Code G Stiffness of Spring

MEASUREMENT OF BENDING STRESS USING STRAIN GUAGE

1. Spring Stiffness Test

AIM:

To find spring constant or stiffness of a spring

To compare it with theoretical ones

WHAT IS A SPRING?

A spring is an elastic object which stores mechanical energy and releases it.

They are made of spring steel.

The deformation can be axial, torsion, bending etc.

There are different

types of springs like tensile, compressive, Leaf spring, Spiral

sprong etc.

They help in the shock absorbers, pens spring balances etc.

HOOKES LAW AND STIFFNESS:

Hookes law states that The extension of the spring

in elastic region is linearly
proportional to the Axial force acting on the spring

The equation is :

, Where,

Force axial

Deformation of the spring

Stiffness of the spring

Here K is calculated geometrically by,

o K=

, where,
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Shear modulus of the spring

n
Number of turns

r
Spring wire radius

Mean radius of the helical spring

THE EXPERIMENT:

The weights from 0gm to 1000gm are added to the pan with a steps of 200

Each time the deformation is noted.

The group divided into two and performed

with two different apparatus, one
having more stiffness and other having less.

Measurements
such as Number of turns, mean diameter, diameter of material etc.
are noted.

They are formulated in the table and graphs are drawn.

Sno

Load (N)

Loading
Vernier Deflection
Reading
(cm)
41.6
0

Unloading
Mean
Vernier
Deflection deflection
(cm)
Reading
(cm)
41.6
0
0

1)

2)

41.8

0.2

41.8

0.2

0.2

3)

42.1

0.5

42.1

0.5

0.5

4)

42.4

0.8

42.4

0.8

0.8

5)

42.7

1.1

42.7

1.1

1.1

6)

10

43

1.4

43

1.4

1.4

For the spring of less stiffness, we get the values:

Sno

Load (N)

Loading
Vernier Deflection
Reading
(cm)
8.60
0

Unloading
Mean
Vernier
Deflection deflection
(cm)
Reading
(cm)
8.61
-0.01
-0.005

1)

2)

8.58

-0.02

8.57

-0.03

-0.025

3)

10

8.41

-0.19

8.43

-0.17

-0.18
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4)

15

8.20

-0.4

8.19

-0.41

-0.405

5)

20

7.90

-0.7

7.96

-.64

-0.67

6)

25

7.66

-0.94

7.66

-0.94

-0.94

Hookes Law

GRAPHS:

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

10

Hookes Law

Where 0,2,4,6,8,10 are loads of o, 5 , 10 ,15,20

From the above slope is found to be 600N/m from two points (10,1.4 )
(7 ,1.1). i.e the spring constant of the spring found experimentally.

Theoretically value is found by knowing dimensions such as spring wire radius(r),

mean radius of helical spring(R), number of active coils in the helical linear spring(n).
kL =(G*r^4)/(4*n*R^3)

r=1.5mm, R=19.27mm, n=27.that gives value of spring constant =510.96N/m

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. Draw in a single graphs the load and deflection relationship of any
one of the springs as observed experimentally. Ensure that all
axes are labelled, units are mentioned.
Ans.Graph with all experimental data with proper units is on the

following page.
2. In the space below, write the steps for calculating the spring
stiffness kL for the specimens experimentally.
Ans From observations we have calculated deflection for the Spring
samples. We can get the Spring constant by using formula
kL=F/
And taking mean value of all the kL
Spring sample 1:
For deflection=0.165cm ,F=24.5N
KL=148.48 N/m
For deflection=0.24cm,F=29.4N
KL=122.5 N/m
For deflection=0.32cm,F=34.33N
KL=107.28 N/m
Taking mean of above values,
KL=126.08 N/m

For spring sample 2:

For deflection=0.006m,F=7.89N
KL=1315 N/m
For deflection=0.009m,F=9.8N
KL=1031.57 N/m
For deflection=0.0130m,F=11.76N
KL=904.61 N/m
Taking mean of above values,
KL=1083.72 N/m
For Spring sample 3:
Spring sample 3 is a conical Spring and it doesn't follow linear
relationship of Force and deflection.So we will have to use another
formula which is not in the context of this experiment.

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2.Bending Test
AIM:

To measure the tensile bending stress at the root of a cantilever beam subjected to
tip transverse loading using a strain gauge.
WHAT IS A BEAM:

A beam is defined as an element

that is structural in nature and one that can
resist load primarily by bending.
Historically speaking, beams were the squared timbers,
however, over the time we have

witnessed beams made of a number of materials.

STRAIN GAUGE:

A device for
indicating the strain of a material or structure at the point of
attachment.

The principal on which it works is electrical resistance

of a length of wire varies in direct
proportion to the change in any strain applied to it.

THEORY:

This resistance change is related to the strain by a quantity known as the gauge factor.
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Which can be calculated by the following formula

where,

R is the resistance of the gauge in the undeformed state,

is the change in the resistance in the gauge due to deformation,

SG is the strain gauge factor, and

is the strain

Therefore stress can be calculated by following formula,

where,

is the stress, and

E is Youngs modulus of elasticity.

By measuring the deflection at the free end of the cantilever beam, an estimate of the
tip load can be obtained from the well known load-deflection relation of a cantilever
beam given by,

and the bending moment at the gauge location is given by

PROCEDURE:

Using the
balance knob, set the display to a convenient value (zero or any other
value).
With no load on cantilever, take the first set of readings. Note down the indicated strain.

For the next step, make a deflection of 0:5 mm with the micrometer handle.
Add

deflection in 0:5 mm steps, to a maximum of 5 mm. Repeat the measurements.

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For Aluminium E= 70 GPa

LO = 25
L1 = 24.5
B = 2.5
T = 0.6

TABLES AND GRAPHS:

Deflection
(mm)

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

64
125
186
248
308
369
432
495
553
620

Strain
Display Value (Theory)
469.596765
0.5
939.1935299
1
1408.790295
1.5
1878.38706
2
2347.983825
2.5
2817.58059
3
3287.177355
3.5
3756.77412
4
4226.370885
4.5
4695.96765
5

Stress (exp) Stress (theory)

44800000
32871773.55
87500000
65743547.09
130200000
98615320.64
173600000
131487094.2
215600000
164358867.7
258300000
197230641.3
302400000
230102414.8
346500000
262974188.4
387100000
295845961.9
434000000
328717735.5

% difference
26.62550547
24.86451761
24.2585863
24.25858629
23.76675895
23.64280244
23.90793161
24.10557333
23.57376339
24.25858629

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