - 32) /
2.25
o
Re = (K - 273.15) x
0.8
o
Re = (Ra - 32 459.67) / 2.25

2553

-3
US gallon UK gallon
inch3
ft3
liter
m3
US gallon
1
0.83267
231
0.13368
3.7853
0.00378
UK gallon 1.2009
1
277.42
0.16054
4.5459
0.00455
inch3
0.004329 0.003604
1
0.000579 0.0164 0.000016
ft3
7.4805
6.2288
1728
1
28.316
0.02832
liter
0.26418 0.21997
61.024
0.0353
1
0.001
m3
264.17
219.97 61,023.74 35.3147
1,000
1
barrel
42
34.977
9702
5.614
158.983 0.15876
: barrel (Oil barrel), 1 Barrel = 42 US Gallon
-4
GPM (US) GPM (UK) ft3/min
GPM (US)
1
0.8327
0.1337
GPM (UK) 1.201
1
0.1605
3
ft /min
7.481
6.229
1
3
ft /sec
448.83
373.7
60
3
m /hr
4.403
3.666
0.5886
3
m /min
0.2642
0.22
35.3147
liter/sec
15.85
13.2
2.119

ft3/sec
0.00223
0.002676
0.01667
1
0.00981
0.5886
0.0353

-5

HP
ft-lb/sec
HP
1
550
ft-lb/sec
0.00182
1
Watt
0.00134
1
kW
1.34
737.6
Btu/hr
0.00039
0.2161

Watt
745.7
1.3558
1
1,000
0.2931

-2

m3/hr
0.2271
0.27275
1.699
101.94
1
60
3.6

m3/min
0.003785
0.004545
0.02832
1.699
0.01667
1
0.06

kW
0.7457
0.00136
0.001
1
0.00029

barrel
0.02381
0.02859
0.0001
0.17813
0.00629
6.2899
1

liter/sec
0.06308
0.0758
0.4719
28.32
0.2778
16.667
1

Btu/hr
2,544
4.626
3.412
3,412
1

2553

-6

inch2
ft2
inch2
1
0.006944
2
ft
144
1
acre
43,560
2
cm
0.155
6.2288
2
m
1,550.003
10.76391
-7

mm/s
ft/min
mm/s
1
0.19685
ft/min
5.08
1
cm/s
10
1.9685
ft/s
304.8
60
m/s
1,000
196.85

0.000247

1
10,000

m2
0.0006452
0.0929
4,047
0.0001
1

cm/s
0.1
0.508
1
30.48
100

ft/s
0.003281
0.016667
0.032808
1
3.2808

m/s
0.001
0.00508
0.01
0.3048
1

acre

cm2
6.4516
929.0304

-8

inch
ft
yard
mile
inch
1
0.08333 0.027778
ft
12
1
0.333333
yard
36
3
1
0.0005682
mile
63,360
5,280
1,760
1
cm
0.3937 0.032808 0.010936
metre
39.3701 3.28084 1.093613 0.0006214
km
39,370
3,280.8 1,093.613 0.62137
-9

lb/inch3
lb/ft3
lb/inch3
1
1,728
lb/ft3
0.0005787
1
gram/cm3
0.03613
62.4281
kg/m3
0.0000361
0.06243
slug/ft3
0.019
32.17

gram/cm3
27.6799
0.01602
1
0.001
0.51538

-3

cm
2.54
30.48
91.44
1
100
100,000

m
km
0.0254
0.3048
0.9144 0.0009144
1,609.344 1.609344
0.01
1
0.001
1,000
1

kg/m3
27,679.9
16.01846
1,000
1
515.379

slug/ft3
53.708
0.31081
1.9403
0.00194
1

2553

-10 ()

pound
ounce
gram
kg
slug
pound
1
16
453.6
0.453597
0.031
ounce
0.0625
1
28.3495 0.028349
gram
0.0022
0.0353
1
0.001
kg
2.2046
35.274
1,000
1
0.0685
slug
32.174
514.785 14,593.9 14.5939
1
stone
13.988
223.99
6,350.0
6.35
0.4351
tonne
2,204.6
1,000
68.5213
: Metric tonne Tonne = 1,000 kg
US ton Short ton = 0.907185 Metric Tonne
UK ton Long ton = 1.01605 Metric Tonne

-4

stone
0.0135
0.0019

tonne
0.0004536

0.157
2.29825
1
157.48

0.001
0.014594
0.00635
1

2553

.. 2549

.. 2552
, , , , 2548.
, ,
, , , 2552.
,
.. 2535, ,
, , 2547.
, , , ,
2547.
, , ,
.

(), ,
, .
,
, , .
(), , ,
, 2551.

.. 2549

.. 2548

.. 2548

.. 2548
..
2549

-1

2553

.. 2549

.. 2549
.. 2549

.. 2549

.. 2549
, , , 2553.
, 2,
, , , 2548.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, An International Code, The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York, USA, 2001.
Boiler Operators Guide, 4th edition, Anthony L. Kohan, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1997.
Energy Efficiency Manual, Donald R. Wulfinghoff, Energy Institute Press, Maryland, USA, 1999.
Steam Engineering Tutorials, Spirax-Sarco Ltd., USA, 2010.

-2

2553