Fundamental of Banking Marathi

nwUo {dmnrR>m`m OyZ 2013 nmgyZ gw Pmbo`m E\$. dm`. ~r.
H$m_`m ~H$
`dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m `m {df`m`m A`mgH$_mda AmYm[aV Cn`wV nwVH$.
Prin. Dr. Babasaheb Sangale

B. J. S. College, Wagholi, Pune0
Prin. Dr. T. N. Salve

Shankarrao Bhelke College, Nasarapur, Dist. Pune.
Dr. M. U. Mulani
Shardabai Pawar Mahila Mahavidhyalaya, Shardanagar,
Tal. Baramati, Dist. Pune
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Syllabus
F.Y.B.Com.
Banking And Finance (Fundamentals of Banking)
First Term
1. Evolution of banking :
1.1 Origin, Meaning and Definition of Bank
1.2 Evolution of banking- Europe, USA & Asia
1.3 Evolution of banking in India.
1.4 Structure of Indian Banking System
2. Functions of Bank
2.1 Primary functions:
A)
Accepting deposits: Demand deposits:

Current and Savings; No Frills Account,
Time deposits-Recurring and Fixed deposits, Flexi Deposits (Auto Sweep)
B) Granting Loans and Advances- Term Loan,

Short term credit, Overdraft, Cash Credit,
Purchasing, Discounting of bills,
2.2 Secondary functions:
A)
Agency Functions- Payment and Collection

of Cheques, Bills and Promissory notes,
Execution of standing instructions, Acting
as a Trustee, Executor.
ii
B) General Utility Functions: Safe Custody,
Safe deposit vaults, Remittances of funds,
Pension Payments, Acting as a dealer in
foreign exchange.
3. Procedure for opening and operating of deposit
account
3.1 Procedure for Opening of Deposit Account:
Know Your Customer- Needs and Norms (KYC
Norms), Application form, Introduction, Proof of
residence, Specimen signature and Nomination: Their Importance
3.2 Procedure for Operating Deposit Account: Payin-slips, Withdrawal slips, Issue of pass book,
(Current Savings or Recurring deposits), Issue
of Cheque book, Issue of fixed deposit receipt,
Premature encashment of fixed deposits and
loan against fixed deposit. Recurring deposits:
Premature encashment and loan against
recurring deposit.
3.3 a)
b)
Closure of accounts
Transfer of accounts to other branches/
Banks
iii
3.4 Types of account holders
a)
Individual account holders- Single or joint,

Illiterate, Minor, Married woman,
Pardahnashin woman, Non resident
accounts
b)
Institutional account holders- Sole proprietorship, Partnership firm, Joint stock

company, Hindu undivided family, Clubs,
Associations and Societies and Trusts.
4. Methods of Remittances
4.1 Demand drafts, bankers Cheques and Truncated Cheques
4.2 Mail transfer, Telegraphic transfer,
4.3 Electronic Funds Transfer- RTGS, NEFT and
SWIFT
Second Term
5. Lending principles, Credit Creation and Balance
Sheet of a bank
5.1 Safety, Liquidity, Profitability, Diversification of
risks Conflict between liquidity and profitability
5.2 Multiple Credit Creation: Process and Limitations
5.3 Balance sheet of a commercial bank.
iv
6.
Negotiable Instruments
6.1 Definition, meaning and characteristics of
Promissory note, Bill of Exchange and Cheque
6.2 Types of Cheques- Bearer, Order and Crossed
6.3 Types of Crossing- General and Special.
7.
Endorsement
7.1 Definition and meaning of endorsement
7.2 Types of endorsement- Blank, Full or Special,
Restrictive, Partial, Conditional, Sans Recourse, Facultative.
Technology in Banking
8.1 Need and importance of technology in banking
8.2 E-Banking: ATM, Credit card, Debit card, Tele
Banking, Mobile Banking, Net Banking, SWIFT
(Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial
Telecommunication)
8.3 Concept and benefits of Core Banking Solution.
v
U AZwH$_{UH$m U
1) ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
1.1 Vo 1.44
2) ~H$o Mr H$m`}
2.1 Vo 2.20
3) ImVo CKS>`mMr Am{U Im`mdarb `dhma

H$a`mMr H$m`nVr
3.1 Vo 3.32
4) ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
4.1 Vo 4.28
5) ~H$mMr H$OdmQ>nmMr Vdo, nV{Z{_Vr Am{U

Vmio~X nH$
5.1 Vo 5.32
6) MbZj_ XVEodO
6.1 Vo 6.36
7) nR>mH $Z
7.1 Vo 7.14
8) ~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZmMm dmna
8.1 Vo 8.44
vi
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

1.1
1.2
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
17
~H$ `dgm`mMm CX`.

~H$ gH$nZm.
BVa XoemVrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr.
^maVmVrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr.
^maVmVrb ~H$ UmbrMr gaMZm.
~H$ `dgm`mMo H$ma.
mVm{dH$ :
(Introduction)
~H$ `dgm` hm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AW`dWoMm EH$ A{d^m` KQ>H$ _mZbm

OmVmo. `m_wio OJmVrb òH$ XoemV ~H$ `dgm`mMm {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~H$ `dgm`mg gK{Q>V d$n m Pmbo Agbo, Var ~H$
`dgm` nwamVZ H$mimnmgyZ AgK{Q>V d$nmV ApVdmV Agbobm {XgVmo.
B.g. nyd 2000 _ò ~~rbmoZ Am{U B{OV_ò ~H$ `dgm` ApVdmV Ag`mMo
nwamdo {_iVmV. `mH$mimV Ym{_H$ WimMm dmna ~H$ `dgm`mMo {R>H$mU hUyZ
Ho$bm OmV Ago Am{U Y_Jw ~H$a hUyZ H$m_H$mO nmhmV Ago. BQ>br, amo_, Jrg
1.1
~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)
`m XoemV `mM d$nmV ~H$ `dgm`mMm CX` KSy>Z Ambm. Bgdr gZ ZVa`m
H$mimV ~H$ `dgm`mMm AmH$ma mV hmody bmJbm. gdgmYmaUnUo MbZ {Z{_VrMr
{H$`m gw Pm`mZVa ~H$ `dgm`mg {dH${gV d$n mV Pmbo. OJmVrb
{d{dY XoemV ~H$ `dgm`mMm CX` d {dH$mg {Za{Zam`m H$mbIS>mV Pmbobm
{XgyZ òVmo. `wamon, A_o[aH$m, BbS> `m{R>H$mUr ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr bdH$a
KSy>Z Ambr. VwbZoZo Am{e`m IS>mV ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr C{eam KSy>Z Ambobr
{XgVo. ^maVmVrb ~H$ `dgm`mMm {dMma H$aVm, `mg mMrZ gX^ Agbobo
{XgyZ òVmV. JmV_, ~hnVr, ~w``d, H$m{Q>` B. `m boIZmV ngmR>odr,
H$m``dhma, `mO `m~m~V MMm AmT>iVo. _wbr_ gmm d _amR>r gmm `m
H$mbIS>mV XoIrb ~H$ `dgm` M{bV hmoVm. _m, ^maVmV I`m AWmZo ~H$
`dgm`mMm {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm Vmo {~{Q>e H$mbIS>mV. dmV`moma H$mimV
^maVmV ~H$ Umbr nVera gaMZm AmH$mamg Ambobr {XgVo. `m gd KQ>H$m`m
AmYmao ~H$ `dgm`m`m CH$mVrMr _r_mgm H$aVm òBb.
1.1 ~H$ `dgm`mMm CX` : (Origin of Banking)

\$ma nydunmgyZ OJm_ò ~qH$JMo `dhma hmoV Ag`mMo {XgyZ òVo. ~~rcmoZ
gH$Vr_òhr ~H$ `dWm ApVdmV Ag`mMm nwamdm gmnS>Vmo. Jrg$_mUoM
nydu amo__òhr ~H$m ApVdmV hmo`m. 1971 _ò ho{Zg am`mVrc A{YH$m`mZr
`wmMm IM ^mJ{d`mgmR>r OZVoH$Sy>Z H$O KoVco d `m`m naV\o$S>rMr `dWmhr
Ho$cr hmoVr. Aem H$Omcm BQ>mcr`Z ^mfoV "_mQ'> hUOoM g`wV {ZYr Ago hUV
AgV. "_mQ' `m eXmcm O_ZrV "~H$' hm g_mZAWu eX Amho. nydu BQ>cr`m
~hVme ^mJmV O_ZrMr gmm Ag`mZo ~H$ hm eX $T> Pmcm. `mM eXmMo nwT>o
BQ>m{c`Z ~H$mo `m eXmV $nmVa Pmco. \$mg d BcS>_òhr `m-`m ^mfoV
WmoS>m\$ma \$aH$mZo hmM eX dmnacm OmD$ cmJcm. B.g. 1646 nmgyZ "~H$' `m
eXmMm AZoH$ coIm_ò Cn`moJ Ho$cocm AmT>iyZ òVmo. `mZVa "~H$' hm eX
1.2
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
Amn`m ZmdmV dmnaUm`m AZoH$ ~H$m ApVdmV Am`m. CXm. ~H$ Am\$ {_cmZ.
_m H$mhr {dMmadVm`m _Vo "~H$' `m eXmMr Cnmr doJir Amho. `m`m _Vo
~H$mo `m BQ>m{c`Z eXmMm AW "~mH$' AWdm "Q>o~c' Agm hmoVmo. nydu gmdH$ma
Amnco ngo ~mH$mda AWdm Q>o~cmda R>odyZ `dhma H$aV AgV hUyZ "~H$' qH$dm
"~H$sJ' hm eX $T> Pmcm Agmdm.
1.2 ~H$ gH$nZm :

(Bank)
$~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr OmUyZ KoV AgVmZm "~H$' hr gH$nZm g_OyZ KoUo
Amd`H$ Amho. `m_wio ~Ho$Mm AW Am{U `m`m `m AmYmao ~H$ gH$nZm n>
H$aVm òBb.
1.2.1 ~Ho$Mm AW (Meaning) :
~H$ `m eXm`m `wnmr g~Y r _VôX AmhoV. b{Q>Z eX 'Lancus' `m nmgyZ
~H$ `m eXmMr `wnmr Pmbr Ago _mZbo OmVo. Va H$mht`m _Vo, 'Banco' `m
BQ>m{b`Z eXmnmgyZ ~H$ eXmMr `wnmr Pmbr. `m eXmMm AW "~g`mMm ~mH$'
Agm hmoVmo. nydu`m H$mimV ~mOmanoR>o`m {R>H$mUr Ago ~mH$ Q>mH$bobo AgV d VoWo
Am{WH$ `dhma MmbV AgV. BVam`m _Vo, 'Montel' hUOo "nemMr amg' `m
eXmnmgyZ "~H$' hm eX {Z_mU Pmbm Amho. ~H$ `m eXm~m~V _VôX Agbo Var,
_``wJrZ H$mimnmgyZ R>odr drH$maUm`m d H$O XoUm`m `Vrg AWdm gWog
"~H$a' hUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
~{H$JMr H$m`}-H$aUmar {dmr` gWm hUOo ~H$ hmo`. Aer ~H$o Mr gdgmYmaU
`m`m Ho$br OmVo. ~Ho$`m H$m`m~m~V Vkm_ò EH$_V Zg`mZo ~Ho$Mm
gdg_mdoeH$ Agm AW n> H$aVm òV Zmhr. ~H$ hr {dmr` gWm AgyZ Vr ngm d
1.3
H$O `mg~Yr`m `dhmamV gh^mJr Pmbobr AgVo. Vr bmoH$mH$Sy>Z R>odr drH$mZ

`m gwa{jV R>do `mMo H$m` H$aVo. VgoM H$OmMo `dhma XoIrb H$aVo. WmoS>`mV ~H$
hUOo JmhH$m`m nemMo ajU H$aUmar d `m`m _mJUr _mUo `mZm Vo XoUmar
AW`dhma gWm hmo`.
1.2.2. ~Ho$Mr `m`m :
~Ho$Mr `m`m nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òVrb.
1 ) S>m. ha~Q> Aoc. hmQ> :
""{JhmBH$m`m Mmcy Im`mda gmoS>cc
o o YZmXoe Omo dQ>{dVmo Am{U Omo Amn`m
amoO`m `dhmamV cmoH$mH$S>yZ Mmcy R>odr$nmZo ngm O_m H$aVmo d `mZm ho ngo
YZmXoemmam H$mT>`mMr nadmZJr XoVmo Vmo ~H$a hmo`.''
2 ) dmQ>a {c\$ :
_mJUr hmoVmM {d{Z_` nmmao H$mT>Vm òUm`m OZVo`m R>odr drH$maUmar
`Vr AWdm gWm hUOo ~H$a hmo`.
3 ) Q>mqgJ :
~H$ {d{Z`moJ Am{U ~MVr`m gJh m`m XcmcmMo H$m_ H$aVo Am{U Vr {d{Z_`
_m`_mMm EH$ ^mJ {Z_mU H$aVo.
4 ) ~qH$J ao`wcoqQ>J AQ> 1949 :
Or gWm H$O Xo`mgmR>r AWdm JwVdUwH$sgmR>r cmoH$mH$Sy>Z Vm~S>Vmo~ dm
_wXVr_mUo naV H$a`mgmR>r R>do r drH$maVo d `m R>do r H$mT>`mgmR>r MoH$, S>mQ>
dm A` H$mao gmo` H$aVo Vr gWm hUOo ~H$ hmo`.
1.2.3.~Ho$Mr d{eQ>o
~Ho$Mr d{eQ>o nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òVrb
1 ) nemer g~{YV :
~H$ hr EH$ {dmr` gWm AgyZ Vr BVa bmoH$m`m nemer g~{ YV AgVo. hUOo
nemMo `dhma H$aUmar gWm ho ~Ho$Mo EH$ _hdnyU d{eQ> gmJVm òBb.
1.4
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
2 ) `Vr AJa gWm :

~H$ hr `Vr qH$dm gWm Aem Xmohr d$nmV Agy eH$Vo. ~H$sJ H$nZr hUOo
~H$ `dgm`mer {ZJ{S>V AgUmar H$nZr hmo`. EImm `Vr _m\$V XoIrb
~Ho$Mo `dhma Ho$bo OmVmV.
3 ) R>odtMm drH$ma :
~H$ R>odt`m d$nmV bmoH$mH$Sy>Z ngo drH$maV AgVo d bmoH$mZr _mJUr
Ho$`mZVa qH$dm R>do rMr _wXV gn`mZVa Vo `mZm naV Ho$bo OmVmV. ~H$ Amn`m
JmhH$m`m R>do tZm gajU nwa{dVo. VgoM Vr JmhH$m`m nemMr "H$Q>{S>`Z' hUyZ
XoIrb H$m` H$aVo.
4 ) A{J_mMr Xo`Vm :
~H$ JaOy bmoH$mZm ngm H$O qH$dm A{J_m`m d$nmV nwa{dVo. H$Onaw dR>m H$aUo,
ho ~H$o Mo EH$ H$m` _mZbo OmVo. ~H$ {d{dY H$maUmgmR>r bmoH$mZm H$O C^mZ XoV
AgVo.
5 ) naVm`mMr gw{dYm :
~H$ Amn`m JmhH$mZm MoH$ Am{U S>mQ> `m`m _m`_mVyZ naVm`m`m gwb^
gw{dYm nwa{dVo. ngo ~Ho$VyZ H$mT>Uo, JmhH$mZm gmono ~ZVo. ~H$ Amn`mH$S>rb
nemMm `mgmR>r dmna H$aVo.
6 ) Ùm Am{U Cn`wVVm godm :
~H$ Amn`m JmhH$mZm {d{dY ~H$sJ gw{dYm nwa{dVo. `mV Ùm godm d Cn`wVVm
godm `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mgodm JmhH$mZm VH$mi nwa{d`m OmVmV.
7 ) Z\$m Am{U godm A{^_wIVm :
~H$ hr gWm Z\$m mV H$a`m`m CoemZo H$màV AgVo. `mgmR>r godm A{^_wI
{>H$moZmMm ~Ho$mao drH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo {d{dY godm nwadyZ ~H$ Z\$m nwa{dVo.
1.5
8 ) H$m`m_H$ dmT> :
~H$ `dgm` hr EH$ CH$mV gH$nZm Amho, `m_wio ~H$o `m H$m`m_ò, godm_ò
d {H$`m_ò gmV`mZo dmT> KSy>Z òV AgVo. `m_wiM
o nydunojm AmYw{ZH$ ~H$mMo
H$m`jo `mnH$ Agbobo {XgVo.
9 ) gnH$ `dWm :
~H$ ngo XoUm`m Am{U ngo KoUm`m KQ>H$m_ò EH$ H$maMr gnH$ `dWm
{Z_mU H$aVo. `m`mH$S>o A{YH$ ngo AmhoV `m`mH$Sy>Z ~H$ ngo Jmoim H$aVo d
`mZm nemMr Amd`H$Vm Amho, `mZm ngo nwa{dVo. hUOoM `mVyZ EH$ gnH$
`dWm {Z_mU hmoV.o
10) ~H$ `dgm` :
~H$ `dgm`mMr WmnZm H$aUo ho ~H$mMo _wI H$m` AgVo. `m_wio ~H$ `dgm`
hm BVa Hw$R>`mhr `dgm`mMm Xw`_ `dgm` ZgVmo, Va Vmo dm`m `dgm`
AgVmo.
11) ZmdmMr AmoiI :
~H$m, `m Zoh_r Amn`m Zmdmg_moa "~H$" hm eX OmoS>VmV. CXm. ~H$ Am\$
_hmam,> ~H$ Am\$ JwOamV B. `m_wio bmoH$m`m bjmV òVo H$s, g~{YV gWm
hr nemMo `dhma H$a`mer g~{YV Amho.
Aem H$mao ~H$ hr gH$nZm n> H$aVm òBb. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~H$Mr H$m`}
H$moUVr Agmdr. `m~m~V EH$_V AmT>iyZ òVo. `m_wio ~H$ `m gH$nZoMr XoIrb
n>nUo _mS>Ur H$aVm òVo.
1.3 BVa XoemVrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr :

(Evolution of Banking in Other Countries)
OJmVrb {d{dY Xoem_ò ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr H$er KSy>Z Ambr, `mMm
AmT>mdm nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao KoVm òBb.
1.6
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
1.3.1 `wamonmVrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
(Evolution of Banking
in Europe)
~H$ `dgm` hm {OVH$m OwZm {VVH$mM EH$ A{Y_m{UV `dgm` Amho. nU

AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ Umbr d Ow`m ~H$ `dWm `m_ò A{O~mV gm` Zmhr. mMrZ
OJm`m B{VhmgmV AZoH$ gH$Vr _ò ~H$ `dWm M{bV hmoVr `m~m~V ~aoM
nwamdo AmhoV. B. g. nyd 2000 `m Xa`mZ ~~rbmZ gH$Vr_ò ~H$ `dWmnZ
hmoVo. `mZVa AZoH$ ~Xb hmoV hmoV CH$mVr hmoD$Z {d_mZ ~H$ Umbr ApVdmV
Ambr. `wamonmVrb Imbrb XoemV ~H$ CH$mVrbm EH$ B{Vhmg Amho.
1 ) Jrg d amo_ òWrb ~H$ `dgm` :
`m Xoem_ò nVnwadR>m H$aUo ho H$m` gmd{H$ d M{bV hmoVo. Agm nwadR>m
H$aUm`mZm `m XoemV "AOVar', "_oZgmar' qH$dm "H$m{b~oQ>m'o Aer Zmdo {Xbr
Jobr hmoVr. H$mhr ~H$mMr Zmdo "Vm~oamZo AOZVmar' Aer hmoVr. H$mhr ~H$m
dV:`m nm`mda {Z_mU hmodZy dV `dgm` H$aV hmo`m d A` ~H$m emgZmZo
H$a dgwbrgmR>r {Z_mU Ho$`m hmo`m. AmYw{w ZH$ Umbr _mUo `m`m `dhmamV
hr "MoH$' nVr hmoVr. Oa ImVoXmamMo ImVo `m ~H$o V Agob Va, ngm WmZmVrb
(_Zr Q>m\$a) H$a`mMr `dWm hmoVr. S>mQ>Mo `dhma ho "{`H$m`~ar' d
"[aH$m`~ar' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo d S>mQ> "A{Q>`yeZ' hUyZ AmoiIbm
OmB. `m ~H$m gwm R>odr pdH$marV d Vmo ngm H$O hUyZ dmQ>V. amo_ _ò hr
`dWm {dZm `mO hmoVr. O_rZ JhmU R>odyZ OmVrV OmV 3/4 dfmH$[aVm
H$O {_iV Ago.
`m H$mimVrb ~H$ `dgm`mVrb R>do r, Amn`m d`pVH$ Jmo>rgmR>r gwm dmnaV.
VdmZwgma Aer Ym{_H$ Wm hmoVr H$s, `mO AmH$mam`Mo Zmhr _J Ago
`dgm{`H$ Cera Pm`m~b "XS>' hUyZ `m`m AmS> `mO KoV AgV. H$mhr
R>amdrH$ aH$_ AmH$mZ Aer ~H$ `dWm Mmbd`mbm nadmZJr {Xbr OmV
Ago. H$Yr H$Yr ~H$ `dgm` Am{WH$ Q>m Anèr gwm AgV. Aem doir
emgH$s` _XV KoVbr OmV hmoVr. n[apWVr ~Xbbr Var ~H$ `dWmnZ H$O
dmQ>VmZm VmaU Agbo Var hr h_r AZm_V aH$_ pdH$maVmVM.
1.7
2 ) BQ>br :
`m XoemV mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ~H$ `dgm` hm ImgJr CnH$_ hmoVm, nU H$mhr
XoemV gmdO{ZH$ ~H$m `m `mnma dr d emgZm`m H$a dgybr d An Am{WH$
~m~tgmR>r gw Ho$`m Om``m. BQ>br _ò "~H$ Am\$ ho{Zg' ZmdmMr ~H$ hmoVr
Or 1157 bm ApVdmV Ambr hmoVr. gJ`mV mMrZ gmdO{ZH$ ~H$ Ago
{Vbm hUVm òBb
. AmO`m `dWo_mUo {Vbm ~H$ hUVm òUma Zmhr H$maU
{VMm `dgm` bmaog_ò hmoVm Vmo gmdO{ZH$ H$OmMo WmZmVaU H$aUo hmM
hmoVm. `m {R>H$mUr MmXm`m eVH$mn`V ImgJr ~H$mMm `dgm` IynM _moR>m
Pmbm hmoVm. `m H$mimV gwm ~H$ `dgm`rH$ R>odtMm ImOJr dmna, H${_
VoOr, _Xr, Aem Jmo>rgmR>r H$aV AgV. `mMm dmBQ> n[aUm_ Ho$di EH$m XoemdaM
Pmbm Zmhr Va BbS> gma`m XoemV gwm Pmbm. VgoM bmoaog Mo emgH$s`
~mS> nyUnUo H$mogibo. B.g. 1341 Am{U 1346 `m Xa`mZ Am{WH$
Am{U~mUr `wamon_ò ng bmJbr. gVrZo dgybr Ho$`m{edm` H$O dgybr
hmoVM ZhVr. `m H$mimVrb "_o{S>gr' hr eVrembr ~H$ XoIrb R>do r pdH$maV
ZhVr. `m_wio `mMm amIrd {ZYr d JJmOir `mMr AdWm A{Ve` {~H$Q>
Pmbr. 10% `m Imbr JJmOir Ambr. 14 `m eVH$m`m AIoarg hr
eVrembr ~H$ b`mg Jobr d {VMr _mb_mm nVYmaH$mZr ~iH$mdbr.
3 ) noZ :
1349 `m Xa`mZ H$mnS> `dgm{`H$ ~mg}bmoZr`mV ~H$ `dgm` H$aV hmoVo,
VoWo A{YH$V {Z`_mVJV `dgm` MmbV hmoVm. Aem `mdgm{`H$mZm gwajm R>do
hUyZ H$mhr R>amdrH$ aH$_ â`m{edm` ~H$ `dgm` H$aVm òV Zgo. 1401
bm ~m{gbmo{Z`mV EH$ gmdO{ZH$ ~H$ hUyZ CX`mg Ambr. Vr dQ>Umdi,
{d{Z_` `mgmR>r hmoVr. Vr Wm{ZH$ ZmJ[aH$ d naH$s` XmoKmgmR>r H$màV hmoVr.
1407 bm ~H$ Am\$ OoZmoAm CX`mg Ambr. 1609 _ò A_Q>aS>_ ~Ho$Mr
WmnZm Pmbr. {VMm Coe `mnjm`m Am{WH$ JaOmMo `dWmnZ hm hmoVm. Vr
gd H$maMr ZmUr R>do r hUyZ pdH$maV hmoVr. `mR>do r naV gwm `m`Mr gw{dYm
1.8
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
hmoVr VgoM WmZVaU gw{dYm XoIrb hmoVr. 6 _{h`mZr R>od naV {Xbr OmBb,
Vgo _mUn hr {Xbo Om`Mo. ho _mUn MoH$ hUyZ gwm dmnamV Agm`Mo.
AmO`m gd `wamo{n`Z ~H$ `dWmnZmMo _yi hr A_Q>aS>_ ~H$ Amho.
4 ) O_Zr Am{U nmobS> :
1485 Vo 1560 Xa`mZ ~H$ `dWmnZmV H$Xr/AnamYr ho gwm Am{WH$
^mS>db nyadV AgV. VoM _hdmMo ~H$ X{jU O_ZrVrb, `dgm{`H$ AgV.
Cma O_Z _ò S>M ~H$ `dgm`mMr _VoXmar hmoVr. ~oQ>Zo ~J ~H$ hr gdmV OwZr
O_ZMr ImgJr ~H$ hmoVr. Vr 1590 gmbr hg d nmb `m S>M ~YZw r gw Ho$br
hmoVr. AOyZhr `m ~Ho$da ~oQ>oZ~J Kam`mMr _mbH$s Amho.
5 ) hmbS> :
17 `m eVH$mV {H$_Vr YmVyMr Am`mV nyd}H$Sy>Z (OnmZ d A`)
npM_oH$S>(o `wamon_ò) hmody bmJbr, nwT>o ^mddmT>rg MmbZm {_iy bmJbr. Aem
doir A_Q>aS>_ ~Ho$`m H$moU`mhr H$ma`m ZmUr pdH$ma`m`m YmoaUmMm
\$m`Xm nyU `wamonr`, OJVmVrb `mnmamg Pmbm. `mnma Am{U CmoJ `mV nMS >
ââmQ>> Pmbr. `mV ~oXabS>Zo gmo`m-MmXrMm {d{Z_` AmH${fV Ho$bm. OnmZ
d A` XoemH$Sy>Z `wamo{n` `mnm`mZr gmoZo R>do hUyZ R>do bo `mMm \$m`Xm `wamon
Am{WH$ Q>m ~i hmo`mgmR>r Pmbm.
1.3.2 A_o[aHo$Vrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
(Evolution of Bank-
ing in USA)
1) 1791-1811 _`dVu ~H$ `dgm`mMm Am `Z :

Q>oPar goHo$Q>ar "AboPmS>a h{_Q>Z' `m`m gmJ`mdZ 1791 _ò A_o[aH$Z
H$mJog Zo {\$bmoS>ob\$s`m òWo n{hbr ~H$ Wm{nV Ho$br. gd ~S>m AYH$maUr
d CmoJnVrZr {_iyZ `m ~Ho$da Amnbm Am{WH$ H$Om R>odbm hmoVm; naVw eoVr
1.9
`mdgm{`H$mZr `m Jmo>rbm H$S>mSy>Z {damoY Ho$bm d 1811 `m Xa`mZ KQ>>Zo _mUo

20 df} nyU Pm`mda A_o[aH$Z H$mJog Zo EH$m _VmZo {VMo ZwVZrH$aU H$aUo
ZmH$mabo d ~H$ ~X Pmbr.
2 ) 1816: 1836 Xwgam `Z gwm Ag\$b :
1816 `m Xa`mZ A_o[aHo$Vrb amOH$s` dmVmdaUmZo naV _`dVu ~Ho$Mr
H$nZm CMbyZ Yabr. A_o[aH$Z H$mJogZo Xwg`m A_o[aH$Z ~Ho$Mr gZX _m`
Ho$br nU Oohm 1828 _ò AS>`y OH$gZ Omo Iw Aem ~H$ `dWmnZoMm
{damoYH$ hmoVm, Vmo A_o[aH$oMm A`j hUyZ {ZdSy>Z Ambm `mZo hr ~H$ ~X
H$a`mMm KmQ> KmVbm. 1836 _ò hr ~H$ nwZ: gZX ZmH$ma`mZo gnw >mV Ambr.
3 ) 1836 Vo 1865 _wV ~H$ `dgm`mMo `wJ :
`m Xa`mZ gZXrH$V ~H$m d _wV ~H$m Aem XmoZ ~H$m nwT>o Am`m `mZr Amnbr
YmoaUo dV: R>adbr d A_bmV AmUbr d dV:Mo MbZ gmoZo d _y`dmZ YmVy
ZmUr `m`mV {d{Z_` `mo` Ho$bo. `dgm` dmT>rgmR>r R>odrMm gma H$Z `m
dmT>d`m. MoH$ nVrMm dmna A_bmV AmUbm. 1853 Xa`mZ `y`mH$
g_memoYZ Jh (brAatJ hmD$g) gw Pmbo d Vo dQ>Umdi H$aV Job.o A_o[aHo$V
~H$ `dgm` C H$moQ>rZo ââmQ>rg Ambm.
4 ) 1863 am>r` ~H$ `dgm` H$m`Xm :
A_o[aHo$V `mXZr `w gw$ AgVmZmM hm H$m`Xm A_bmV AmUbm Jobm, `m_wio
am>r` ~H$m {Z_mU Pm`m. `m `mMo dV:Mo MbZ dmn bmJ`m Zo A_o[aH$Z
emgH$s` {V^yVrZo pdH$ma`mg gwadmV Ho$br d am`Var` ~H$mZm H$a
AmH$maUr hmoVr d `m ~H$mZm ZhVr `mMm n[aUm_ `m ~H$m`m MbZm`m
ââmQ>rg hmodyZ XoemVJV EH$ g_mZ Mmby am{hbm H$maU _wV nVrMr R>odrMm
dmna `m_wio `m {grV am{h`m. `m_wio Xoem`m Am{WH$ `dWoda XmoKmMmhr
nJS>m am{hbm.
1.10
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
5 ) 1873 Vo 1907 (Am{WH$ A[aQ>mMm daM_m)

Oar 1863 Mm ~H$ `dgm` H$m`Xm A_bmV AmUbm Varhr Am{WH$ Jm|Yim`m
n[apWrVZo K~amQ> CSy>Z Am{WH$ pWVrda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmody bmJbo. 1893
_ò A{VaoH$ hmodyZ A_o[aHo$V gJ`mV dmBQ> AdWm hmoD$Z AW`dWm d
~H$ `dgm`mMr KS>r nyUn Uo {dH$Q>br. gaVo eodQ>r Oo nr _maJZ `m AWVkmZo
nwT>mH$ma KodZy Am{WH$ KgaU Wm~dbr. `mMm AW n> hmoVm H$s, emgZmZo ~H$
`dWmnZ d Am{WH$ {Z`moOZ `mMr J^ra XIb KoD$Z `mH$S>o bj {Xbo nm{hOo.
6 ) 1907 Am{WH$ Q>m dmBQ> df :
1907 _ò naV A[a>mMo dmVmdaU CX^dbo d dmb Q>rQ> _Yrb g>o~mOr`m
CoH$mZo ~H$ `dWmnZ S>~KmBg Ambo, `mnmar ZwH$gmZ namH$moQ>rMo Pmbo. `mgmR>r
Oo.nr. _mJZ `mZm naV ~mobmd`mV Ambo d hr dmVmhmV amoH$`mg gm{JVbo
Jobo. Vmon`V gdmMr Anojm hmoVr H$s, ~H$ `dWmnZ gwYmamdo _m Am{WH$
OJV, ZmJ[aH$m_ò \y$Q nSy> bmJbr. nwamU_VdmXr AmBU gmmnXWmMr "Am{WH$
_HVoXmar' nydH} $S>rb _moR>m XoemV dmT>V hmoVr, {Vbm "{dH$mgdmXr' nm{_m`mZr
H$S>mSy>Z {damoY H$a`mg gwadmV Ho$br. A_o[aHo$bm _m `mnmar _S>i, _`dVu
~H$o Mr {Z{_Vr hmodZy bdMrH$-MbZ `dWoMr Anojm H$aV hmoVr. Aem ^mdZm
{VdVoZo nwT>o òdy bmJ`m hmo`m.
7 ) 1908 Vo 1912 {dH|${V _`dVu ~Ho$Mr WmnZm :
1908 `m AmS>rM hrbS> H$m`mZo 1907 `m Am{WH$ S>~KmB da
AmnmH$m{bZ MbZmMm Cnm` `moObm. VgoM `m H$m`mdò am>r` Am{WH$
Am`moJmMr WmnZm hmodyZ am>r` ~H$ `dgm` d Am{WH$ gwYmaUm `m`mda
H$m`_Mm VmoS>Jm H$mT>`mgmR>r gemoYZ Pmbo d goZ ZogZ AS>rb `m`m
ZoV dmImbr "~H$ `dgm`-{ZÙ `moOZm' AmIbr Jobr. `mda {d`_ Oo{ZO
1.11
~m`Z Am{U {dH$mgdmXtZr hbm MT>dbm. `mMo hUUo Ago hmoVo H$s _`dVu
~H$ gmdO{ZH$ A{Yn`mImbr Agmdr Am{U ~H$ `mdgm{`H$mMo Am{Yn`
ZH$mo. 1912 `m {ZdS>UHw $sV {ZdSy>Z Ambo`m S>_o moH$o {Q>H$ njm`m dyS> mo {dgZ
`mZr ""AmS>rZ `moOZm'' nyUnUo Zmhrer Ho$br. {dH|${V _`dVu ~Ho$Mr JaO
dmT>bobr hmoVr.
8 ) 1914 Iybm `dgm` :
_`dVu ~H$ ApVdmV ò`mAmYr [aPh ~H$ gKQ>Z g{_Vr gX` {d`_
_H$S>mo (H$mofmJma g{Md), S>po hS> hQ>Z (H$fr g{Md), OmZ {d``_ Ho$bQ>Z
({ZXoeH$ {dZr_`) `mZr A{Ve` _ohZV KoD$Z Hw$R>`mhr _yi Jmo>tMo Am{WH$
H$m`mMo A{gd ZgVmZm H$m`H$mar gWm C^m H$a`mMm IQ>mQ>mon gw Ho$bm;
naVw 16 Zmoh|~a 1914 bm mXo{eH$ [aPh ~H$o Zo _wV `dgm`mMr H$nZm nwT>o
AmUbr. 12 eham_ò [aPh ~H$ gw H$a`mMr `moOZm V`ma Pmbr.
`mMH$mimV gnyU `wamon n{h`m _hm`wmV IoMbm Jobm.
9 ) 1935 ~Xbmg gwdmV :
~H$ `dgm` 1935 `m H$m`mdò ""A_o[aHo$Vrb ZmUo ~mOma'' (\o$S>) Mr
aMZm d H$mhr ~Xb H$a`mgmR>r VgoM gKr` _wV ~mOmanVr g{_Vr Aem
EH$ dV dYm{ZH$ H${_Q>rMr WmnZm H$a`mgmR>r d gKr` nVrVyZ H$mofmJma
g{Md d {d{Z_` g{Md hQ>{d`mgmR>r nwhm EH$Xm OmoaXma `Z Pmbm d hr
_mJUr Ho$br H$s gX`mMr _wXV 14 dfmMr Agmdr Xa`mZ Xwg`m _hm`wmZVa
amoOJma H$m`Xm Ambm `mZwgma \o$S>aoeZMo H$m` amoOJma H$m`Xm Ambm. `mZwgma
\o$S>ae
o ZMo H$m` amoOJma XoUo ho _mZbo Jobo d `mMr O~m~Xmar \o$S>ae
o Zda Q>mH$br
Jobr. 1956 _ò ~H$ {ZÙ H$nZr A{Y{Z`_mmao "\o$S>' bm ~Ho$Mo {Z`m_H$
Ho$bo Jobo Am{U 1978 ho hm{H$gZr "\o$S>'M A`nX JhU Ho$bo. `mZr
dfmV XmoZ doim A_o[aH$Z H$mJgo bm ôXZy Am{WH$ YmoaUmMo b` {ZYm[aV H$a`mV
d YmoaU R>a{d`mg _XV Ho$br.
1.12
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
10) 1982 AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ `dgm` gwYmaUm :

{ZÙ H$m`mZo "\o$S>' bm AmXoe {Xbo H$s, `mZr `m`m Am{WH$ godm`m
XOmV dmT> H$Z ImgJr jomMo m~` H$_r H$amdo d gd Am{WH$ gWmZm
Amd`H$ Jmo>tMr nyVVm H$amdr, hm H$m`Xm AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ `dgm` UmbrMm
moVH$ hmoVm. `mZwgma "\o$S>' Zo XbmbmnmgyZ Am{WH$ gWm dmMm`mV `mgmR>r
{dmnwadR>m H$a`mg gw$dmV Ho$br. Vgm hm H$R>rU H$n hmoVm, Vmo 1999
n`V A{Ve` gW JVrZo Mmbbm. 1999 _ò J_ brM ~obr AQ> (H$m`Xm)
nmg H$a`mV Ambm `mZo 1933 `m bmg -Q>oJmb H$m`mbm _mJo gmZ
~H$mZm _wV `dgm` H$a`mg dm Ho$bo, OoUHo $Z JwV dUyH$ d {d_m `m Xmohr
`dgm`mV Ano{jV dmT> hmdr.
11) 1980 Vo 1990 A{Z~YrH$aU :
1980 `m Xa`mZ gKemgZmZo "R>odrYmar gWm d {dmr` {ZÙ' H$m`Xm
1980 VgoM JmZ g|Q> O_Z {S>nmPrQ>ar BpQ>Q>yeZ AQ> 1982 Am{U
A_o[aHo$Vrb ~H$ `dWmnZ d ImgJr jomVrb A` Am{WH$ gWm `m_Yrb
_yb^yV \$aH$ Z> H$Z Q>mH$bm. gaH$mar d JagaH$mar Am{WH$ gWm Ago doJio
Z amhVm EH$ Ho$`m Jo`m, `m_wio hm {Z`_ A{Z~YrH$aU hUyZM AmoiIbm
Omdy bmJbm. Am{U 1980 Vo 1988 `m Xa`mZ 500 ~MV gWm Am{U H$O
gWm`m Zmemg H$maUr^yV Pm`m~b Xmofmg nm R>abm. `m`m nmR>monmR>
"\o$S>ab' ~MV H$O} , {d_m g{_Vr hr ~X Pmbr.
1.3.3 Am{e`mVrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr (Evolution of Banking
in Asia)
dmV`moma H$mimV _` Am{e`mVrb emgZmZr ~mOma AW`dWoH$S>o hmoUm`m
pW`Vamg AZwg$Z Amn`m ~H$sJ d {dmr` `dWoV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ
AmU`mH$S>o bj nwa{dbo. ~qH$J jomMr H$m`j_Vm dmT>{d`mgmR>r _moR>m
_mUmda `Z H$a`mV Ambo. 1990 `m XeH$mV am~{d`mV Ambo`m gwYmaUm
H$m`H$ _mMm n[aUm_ hUOo {dmr` `dWoV KSy>Z Ambo`m gwYmaUm hmo`. gwYmaUm
1.13
H$m`H$_mmao {dmr` `dWoVrb {d{dY KQ>H$mMo emdV Am{WH$ drgmR>r

AmYw{ZH$sH$aU d nydC^maUr H$a`mda â Xo`mV Ambm.
gdgm_m`nUo ~H$sJ gwYmaUm H$m`H$ _ XmoZ Q>`mV am~{d`mV Ambm. 1993
Vo 1997 `m Xa`mZ`m n{h`m Q>`mV VO{H$VmZ dJiVm MbZ{df`H$ pWaVm
`m KQ>H$mg mYm` Xo`mV Ambo. `m Q>`mV emgZmZr N>moQ>m jom_ò
ImgJrH$aUmMo YmoaU am~{dbo d `mmao ~mOma AW`dWog nmqR>~m Xo`mgmR>r
H$m`Xoera MmH$Q> {Z_mU Ho$br. gwYmaUm`m Xwg`m Q>`m_ò ~qH$J `dWoMo
gj_rH$aU, {dmr` d H$m`Xoera nm`m^yV gw{dYmMm {dH$mg Am{U {dmr` pWaVm
`m KQ>H$mda emgZmZr â {Xbm.
A ) n{hbm Q>nm
gwYmaUm`m n{h`m Q>`mV gmd^m_ MbZmMr AmoiI {Z~Ym_H$ MbZ{df`H$
YmoaUmmao H$a`mV Ambr, `mVyZ MbZ{df`H$ MT>-CVma g_moa Ambo. `mgmR>r,
C `mOXa YmoaU Am{U MbZm`m $nmVaUmdarb AmnMm[aH$ d AZmnMm[aH$
{Z~Y `mMr {Z{_Vr d A_b~OmdUr H$a`mV Ambr. C `mOXa, amIrd
{ZYtMr H$_r nmVir, naV \o$S>rMm A^md, Am{WH$ d amOH$s` ApWaVm
Am{U Ad_y`Z `mgma`m {H$`m 1995-96 `m H$mimV KS>V am{h`m.
`mM~amo~a {dmr` `dWoVrb S>mb
aMo _hd {Q>H$y Z am{h`mZo {ZYrMm ~mh
dmh KSy>Z Ambm.
~ ) Xwgam Q>nm
aMZm_H$ d gWm_H$ gwYmaUmmao MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ
AmUUo, Am{WH$ pWaVogmR>r amOH$mofr` gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo, `m {H$`m
1990 `m _`mV _` Am{e`mB XoemV KSy>Z Am`m. 1993 _ò
Agbo`m CVma-MT>mdmMr nmVir 1997-98 _ò 15 Vo 20 Q>`mn`V
Kgabr. Wm{ZH$ MbZm`m Ad_y`ZmMr g_`m hr 1998 `m a{e`Z
MbZm`m Ad_y`ZmMr g_`m hr 1998 `m a{e`Z {dmr` A[aQ>mn`V
1.14
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
{Q>Hy$Z hmoVr. `m gdmMm n[aUm_ hUOo 1997 AIoa Wyb amQ>r` CnmV
(GDP) _` Am{e`mB XoemV dmT> KSy>Z Ambr.
1.3.4 BbS>_Yrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr (Evolution of Banking
in England)
H$mD$WaZo AJXr WmoS>`mV nU n>nUo ~H$ `dgm`m`m CH$mVrMo dUZ Ho$co
Amho. `m`m _Vo AmYw{ZH$ ~H$sJMm CX` BcS>_ò Pmcm. gmdH$ma, `mnmar d
Bpce gmoZma ho AmYw{ZH$ ~H$aMo VrZ nydO AmhoV. `mMm AW Agm H$s `m {VKmMr
H$m` d{eQ>o ~H$ `dgm`mV EH$dQ>cc
o r AmhoV. `mMo {dcofU nwT>rc_mUo H$aVm
òBc
:
1 ) gmdH$ma :
òH$ g_mOmV gmdH$ma AgVmoM. Vmo Oar {VaH$V Agcm Var g_mOmV Vmo
EH$ _hdmMo H$m` H$arV AgVmo. JaOy cmoH$mZm H$O Xo`mMo H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo.
g_mOmV H$mhr cmoH$ Ago AgVmV H$s H$mhrdoim `mMm IM Cnmnojm OmV
AgVmo. gmdH$ma `mZm Am{WH$ AS>MUrV _XV H$aVmo. AZw^dmZo òH$
H$OXmamMr nV H$er OmoImdr d H$Odgwcr H$er H$amdr ho gmdH$ma {eH$VmV.
2 ) `mnmar :
_``wJmV dmg Ymo`mMm hmoVm. `m_wio `m doiMo N>mQo >o `mnmar EImm _moR>m
{V{>V `mnm`mH$S>o ngo R>odyZ `m~c nmd`m KoV Am{U `m nmd`m`m
gmhm`mZo Vo _mcmMr IaoXr H$arV AgV. AmYw{ZH$ ~H$m nVno XoVmV `m_wio
`m`m gmhm`mZo AZmoiIr cmoH$merhr `dhma H$aUo e` hmoVo. nydu ~H$aZm
`mnmar ~H$a AgoM hQ>co OmV Ago Am{U `mnmamgmR>r Vo McZmMr AXcm~Xc
H$$Z XoV AgV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV CnmXH$ d Cn^moVo `m`mV _`W hUyZ
`mnmar H$m_ H$aVmV. CXm. Ym` `mnmar, eoVH$`mH$Sy>Z Ym` {dH$V KoVmo d
JmhH$mZm {dH$Vmo. `mM_mUo ~H$mhr nemV `dhma H$aVmV. gm_m` cmoH$mH$Sy>Z
~H$m ngo Jmoim H$aVmV d H$mhtZm H$O} XoVmV. ~MVXma d H$OXma `m`m_ò
_`W hUyZ `m H$m_ H$aVmV.
1.15
3 ) Bpce gmoZma :
AmYw{ZH$ ~H$m Ho$di nemV `mnma H$arV ZmhrV Va EH$m {d{e> AWmZo `m
nemMr {Z{_Vr H$aVmV. hm d{eQ>nyU dmagm `mZr Bpce gmoZmamH$Sy>Z KoVcm.
_``wJrZ cS>Z ehamV Mmo`m, XamoS>o `m {Z`m`m Jmo>r hmo`m d `mnmgyZ
gajUmMr gm_wXm{`H$ `dWm ZhVr. gmo`m-MmXrMm `mnma H$aUm`m
gmoZmamH$S>o _moR>m ~iH$Q> {VOmo`m AgV Am{U H$mhr gajH$hr AgV. gm_m`
cmoH$ Amnco WmoS>o\$ma OS>Odmhra, gwdU-ZmUr gwa{jVVogmR>r `m gmoZmamH$S>o
R>odrV AgV d gmoZma `m~c ^mS>o AmH$marV AgV. Aer R>od R>od`m~c
gmoZma `mMr nmdVr XoV AgV. Vr nmdVr XmIdyZ R>odrXma Amncr dVy naV
KoV AgV.
H$mcmVamZo cmoH$mMm gmoZmamdaMm {ddmg dmT>V Jocm. nmdVr XmI{dcr H$s
Amncr dVy {deofV: gmo`m`m Zm`mVrc ngm Amn`mcm Ho$hmhr {_iUma
Aer `mMr Imr Pmcr Am{U _J òH$ doir dV: gmoZmamH$S>o OmdyZ nmdVr
XmIdyZ ZmUr H$mT>`mEodOr R>odrXmamZr hr {M>r KoD$Z òUm`mg EdT>r a$_
mdr Aer coIr gyMZm Xo`mg gwdmV Ho$cr. AmYw{ZH$ MoH$Mr gwdmV `mVyZM
Pmcr.
MVwa gmoZmam`m ho cjmV Amco H$s, `m `m`mdarc {ddmgm_wio `m`m
nmd`m`m gmhm`mZo cmoH$ AmnmngmVrc `dhma nyU H$aVmV. hUOoM `m`m
nmd`mMm dmna ngm hUyZ Ho$cm Omdy cmJcm. _J `mZr Amn`m `dhmamg
AmUIr EH$ doJio diU {Xco. H$O} XoD$Z Vo OmV nmd`m gmamV AmUy cmJco.
H$Om`m ~Xcr {Xco`m nmd`mhr ngm hUyZ dmna`m Omdy cmJ`m d gmoZmamZm
`mOhr {_iy cmJco. gmoZmam`m {ddmgm_wio Am{U R>odrMr nmdVr d H$OmMr
nmdVr, `mV \$aH$ Zg`mZo gmoZmamH$S>rc `j R>odrnojm OmV nmd`m H$mT>Uo
`mZm e` Pmco. nmdVr {Xcr H$s ngo {_iUma hm cmoH$mMm gmoZmamdarc {ddmg
`mMm _wI AmYma hmoVm. R>do rXmamZo ngo _m{JVco H$s Vo VH$mi Xo`mMr I~aXmar
gmoZma KoV. `m_wio bmoH$mMm `m`mdarc {ddmg dmT>VM Jocm.
1.16
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
4 ) {d{dY ~H$mMr WmnZm :

`wamon_ò {d{dY XoemVhr 16 `m eVH$mV gmdO{ZH$ ~H$m ApVdmV Am`m.
CXm. B. g. 1515 Mr "~H$ Am\$ ho{Zg', B. g.1556 Mr "~H$ Am\$ drS>Z'.
BcS>_ò gmoZmamZr 1676 _ò amOKam`mg H$O} XodZy ~H$sJ H$m`} gw$ Ho$cr.
nU Mmcg {Vgam `m Bpce g_mQ>mZo H$O} Xo`mMo ZmH$ma`mda cmoH$mMm
gmoZmamdarc {ddmg T>icm d `mZr Amn`m R>do r naV H$a`mMr _mJUr Ho$cr.
VgoM H$n`m`m hmVr ~H$ `dgm` Xo`mMrhr _mJUr Ho$cr. gmdO{ZH$ nem`m
gwa{jVVogmR>r d `mOXa {Z`{V H$a`mH$[aVm hr Jmo> Amd`H$ hmoVr. `mVyZM
B. g. 1694 _ò ~H$ Am\$ BcS> ApVdmV Amcr. {Vcm B. g. 1700
_ò H$mJXr McZ H$mT>`mMm A{YH$ma m Pmcm. hr ~H$ cmoH$m`m R>do r KodZy
Mmcy ImVr H$màV H$$ cmJcr. B. g. 1823 _ò g`wV ^mS>dcr ~H$mZm
nadmZJr Xo`mV Amcr. B. g. 1827 nmgyZ `m ~H$mZm cS>Z ~mhoahr `dgm`
H$a`mMr nadmZJr {_imcr. B. g. 1858 ZVa _`m{XV O~m~Xmar`m Vdmda
`m ~H$m WmnZ Pm`m. 19 `m eVH$m`m nydmYmV BcS>gh OJm`m BVa
XoemVhr ~qH$J `dgm` MS>nUo dmT>V Jocm.
H$mcmVamZo ~H$mZm H$mJXr McZ gm[aV H$a`mgmR>r nadmZJr Xo`mV Amcr
nU `mV Iyn Jm|Yi hmoD$ cmJ`mZo Vmo A{YH$ma \$V _`dVu ~H$o bmM Xo`mV
Amcm. Aem arVrZo AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ `dgm` XrKH$mimV CH$mV hmoV Jocm.
1.4 ^maVmVrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr :

(Evolution of Banking in India)
BcS>_ò ApVdmV Amcocm AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ `dgm` ^maVm_ò {~{Q>e

amOdQ>r`m H$mimV gw$ H$a`mV Amcm. `m_wio gmh{OH$M ^maVmVrc ~H$ `dgm`
{~{Q>e ~H$ `dgm`m_mUoM Amho. AWmV, `mMm AW Agm Zmhr H$s ^maVm_ò
~H$ `dgm` AkmV hmoVm. `jmV ^maV ho AmVaam>r` `mnmamVrc EH$ _hdmMo
1.17
AJ hmoVo. VgoM cmoIS,> H$mnS> Am{U MZr`m dVy`m {Z{_VrMo EH$ _hdmMo H|$
hmoV.o _Zw_Vr_ò `mOmMo Xa, H$OmgmR>r VmaU B`mXt~m~VMo gX^ AmT>iZy òVmV.
VgoM H$m{Q>`m`m AWemm_ò `mOXamMo {Z`_Z, R>do r Am{U {~cmMo {S>H$mD$qQ>J
B`mXt~m~VMo gX^ AmT>iZy òVmV `mZmM "hS >r' Ago g~moYV AgV. _wKc Am{U
_amR>m Xa~mam_ò _moR>_moR>o `mnmar, `mdgm{`H$ d gmdH$ma `mZm lo>r qH$dm ZJagoR>
`m ZmdmZo g~moYco OmV hmoVo d `mMo WmZ A`V _hdmMo hmoV.o `m`m gd ^maVâ
emIm hmo`m. VgoM Hw$[aAa godm Umcrhr hmoVr. Vo doigJr amOmcmhr H$O XoV
AgV.
_m Ago Agco Var AbrH$S>rc r-Zm|X {hemo~ nVr Agcocm AmYw{ZH$ ~H$
`dgm` {~{Q>emZr ^maVm_ò gw$ Ho$cm. ^maVm_ò OgOer {~{Q>e gmm ngacr
VgVgm ~H$ `dgm`hr ngacm.
^maVmVrb ~H$ `dgm`m`m CH$mVrMo Q>no :
^maVm_ò AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ `dgm`m`m CH$mVrVrc _hdmMo Q>no nwT>rc_mUo
gmJVm òVrc
1 ) EOgr hmD$gog :
`mdoir {~{Q>e/Bpce `mnmar ^maVmV Amco `mdoir ^mfo`m Zm_wio
^mS>dc C^maUrgmR>r `mZm AS>MU ^mgy cmJcr. `m_wio `mZr `mnma Am{U
~H$ `dgm` `mMm {_cm\$ Agco`m EOgr hmD$gogMr {Z{_Vr Ho$cr. EH$m
EOgr hmD$gZo ^maVm_ò B. g. 1770 gmcr "~H$ Am\$ qhXwWmZ' `m n{h`m
~H$o Mr WmnZm Ho$cr. `mZVa AZoH$ ~H$mMr WmnZm Pmcr; naVw `mMr WmnZm
Pm`mZVa cJoMM `m ~X Pm`m. `mdoir H$moUrhr ~H$ gw$ H$$ eH$V hmoVo.
`m_wio ho jo gdmZm Iwco Pmco.
2 ) o{gS>ogr ~H$m :
`mdoir ^maVmda am` H$aUm`m BQ> B{S>`m H$nZrZo o{gS>ogr ~H$m`m ^mJ
^mS>dcm_ò 20% gh^mJ KodyZ `mMr WmnZm Ho$cr. `m_mJo `m`m
^mS>dcm`m JaOm nyU H$a`mMm Coe hmoVm. `mZwgma B. g. 1806, 1840
1.18
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
Am{U 1943 _ò AZwH$_o ~H$ Am\$ ~Jmc, ~H$ Am\$ ~m~o Am{U ~H$ Am\$
_mg B`mXr ~H$mMr WmnZm H$a`mV Amcr.
3 ) g`wV ^mS>dbr :
B.g. 1884 _ò _`m{XV O~m~Xmar`m Vdmda ~H$mMr WmnZm H$a`mg
nadmZJr Xo`mV Amcr. `m_wio ~H$m`m WmnZog MmcZm {_imcr. `mZVa`m
eVH$m_ò ^maVr`m`m `ZmZo nOm~ ZeZc ~H$, Acmhm~mX ~H$, ~H$ Am\$
~S>moXm `mgma`m ~H$mMr WmnZm H$a`mV Amcr. AZoH$ naH$s` `Vrgwm
^maVr` ~qH$J jom_ò gh^mJr Pm`m.
4 ) Bnrar`c ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m :
naH$s` ~H$m`m nY}cm Vm|S> Xo`mgmR>r VrZ o{gS>g| r ~H$mMo {dcrZrH$aU H$a`mV
òD$Z B.g. 1921 _ò Bnrar`c ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m `m EH$mM epVemcr
~Ho$Mr WmnZm H$a`mV Amcr. `m ~Ho$`m gnyU XoeâmV emImMo Omio
ApVdmV Amco. `mZVa `mM ~Ho$Mo B. g. 1955 _ò am>r`rH$aU H$a`mV
òdyZ AmOMr Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m ApVdmV Amcr.
5 ) ^maVr` [aPh ~Ho$Mr WmnZm :
Oar hm H$mi ~H$m`m C{OVmdWoMm Agcm Var H$moU`mhr H$ma`m
{Z`_mA^mdr VgoM doido a gmhm` Z {_im`mZo AZoH$ ~H$m Aèdr R>a`m.
`m_wio cmoH$m`m _ZmV ~H$m~c eH$m {Z_mU hmody cmJ`m. cmoH$ ~H$mnmgyZ
Xya Om`cm cmJco. {hQ>Z `J Am`moJmZo dV H|$r` ~Ho$`m WmnZoMr JaO
n> Ho$cr. `mZwgma B. g. 1935 _ò H|$r` ~H$ hUyZ H$m` H$a`mgmR>r
^maVr` [aPh ~Ho$Mr WmnZm H$a`mV Amcr. ~H$ Am\$ BcS>`m YVuda `m
~Ho$Mr aMZm H$a`mV Amcr; naVw {Vcm {Z`_ZmMo {deof A{YH$ma ZhVo.
`mZVaMm H$mi hm _XrMm d Xwg`m _hm`wmMm hmoVm. `m H$mim_ò ~H$
`dgm`m~m~V [aPh ~H$ \$mago H$m` H$$ eH$cr Zmhr.
1.19
6 ) [aPh ~Ho$Mo am>r`rH$aU Am{U ~H$ `dgm` {Z`_Z H$m`Xm :

B. g. 1949 _ò hr XmoZ _hdmMr nmdco CMccr Jocr. ^maVmcm dmV`
{_im`m~amo~a [aPh ~H$o cm {Z`_Z Am{U {ZÙmMo {dVV A{YH$ma Xo`mV
Amco. ho A{YH$ma dmn$Z [aPh ~H$ hr ^maVr` ~H$ `dgm` Imrcm`H$
~Z{d`mV èdr R>acr. cdH$aM ~Ho$Mo Anè ^yVH$mimV O_m Pmco Am{U
^maVr` ~H$ `dgm` [aPh ~H$o `m _mJXeZmImcr {dH${gV/JV hmoV Jocm.
[aPh ~Ho$Zo AZoH$ Xwdmr, AS>Wio Am{U wQ>r Xya H$a`mV è {_i{dco.
7 ) 1969 Am{U 1980 _Yrc ~H$mMo am>r`rH$aU :
B. g. 1969 _ò 14 _moR>m ~H$mMo am>r`rH$aU H$$Z EH$ _hdmMo nmD$c
CMcco Joco. `mZVa B. g. 1980 _ò AmUIr ghm ~H$mMo am>r`rH$aU
H$a`mV Amco. `m am>r`rH$aUm_wio ~H$mMr H$m`}, H$m`nVr, YmoaUo, A{^dmr
B`mXt_ò _hdnyU ~Xc Pmco. AmVm ^maVr` ~H$m AmVaam>r` gh^mJr hUyZ
H$m` H$a`mgmR>r V`ma Pmco`m AmhoV.
1.5 ^maVmVrb ~H$ UmbrMr gaMZm :

(Structure of Indian Banking System)
^maVr` ~H$ `dWmnZ Umbr Mma H$mao dJuH$V hmoVo.

[aPh ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m
`mnmar ~H$m
gmdO{ZH$ jomVrb~H$m
^maVr`Q>oQ> ~H$ Am{U
{V`m gh`moJr ~H$m
1.20
am>r`rH$V ~H$m
(~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m,
~H
$ Am\$ _hmam>
B`mXr)
mXo{eH$ ~H$m
ImgJr jomVrb~H$m
^maVr`~H$m
naXoer ~H$m
ghH$mar ~H$m
ZmJar ghH$mar ~H$m
ZmJar ghH$mar
nVnoT>m
Jm_rUghH$mar gmogm`Q>m
mXo{eH$ ghH$mar ~H$m
_`dVu ghH$mar ~H$m
Jm_rUnVnoT>m
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
[aPh ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m :

[aPh ~H$ hr nem{df`r (MbZm {df`r) d ~qH$J `dgm`mMr gdm}
A{YH$mar Amho. gd ~qH$J H$mÙmbr (^maVmV OodT>m ^maVr` ~H$m/ nVnoT>m
AmhoV `m gdm) da {ZÙ R>do Uo, H$m`mMo {d{Z_` H$aUo ho [aPh ~H$o Mo _w` H$m`
Amho Vr gd `mnmar ~H$mMm {ZYr amIyZ R>do Vo hUyZM {Vbm ""[aPh ~H$'' hUVmV.
_`dVu ~H hUyZ am>r`, AmVaam>r` Vamdarb gd H$m_o MbZ `dWoV Am{WH$
V {d{Z_{`V H$aUo hmo`. `m ~m~VrV `mnmar ~H$mnojm [aPh ~Ho$bm OmV _hd
Amho. gd Am{WH$ Jmo>tMm AmT>mdm KodZy (hUOoM `mnma, eoVr AmmoJ B.) ~H$mMr
aMZm H$am``m, ~H$ emIm dmT>d`mg mogm{hV H$am`Mo, ~H$ `dWm
Amd`H$Vo_mUo dmT>dV `m`Mr, hr H$mò [aPh ~H$ nma nmS>Vo.
A ) `mnmar ~H$m :
`mnmar ~H$mMr {Z{_Vr hr OmVrV OmV Z\$m H$_mdUo d R>odrXmamZm Cm_mom_
godm XoUo `mH$[aVmM Pmbr Amho. AmYw{ZH$ Am{WH$ g_mO `dWoMr OrdZaoIm
hUOoM `mnmar ~H$m Aer AmOMr `m`m Amho. {H$òH$ eVH$mMm B{Vhmg
`m `mnmar ~H$mZm Amho. ZmJar `dWoV R>odtZm A{YH$m{YH$ mYm` XoD$Z Vo
{dm CmoJm_ò Xo`mgmR>r H$O hUyZ {dV[aV H$am`Mo ho Am H$m` Amho. gd
_moR>m `mnmar ~H$mMo 1969 _ò am>r`H$aU Om{ha Pm`mZVa, `mnmar ~H$mMo
dJuH$aU Imbrb_mUo {ZpMV H$a`mV Ambo
1 ) gmdO{ZH$ jomVrb ~H$m :
1999 `m Xa`mZ EH$Xa 27 gmdO{ZH$ jomV`m ~H$m H$màV hmo`m.
ObX Am{WH$ {dH$mg H$m` {deof H$Z emIm {dVma, Imr dmT>dUo,
R>odr dmT>dUo dqJV H$aU| ho `mMo d{eQ> Amho. Aem ~H$m AmOH$mb
gm_m{OH$ {hVm`m O~m~Xm`mhr A{JH$maV AmhoV.
H$) Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m Am{U `m`m gh`moJr ~H$m :
Q>Qo > ~H$ g_wh Q>Qo > ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m hr gWmnH$ Amho {V`m ghH$mar
~H$m hUOo
1.21
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ {~H$mZoa AS> O`nya

Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ hm~mX
Q>oQ> ~H$m Am\$ BXmoa
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ hgya
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ n{Q>`mbm
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ gmam>
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ mdUH$moa
EH$Xa ~qH$J `dgm`m`m 34% `dgm` Q>oQ> ~H$ Am{U `m gmV
~H$mZr `mnbm Amho.
1) am>r`rH$V ~H$m :
~qH$J H$nZr H$m`Xm (gnmXZ Am{U CnH$_) 1970 Adò 14 {demb
~H$mMo 1969 bm am>r`rH$aU H$a`mV Ambo.
1 ) g|Q>b ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m
2 ) ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m
3 ) nOm~ ZeZb ~H$
4 ) ~H$ Am\$ ~S>moXm
5 ) `wZm`Q>oS> H$_{e`b ~H
6 ) H$Zam ~H
7 ) `wZm`Q>oS> ~H Am\$ B{S>`m
8 ) XoZm ~H
9 ) qgS>rHo$Q> ~H
10) `w{Z`Z ~H Am\$ B{S>`m
11) Abmhm~mX ~H
12) B{S>`Z ~H
1.22
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
13) ~H Am\$ _hmam>

14) B{S>`Z AmohagrO ~H
2 ) ImgJr jomV`m ~H$m :
^maVm`m {_l AW`dWm nVr_ò ImgJr jomV`m ~H$mMr Am{WH$
{dH$mgm_ò {deof ^y{_H$m Amho. JmhH$m`m ngVrZwgmaM ImgJr jomV`m
`m ~H$mMo ApVd {Q>Hy$Z Amho. `m ~H$m`m "EQ>rE_, 24 Vmg ~H$ Mmby,
Ka ~g`m ~qH$J' Aem {d{dY `moOZm_wioM `m AmOVmJm`V {Q>Hy$Z amhZ
gmdO{ZH$ ~H$mer nYm H$aV AmhoV. ImgJr ~H$mMr XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJUr
Ho$br OmVo.
i)
^maVr` ~H$m :
`mMo _w`mb` ^maVmVM AgVo. `m`mda [aPh ~H$o Mo {ZÙ AgVo.
Aem ImgJr ~H$m ^maVmV H$màV AmhoV.
ii)
naH$s` ~H$m :
`m ~H$mMo _w`mb` ^maVm~mhoaMo Amho, `m`mda `m`m g~{YV
XoemMo {ZÙ AgVo AemZm naH$s` ~H$ hUVmV.
naXoer ~H$mMo _yi H$m` {dXoer MbZ, hS>Umdi hoM hmo`.

~ ) mXo{eH$ Jm_rU ~H$m :
1970 nmgyZ mXo{eH$ Jm_rU ~H$m CX`mg òdy bmJ`m. `mMr {Z{_Vr {d{e>
C{>o S>mo`mg_moa R>odyZM H$a`mV Ambobr hmoVr. `mMo C{> hUOo Jm_rU
CmoJ, eoVr, eoVmV H$m_ H$aUmao Am{U eoVrda OJUmao l{_H$ d Hw$eb H$mamJra
N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Jm_rU CmoJ `mZm nVnwadR>m H$aUo d Jm_rU Am{WH$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ
AmUUo. {Om`m jom_òM `mMo H$m`jo {Omda {ZpMV Ho$bo Jobo
Amho Am{U Jm_rU {dH$mg hoM ò` `m`mg_moa R>od`mV Ambobo Amho.
1.23
H$) ghH$mar nV gWm / nVnoT>m :

ghH$mar ~H$mMr gaMZm nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òBb
1 ) ZmJar ghH$mar ~H$m (Urban Co-operative Banks) :
ZmJar ghH$mar ~H$mMr aMZm EH$Var` d$nmMr Amho, `mcmM mW{_H$ ghH$mar
~H$m (Primary Co-operative Banks) Agohr g~moYco OmVo. ZmJar ghH$mar
~H$m {~Ja eoVr jomV H$màV AgVmV. ZmJar ghH$mar ~H$m `m ehamVrc H$_r
Cn JQ>mVrc ZmJ[aH$, chmZ `mnmar Am{U cKwCmoJYXo `mZm ~qH$J`m
gmo`r d godm CncY H$$Z XoVmV. _mM 2008 AIoa ZmJar ghH$mar gWmMr
gWm 1,770 d `m`m emImMr g`m 7,424 BVH$s hmoVr.
2 ) Jm_rU ghH$mar nVgWm (Rural Co-operative Credit Institutions):
Jm_rU ghH$mar nVgWm eoVr jomV H$màV AgVmV. `m Jm_rU ghH$mar
nVgWmMo dJuH$aU A) AnH$mcrZ gaMZm (Short-term structure)
Am{U ~) XrKH$mcrZ gaMZm (Long-term structure) Aem XmoZ ^mJmV
Ho$co OmVo.
A ) AnH$mcrZ gaMZm (Short-Term Structure) :
AnH$mcrZ ghH$mar nVgWmMr aMZm {Var` (Three-tier) d$nmMr Amho.
1) am` nmVirda am` ghH$mar ~H$m, 2) {Ohm nmVirda _`dVu ghH$mar
~H$m$ Am{U 3) Jmd nmVirda mW{_H$ H$fr nVgWm hUyZ H$m` H$aVmV.
mW{_H$ eoVr nVgWm hr ~H$ ZgyZ Vr Ho$di gWm Amho.
i ) am` ghH$mar ~H$m (State Co-operative Banks) :
òH$ am`m_ò gmYmaUnUo EH$ am` ghH$mar ~H$ AgVo. am`mVrc _`dVu
ghH$mar ~H$m`m H$m_H$mOmda XoIaoI R>odUo, gcm XoUo d _mJXeZ H$aUo,
{dmnwadR>m H$aUo hr `m ~Ho$Mr _wI H$m_o AgVmV. am` ghH$mar ~H$m `m`m am`mV {eIa ~H$m hUyZ H$m` H$aVmV. `m ~H$m ^maV gaH$ma, ^maVr`
1.24
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
[aPh ~H$, Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m B`mXr H$Sy>Z H$O {_i{dVmV d Vo _`dVu
~H$m_m\$V mW{_H$ H$fr nVgWmZm {Xco OmVo. _mM 2008 AIoa am` ghH$mar
~H$mMr g`m 31 BVH$s hmoVr.
ii ) _`dVu ghH$mar ~H$m (Central Co-operative Banks) :
_`dVu ghH$mar ~H$m {Ohm nmVirda H$m` H$aVmV. {OmVrc gd mW{_H$
H$fr nVgWm _`dVu ghH$mar ~H$o `m g^mgX AgVmV. H$mhr _`dVu ~H$m
BVa `VtZmhr g^mgX hmo`mg nadmZJr XoVmV. `m ~H$m mW{_H$ H$fr nVgWmZm
{dmnwadR>m H$aUo, `m`mda XoIaoI R>do Uo, `mMo {ZÙ H$aUo B`mXr H$m`} H$aVmV.
_mM 2008 AIoa _`dVu ghH$mar ~H$mMr g`m 371 BVH$s hmoVr.
iii) mW{_H$ H$fr nVgWm (Primary Agriculture Credit Societies) :
mW{_H$ H$fr nVgWm Wm{ZH$ nmVirda H$m` H$aVmV. gmYmaUnUo òH$
IoS>Jo mdmV EH$ mW{_H$ H$fr nVgWm AgVo. eoVr, Hw$Q>r>amomoJ dJaZ| m `m gWm
{dmnwadR>m H$aVmV. `m JmdmV Aer nVgWm gw$ Pmcocr AgVo VoWrc cmoH$mZm
`m gWoMo g^mgX hmoVm òV.o hr gWm `m JmdmnwaVrM Amnco H$m` H$arV AgVo.
^mJ^mS>dc, R>do r Am{U _`dVu ~H$mH$Sy>Z H$O KoUo B`mXr _mJmZr {_imcocm
ngm {dmnwadR>m H$a`mH$[aVm Cn`moJmV AmUVmV. 31 _mM 2008 AIoa
mW{_H$ H$fr nVgWmMr g`m 97,224 BVH$s hmoVr Va g^mgXmMr g`m
120 Xecj hmoVr.
~ ) XrKH$mcrZ gaMZm (Long-Term Structure) :
XrKH$mcrZ ghH$mar nVgWmMr aMZm gm_m`V: {Var` (Two-tier) d$nmMr
AgVo. 1) am`nmVirda am` ghH$mar H$fr d Jm_rU {dH$mg ~H$m (State
Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks -
H$m` H$aVmV, `mMr g`m 31 _mM 2008 n`V 20 BVH$s

hmoVr. 2) {Ohm nmVirda mW{_H$ ghH$mar H$fr d Jm_rU {dH$mg ~H$m
SCARDBs)
1.25

(Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development
H$m` H$aVmV. `mMr g`m 31 _mM 2008 n`V

697 BVH$s hmoVr. XrKH$mcrZ ghH$mar nVgWmMr aMZm H$mhr am`mV EH$m_H$
d$nmMr (Unitary) Amho, Va H$mhr am`mV {Var` (Two-Tier) d$nmMr
Amho. `m am`mV XrKH$mcrZ ghH$mar nVgWm H$màV ZmhrV VoWo mXo{eH$
Jm_rU ~H$m (Regional Rural Banks) `m emIm_m\$V Am{U `mnmar
~H$m`m Jm_rU d AYehar emIm_m\$V am` ghH$mar ~H$m (State Cooperative Banks) ~H$sJ godm XoV AgVmV. VWm{n, AmY Xoe `m am`mV
ghH$mar gaMZm EH$mp_H$ d$nmMr Amho d `mV AnH$mcrZ Am{U XrKH$mcrZ
gaMZm EH${V AmhoV. Aem VhoZo ghH$mar ~H$mMo Omio gd ^maVâ ngacoco
AgyZ, eoVrcm {dmnwadR>m H$a`mV `mMr ^y{_H$m _hdmMr R>aVo.
`m ghH$mar ~H$mda am` gaH$ma, ^maVr` [aPh ~H$ Am{U am>r` H$fr d
Jm_rU {dH$mg ~H$ (NABARD) `mMo {ZÙ AgVo.
Banks - PCARDBs)
1.6 ~H$ `dgm`mMo H$ma :

(Types
of Banking)
~H$ `dgm` H$ma nwT>rb_mUo nQ> H$aVm òVrb.

1.6.1 _MQ> ~H$sJ (Merchant Banking)
A ) AW
_MQ> ~qH$J hm eX _MQ> `m eXmnmgyZ ApVdmV Amcocm Amho. 16
`m eVH$mV nmMm` XoemV `mnmar cmoH$ ~qH$J CnH$_ am~drV AgV Am{U
hUyZ _MQ> ~qH$J hr gkm `jmV H$m`mpdV Pmcr. AmVm _MQ> ~qH$J ho Ago
jo Pmco Amho H$s Oo \$ma _moR>m _mUm_ò dmT>coco Amho. _MQ> ~qH$JMo Omio
{Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Mmcco Amho Am{U AmO {dmr` A{^`m{H$s (Financial
Engineering) hUyZ `mg cmoH${`Vm m Pmcr Amho.
1.26
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
~ ) `m`m
""_MQ> ~H$ Aer gWm Amho H$s Or H$nZrH$Sy>Z Wm{nV Ho$br OmVo. hr gWm
^mS>db gaMZm, nwZa MZm Am{U gmYZmMo gH$ _U `m~m~V gm Xo`mMo Am{U gmhm`
H$a`mMo H$m_ H$aVo.''
H$) _MQ> ~H$ nwa{dV Agbo`m godm
gmdO{ZH$ Am{U ImgJr jomVrb H$nmZm bmoH$mH$Sy>Z ^mS>db m hmoVo.
Ammo{JH$ H$nmZm {dmnwadR>m H$a`mgmR>r Xadfu _moR>m _mUmda ^mS>db C^maUr
Ho$br OmVo. H$nmMm dVH$mZm _MQ> ~Ho$H$S>o Ymd `mdr bmJVo. `m ~H$m {d{dY
H$ma`m godm nwa{dVmV. `m godm nwT>rb_mUo gmJVm òVrb
1 ) ^mJmMo `dWmnZ
H$n`m`m {V^yVtMo gmdO{ZH$ {dVaU `dWmnZ ho ^mS>db ~mOmamVrb
^mS>db moVmMo ^mJ qH$dm {dno `m`m_m\$V dmQ>n H$a`mMr EH$ H$Vr AgVo.
`m gX^mV _MQ> ~H$m `m ^mJdmQ>nmMo `dWmnH$ hUyZ H$m_ nmhVmV. `m
gX^mV `mMo H$m` EH$ {deofrH$V _`W gWm hUyZ AgVo. `mMm _w`
`dgm` hm ^mS>dbr ^mJmH$S>o gmdO{ZH$ ngm AmH$Q> H$aUo hm AgVmo. `m
gX^mV `m ~H$m Imbrb godm nwa{dVmV
1 ) Coe nHo$ V`ma H$$Z Q>mH$ EgM|OogH$Sy>Z `mZm _Owar KoUo.
2 ) go~rH$Sy>Z _Owar KoUo.
3 ) {d_oH$ar, ~H$m, Xbmb, Om{hamVXma, N>nmBXma B`mXtMr {Z`wVr H$aUo.
4 ) gmdO{ZH$ ^mJdmQ>nmV g_m{dQ> AgUm`m gd H$ma`m gWmMr g_Vr
{_i{dUo.
5 ) Xbmb / JwVdUyH$Xma `mMr g^m KoUo.
6 ) Om{hamVrMo d$n R>a{dUo.
1.27
7 ) AmdoXZ aH$_ â`mgmR>r`m ~Ho$Mr {ZdS> H$aUo.

8 ) ^mJ{dH$s`m ma^mMr d eodQ>Mr VmarI R>a{dUo.
9 ) {d{dY emIm_YyZ O_m Pmbo`m AmdoXZ aH$_ogX ^mV XZ{ XZ Ahdmb {_i{dUo.
10)^mJmMr dJUr Jmoim H$aUo.
2 ) ^mJm`m gX^mV H$n`mZm gbm
^mJ{dH$s `dWmnZmV _MQ> ~H$o Mm gbm A`V _hdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmo.
dVH$mbm ZdrZ ^mJ, A{V[aV ^mJ, ~moZg ^mJ qH$dm hH$ ^mJ {dH$sMo
{ZU` `mdo bmJVmV. `m gX^mV _MQ> ~H$m dVH$mbm Aem ^mJmMo d$n
H$moUVo Agmdo `m~m~V gbm Xo`mMo H$m` H$aVmV. `mM~amo~a `m ~H$m dVH$mZm
H$moU`m H$ma`m Vr^yVr {dV[aV H$am`mV `m~m~Vhr gbm godm nwa{dVo.
H$moU`mhr dmQ>nmMo è `mo` H$ma`m {V^yVt`m {ZdS>rda Adb~yZ AgVo,
`m_wio _MQ> ~Ho$Mm gbm `m gX^mV A`V _hdmMm R>aVmo.
3 ) h_r godm
_MQ> ~H$m H$n`mZm `m`m ^mJ^mS>dbm`m {dH$sMr h_r Xo`mMo H$m` H$aVmV.
Aem h_tMo d$n {d`m`m dnmV AgVo. `m ~H$m H$n`mZm `m`m ^mJ
{dH$s~m~V h_r XoVmV. Aem H$mao OmoIr_ Ko`mgmR>r `m ~H$mZm H$_reZ {Xbo
OmVo. h_r hm Agm EH$ H$ma Amho `m_m\$V ~mOmamV ^mS>db C^maUrgmR>r
ZdrZ ^mJm`m {dH$sMr Imr {Xbr OmVo. ZdrZ CmoOH$mZm ~mOmamVyZ ^mJ
{dH$s H$$Z ^mS>db Cô H$a`mV AZoH$ AS>MUr òVmV, H$maU JwVdUyH$Xma
OmoIr_ Ko`mg V`ma ZgVmV. Aem doir ZdrZ H$n`m Aem h_rXmamH$S>o Ymd
KoD$Z `m ~mOmamV CVa`mnydu `m`m ^mJm`m {dH$sMr h_r Ko`mgmR>r CwV
H$aVmV. _MQ> ~H$m hr godm nwa{dVo. Aem H$mao CmoOH$mZm ^mS>db
C^maUrgmR>r _MQ> ~H$m `Z H$aVmV.
4 ) amoIo gJh `dWmnZ
amoIo gJh `dWmnZ hUOo {d{dY H$ma`m {dmr` gmYZmMo `dWmnZ hmo`.
Aem {dmr` gmYZm_ò amo`mMm g_mdoe AgVmo. JwVdUyH$ `dWmnZm_ò
1.28
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
JwV dUyH$ `yhaMZm V`ma H$aUo VgoM Ano{jV JwVw dUyH$ naVmdm {_i{d`mgmR>r
doido a IaoXr dm {dH$s H$$Z `mo` `m JVw dUyH$ {_lMr {ZdS> H$aUo `mMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo. _MQ> ~H$m JwVdUyH$XmamZm amoIo gJh `dWmnZmMr godm nwa{dVmV.
5 ) ^mJdmQ>nmV `dWmnH$ qH$dm gbmJma
^mJdmQ>n gX^mV H$n`m EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ gWmMr Zo_UyH$ `dWmnH$ hUyZ
H$$ eH$VmV. go~rZo {Xbo`m _mJXeH$ VdmZwgma gd H$ma`m ^mJm`m
`dWmnZmgmR>r H$_rVH$_r EH$m A{YH$V _MQ> ~H$o Mr {Z`wVr H$am`bm hdr,
hr ~H$ `dWmnH$ hUyZ H$m_ nmhVo.
nmW{_H$ ^mS>db ~mOmamV _MQ> ~H$ H$nZrbm ^mS>db `dhmamV _XV
H$a`mgmR>r EH$ _hdmMr gWm hUyZ H$m` H$aVmV. `m ~H$m `m H$n`mZm
`m`m H$m_H$mOmV _XV H$a`mMo H$m` H$aVmV.
S>) ^maVmVrc _MQ> ~qH$J godm :
1 ) 1967 _ò JrS >cO
o ~H$ (Grindlays Bank) hrZo _MQ> ~qH$J {d^mJ gw$
Ho$cm.
2 ) 1970 _ò {gQ>r ~Ho$Zo (City Bank) _MQ> ~qH$J {d^mJ gw$ Ho$cm.
3 ) 1972 _ò ^maVr` Q>oQ> ~Ho$Mm _MQ> ~qH$J {d^mJ dmT>cm Am{U am>r`
~H$m CXm. ~H$ Am\$ ~S>mXo m, H$Zam ~H$, g|Q> c ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m `mZr XoIrc
_MQ> ~qH$J CnH$_ gw$ Ho$co.
4 ) ^maVm_Y`m {dmr` gWm_ò Ammo{JH$ nVnwadR>m Am{U JwV dUyH$ _hm_S>i
(ICICI) hr n{hcr gWm hmoVr H$s, {OZo 1980 `m XeH$mV _MQ> ~qH$J
{d^mJ gw$ Ho$cm.
Ammo{JH$ {dmnwadR>m _hm_S>i Am{U Ammo{JH$ {dH$mg ~H$ (IDBI) `mMm
XoIrc _MQ> ~qH$J hm dV {d^mJ Amho.
5 ) ImgJr gmJma CmoJ gWmH$Sy>Z XoIrc _MQ> ~qH$J godm {X`m OmVmV.
CXm. {S>.E.gr \$m`Zmg H$gQ>Q>, Ho$S>rQ> H${nQ>c \$m`Zmg H$mnm}aoeZ {c.,
1.29
Oo. E_. \$m`Zmgr`c AS> BhoQ>_Q| > gphggo {c, B`mXr. `m gWm {dmr`
gm nwa{d`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV. VgoM `dWmnH$s` gm Xo`m`m godmXoIrc
`m gWm nwa{dVmV.
6 ) AZoH$ am`mZr XoIrc Vm{H$ gmJma gKQ>Zm (Technical Consultancy
Organisation) WmnZ Ho$co`m AmhoV.
go~rZo _MQ> ~qH$JMo CnH$_ {Z`{_V Ho$coco AmhoV. \$V 10 _MQ> ~H$m `m
~S>m CmoJ JhmH$Sy>Z CKS>`m Joco `m AmhoV. _MQ> ~qH$J`m H$m`mV nmaXeH$Vm
`mdr `mgmR>r go~r`m {Z`_ZmImcr H$m`XoeraQ>m _MQ> ~qH$J `dgm`
AmU`mV Amcocm Amho. _MQ> ~qH$J gw$ H$aUm`m `Vrcm go~rH$Sy>Z Zm|XUrMo
_mUn {_idmdo cmJVo. _MQ> ~H$gMo Zm|XUr`m >rZo Mma JQ>mV dJuH$aU
Ho$co OmVo Am{U ho dJuH$aU `m`m H$m`m`m dnm_mUo Ho$co OmVo. go~rZo
_MQ> ~qH$JH$[aVm ^mS>dcm`m n[anyVVo~m~V H$mhr {ZH$f KmcyZ {Xcoco AmhoV.
go~r`m {Z`_mZwgma _MQ> ~H$a hUOo H$moUrhr Aer `Vr H$s Or ^mJ{dH$s`m
`dWmnZmV JwVcocr Amho qH$dm H$Oamo`m`m {dH$s~m~V, IaoXr~m~V qH$dm
`mV JwVdUyH$ H$a`m~m~V Amd`H$ Vmo ~Y H$aUmar Aer hr `Vr Amho
qH$dm _hm_S>i dnmVrc gWmZm gmJma godm XoUmar Aer `Vr Amho Am{U
Vr gmJma godm ^mJ{dH$s`m `dWmnZm`m gX^mV {Xcr OmVo. Aem `Vrcm
go~rH$Sy>Z _MQ> ~qH$J CnH$_ gw$ H$a`mH$[aVm Amd`H$ Vo _mUn {_idmdo
cmJVo.
1.6.2 {dH$mg ~H$sJ (Development Banking)
A ) AW :
{dH$mg ~Ho$Mr Zo_H$s Aer `m`m H$a`mV Amcr Zgcr Var AZoH$mZr `m
gkoMm AW n> Ho$cm Amho. `m {dmr` gWm _wXVr H$O nwa{dVmV, CmoOH$Vog
mogmhZ XoVmV d gKQ>Zm_H$ n[aUm_H$maH$Vm dmT>{dVmV, `mZm {dH$mg ~H$m hQ>co
OmVo. {dH$mg ~H$m H$O qH$dm gm_m` ^mJ^mS>dc (equity capital) qH$dm Xmohrhr
nwa{dVmV. {dH$mg ~H$ hr {dH$mgmMm `mnH$ {>H$moZ Agcocr ~hoer` {dmr`
gWm Amho. Vr _wXVr H$O XoUmar gWm Amho.
1.30
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
~ ) `m`m
""{dH$mg ~H$ hr H$O `mo` Am{WH$ {dH$mg H$nmZm _`_ d XrKH$mbrZ
{ZYrMm nwadR>m H$aUmar Am{U g~{YV godm nwa{dUmar {dmr` _`W Amho.''
H$) {dH$mg ~Ho$Mr d{eQ>o :
{dH$mg ~Ho$Mr _wI d{eQ>o nwT>rc_mUo AmhoV.
1 ) {deofrH$V {dmr` gWm :
{dH$mg ~H$m `m {deofrH$V {dmr` gWm AmhoV. {d{e> Coe nwT>o R>oD$Z `m
gWm WmnZ H$a`mV Am`m AmhoV. cKw CmoJ, _`_ d _moR>o CmoJ dJa| `m
{dH$mgmgmR>r doJdoJ`m {dmr` gWm ^maVmV WmnZ H$a`mV Am`m AmhoV.
2 ) _`_ d XrK _wXVrMm H$OnwadR>m :
eoVr, CmoJ `m`m {dH$mgmgmR>r _`_ d XrK _wXVr`m {dmnwadR>mMr
Amd`H$Vm AgVo. `m jomMr hr JaO ^mJ{d`mMo H$m` {dH$mg ~H$m H$aVmV.
{dH$mg ~H$m Ammo{JH$, eoVr jo dJa|`m {dH$mgmgmR>r WmnZ H$a`mV
Amco`m AmhoV.
3 ) cmoH$mH$Sy>Z R>odr drH$maV ZmhrV :
`mnmar ~H$m `m_mUo cmoH$mH$Sy>Z R>odr Jmoim H$aVmV, `m_mUo {dH$mg ~H$m
cmoH$mH$Sy>Z R>odr drH$maV ZmhrV.
4 ) am>r` {hVmg mYm` :
{dH$mg ~H$m am>r` {hVmg mYm` XoVmV. doJdoJ`m jom`m {dH$mgmgmR>r
WmnZ Pmco`m `m ~H$m Aem jom`m {dH$mgmVyZ XoemMm {dH$mg KSdy>Z
AmU`mg _XV H$aVmV. {dmnwadR>mMr CncYVm H$aVmZm Xoe{hVmMm {dMma
Ho$cm OmVmo.
5 ) {dH$mgm{^_wI ~H$ :
{dH$mg ~H$m `m {dH$mgm{^_wI ~H$m AmhoV. {d{e> jomMm d `mVyZ XoemMm
{dH$mg gm` H$a`mgmR>r `mMr WmnZm Ho$cr OmVo. ^maVmV Ammo{JH$ jom`m
1.31
{dH$mgmgmR>r ^maVr` Ammo{JH$ {dm _hm_S>i, ^maVr` Ammo{JH$ {dH$mg

~H$ Am{U H$fr jom`m {dH$mgmgmR>r am>r` H$fr d Jm_rU {dH$mg ~H$ (Zm~mS>)
`mgma`m gWm WmnZ H$a`mV Am`m AmhoV.
6 ) ImgJr d gmdO{ZH$ jomg {dmnwadR>m :
{dH$mg ~H$m Ho$di gmdO{ZH$ jomg {dmnwadR>m H$arV ZmhrV, Va ImgJr
jomghr {dmnwadR>m H$aVmV. ^maVmV {dH$mg ~H$m gmdO{ZH$ d ImgJr jomVrc
CmoJmZm {dmnwadR>m H$arV AmhoV.
S>) {dH$mg ~H$mMr H$m`} :
{dH$mg ~H$m {dH$mgm_H$ d$nmMr AZoH$ H$m`} H$aVmV. hr H$m`} nwT>rc_mUo
AmhoV
1 ) OmoIr_ ^mS>dcmMm nwadR>m :
CmoJ `dgm`mgmR>r {d{dY H$ma`m ^mS>dcmMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo. OmoIr_
^mS>dcmMm nwadR>m H$a`mMo H$m` {dH$mg ~H$m H$aVmV. `m_wio CmoJ `dgm`mMr
C^maUr d {dH$mg `mg hmV^ma cmJVmo.
2 ) _`_ d XrK _wXVrMm H$OnwadR>m :
CmoJ d `dgm`mg An, _`_ d XrK _wXVr`m H$OmMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo.
_`_ d XrK _wXVrMm H$OnwadR>m {dH$mg ~H$m H$aVmV. `m_wio CmoJ
`dgm`m`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amd`H$ Agcocm {dmnwadR>m CncY hmoVmo.
3 ) A{^XmZ XooUo :
Ammo{JH$ gWmMo amoIo, eoAg, ~mS> d H$OamoIo `mZm A{^XmZ Xo`mMo H$m`
{dH$mg ~H$m H$aVmV. `m_wio Ammo{JH$ gWmZm Amn`m {dmr` JaOm nyU
H$a`mg {dH$mg ~H$mMr _XV hmoVo.
1.32
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
4 ) IaoXrMr h_r KoUo qH$dm h_rXma :

Ammo{JH$ gWm amoI,o ^mJ (eoAa), ~mS> d H$OamoIo `mMr {dH$s H$$Z {dmr`
gmYZgm_Jr C^r H$aVmV. amoIo, eoAa, ~mS> d H$OamoIo `m`m {dH$sMr h_r
Ko`mMo H$m` {dH$mg ~H$m H$aVmV.
5 ) H$OmMr h_r :
CmoJmZr XoemV d Xoem~mhoa C^maco`m H$OmMr h_r Ko`mMo H$m` {dH$mg ~H$m
H$aVmV. `m_wio CmoJmZm H$O C^maUo gmono OmVo.
6 ) {dc{~V XoUr Xo`mMr h_r :
XoemV qH$dm Xoem~mhoa ^mS>dcr dVy AWdm `gm_Jr IaoXr`m ~m~VrVrc
H$Om`m {dc{~V Xo`mMr (Deferred Payments) h_r {dH$mg ~H$m KoVmV.
7 ) ^mS>dc~mOmamMm {dH$mg :
dm{_dmMm (Ownership) {dVma H$$Z d BVa doJdoJ`m _mJmZr {dH$mg
~H$m ^mS>dc~mOmamMm {dH$mg H$a`mMm `Z H$aVmV.
8 ) ZdrZ Ammo{JH$ H$nmg _XV :
ApVdmVrc CmoJYmZm {dmr` gmhm` CncY H$$Z Xo`m~amo~aM ZdrZ
Ammo{JH$ H$n C^ma`m`m ~m~VrV {dH$mg ~H$m gmhm` H$aVmV.
9 ) CmoJYm`m {dVmamg _XV :
CmoJYmMm {dVma H$a`mgmR>r _moR>m n_mUmV {ZYrMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo.
{dVmamgmR>r Amd`H$ {dmr` gmhm` {dH$mg ~H$m H$aVmV.
10)g` d `gm_Jr`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmgmR>r gmhm` :
CmoJmVrc g` d `gm_Jr`m gwYmaUogmR>r d AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmgmR>r Amd`H$
Agcoco {dmr` gmhm` {dH$mg ~H$m CncY H$aVmV.
11)Ammo{JH$ gd}jU :
{dH$mg ~H$m gdgmYmaU Ammo{JH$ gd}jU H$aVmV. VgoM {d{e> H$n gw$
H$aUo `mo` Amho H$s Zmhr `mMmhr A`mg H$aVmV.
1.33
12)ZdrZ CmoOH$mZm VkmZ d ~mOma _m{hVr :

{dH$mg ~H$m ZdrZ CmoOH$mZm VkmZ{df`H$ kmZ Am{U ~mOma{df`H$ _m{hVr
CncY H$$Z Xo`mMo H$m` H$aVmV. `mVyZ ZdrZ CmoOH$mZm CmoJmMr C^maUr
d {dH$mg H$a`mg _XV hmoVo.
13)_mJXeZ, {ejU d BVa gw{dYm :
ZdrZ CmoOH$mZm H$n {ZpMV H$aUo, H$n C^maUo, H$nmMr
A_c~OmdUr H$aUo `mgma`m _mJXeZ, n{ejU d BVa gw{dYm CncY H$$Z
Xo`mMo H$m` {dH$mg ~H$m H$aVmV.
14)`dWmnZ{df`H$ H$m`H$_mMo m`moOH$ :
{dH$mg ~H$m `dWmnH$s` H$me`mV gwYmaUm H$aUo, `dWmnZmMo
`dgm`rH$sH$aU `mgmR>rMo H$m`H$_ m`mo{OV H$aVmV. `mMm Cn`moJ CmoJmZm
Amn`m `dWmnZmV gwYmaUm H$a`mg hmoVmo.
15)_mJmgco`m jomMm {dH$mg :
{dH$mg ~H$m Ammo{JH$ {dH|$rH$aU KS>dZy AmUyZ _mJmgco`m ^mJmV CmoJmMm
{dH$mg hmo`mg _XV H$aVmV. `mmao _mJmgco`m jomMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ
AmU`mMm `Z H$aVmV.
1.6.3 `w{ZQ> ~H$sJ (Unit Banking)
A ) AW :
`w{ZQ> ~qH$J hUOo ~qH$JMr Aer Umbr `m_ò EH$mM ~qH$J gKQ>Zomao
godm nwa{d`m OmVmV. hr Aer EH$ ~qH$J Umbr AgVo `m_ò gaH$ma `m ~H$o bm
Amn`m emIm CKS>`mg nadmZJr XoV Zmhr qH$dm `mda _`mXm AmUVo. ~H$m`m
emImMo Omio {Z_mU Z H$aVm gd ~qH$J `dWm EH$mM ~qH$J H$m`mb`mVyZ
Mmb{dbr OmVo. Aem ~Ho$Mo EH$_od Ago H$m`mb` AgVo qH$dm H$m_mMo {R>H$mU
AgVo. òH$ ~Ho$Mo gd dV ApVd AgVo. {VMo dV:Mo ^mS>db Am{U YmoaUo
AgVmV. WmoS>`mV `w{ZQ> ~qH$J_ò ~Ho$Mo _w` H$m`mb` Xya ZgVo.
1.34
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
~ ) `m`m :
""`w{ZQ> ~qH$J hUOo Aer ~qH$J Umbr `m_ò ~H$ dVnUo H$m` H$aVo
Am{U Amnbm `dgm` H$a`mgmR>r emIm CKS>V Zmhr.''
H$) `w{ZQ> ~qH$JMo \$m`Xo / JwU :
`w{ZQ> ~qH$JMo \$m`Xo Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òVrb :
1 ) chmZ _mUmdarc `dhmamMo cm^ :
Wm{ZH$ nmVirdaM `dgm` Ag`mZo XoIaoI MmJ`m H$mao R>odVm òVo.
A\$amV\$ar d JaH$ma cJoM bjmV òVmV. JmhH$mH$S>o d`{VH$ cj XoD$Z
`mZm g_mYmZr R>odVm òVo. YmoaU d H$m`nVr Wm{ZH$ n[apWVrer
{_iVrOwiVr AgVo d `mV ~Xchr AnmdYrV H$aVm òVmV.
2 ) ImVoXma d H$OXmamer OdirH$ :
`dWmnH$ OdiOdi òH$ ImVoXma d H$OXmamcm AmoiIV AgVmo.
`m_wio H$OXmamMr nV AMyH$ AmoiIyZ `mZwgma `mo` H$O} {Xcr OmVmV.
VgoM H$O_Owarg {dc~ cmJV Zmhr.
3 ) Wm{ZH$ {dH$mgmH$S>o cj :
~H$o Mo d$n Wm{ZH$ Ag`mZo VoWo O_m Ho$co`m R>do r VoWrc {dH$mgmgmR>rM
dmna`m OmVmV. BVa `m dmna`m OmV ZmhrV.
4 ) `dWmnZ IM H$_r :
`m nVrV ~Ho$Mo _w` H$m`mc` ~Ho$`m OmJrM Ag`m_wio BVa emIm
~H$m_mUo H$o r` H$m`mc` `mH$Sy>Z XoIaoI d {ZÙ H$a`mMr Amd`H$Vm
ZgVo. d[aV {ZU` KoVco OmVmV d `dWmnZ IM H$_r AgVmo.
5 ) O~m~XmarZo `dhma :
~Ho$Mr {dmr` gmYZo _`m{XV AgVmV d ~mho$Z _XV {_i`mMr e`Vm
ZgVo. `m_wio `m nVrV `dhma A{YH$ H$miOrnydH$ d gmdYnUo Ho$co
OmVmV. `mV ~oO~m~XmanUm qH$dm ~o^mZnUm ZgVmo.
1.35
6 ) gmd{H$ ~H$~wS>rMr e`Vm H$_r :

~H$m Wm{ZH$ dnm`m Ag`mZo EImXr ~H$ ~wSm>cr Var `mMo n[aUm_ A`
ngaV ZmhrV. BVa cmoH$mZm ~H$ ~wSm>`mMr _m{hVrhr ZgVo. `m_wio EImm
~H$~wS>rMo $nmVa am>r` gH$Q>mV hmoV Zmhr.
7 ) _VoXmar d Am{WH$ gmo`m H|$rH$aUmMr {^Vr ZgVo :
~H$m chmZ d Wm{ZH$ dnm`m Ag`mZo _VoXmar d Am{WH$ gmo`m
H|$rH$aUmMr {^Vr ZgVo.
8 ) H$m`j_ `dWmnZ :
H$m`j_Vo`m >rZo dV ~H$mZm `dWmnH$s` cm^ OmV hmoVmo. _`m{XV
H$_Mmar dJ Ag`mZo `m`m H$m`mda `dWmnH$ `{VJVnUo n`dojU d
{ZÙ R>oD$ eH$Vmo. `m_wio XZ{XZ H$m_mV {eV~Vm òVo d An`` Q>iVmo.
VgoM `dWmnH$ VmH$mi OmJodaM {ZU` KoD$ eH$Vmo. `m_wio emgH$s` {XaJmB
Q>mi`mg _XV hmoVo. gd JmhH$ ~Ho$`m C A{YH$m`mer WoQ> gnH$ gmYy
eH$VmV. `m_wio AZoH$ g_`m MM}Zo gwQ>VmV, {ZU` OcXnUo hmoVmV d `mMr
H$m`dmhr hr VnaVoZo hmoVo.
9 ) jo {dH$mgmg Cn`wV :
`w{ZQ> ~H$mZm Wm{ZH$ cmoH$ R>do t`m $nmZo ngm nwa{dVmV. ho {ZYr `mM WmZm`m
{dH$mgmH$[aVm dmnaco OmVmV. "Wm{ZH$ {ZYr Wm{ZH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r' `m VdmMr
A_c~OmdUr hmoD$ eH$Vo. Xoem`m Am{WH$ {dH$mgmV mXo{eH$ g_Vmoc
AmU`mg `w{ZQ> ~H$ hm H$ma Cn`moJr R>aVmo.
10)gwgdmXr cmoH$ gnH$ :
`w{ZQ> ~H$mMo H$_Mmar d JmhH$ `mMo nana g~Y gwgdmXr amhVmV. `dgm`mMo
`dhma hmoVmZm `mV AmnMm[aH$Vm Z òVm `{VJV {Ohmim amhVmo. Ago
dmVmdaU `mnma, CmoJ d ~qH$J `m`m {dH$mgmcm nyaH$ AgVo.
1.36
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
11)Am{WH$ gmo`m H|$rH$aUmg {V~Y :

`w{ZQ> ~H$m BV`m chmZ d {dIwaco`m AgVmV H$s, `m_wio ~S>m emIm
nVr`m ~H$m~m~V hmoUmar _VoXmar d Am{WH$ gmoMo H|$rH$aU `m ~H$ H$mamV
nmhmd`mg {_iV Zmhr.
12)~H$m ~wS>`m`m KQ>Zm Xw_ri :
`w{ZQ> ~H$mH$S>o _`m{XV R>do r AgVmV d `mMr H$O}hr _`m{XV AgVmV. `m_wio
_Xr`m H$mimV `m ~H$m ~wS>`mMo _mU H$_r amhVo d Oar EImXr ~H$ ~wS>mcr
Var EHy$U AW`dWoda `mMo Xwn[aUm_ hmoV ZmhrV.
S>) `w{ZQ> ~qH$JMo VmoQ>o/ Xmof :
`w{ZQ> ~qH$JMo VmoQ>o / Xmof Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òVrb :
1 ) _`m{XV Hw$dV d Z`mMo H$_r _mU :
`w{ZQ> ~H$mMr R>do r Jmoim H$a`mMr Hw$dV `m ^mJmnwaVr _`m{XV AgVo. `m_wio
_moR>m H$OXmamMr JaO `m ^mJdy eH$V ZmhrV. VgoM Iyn g`m Agco`m
H$OXmamZm N>moQ>r H$O} XoUo mgXm`H$ d IMrH$ AgVo. `m_wio Z`mMo _mU
H$_r hmoVo.
2 ) Wm{ZH$ XS>nUmMm YmoH$m :
Wm{ZH$ XS>nUm_wio A`mo` H$O} mdr cmJ`mMr e`Vm `m H$mamV OmV
AgVo. Xya`m _`dVu H$Moarda Vo O~m~Xmar T>H$cy eH$V ZmhrV.
3 ) chmZ _mUmVrc `dhmamVrc VmoQ>o :
chmZ ~H$m Vk, {deofk `m`m godmMm cm^ KoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. `mZm ZdrZ
`moJ H$aVm òV ZmhrV, Zdo CnH$_ gw$ H$aVm òV ZmhrV.
4 ) Ymo`m`m {d^mJUrMr H$_r gYr :
gmYmaUnUo EImXm CmoJ EImm {d{e> XoemV EH$dQ>cocm AgVmo. Wm{ZH$
~Ho$cm VoWrc CmoJmZmM H$O mdo cmJVo. Ymo`mMr mXo{eH$ {d^mJUr {Vcm
1.37
H$aVm òV Zmhr. `m_wio `m CmoJmcm dmBQ> {Xdg Amco qH$dm `m Xoemda
H$mhr Zg{JH$ Amnmr H$mogicr Va VoWrc ~H$m Ymo`mV òVmV.
5 ) JmhH$mZm _`m{XV godmnwadR>m :
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV `mnma d Am{WH$ `dhma H$jm doJmZo XmdV AmhoV; naVw
Wm{ZH$ ~H$m MoH$ dgycr, ngo nmR>dUo, B. godm JmhH$mZm `mnH$ _mUmda XoD$
eH$V ZmhrV H$maU BVa `m`m emImM ZgVmV. `mgmR>r BVa ~H$mer H$ama
H$amdo cmJVmV. `m_wio `m godm IMrH$ d JwVmJwVr`m ~ZVmV.
6 ) OmV amoH$S>rMr JaO :
~mho$Z _XV {_i`mMr e`Vm Zg`mZo `m ~H$mZm OmV amoH$S> Odi ~miJmdr
cmJVo. `m_wio Z`mMo _mU H$_r hmoVo.
7 ) ~H$ `dgm`m{df`H$ YmoaU R>adUo AdKS> :
~qH$J YmoaU R>a{d`mgmR>r _`dVu ~H$o cm hOmamo ~H$ A`jmer {dMma{d{Z_`
H$amdm cmJVmo. ho Ho$di Ae` AgVo d `mV _VôX CX^dy eH$VmV. OodT>m
`Vr OmV VodT>r _Vo OmV, `m_wio `w{ZQ> ~H$ nVrV ~qH$J YmoaU EH$V\$s
AgVo d Vo A_cmV AmUUohr AdKS> AgVo.
1.6.4 emIm ~H$sJ (Branch Banking)
A ) AW :
emIm ~qH$J hUOo ~qH$JMr Aer aMZm `m_ò EH$M ~H$ H$nZr qH$dm
gWm AZoH$ emIm_YyZ H$màV AgVo. Bpbe ~qH$J ho emIm ~qH$JMo CH$Q>
CXmhaU Amho. emIm ~qH$J_ò EH$ ~H$ Amn`m {d{dY emIm_m\$V ~qH$J `dgm`
Mmb{dV AgVo. Aem ~H$mMr YmoaUo Am{U H$m`nVr _w` H$m`mb`mV V`ma hmoVo
Am{U emIm Aem _w` H$m`mb`m`m _mJXeZ Am{U XoIaoIrImbr H$m` H$aV
AgVmV. g`m ^maVmV OdiOdi 100 ~H$m`m 60,000 emIm H$màV AmhoV.
~ ) emIm ~qH$JMo \$m`Xo/ JwU :
emIm ~qH$JMo \$m`Xo/JwU Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òVrb
1.38
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
1 ) _moR>m _mUmdarc `dhmamMo cm^ :

emIm ~H$ nVrg _moR>m _mUmdarc `dhmamMo cm^ {_iVmV. `m ~H$m Vk
`Vr, Cm_ `dWmnH$, {deofk `mMr Zo_UyH$ H$$ eH$VmV H$maU `mZm
Oar nJma Iyn mdm cmJcm Var `mMm nyU dmna H$$Z KoVm òBc EdT>o H$m_
AgVo. `m_wio gamgar IM H$_r hmoVmo. Am{WH$ ~Xcm`m dmrMm AJmD$
AXmO Ko`mgmR>r `m gd}jU H$$ eH$VmV. `mZwgma `mZm `mo` YmoaU AmIVm
òVo. Z`m H$nZm m`mo{JH$ Vdmda am~dVm òVmV. gJUH$ dmna, E.Q>r.E_.
gma`m AmYw{ZH$ V`mMm dmna `m H$$ eH$VmV. _moR>m _mUmda Om{hamVr
H$aUohr `mZm e` hmoVo. `m gd Jmo>r chmZ ~H$m H$$ eH$V ZmhrV.
2 ) H$_r amoH$S>rMr JaO :
_mJUr_mUo amoI ngm CncY H$$Z XoUo hm ~H$ `dgm`mMm nm`m Amho. nU
Iyn amoH$S> Odi R>odcr Va Cn ~wS>Vo. VgoM AJXr H$_r amoH$S> ~miJUohr
Ymo`mMo AgVo. emIm ~H$ nVrV OmV amoH$S> R>do mdr cmJV Zmhr H$maU AMmZH$
amoH$S>rMr _mJUr dmT>`mg Xwg`m emIoVyZ cJoM ngo _mJ{dVm òVmV. `m_wio
A{YH$ {ZYr dmn$Z Cn dmT>dVm òVo.
3 ) ngo nmR>d`mMr dV gmo` :
emIm_m\$V H$_r IMmV ngo nmR>d`mMr gdcV JmhH$mZm XoVm òV.o g`m `mnma
d Am{WH$ `dhma am>r` d AmVaam>r` nmVirda hmoV AgVmV. `m_wio `m
godoMo _hd dmT>V Amho.
4 ) ^mS>dcmMr JVrercVm dmT>Vo :
{Za{Zam`m emImVyZ Oar R>odr Jmoim Ho$`m OmV Ag`m Var OoWo H$_mc mr
{_ioc Aem {R>H$mUr `m dmna`m OmVmV. OoWo H$O_mJUr OmV VoWo OmV
`mOXamZo H$O {Xco OmVo. emIm nVrV EH$m {R>H$mUmhZ Xwg`m {R>H$mUr
^mS>dcmMo WmZmVa ghOnUo hmoVo. ^mS>dcmMm CnmXH$ Cn`moJ H$aUo e`
hmoVo.
1.39
5 ) Ymo`mMr mXo{eH$ {d^mJUr :

`m nVrV ~Ho$`m emIm Xoeâ ngaco`m AgVmV. gmYmaUnUo ^mJmo{cH$
pWVrZwgma CmoJmMo Wm{Z{`H$aU R>acoco AgVo. R>amdrH$ YXo R>amdrH$ ^mJmV
EH$dQ>coco {XgVmV. {d{dY XoemVrc {d{dY CmoJmZm H$O} {X`mZo Ymo`mMr
mXo{eH$ d Ammo{JH$ {d^mJUr AmnmoAmn hmoV.o EImm XoemV Zg{JH$ Amnmr
AmoT>dcr qH$dm gm_m{OH$ VUmd {Z_mU Pmcm Va `m ^mJmVrc ZwH$gmZ A`
{_iUm`m Z`mVyZ ^$Z H$mT>Vm òVo.
6 ) `mOXamV g_mZVm :
emIm nVrV ^mS>dc JVrerc hmoVo. `m_wio `mOXamV gd XoemV g_mZVm
Wm{nV hmo`mMr dmr dmT>Vo. EImm ^mJmV `mOXa OmV Agoc Va ~H$m
VoWo OmV H$OnwadR>m H$aVrc `m_wio `mOXa BVa ^mJmEdT>o H$_r hmoVrc.
7 ) `mo` H$O_Oyar :
emIm ~H$ nVrV A{YH$m`m`m R>amdrH$ H$mimZo ~X`m Ho$`m OmVmV. `m_wio
Wm{ZH$ XS>nUmcm ~ir nSy>Z MwH$sMr H$O} XoUo Q>mico OmVo. EImXm A`mo`
H$OVmd Amcm Va Xya`m _`dVu H$m`mc`mcm Xmof XoD$Z Vmo ZmH$maVm òVmo.
`m_wio `mo` VmdmZmM H$O} {Xcr OmVmV. `m_wio H$O~Sw >rMm YmoH$m H$_r hmoVmo.
8 ) _XrV VJ Ya`mMr Hw$dV OmV :
emIm ~H$ nVrV _moR>m ~H$m AgVmV, `mMo amIrd {ZYr ânya AgVmV.
`m_wio _Xr`m H$mimV `m {Q>H$md Y$ eH$VmV.
9 ) H$_Mm`mZm ~T>VrMr gYr :
emIm ~H$ nVrV _moR>m ~H$m Ag`mZo H$_Mm`mZm ~T>VrMr gYr OmV
AgVo. `m_wio Vo H$m`j_VoZo H$m_ H$aVmV d H$m_mV OmV dma` XmIdVmV.
`mMm EHy$U n[aUm_ hUOo ~Ho$Mr H$m`j_Vm dmT>Vo.
10)n[aUm_H$maH$ ~{H$J YmoaU AmIUr e` :
emIm ~H$ nVrZo _`dVu ~H$o Mo H$m_ gmono hmoV.o ~{H$J YmoaU AmIVmZm _moO`m
`Vter MMm H$$Z `mZm {ddmgmV KoVco, `m`m AS>MUr g_OmdyZ KoV`m
1.40
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
d `mo` YmoaU AmIco Va `mMr A_c~OmdUr H$a`mV ~H$m ghH$m` XoVmV d

YmoaU èdr hmoVo.
11)AW`dWo`m pWVrMr _m{hVr :
Xoeâ ngaco`m emIm_m\$V ~H$o cm Xoem`m Am{WH$ pWVrMr dmVd H$nZm
òD$ eH$Vo. AW`dWoMr ZmS>rM `m`m hmVmV AgVo. `m_wio ^{d`H$mimgmR>r
`mo` {ZU` `m KoD$ eH$VmV. `mcm nydg M
y Zm {_iVo Vmo A{YH$ ~cdmZ R>aVmo.
12){deofrH$aU d l_{d^mJUr :
emIm nVr`m ~H$mZm _moR>m _mUmdarc `dhmamMo cm^ hmoVmV. MS> {dmr`
{ZYr Ag`m_wio `m ~H$m Jcoc> nJmamda C{e{jV Vk Zo_y eH$VmV. ho
Vk `dWmnZm`m doJdoJ`m jomVrc {deofk AgVmV. CXm. _mc_moMo
{dVaU, VmaUm~m~VMo {Z`_, ZmoH$a âVr, B`mXr. H$mhr Vk ~mOmanoR> A`mg
d _mJUrMm nyd AXmO `mda cj H|${V H$aVmV. H$mhrOU eoVr nVnwadR>m Va
H$mhr `mnma, Ammo{JH$ nVnwadR>m `mV Vk AgVmV. `mo` `Vrcm `mo`
WmZr Zo_`mMm \$m`Xm l_{d^mJUrZo hmoVmo. n[aUm_r, H$m` {H$`mMm IM
H$_r hmoD$Z ~Ho$Mr H$m`j_Vm dmT>Vo.
13)ngo nmR>{d`m`m gw{dYm :
emIm`m Xyada ngaco`m Om`mVyZ emIm ~qH$J JmhH$mZm ngo WmZmV[aV
H$a`m`m gmo`r nwa{dVmV. S>mQ>, YZmXoe d hS>m ~hg` emImVyZ H$mT>`m
OmVmV d Jmoim Ho$`m OmVmV. `m_wio `mnmam`m {dVmamcm ghm` hmoVo.
14)AmVa~H$mMo ghH$m` :
WmoS>m ~H$mZm EH$ òUo gmo`rH$a hmoVo. `m EH$_oH$mV MMm H$$Z _VmMr
XodKod H$aVmV. CmoJrH$aU, Jm_rU ~qH$J `mgma`m _moR>m AmhmZmZm Vm|S>
Xo`mH$[aVm ~H$m EH$_oH$mZm gmW XoVmV. Ago ghH$m` dV ~H$mV ZgVo. ~H$m
~H$mVrc KmVH$ nYm Q>mi`mH$[aVm Ago ghH$m` \$ma _mocmMo AgVo.
15)JmhH$mZm _moR>m _mUmda godm :
_moR>m _mUmda emIm Ag`mZo d MS> _mUmV nemMo {ZYr Ag`mZo `m
~H$m `m`m JmhH$mZm {d{dY godm nwady eH$VmV. CXm. dmgr Mog, gwa{jV
1.41
H$nmQ>m`m gmo`r, {d`m`m h`mMo ngo âUo, {Zdmr doVZ, nJma O_m H$aUo,
{ddV hUyZ H$m` H$aUo, B`mXr. `m_wio JmhH$ AmH${fco OmVmV d ~H$mMr
cm^XVm dmT>Vo.
H$) emIm ~qH$JMo VmoQ>o / Xmof :
emIm ~qH$JMo VmoQ>o / Xmof Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òVrb :
1 ) XoIaoI IM OmV :
emIm`m OmV gò_wio d `mhr Xoeâ ngaco`m Ag`mZo `m`m
H$m_H$mOmda cj R>odUo AdKS> OmVo. `mgmR>r mXo{eH$ H$m`mcò, {d^mJr` d
_S>i H$m`mcò WmnZ H$amdr cmJVmV. `mVyZ Cn H$mhrM {_iV Zmhr. nU
`dWmnH$s` d XoIaoI IM dmT>Vmo. VnmgUr nWHo$, coImn[ajU, B. Jmo>r
H$am`m cmJVmV. KmoQ>mio, A\$amV\$ar Ceram COoS>mV òVmV. `mV ~H$mMo
ZwH$gmZ hmoVo d {V>og Pi nmohmoMVo.
2 ) H$m_H$mOmVrc VmR>aVm :
YmoaU d H$m`nVrV EH$gyVm R>do `mgmR>r {Z`_ Ho$co OmVmV d `m`m H$mQ>Ho $moa
nmcZmMr Anojm AgVo. `m_wio Wm{ZH$ n[apWVrer g_d` gmY`mV emImZm
AS>MU òVo, JmhH$ ZmamO hmoVmV.
3 ) {ZU`mg {dc~ :
~`mM H$aUmV emImZm d[a> H$m`mc`mMr g_Vr, nadmZJr `mdr cmJVo.
`mZm H$mJXno gmXa H$amdr cmJVmV. {Z`_m`m AWm{df`r _VôX hmoVmV. `m
gJ`mV H$O{ZU`mg {dc~ cmJVmo.
4 ) H$_Mm`mMm A{cnUm :
H$_Mm`m`m dmadma ~X`m hmoV Ag`mZo OoWo Vo H$m_ H$arV AgVmV VoWrc
cmoH$mer Vo g_ag hmoV ZmhrV. `m ^mJmMm {dH$mg hmdm Aer AmoT> `mZm
1.42
~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr
ZgVo. JmhH$mer `mMo \$V$AmnMm[aH$ g~Y {Z_mU hmoVmV. `mV d`{VH$

AmnwcH$s ZgVo. `m_wio H$m_H$mO `dV MmcVo.
5 ) ggJO` ~H$~wS>r :
EImm emIo`m amoIVo{df`r ge` {Z_mU Pmcm H$s BVa emIm d Vr ~H$
Ymo`mV òVo Am{U _J gJ`mM ~H$m Ymo`mV òVmV. `m`mdarc cmoH$mMm
{ddmg S>i_iVmo.
6 ) EH$m XoemVrc {ZYtMm A` dmna :
R>do r Oar gd emIm_YyZ Jmoim hmoV Ag`m Var OoWo `mOXa OmV `m ^mJmVM
H$O} {Xcr OmVmV. Oa cmoH$m_ò mXo{eH$ ^mdZm ~i Agoc Va ho cmoH$mZm
AmdS>V Zmhr. OoWo R>odr Jmoim Ho$`m OmVmV `m ^mJm`m {dH$mgmgmR>rM `m
dmnam`mV Agm AmJh Yacm OmVmo.
7 ) Am{WH$ gmo`m H|$rH$aUmg ghm`^yV :
emIm ~H$ nVrV ~H$m WmoS>m AgVmV. `m`mda H$mhr `VtMoM {ZÙ
AgVo. VoM H$OYmoaU R>adVmV. `m_wio Am{WH$ gmoMo H|$rH$aU hmoD$Z {df_Vm
dmT>Vo.
gamdmgmR>r Z
20 eXmV Cmao
. 1. ~H$ hUOo H$m`?
. 2. ~Ho$Mr H$moUVrhr Mma d{eQ>o gmJm.
. 3. `wamonmVrb ~H$ `dgm`m`m CH$mVrMo Q>no H$moUVo?
1.43
. 4. "`mnmar ~H$m' hUOo H$m`?

. 5. naH$s` ~H$mMm AW gmJm.
.
.
.
.
.
50 eXmV Cmao
1."~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr' `mda {Q>n {bhm,
2. ~Ho$Mr d{eQ>o n> H$am.
3. Am{e`m IS>mVrb ~H$ `dgm`m`m CH$mVrMr _m{hVr gmJm.
4. ^maVr` [aPh ~Ho$Mr _m{hVr gmJm.
5. "mXo{eH$ ~H$m `mda {Q>n {bhm.
.
.
.
.
150 eXmV Cmao

BbS>_Yrb ~H$ `dgm`m`m CH$mVrMr _m{hVr gmJm.
^maVmVrb `mnmar ~H$mMo H$ma n> H$am.
`wamonmVrb ~H$ `dgm`m`m CH$mVrMr _m{hVr gmJm.
A_o[aHo$Vrb ~H$ `dgm`m`m CH$mVrMm AmT>mdm `m..
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
500 eXmV Cmao

^maVmVmbr ~H$ `dgm`m`m CH$mVrMo Q>no nQ> H$am.
^maVmVrb ~H$ `dgm` UmbrMr gaMZm n> H$am.
~H$ hUOo H$m`? ~Ho$Mr d{eQ>o n> H$am.
OJmVrb {d{dY XoemV ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr H$er KSy>Z Ambr? `mda
H$me Q>mH$m.
1.44
~Ho$Mr H$m`}
2.1
~Ho$Mr mW{_H$ H$m`}
2.2
~Ho$Mr Xw`_ H$m`}
2.3
~H$ `dgm`mMr AW`dWoVrc ^y{_H$m
27
mVm{dH$ :
(Introduction)
EH$ _hdnyU {dmr` gWm hUyZ ~Ho$g {d{dY H$maMr H$m`} nma nmS>mdr
bmJVmV. nydu Am{WH$ `dhmamMo d$n _`m{XV hmoVo, `m_wio ~H$mMr H$m`}
XoIrb _`m{XV hmoVr. _m, AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Am{WH$ `dhmam`m J{VerbVoV
Pmbobr dmT> {dMmamV KoVm ~H$m`m H$m`jomMm {dVma KSy>Z Ambobm {XgVmo.
~Ho$mao nma nmS>`m OmUm`m H$m`mMo gdgmYmaUnUo mW{_H$ H$mò Am{U Xw`_
H$m`} Aem XmoZ H$mamV dJrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. JmhH$mH$Sy>Z R>odr drH$maUo Am{U
JaOdVmZm H$O XoUo hr ~H$o Mr mW{_H$ qH$dm _yb^yV H$m`} _mZbr OmVmV. OJmV
2.1
gdM ~H$m hr H$m`} nma nmS>VmV. ~Ho$mao Amn`m JmhH$mH$Sy>Z R>odr`m d$nmV
ngo drH$mabo OmVmV. R>odtMm H$mbIS> d d$n {dMmamV KoVm `mMo doJdoJ`m
H$mamV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. VgoM ~Ho$mao {Xbr OmUmar H$m`} d A{J_oXoIrb
doJdoJ`m H$maMr AgVmV. H$O XoVmZm ~H$ H$OXmamMr gnyU _m{hVr R>odVo,
VgoM {d{e> {Z`_mZwgma H$O {Xbo OmVo. ~Ho$`m Xw`_ H$m`mV ~Ho$mao _`W
hUyZ Ho$`m OmUm`m H$m`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~H$ Amn`m ImVoXmam`m gX^mV
{d{dY gJr _`W hUyZ H$m`} nma nmS>V AgVo. `mIoarO ~Ho$mao gwajm Jho,
gwajm R>od H$nmQ>, h_rn XoUo, gbm XoUo, ^mJ{dH$sMr h_r XoUo, nVn XoUo,
naH$s` MbZ `dhma `mgmaIr gdgm_m` Cn`wV H$mò XoIrb nma nmS>V.o hr gd
H$m`} OmUyZ KoUo Amd`H$ Amho.
2.1 ~H$o Mr mW{_H$ H$m`} :

(Primary Functions of Bank)
Xoem`m AW`dWoMm {dmr` H$Um Agco`m ~Ho$Mr mW{_H$ H$m`} A`V

_hdnyU R>aVmV. R>odr drH$maUo Am{U H$O XoUo hr ~Ho$Mr mW{_H$ H$m`} AmhoV.
mW{_H$ H$m`mmao ~H$ A`V _hdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVo. ~Ho$Mr mW{_H$ H$m`}
nwT>rc_mUo gmJVm òVrc
2.1.1 R>odr drH$maUo (Accepting
Deposits)
R>odr drH$ma`m`m `dhmamVyZM AmYw{ZH$ ~Ho$Mm O_ Pmcm Ag`mZo R>odr

drH$maUo ho `mnmar ~Ho$Mo n_wI H$m` _mZco OmVo. cmoH$mZr R>odco`m R>odr ho ~Ho$Mo
_w` ^mS>dc AgVo. cmoH$mMm {ecH$s ngm R>od $nmZo drH$maUo, Vmo gwa{jV R>odUo,
R>odtda AmH$fH$ `mO XoUo Am{U cmoH$m`m JaOoZwgma R>odtMo ngo cmoH$mZm naV XoUo
hr O~m~Xmar ~H$m drH$maVmV.
2.2
~H$o Mr H$m`}
1 ) Mmcy R>odr :
R>odrXmamZo _mJVmjUr naV H$a`m`m AQ>tda `m R>odr drH$maco`m AgVmV.
R>odrXmamcm ~Ho$`m H$m_H$mOm`m doioV {H$Vrhr doim aH$_ R>odVm òVo AWdm
H$mT>Vm òVo. `m Im`mda Zoh_rM `dhma Mmcy AgVmV, hUyZM `mcm Mmcy
R>do ImVo Ago hUVmV. Mmcy R>do Im`mdarc ngm ~H$mZm JwV dUwH$sgmR>r \$magm
dmnaVm òV Zmhr hUyZ `m R>do tda `mO {Xco OmV Zmhr. ^maVmgma`m ^mS>dc
Q>M
mB Agco`m XoemV _m cmoH$mMr ~MV EH$ Jmoim hmdr hUyZ H$mhr ~H$m
`m R>do rXmamZmhr AYm Q>H$m Zm__m `mO XoVmV. `mnmar, `mdgm{`H$ AWdm
`mMo XZ{XZ Am{WH$ `dhma (CcmT>mc) _moR>m _mUmV AgVmV Aem
cmoH$m`m Q>rZo Mmcy R>od Im`mV ngo R>odUo gmo`rH$a AgVo. H$maU ho ngo
R>do rXmamcm hdo Vohm CncY hmoV Ag`mZo `mV amoIVm AgVo. ~H$o H$S>o ho ngo
gwa{jV amhV Ag`mZo R>odrXmamcm gwa{jVVm cm^Vo. XZ{XZ XodKodrMo `dhma
{_Q>{d`mgmR>r AmXoenmMm dmna H$aVm òVmo, `m_wio `m Xo`mKo`mMr ~Ho$V
(nmg~wH$mV) Zm|X hmoV Ag`mZo dV nmd`m Ko`mMr Amd`H$Vm ^mgV
Zmhr, VgoM R>odrXmamcm WmoS>o\$ma `mO `md$nmV Cn {_iV AgVo.
2 ) ~MV R>odr :
_`_dJu` cmoH$mZm Amn`m An CnmVyZ ~MV H$a`mMr gd` cmJmdr
Am{U `mMr {eH$ ~MV R>do $nmZo Jmoim H$aVm `mdr `m CoemZo ~H$mZr ~MV
R>do rMo ImVo gw$ Ho$coco Amho. cmoH$mZr {Z`{_VnUo H$mQ>H$ga H$$Z ~MV H$a`mg
dm hmdo `mgmR>r ho ImVo Cn`moJr nS>V.o `m R>do r R>do rXmamZm `m`m _mJUrn_mUo
naV {X`m OmVrc Ago ~H$mZr AmmgZ {Xcoco AgVo.
~MV R>do tda ~H$m H$mhr {Z~Y KmcVmV. `m Im`mda {H$Vrhr doim aH$_ O_m
H$aVm òV Agcr Var ngo H$mT>`mda ~YZ AgVo. gmYmaUnUo AmR>dS>mVyZ
XmoZ doim qH$dm 6 _{h`mVyZ 50 doim `m Im`mVrc ngo H$mT>Vm òVmV. `m
2.3
Im`mV \$ma _moR>r aH$_ O_m H$aVm òV Zmhr. R>amdrH$ _`mXonojm R>od A{YH$
Pm`mg `mda `mO {Xco OmV Zmhr. Im`mVyZ _moR>r aH$_ H$mT>md`mMr Pm`mg
~Ho$cm nydgyMZm mdr cmJVo. ~MV R>od Im`mVrc aH$_ H$mT>`mgmR>r ~Ho$V
CncY Agco`m {d{e> \$m_Mm AWdm YZmXoemMm dmna H$amdm cmJVmo.
ImVoXmamcm YZmXoemMr gmo` hdr Agoc Va {H$_mZ 500 . Im`mda {ecH$
R>odmdo cmJVmV. `m ImVoXmamcm nmg~wH$ {Xco OmVo. `mV `m`m `dhmam`m
Zm|Xr AgVmV. _`_dJu` AWdm An Cn JQ>mVrc cmoH$mMr Am{WH$
CcmT>mc _`m{XV Ag`mZo Vo dmadma R>odrVrc ngm H$mT>V ZmhrV. cmImo
R>odrXmamMr hr Aner AgUmar ~MV ~Ho$V XrKH$mi amhVo. hm ngm ~H$m
\$m`Xoera `dhmamV JwVdyZ ânya Z\$m {_idVmV. hUyZ ~H$m ~MV R>odr
R>odUm`mZm Mmcy R>odrnojm Am{YH$ `mOXa XoVmV. Vmo gmYmaUV: 4 Q>Ho$ Vo 5
Q>Ho$ AgVmo.
3 ) _wXV R>odr :
_wXV R>do Im`mV EH$m {d{e> _wXVrgmR>r ngo R>do hUyZ R>do co OmVmV. CXm. 3
_{hZo Vo 5 df} _wXVrgmR>r `m R>do r R>do `m OmVmV. _wXV nyU Pm`m{edm` Aem
R>do tdarc ngo H$mT>Vm òV ZmhrV. EImm doir _wXV gn`mnyduM Im`mdarc ngo
H$mT>`mg ~H$o Zo nadmZJr {Xcr, Va `m R>do rda nydu R>aco`m `mO Xamnojm H$_r
XamZo `mO {Xco OmVo. OmV _wXVr`m R>do rda A{YH$ XamZo `mO AmH$maco OmVo.
~H$o V _wXV R>do ImVoXmamcm nmg~wH$ Z XoVm R>do nmdVr {Xcr OmVo. `m_wio EH$Xm
{d{e> aH$_ {d{e> _wXVrgmR>r R>do `mZVa nwhm OmXmMr aH$_ `mM Im`mV
O_m H$aVm òV Zmhr. `mgmR>r `m aH$_oMr Xwgar R>do nmdVr V`ma H$amdr cmJVo.
_wXV R>odrMr aH$_ ImVoXmamcm daModa H$mT>Vm òV Zg`mZo `m ImVoXmamcm
MoH$Mr gw{dYm CncY hmoV Zmhr.
2.4
~H$o Mr H$m`}
4 ) AmdVu R>odr :
`m R>do rcm nwZamdVu R>do r AWdm [aH$[aJ R>do r Agohr hUVmV. R>amdrH$ H$mimgmR>r,
_wXVrgmR>r ~H$o V ImVo gw$ H$$Z `mV Xa_hm H$mhr {d{e> aH$_ âV Jo`mg
`mcm AmdVu R>od ImVo Ago hUVmV. An Cn Agco`m cmoH$m_ò
{Z`{_VnUo ~MV H$a`mMr gd` {Z_mU hmdr `m CoemZo `m R>do r gw$ H$a`mV
Am`m AmhoV. AmdVu R>do ImVo ho {d{e> _wXVrH$[aVm Mmcy H$aVm òV.o gmYmaUV:
1 df} Vo 5, 7 df} Aem _wXVrMr hr ImVr AgVmV. `m Im`mV ImVoXmamcm
Xa_hm 5 nò, 10 nò AWdm `mM nQ>rV aH$_ âmdr cmJVo. _wXV gn`mZVa
`m Im`mdarc ngo `mOmgh naV {_iVmV. ghgm `m Im`mdarc ngo _wXV
gn`m{edm` ImVoXmamcm naV {_iV ZmhrV. AmdVu R>odrda ~MV R>odrnojm
OmV nU _wXV R>odrnojm H$_r `mO {Xco OmVo. `m R>odrMr _wXV OodT>r OmV
VodT>o `mO Xa A{YH$ AgVmV. An Cn JQ>mVrc `m R>odrXmamZm _wXVrZVa
EH$m h`mV _moR>r aH$_ {_iy eH$Vo. _wXV gn`mnydu R>do rXmamcm ngo hdo AgVrc
Va ~MV Im`mda {X`m OmUm`m `mOXamZo `mOmMr aH$_ R>adyZ O_m aH$_oda
H$Ohr {Xco OmVo.
5 ) Pmba {dahrV ImVo
(No Frills Account)
Pmba {dahrV ImVo ho ~H$o Mo EH$ _yb^yV ImVo Amho. `m Im`mgmR>r ey` {eH$
a$_ qH$dm A{Ve` _`m{XV {eH$ aH$_oMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo. `m Im`mgmR>r
AmH$ma`m OmUm`m ewH$mMr a$_ XoIrb H$_r AgVo. Aem Im`mda
{_iUm`m godm XoIrb _`m{XV d$nm`m AgVmV. dmQ>aerQ> A`wAb nm{bgr
Q>oQ>_|Q>Zwgma Ama.~r.Am`. Zo 2005-06 _ò ^maVr` ~H$mZm Pmba {dahrV
ImVo gw$ H$a`mMo AmXoe {Xbo. Hw$R>`mhr nydA
Q>r{dZm, A{Ve` _`m{XV {eH$
AgUmao ImVo JmhH$ AmoiI (KYC) VdmZgw ma gw$ H$a`mV Ambo. gdgm_m`
bmoH$m`m JaOm bjmV KoD$Z VgoM `mMr {_iH$V j_Vm {dMmamV KodyZ
2.5
`m`mgmR>r H$_r {eH$ AgUmao ImVo gw$ H$a`mV Ambo. Cn nmVir An

AgUm`m KQ>H$mgmR>r ~H$m_ò ImVo gw$ H$aUo nadS>Umao ZgVo. `m_wio Aem
KQ>H$mgmR>r ~H$sJ gw{dYm CnbY H$$Z m`mV d `m`mV ~MVrMr dmr
dmT>rg bmJmdr `mgmR>r Pmba {dahrV ImVo hr `dWm gw$ H$a`mV Ambr. `m
ImVonVr_wio Jar~ bmoH$mZm ~Ho$V nemMo `dhma H$aUo e` Pmbo Amho.
^maVmVrb {d{dY `mnmar ~H$mZr Pmba {dahrV ImVonVrMr gw$dmV Ho$br
AgyZ ^maVmVrb Jm_rU eoVrYmZ AW`dWoV ~MVr`m gd`r {Z_mU H$a`mg
mogmhZ {Xbo Amho.
A ) nmVm
{ZdmrYmaH$, eoV_Oya, AgKQ>rV jomVrb H$m_Jma, d`ghm`Vm JQ>mMo gX`,
dàmoOJmarV `Vr, {dmWu, Jm_rU bmoH$ B`mXr KQ>H$ Pmba {dahrV ImVo
~Ho$V gw$ H$$ eH$VmV `mD$bQ> gWm, gKQ>Zm, A{Zdmgr ^maVr`, ~Ho$Vrb
H$_Mmar `m KQ>H$mZm Pmba {dahrV ImVo ~Ho$V gw$ H$aVm òV Zmhr. ho ImVo
~H$o V gw$ R>do `mgmR>r ey` a$_ Im`mda Agbr Var MmbVo. hUOoM AJXr
{H$aH$moi aH$_odaXoIrb ImVo `dhma H$aVm òVmV.
~ ) d{eQ>o Am{U \$m`Xo
Pmba {dahrV Im`mmao nwT>rb \$m`Xo mV hmoVmV
i)
BQ>aZoQ> ~H$sJ d XyadZr ~H$sJMr gw{dYm CnbY.
ii)
_mo\$V _m{gH$ Q>oQ>_|Q>mao ImVo `dhma H$aVm òVmo qH$dm B-Q>oQ>_|Q> m

H$a`mMm n`m`XoIrb CnbY AgVmo.
iii)
emIm`m {dVm[aV Om`mMr CnbYVm Am{U ~H$sJ {df`H$ JaOm nyU

H$a`mgmR>r XoemV hOmamo E.Q>r.E_. _{eZMr gw{dYm.
iv)
Pmba {dahrV Im`mda E.Q>r.E_. Mr _mo\$V gw{dYm m hmoVo.
2.6
~H$o Mr H$m`}
6 ) BVa R>odr :
AcrH$S>o cmoH$mH$S>rc ~MV AmH${fV H$a`mgmR>r ~H$mZr R>odt`m doJdoJ`m
`moOZm V`ma Ho$`m AmhoV. `mda AmH$fH$ Ago `mO Xa Omhra Ho$co OmVmV.
CXm. Xm_XwnQ> R>od `moOZm, ew^_Jc R>od `moOZm, ~MV Hw$^ R>odr B.
7 ) `wn R>odr :
da dUZ Ho$co`m H$mamZr ~Ho$H$S>o `m R>odr O_m hmoVmV `mZm nmW{_H$ R>odr
Ago hUVmV; naVw Xwg`m ~H$m`m H$O AWdm JwV dUwH$s`m `dhmamV ~H$mZr
dV: {Z_mU Ho$co`m R>odtZm `wn R>odr Ago hUVmV. MoH$`m gmhm`mZo
VH$mc Xo` R>do tMo WmZmVa d hVmVa Ho$co OmVo. ~H$mZr dV:`m n{Vda {Z_mU
Ho$co`m Xw`_ R>odr hUOo `wn R>odr hmoV.
2.1.2 H$O d A{J_o XoUo (Granting Loans and Advances) :
gm_m`nUo `mnmar ~H$m An_wXVr`m d$nmMm H$OnwadR>m H$arV AgVmV.
hUOo Amn`m ImVoXmamMr Ioi`m ^mS>dbmMr JaO ^mJ{d`mgmR>r An_wXVrMr
H$O} qH$dm A{J_o Xo`mMr ~H$mMr Wm Amho. ~H$mao {X`m OmUm`m gd H$ma`m
H$OmMm g_mdoe A{J_m_ò Ho$bm OmVmo. ~Ho$mao {X`m OmUm`m A{J_mMo d$n
nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao {deX H$aVm òBb
A ) amoI H$O (Cash Credit) :
EH$m {d{eQ> _`mXon`V d`pVH$ n{Vda, EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ Om{_Z KodyZ H$O
Xo`m`m H$mamg amoI H$O hUVmV. H$e Ho${S>Q>gmR>r dMZ{M>m, gaH$mar
H$OamoI,o Ym`, H$nZrMo ^mJ B`mXr JmoQ>tMm VmaU hUyZ drH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo.
gmYmaUnUo F$UH$moMr nV d ~H$o er AgUm`m `m`m `dhmamMo d$n bjmV
KodyZ H$OmMr aH$_ {ZpMV Ho$br OmVo. m_w`mZo `mnmar, `mdgm{`H$ d
CmoJgWm `m`m Ioi`m ^mS>dbmMr JaO ^mJ{d`mgmR>r "H$e H$o {S>Q>' _Oay
Ho$bo OmVo. amoI H$OmMr d{eQ>o nwT>rb_mUo gmJVm òVrb
2.7
1 ) ~H$ JmhH$mbm VmaUmda {H$Vr amoI H$O H$mT>Vm òBb `mMr _`mXm R>adyZ
XoV AgVo.
2 ) H$OXma Amd`H$VoZgw ma aH$_ H$mTy> eH$Vmo, VgoM aH$_ {_iob `mZwgma
Vr Im`mda ^$ eH$Vmo.
3 ) amoI H$OmgmR>r JmhH$mZo `mo` Ago VmaU Xmdo bmJVo.
4 ) _mJUr Ho$`mZVa Vm~S>Vmo~ naV {_iy eHo$b Aer `dWm H$$ZM ~H$
amoI H$O XoV AgVo.
5 ) amoI H$O hr ^maVmVrb bmoH${` d$nmMr nV Amho.
~ ) A{YH$f gdbV
(Over Draft)
A{YH$f gdbV `m JmhH$mMr ~Ho$H$S>o Mmby ImVr AgVmV AemM `VtZm,

gWmZm {_iVo. A{YH$f gdbV qH$dm AmohaS>mQ> hm H$e Ho${S>Q>MmM EH$
H$ma _mZVm òBb
. `mnm`m`m Mmby Im`mda `m`m dV`m {ebH$snojm
OmV aH$_ R>amdrH$ _`mXno `V H$mTy> {Xbr OmV Ag`mZo `mg A{YH$f gdbV
hUVmV. `m nVrMr d{eQ>o nwT>rb _mUo gmJVm òVrb.
1 ) A{YH$f gdbV hr ~Ho$V `mMo Mmby ImVo Amho, `mZmM {_iy eH$Vo.
2 ) A{YH$f gdbV hr eoAg, H$OamoIo, {d_m nm{bgr, gmoZo, MmXr qH$dm
`Vr`m d`pVH$ VmaUm`m AmYmao {Xbr OmVo.
3 ) R>odrXmambm A{YH$f gdbVr EdT>r aH$_ Amd`H$VoZwgma EH$X_ qH$dm
H$mhr _mUmV CMbVm òVo.
4 ) ImVoXmamZo A{YH$f gdbVrnH$s {H$Vr aH$_ {H$Vr H$mi dmnabr, `mZwgma
`mO AmH$mabo OmVo.
5 ) A{YH$f gdbV hr AnH$mimgmR>r {Xbr OmVo.
2.8
~H$o Mr H$m`}
6 ) `mnmar, CmoJnVr d `mdgm{`H$m`m Q>rZo A{YH$f gdbV Cn`wV

R>aVo.
H$) H$O (Loan) :
gdgmYmaUnUo JmhH$mZr Ho$bo`m VmdmMm gdmJrU {dMma H$$Z ~H$m H$O
XoV AgVmV. H$O _Oya Ho$`mZVa H$OXma qH$dm F$UH$mo`m Zmdo ~Ho$V ZdrZ
ImVo CKSy>Z `mV ngo O_m Ho$bo OmVmV Am{U JmhH$ Im`md$Z ngo H$mTy>
eH$Vmo. VgoM H$OmBVH$s aH$_ amoI d$nmV JmhH$mbm Xo`mMrhr nV H$mhr
~H$m_YyZ AZwgabr OmVo. H$OmMr d{eQ>o nwT>rb n_mUo gmJVm òVrb
1 ) H$O} hr R>amdrH$ _wXVrgmR>r {Xbr OmVmV. VgoM H$OmMr aH$_ hr {ZpMV
AgVo.
2 ) H$OXmamZo H$OmD$ {Xbo`m aH$_onH$s {H$Vrhr aH$_oMm dmna Ho$bobm Agmo,
~H$ H$Om`m nyU aH$_oda `mO AmH$maVo.
3 ) H$O} hr VmaUmda {Xbr OmVmV.
4 ) H$OmMr aH$_ H$OXma h`m-h`mZo qH$dm EH$X_ naV H$$ eH$Vmo.
5 ) A{YH$f gdbV qH$dm amoI H$O `mda AmH$maV Agbo`m `mOmnojm H$Omda
WmoS>m H$_r aH$_oMo `mO ~H$ AmH$maVo.
2.2 ~H$o Mr Xw`_ H$m`} :

(Secondary Functions of Banks)
$mW{_H$ H$m`m~amo~aM ImVoXmamMr {dV n{V{ZYr `m Zm`mZo ~H$m H$mhr Xw`_

d$nmMr H$m`} nma nm{S>V AgVmV. ~Ho$Mr Xw`_ H$m`} hr ~Ho$`m `dhmamVrc
A`V _hdnyU H$m`} R>aVmV. ~H$o `m Am{WH$ `dhmamV XZ{ XZ H$m_H$mOmV _hdmMr
R>acocr ~Ho$Mr Xw`_ H$m`} nwT>rc_mUo gmJVm òVrc
2.9
2.2.1 _`W / {V{ZYr H$m`} (Agency
Functions)
mW{_H$ H$m`mIao rO ~H$m Amn`m ImVoXmamZm H$mhr AmH$ma KoD$Z H$mhr godm
nwa{dVo. `mgmR>r ~H$ ImVoXmamMr hVH$ qH$dm {V{ZYr hUyZ H$m_ H$aVo. `mnmgyZ
~Ho$cm Cn {_iVo d JmhH$mMr gmo` hmoVo. `mM~amo~a ~Ho$Mo JmhH$mer K{Z>
g~Y {Z_mU hmoVmV Am{U JmhH$m`m nVj_VoMm MmJcm AXmO ~Ho$cm H$aVm
òVmo. hr H$m`} nwT>rc_mUo gmJVm òVrc :
1 ) ngo XoUo d dgyc H$aUo :
JmhH$m`m dVrZo ~H$ cm^me, `mO, noeZ dgyc H$$Z Vr a$_ `m`m Im`mV
O_m H$aVo, VgoM ^mS>,o ho, {d_m ho, gWmMr dJUr B`mXr JmhH$m`m coIr
gyMZoZgw ma ~H$mH$Sy>Z {Xcr OmVmV. R>do rXmamZr ~H$o cm `m g~Y mV ngo Xo`m~m~V
coIr gyMZm H$amdr cmJVo. _J ~H$ g~{ YV njmcm ngo XoVo d R>do rXmam`m R>do rV
IMu KmcVo. `m_mUo ~H$m R>odrXmamZm Xcmc hUyZ godm nwa{dVmV.
2 ) ngo nmR>{d`m`m gmo`r :
YZmXoe, _oc Q>mg\$a, S>mQ> B`mXt`m gmhm`mZo ~H$ ImVoXmamMo ngo Amd`H$
`m {R>H$mUr nmR>{dVo. ho aH$_oMo hVmVaU dV d OcX hmoVoM {edm` `mMr
Zm|Xhr R>odcr OmVo. ~H$m JmhH$m`m dVrZo ngo dgyc H$a`mMohr H$m` H$aVmV.
Oa ~H$o H$S>o hS >r {Xcr, Va {VMr _wXV gn`mda hS >rMo ngo ~H$ dgyc H$aVo. Oa
~H$o H$S>o hS >r dQ>{d`mH$[aVm gmon{dcr Va ~H$ _wXV gn`mda hS >rMo ngo dgyc
H$aVo. VgoM ~Ho$Mm R>odrXma YZmXoemmao ngo KoVmo Vohm R>odrXma ~Ho$H$S>o YZmXoe
gmon{dVmo d ~H$a YZmXoemMo ngo dgyc H$$Z R>do rXmam`m Im`mV Vo O_m H$aVmo.
~H$o H$S>o YZmXoe XoVmM ~H$ `m ~H$o da YZmXoe H$mT>cm Agoc `m ~H$o H$Sy>Z ngo
KoVo.
3 ) JwVdUyH$ :
~H$m JwV dUyH$ d H$a{df`H$ gmhr ImVoXmamZm XoVmV. `m`m gyMZoZgw ma ^mJmMr
IaoXr-{dH$shr H$aVmV. {V^yVtMr (Securities) IaoXr d {dH$s VgoM
2.10
~H$o Mr H$m`}
R>odrXmam`m dVrZo eoAg, H$OamoIo AJa A` H$moU`mhr H$ma`m {V^yVr

IaoXr H$a`mMo d `mMr {dH$s H$a`mMo H$m` ~H$m H$aVmV. {V^yVr H$moU`m
{H$_Vrcm IaoXr H$am``m AJa {dH$m``m `mMr gyMZm R>odrXma ~Ho$cm XoVmo.
4 ) hS>m Am{U dMZ{MR>R>m :
ImVoXmamZm òUo Agbobo ngo hS>r qH$dm dMZ{M>rmao {_im`mg `mdarb ngo
~H$m JmhH$m`m dVrZo dgyb H$aVmV Am{U `m JmhH$m`m Im`mV O_m H$a`mMo
H$m_ H$aVmV. ImVoXmamZr BVamZm `m _mJmZr {Xbobr XoUr ^mJ{d`mMo H$m_hr
~H$m H$aVmV.
5 ) {V^yVtMr IaoXr-{dH$s :
~H$m ZmUo~mOmamVM Amncm `dgm` H$arV Ag`mZo ZmUo~mOmamVrc
n[apWVr{df`r `mZm MmJcr _m{hVr AgVo. Vohm Am{WH$ `dhmam`m ~m~VrV
Amn`m ImVoXmamZm `mo` Vmo gm Xo`mMohr H$m` ~H$m H$aVmV. ~H$m R>do rXmam`m
dVrZo ^mJ, H$OamoIo qH$dm H$n`mMo H$OamoIo, gmoZo, MmXr dJao `mg~Yr`m
IaoXr-{dH$sMr H$m_o H$aVmV AJa H$moU`m doir IaoXr-{dH$s H$amdr `m~m~V
`mo` Vmo gm XoVmV.
6 ) {ddV hUyZ H$m` H$aUo :
~H$mH$S>o AZw^dr, Vk d m_m{UH$ ZmoH$adJ AgVmo. `m`m gmhm`mZo AkmZ
`VrMo nmcH$d ~H$m drH$maVmV VgoM _`ynmZwgma gnmrMr {dhodmQ>
H$m`Xoera _mJmZo cmdVmV. Amn`m nmR>r_mJo Amn`m _mc_moMr Ja`dWm
hmoD$ Zò AJa Amncr _mc_mm {VhmBVm`m hmVr OmD$ Zò `mgmR>r ~Ho$cm
{ddV hUyZ Zo_Vm òV.o Amn`m AZw^dr d m_m{UH$ H$_Mm`m`m gmhm`mZo
~H$m AkmZ `VrMo nmcH$d drH$maVmV, VgoM _`ynmZwgma H$m`XoeranUo
gnmrMr {dhodmQ> cmdVmV. {ddV hUyZ Zo_`mZVa ~H$m Amn`m _mc_moMm
H$miOrnydH$ gm^mi H$aVmV.
2.11
7 ) _`yn `dWmnH$ qH$dm _wI`ma :

_`ynm_mUo `dWm H$aUo qH$dm `m_mUo gnmrMr {dhodmQ> cmdUo `mgmR>r
{deof kmZmMr JaO AgVo. ~H$m Amn`m JmhH$m`m dVrZo ho A`V JwV mJwV rMo
H$m` nma nmS>VmV. `mgmR>r ~H$m A`n ewH$ AmH$maVmV. ~H$m `m {Z:njnmVr
Ag`mZo VgoM `mMm H$moU`mhr `dhmam_ò d`{VH$ g~Y Zg`mZo `Vr
~H$mH$Sy>Z hr godm drH$maVmV.
2.2.2 gdgm_m` Cn`wVVm H$m`} (General Utility Functions) :
1 ) gwajmJho :
AmYw{ZH$ ~H$m JmhH$m`m _m`dmZ dVy, XVEodO `mMm gm^mi gwajmJhmV
H$aVmV. `m dVy AJa XVEodO EH$m noQ>rV AJa AmN>mXZmV grc~X H$$Z
JmhH$ ~Ho$`m Vm`mV XoVmo. `m noQ>rV AJa AmN>mXZmV H$m` Amho ho ~Ho$g
AkmV AgVo. a{OQ>a_ò gd Vnerc Zm|Xcm OmVmo. nU n{h`m H$mamV grc~X
nmgcMm Vnerc Zm|Xcm OmV Zmhr. ~H$ dVy AJa XVEodO Vm`mV {X`mMr
nmoMnmdVr XoVo. `m dVy Vm`mV Ko`m`m doir nmdVr XmIdyZ JmhH$ `m dVy
Vm`mV Kody eH$Vmo. Oa nmdVr hadcr Va JmhH$mg h_rn mdo cmJVo d
nmdVr`m ZH$coda JmhH$ ghr H$$Z dVy Vm`mV Kody eH$Vmo. grc~X
nmgcH$[aVm AJa noQ>mH$[aVm ~H$ gwajmJhm`m Zm|XnH$mV Vnerc, dUZ
{c{hVo. ZVa ~H$ gwajmJhmH$[aVm {Xco`m dVyM
m nyU Vm~m KoV.o gwajm Jhm~m~V
~H$a H$m`XoeranUo Bailee (`m`m Vm`mV dVy {Xcr Amho Aer `Vr)
hmoVmo d H$amamZwgma dVy`m _mcH$mn_mUoM dVyMr gwa{jVVm amI`mMr
O~m~Xmar ~H$o cm `mdr cmJVo. Oa H$m`mZo {d{hV Ho$`mZwgma ~H$o Zo O~m~Xmar
nma nmS>cr Agoc Va ~H$ ZwH$gmZrg O~m~Xma amhUma Zmhr VgoM R>odrXmamer
~Ho$Zo H$ama Ho$cm Zgoc Va Bailee hUyZ ~Ho$Mr nyU O~m~Xmar amhUma Zmhr.
_m ~Ho$`m hbJOunUm_wio Oa dVyMr Mmoar Pmcr, dVy cmH$ Z am{hco`m
AdWoV am{h`m, H$moUmghr Q>mJ $__ò doe {Xcm Jocm Va ~H$ `m dVy~m~V
2.12
~H$o Mr H$m`}
Bailee hUyZ O~m~Xma am{hc. VgoM R>d
o rXma gmoS>y Z A` `Vrcm ~H$o Zo dVy
{Xcr AJa ~Ho$`m H$_Mm`mZo \$gdm\$gdr Ho$cr Va ~H$ Bailee hUyZ

O~m~Xma amhrc. hUyZ ~Ho$Zo gwajmJhm~m~V JmhH$mH$Sy>Z Vnercm~m~VMm
OmhraZm_m (Declaration) KoVcm nm{hOo.
2 ) gwajm R>od H$nmQ> :
gwajmJhm_mUoM ~H$m gwajm R>od H$nmQ> hr godm JmhH$mZm XoVmV. `mgmR>r
R>odrXmamg cmH$a {Xcm OmVmo d ho cmH$g Q>mJ $__ò AgVmV. ho cmH$g
doJdoJ`m AmH$mamZwgma doJdoJ`m ^mS>mZo {Xco OmVmV. `m~m~VMr {H$`m
Aer :
i) R>d
o ImVo AgUm`m ~H$ JmhH$mg cmH$a CncY H$$Z {Xcm OmVmo. `mgmR>r
H$mhr ^mS>o AmH$maco OmVo d JmhH$m`m Im`md$Z ho ^mS>o diVo Ho$co
OmVo. _m{gH$ AJa dm{fH$ dnmMo ho ^mS>o AgVo.
ii) cmH$a ^mS>mZo XoVmZm JmhH$ d ~H$a `m`mV ^mS>o H$ama hmoVmo. `m H$amamV
^mS>m`m _mUmV JmhH$m`m Im`mVyZ ^mS>mMo ngo diVo H$a`mMm
A{YH$ma ~Ho$g AgVmo.
iii) XmoZ AJa A{YH$ `Vt`m ZmdmZo cmH$a ^mS>mZo KoVm òVmo. cmH$aMo
`dhma H$a`m~m~V n> gyMZm AgVmV.
iv) cmH$a XoVmZm ~H$a gd g`wV ImVoYmaH$m`m gmMo Z_wZo KoVmo d `mZm
H$mhr {d{e> eX {ZdS>`mg gm{JVco OmVo. Vo eX H$amamV Zm|X Ho$co
OmVmV.
v) gwajm R>od H$nmQ>m`m Zm|XnH$mV JmhH$mMr ghr, VmarI d doi Zm|X{dcr
OmVo. `m - `m doiog JmhH$ cmH$acm ôQ> XoBc `m `m doiog `m Zm|Xr
Ho$`m OmVmV.
vi) cmH$acm Xwhoar {H$r AgVo. EH$ {H$r JmhH$mH$S>o amhVo d Xwgar ~H$aH$S>o
amhVo. cmH$a CKS>md`mg Xmohr {H$`m Amd`H$ AgVmV.
2.13
~H$acm cmH$a_ò H$m` Amho `mMo AkmZ AgVo. `m`mH$S>o cmH$a

YmaH$mMr cmH$acm hmoUmar ôQ> d `mMr ghr `mMr \$V Zm|X AgVo.
viii) YmaH$m`m _`y`m gJr d YmaH$ Oa g`wV YmaH$ ZgVrc Va ~H$acm
`m`mc`mH$Sy>Z cmH$aH$[aVm H$m`Xoera {V{ZYr {_idmdm cmJVmo.
ix) ~H$acm nwT>rc n[apWVrVM cmH$aMm Vnerc nmhVm òVmo :
A ) EImm YmaH$m`m _`ygJr Oa `VrZo cmH$aMm Vnerc nmh`mMr
~Ho$cm {dZVr Ho$cr Va ~H$ Vnerc nmh eH$Vo. `m_wio Aer `Vr
H$m`Xoera {V{Z{YdmH$[aVm AO H$$ eH$Vo.
~ ) ^mS>mMo ngo Z â`m~c ~Ho$cm cmH$a VmoS>Uo ^mJM nS>co Va.
H$) gaH$maMm gj_ A{YH$mar cmH$a CKS>`mMm hHy$_ KoD$Z Amcm Va.
x) cmH$aMo gajU H$a`mH$[aVm ~Ho$Zo `mo` Vr I~aXmar KoUo Ano{jV AgVo.
3 ) h_rn XoUo :
Oohm EImm `mnm`mcm CYmarda _mc IaoXr H$amd`mMm AgVmo Am{U {dH$o Vm
~Ho$`m h_r{edm` CYmarda _mc Xo`mg V`ma hmoV Zmhr Vohm ~H$ Amn`m
ImVoXma `mnm`mH$[aVm h_rn XoV.o Aem doir dV: ~H$ {dH$o `mH$S>o `mnmar
ImVoXmam`m dVrZo Om_rZ hUyZ amhVo. AWmV `m~c ~H$ Amn`m IaoXrXma
`mnmar R>odrXmamH$Sy>Z H${_eZ {_i{dVo. ~Ho$Mo h_rn {_im`mZVa H$moUVmhr
`mnmar CYmarda _mc {dH$`mg V`ma hmoVmo.
4 ) gm XoUo :
~H$mZm ZmUo~mOmamVrc `dhmamMr d n[apWVrMr MmJcr OmUrd Ag`mZo
`mg~Y mV Amn`m ImVoXmamZm JwV dUwH$s~m~V gm Xo`mMo H$m` ~H$m H$aVmV.
5 ) nVno XoUo :
~H$m Amn`m ImVoXma `mnm`mZm nVno XoVmV OoUHo $$Z ZdrZ qH$dm AZmoiIr
`mdgm{`H$ `m`mer `dhma H$$ eH$VmV. Aer nVno d`{VH$ AWdm
`mdgm{`H$ Agy eH$VmV. R>do rXmam`m {dZVrd$Z ~H$m R>do rXmamda H$mT>co `m
vii)
2.14
~H$o Mr H$m`}
hS >m dV: drH$maVmV. H$mhr `mnmar hS >rda ~H$o Mr drH$Vr {_im`m{edm`

_mc CYmarda {dH$`mg V`ma ZgVmV H$maU JmhH$mMr nV AJa Am{WH$
n[apWVr `m{df`r `mZm _m{hVr ZgVo. {deofV: Am`mV-{Z`mV `mnmamV ~H$
drH$VrMm \$maM Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
6 ) gaH$mar `dhmamV gh^mJ :
`mnmar ~H$m gaH$ma`m {Za{Zam`m Im`m`m dVrZo ewH$, {~co `mMr aH$_
drH$maVmV VgoM Cn H$a, {d_m H$a B`mXtgmaIo H$a drH$maVmV.
7 ) ^mJ{dH$s h_r H$m` :
H$n`m`m Am{WH$ n[apWVrMm d ^{d`H$mcrZ gYrMm AXmO KoD$Z ~H$m
H$n`mZm `mMo H$mhr ^mJ {dH$co Z Jo`mg {dH$V Ko`mMr h_r XoVmV. `m_wio
gm_m` cmoH$m_ò {ddmg Cn hmoD$Z Vo ^mJ IaoXr H$aVmV. `m god_o i
w o ^mS>dc
~mOmam`m {dH$mgmg _XV hmoVo. ~H$m Ago H$m` ZdrZ H$n`m Oohm `mMo ^mJ
~mOmamV {dH$sg H$mT>VmV Vohm H$aVmV. ~mOmamV H$nZrcm C^mar ò`mnydu
~Ho$gma`m gWocm {VMo ^mJ IaoXr H$a`mH$[aVm nwT>o `mdo cmJVo d H$nZr
~mOmamV gwpWa hmoBn`V Ago ^mJ ~Ho$cm Odi R>odmdo cmJVmV.
8 ) nVno XoUo :
~H$ Amn`m ImVoXmamZm nVno XoVmV. `m`m AmYmao AZmoiIr `Vr qH$dm
H$n`merhr `dhma H$aUo e` hmoV.o `m nVnmV {H$Vr _`mXno `V`m `dhmamg
~H$ O~m~Xma Amho `mMr Zm|X AgVo. `m_wio `mnma d `dgm` dmT>rg gmhm`
hmoVo. ho nVn nVnYmaH$m`m nVAhVo~c (Credit Worthiness) h_r
XoVo. JmhH$mZm O$a nS>oc Vohm ~H$m `mZm H$O~mOmar Zg`mMr _mUno
(Solvency Certificates) XoD$ H$aVmV.
9 ) dmgr MoH$ d nVn{H$m :
nVn{H$m_wio dmgmV amoI a$_ Odi ~miJmdr cmJV Zmhr VgoM dmgmV
hdr Vr IaoXr H$aVm òVo. `m_wio dmg gwa{jV d AmZXmMm hmoVmo.
2.15
10) {Zdmr doVZ :

~H$m {Zdmr doVZmMo dmQ>n H$aVmV. d cmoH$mZm `m`m gmo`r`m ~H$o VyZ {Zdmr
doVZ H$mT>Uo gmo`rMo OmVo. AZoH$ emgH$s` A{YH$m`mZm `mMr nJmamMr {~co
Q>oParV ~H$m_m\$V gmXa H$a`mMm A{YH$ma Amho VgoM {Zdmr doVZYmaH$
(Pensioner) `m`m ~H$mZm {Zdmr doVZ dgyc H$a`mMm A{YH$ma XoVmV. `m
n[apWVrV (Consolidated Cheques) `m ~H$mH$S>o {Zdmr doVZ d nJmamMr
ImVr AgVmV Aem òH$ ~Ho$da H$mofmJma (Treasury) EH${V YZmXoe
H$mT>VmV.
11) Am{WH$ _m{hVr Jmoim H$aUo :
CnmXZ, JwV dUyH$, ~MVr, _mcmMm ^md B`mXt~c ~H$m _m{hVr Jmoim H$aVmV
VgoM CmoJmMo d ~mOmamMo gd}jU H$aVmV. `mMm Cn`moJ CnmXH$mZm
CnmXZ{df`H$ {ZU` KoVmZm hmoVmo. Am{WH$ ~Xcm`m dmrMr H$nZm òVo d
`mZwgma YmoaU R>a{dVm òV.o hr _m{hVr ~H$m R>amdrH$ H$mcmdYrZo Xadoir {g
H$aVmV. ~mOma d`m, nVpWVr B`mXr~m~Vhr _m{hVr XoVmV.
12) naH$s` McZ `dhma H$aUo :
AmVaam>r` `mnmamV `m XoemVyZ Am`mV hmoVo `m Xoemcm `m`m McZmV
Am`mVrMo ngo mdo cmJVmV. Oa ^maVr` `mnmar A_o[aHo$VyZ Am`mV H$aV
Agoc Va `mg A_o[aHo$cm S>mca McZmV Am`mVrMo ngo mdo cmJVrc. Aem
doir ^maVr` n`mMo S>mc
a_ò n[adVZ H$$Z Xo`mMo H$m` `mnmar ~H$m H$aVmV.
Aem H$mao ~H$ _`W / {V{ZYr Am{U gdgm_m` Cn`wV H$m`} H$arV
AgVo.
2.16
~H$o Mr H$m`}
2.3 ~H$ `dgm`mMr AW`dWoVrc ^y{_H$m :

(Role of Banking in Economic)
~H$ `dgm` UmcrMr AW`dWoVrc ^y{_H$m nwT>rc_mUo n> H$aVm òBc

.
1 ) ~MVrcm mogmhZ :
~H$m`m H$m`m_i
w o cmoH$mZm ~MV H$a`mMr gd` cmJVo. ~H$o V ~MV Ho$`m_wio
`mO$nmZo Cn {_iV amhVo. ~H$m`m {d{dY AmH$fH$ `moOZm_wio IMmV
H$mQ>H$ga H$$Z ~MV dmT>{d`mMr nd mr dmT>rg cmJVo. AW`dWoVrc ~MVrMo
_mU dmT>{d`mgmR>r ~H$m _hdnyU ^y{_H$m {Z^mdVmV.
2 ) ~MVrMo gH$cZ :
gnyU AW`dWoV H$_r-OmV _mUmV ~MV {dIwacocr AgVo. ~H$m
{V{ZYtMr Zo_UyH$ H$$Z cmoH$mH$Sy>Z ~MVrMr aH$_ gH${cV H$aVmV Am{U
gH${cV Ho$cocm ~MV{ZYr CnmXH$ JwVdUwH$sH$S>o di{dcm OmVmo.
3 ) gwa{jVVm :
~H$m_ò R>do cocm ngm gwa{jV amhV Ag`m_wio cmoH$mZm amoI {ecH$ d$nmV
OmV ngm Odi ~miJ`mMr BN>m hmoV Zmhr Am{U YZmXoem`m gmhm`mZo ngo
Xo`m-Ko`mMr gd` cmJVo. ~H$mH$S>rc ngm Ho$di gwa{jVM amhV Zmhr, Va
`mO$nmZo ~H$ JmhH$mZm, R>odrXmamZm Cnhr {_iV amhVo.
4 ) _`WmMr ^y{_H$m :
~H$m `mnmar, JmhH$, `Vr, gWm, gaH$ma `m`mV _`W hUyZ H$m_ H$aVmV.
`mZm JwVdUwH$sgmR>r {dmr` gmYZmMr JaO Amho, Aem cmoH$mgmR>r ~H$m
_`WmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmV.
2.17
5 ) ^mS>dc{Z{_Vr :
~H$mH$S>o gH${cV Pmco`m R>odtnH$s ~amM _moR>m ^mJ H$O} Xo`mgmR>r dmnabm
OmV Ag`m_wio eoVr, `mnma Am{U CmoJYXo `mZm Amd`H$ AgUmao ^mS>dc
{_iy eH$Vo. {dH$gZerc XoemV ^mS>dcmMr {Z{_Vr H$a`mMr _hdnyU H$m_{Jar
~H$m H$aVmV.
6 ) Ammo{JH$ {dH$mg :
{dH$mgmgmR>r CmoJmMr WmnZm hmoUo _hdmMo AgVo. ~H$m CmoJmZm An,
_`_ d XrK_Xw VrMm H$Onaw dR>m H$arV AgVmV. `m_wio CmoJmZm {dnwc _mUmV
^mS>dc m hmoD$Z CnmXH$ JwV dUwH$sVyZ Ammo{JH$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {_iVo.
7 ) Am{WH$ {dH$mg :
`mnmar Am{U H$maImZXmadJ ~H$mH$Sy>Z H$O} {_idyZ `mnma dmT> Am{U
Ammo{JH$ JVr KS>dyZ AmUVmV. `mnma Am{U CmoJ `m`m {dVma d
{dH$mgm_wio XoemVJV CnmXZm`m _mJUrV dmT> hmoVo. CnmXZ dmT>rcm MmcZm
{_iyZ eoVr, CmoJ d godm jomMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. `m_wio Am{WH$ {dH$mg KSy>Z
ò`mg _XV hmoVo.
8 ) `moOZm~ {dH$mg :
~H$m {Za{Zam`m CmoJmMr Am{U `dgm`mMr dJdmar H$$Z _hdm`m CmoJmZm
Am{U `dgm`mZm _moR>m _mUmV ^mS>dcnwadR>m H$aVmV. Cn^mo`
JwVdUwH$sEodOr CnmXH$ JwVdUwH$scm mYm` XoVmV. VgoM `moOZm~ arVrZo
{dH$mg KS>{dVmV.
9 ) Am{WH$ W` :
VoOr - _Xr`m n[apWVr_wio Am{WH$ AW` {Z_mU hmoV.o ~H$m H$O `dhmam`m
_mJmZo Am{U nV{Z{_Vr`m gmhm`mZo cmoH$mMr IaoXrj_Vm H$_r-OmV H$$
eH$VmV. ~H$m `mo` YmoaUm`m gmhm`mZo Am{WH$ W` {Q>H${d`mgmR>r `Zerc
AgVmV.
2.18
~H$o Mr H$m`}
10)g_Vmoc mXo{eH$ {dH$mg :

~H$m_m\$V _mJmgco`m ^mJmVrc eoVr, CmoJ, `mnma Am{U {d{dY
`dgm`m`m {dH$mgmgmR>r cmoH$mZm {deof gdcVr d gw{dYm nwa{d`m OmVmV.
`m_wio JwV dUwH$sMr ZdrZ joo Iwcr hmoVmV. _mJmgco`m ^mJmMm {dH$mg hmoD$Z
g_Vmoc mXo{eH$ {dH$mg KSy>Z ò`mg _XV hmoVo.
11)ZmUo~mOma d ^mS>dc~mOmamMm {dH$mg :
~H$m XoemVrc CmoJYXo, H$maImZo, H$n`m `mZm _moR>m _mUmda H$OnwadR>m
H$aVmV. `mO Xam`m _m`_mVyZ nem`m nwadR>mda ^md Q>mH$VmV. doigJr
{d{dY CmoJmMo d H$n`mMo ^mJ dV: IaoXr H$$Z Am{WH$ _XV H$aVmV.
`m_wio ZmUo~mOma d ^mS>dc~mOmam`m {dH$mgmcm JVr {_iVo.
12)mYm` jomg _XV :
Am{WH$ {dH$mgmV _moR>m CmoJm~amo~aM cKw CmoJ, Hw$Q>ra CmoJ, H$frCmoJ,
Jm_rU CmoJ, AW`dWoVrc Xw~b KQ>H$ B`mXr jomMmhr {dH$mg _hdmMm
AgVmo. `m mYm` jomZm H$Onaw dR>m H$a`mV ~H$m _hdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmV.
`mgmR>r ~H$m {d{dY `moOZm V`ma H$arV AgVmV.
gamdmgmR>r Z
.
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
20 eXmV Cmao
Mmby R>od hUOo H$m`?
~Ho$Mr _wI H$m`} H$moUVr?
AmdVu R>odr hUOo H$m`?
A{YH$f gdbVrMm AW gmJm.
"gwajmJho' hUOo H$m`?
2.19
50 eXmV Cmao
. 1."~MV R>odr' hr gH$nZm n> H$am.
. 2. "Zmo {\$g AH$mCQ>' `m gH$nZoMr _m{hVr gmJm.
. 3. "gwajm R>od H$nmQ>' `m~m~V _m{hVr gmJm.
. 4. ^maVr` [aPh ~Ho$Mr _m{hVr gmJm.
. 5. ~Ho$Mo {ddV hUyZ AgUmao H$m` n> H$am.
100 eXmV Cmao
. 1. ~Ho$mao drH$ma`m OmUm`m R>odtMo H$ma n> H$am.
. 2. ~Ho$mao {X`m OmUm`m H$OmMo d$n n> H$am.
. 3. ~H$ `dgm` UmcrMr AW`dWoVrc ^y{_H$m n> H$am.
500 eXmV Cmao
. 1. ~Ho$mao nma nmS>`m OmUm`m mW{_H$ H$m`mMr _m{hVr gmJm.
. 2. ~Ho$`m Xw`_ H$m`mMm AmT>mdm `m.
2.20
ImVo CKS>`mMr Am{U

Im`mdarb `dhma
H$a`mMr H$m`nVr
3.1
~Ho$V ImVo CKS>`mMr H$m`nVr
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Im`mdarb `dhma H$a`mMr H$m`nVr

ImVo ~X H$aUo
Im`mMo hVmVaU
ImVoXmamMo H$ma
37
mVm{dH$ :
(Introduction)
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~H$ `dgm`mg {ZpMV d$n mV Pmbo Amho. `m_wio

gd H$ma`m ~H$m_ò ImVo CKS>`mMr Am{U Im`mda `dhma H$a`mMr nVr
`m~m~V {d{e> {H$`m Adb~br OmVo. ~H$ EImm `VrMo ImVo CKS>`mnydu
`m `Vr~b gnUy _m{hVr mV H$aV AgVo. `mZVa g~{ YV `Vrbm ~H$o H$S>o
{d{e> Z_w`mV ImVo CKS>`m~m~V AO H$amdm bmJVmo. `m {d{e>
AOXmam{df`rMm n[aM` Am{U AmoiI {dMmamV KodZy ~H$ `mg Amnbm ImVoXma
~Z{d`m~m~V {ZU` KoV AgVo. AOXmamg Vmo `m {R>H$mUMm a{hdmgr Amho
`mg~Y rMm a{hdmgr nwamdm mdm bmJVmo. VgoM AOmda Z_wZm ghr H$amdr bmJVo.
3.1
ImVo CKS>VmZmM ImVoXmamg Zm_{ZX}eZm~m~VMr {H$`m nyU H$amdr bmJVo. ImVoXma

g~{YV ~Ho$Mm JmhH$ ~Z`mda `mg Amn`m Im`mda `dhma H$aVm òVmV.
Mmby ImVo, ~MV ImVo, nwZamdVu ImVo d _wXV ImVo `m gd Im`mda `dhma
H$a`mMr H$m`nVr doJdoJ`m d$nmMr AgVo. ImVoXmamg Amnbo ImVo ~X
H$aVmZm VgoM BVa ~Ho$V Amnbo ImVo hVmV[aV H$aVmZm XoIrb {d{e> {H$`m
nma nmS>mdr bmJVo. gdgmYmaUnUo gdM H$ma`m ~H$m_ò `m {H$`m`m ~m~VrV
g_mZVm AmT>iyZ òVo. ~Ho$Mo ImVoXma ho d`pVH$ Am{U gWm_H$ Aem Xmohr
H$maMo AgVmV. hUOoM ~H$o V `m_mUo `Vr ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV, `mM_mUo
gWm XoIrb ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV. `m_wio ~Ho$Vrb ImVo CKS>Uo d Im`mdarb
`dhma H$aUo, ImVo ~X H$aUo d ImVo Mmb{dUo `m g~Yr`m H$m`nVrMr
_m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo `mo` R>aob.
3.1 ~H$o V ImVo CKS>`mMr H$m`nVr :

(Procedure for Opening of Deposit Account)
$`m ~Ho$V ImVo CKS>md`mMo Amho `m ~Ho$V OmdyZ `VrZo W_ ~Ho$V ImVo
CKS>`mMr Amncr BN>m ~H$ `dWmnH$mH$S>o H$Q> H$amdr cmJVo. Aer {dZVr
H$arV AgVmZm `m `VrZo ~H$ `dWmnH$mH$Sy>Z Amd`H$ Vr _m{hVr {_i{dcr
nm{hOo. CXm. Mmcy ImVo gw$ H$aVmZm gw$dmVrg {H$Vr aH$_ âmdr cmJoc `mda
`mO {_iVo H$m` ? Aem Im`mMo \$m`Xo - VmoQ>o H$moUVo ? _wXV R>od ImVo gw$
H$amd`mMo Agoc Va _wXVrZVa `mOmgh {H$Vr aH$_ {_ioc ? B`mXr ImVoXmamZo
~Ho$`m doJdoJ`m R>od Im`mMr _m{hVr KoV`mZVa AmnUmg H$moU`m H$maMo
ImVo gw$ H$amd`mMo Amho ho R>admdo cmJVo. `mZVa ~H$ `dWmnH$ AWdm `mMo
ghm`H$ `m g^m` ImVoXmamg ImVo CKS>`mgmR>rMm AO XoVmV. `mgmo~V ngo
â`mMr nmdVr Am{U Z_wZm ghr OmoS>coco AgVo.
3.2
ImVo CKS>`mMr Am{U Im`mdarb `dhma H$a`mMr H$m`nVr
3.1.1 "Zmo `wda H$Q>_a' (Know your Customer-KYC) :

"Zmo `wda H$Q>_a' ho ~H$mgmR>r EH$ H$maMo `mgnrR> Amho. `m _m`_mVyZ ~H$mZm
Am{WH$ A\$amV\$a, ge`mnX hmbMmbr B`mXrda {ZÙ R>odVm òVo. `mM_mUo
_moR>m _mUmda hmoUm`m Am{WH$ `dhmamMr N>mZZr d `mda bj R>do Uo gmono OmVo.
`mgmR>r ^maVr` [aPh ~Ho$Zo H$mhr _mJXeH$ Vdo KmbyZ {Xbobr AmhoV. `m_mJo
[aPh ~Ho$Mo Coe Imbrb_mUo AmhoV.
1 ) ~Ho$_ò Z`mZo ImVo CKS>Um`m `Vr dm H$n`m `mMr `mo` AmoiI
hmo`mgmR>rMr H$m`nVr A_bmV AmUUo.
2 ) Im`m_ò _moR>m _mUmda hmoUm`m CbmT>mbtda VgoM ge`mnX dnm`m
CbmT>mbtda bj R>od`mgmR>r H$m`nVr Am{U {H$`m Adb{~Uo.
3 ) Aem H$ma`m CbmT>mbtda bj R>od`mgmR>r VgoM Ahdmb gmXa H$a`mgmR>r
Umbr V`ma H$aUo.
A ) H$m`nVr :
KYC `m _mJXeH$ VdmZwgma H$moU`mhr `Vrbm AJa H$nZrbm ~H$o V ImVo
CKS>m`Mo Agob Va ~Ho$_ò AJmoXa ImVo AgUm`m EImm ImVoXmamZo ImVo
CKS>`m`m \$m_da AmoiI hUyZ ghr H$aUo Amd`H$ Amho. ImVo CKS>VmZm
ImbrbnH$s EH$m Vdmda ImVo CKS>Vm òBb:
1 ) ~H$o _ò ImVo Mmby AgUmam ImVoXma, `mMm dV:`m Im`m_Yrb `dhma
g_mYmZH$maH$ Amho Agm EImXm ImVoXma qH$dm Wm{ZH$ A{YH$mar qH$dm
Aem ZdrZ/g^m` JmhH$mbm AmoiIV AgUm`m ~Ho$Vrb EImm
H$_Mm`mZo Z`m JmhH$mMr AmoiI {Xbr nm{hOo.
2 ) `mdoir nmgnmoQ> d ImVo CKS>`m`m \$m_da EH$M/gmaImM nmm Agob
Aem doir nmgnmoQ> qH$dm
3 ) Imbr {Xbo`m XmoZ `mmVrb BVa H$moU`mhr H$mJXnm`m AmYmao `Vrbm
~H$o V ImVo CKS>Vm òBb
.
3.3
A ) `mXr H$. 1 (\$moQ>mo AmoiI)

1 ) nmgnmoQ> - `mdoir nmm doJdoJim AgVmo.
2 ) _VXma AmoiIn.
3 ) nZ H$mS>.
4 ) gaH$maZo qH$dm {V{>V H$nZrZo/_mbH$mZo {Xbobr AmoiI.
5 ) S>m`htJ bm`gog.
~ ) `mXr H . 2 (a{hdmer Ag`mMm nwamdm)
1 ) Ho${S>Q> H$mS> Q>oQ>_|Q>
2) Am`H$a AmH$maUr AmXoe
3 ) drO {~b
4) Q>o{b\$moZ {~b
aoeZ H$mS> AmoiI qH$dm a{hdmer Ag`mMm nwamdm hUyZ KoD$ Zò.
EH$mM n[aM`Xm`mZo AZoH$ ImVr CKS>`mgmR>r {Xbobr AmoiI nmhVm
~Ho$Zo `m~m~V {deof H$miOr KoVbr nm{hOo.
~ ) ~Ho$Zo R>odm`Mr JmhH$m~bMr _m{hVr :
~Ho$Zo JmhH$m`m Im`mV hmoUm`m CbmT>mbtMr `mo` XjVm Ko`m`m >rZo
d`pVH$ ImVo CKS>VmZm òH$ ImVoXmamMr EH$ mo\$mBb V`ma H$aUo \$m`mMo
R>aVo. `m_ò Imbrb _m{hVrMm g_mdoe Agmdm.
1 ) `dgm`, 2) CnmMo gmYZ, 3) _m{gH$ CnZ, 4) dm{fH$ CbmT>mb,5)
O_VmarI, 6) ej{UH$ nmVm, 7) OmoS>rXmamMr ej{UH$ nmVm (EopN>H$),
8) Hw$Q>w~mVrb `Vr (EopN>H$), 9) naXoemV Wm{`H$ Pmbobm ZmVodmBH$,
10) BVa ~H$mer Agbobo `dhma, 11) g`m dmnamV Agbobr nVgmYZo/
gw{dYm, 12) _mb_mm (gamgar _y`).
Oa Xwg`m emIoVyZ ImVo ~Xb hmoD$Z Ambo Agob Va ImVo CKS>`m`m
\$m_g mo~V ImVoXmamMr Aer mo\$mBb _mJdyZ KoVbr nm{hOo. Oa dmnamV Zgbobo
ImVo Z`mZo dmnam`Mo Agob Va ImVoXmamH$Sy>Z Aem H$maMm mo\$mBb \$m_
^$Z KoVbm nm{hOo. VrZ dfmVyZ EH$Xm Aem mo\$mBbMo nwZ:{dbmoH$Z Ho$bo
3.4
nm{hOo. Ago H$aVmZm EH$ Jmo> bjmV KoVbr nm{hOo H$s, KYC Mr hr _mJXeH$
Vdo AJrH$maVmZm `mMm n[aUm_ JmhH$mZm ImVo CKS>`mg ZH$ma Xo`m_ò
hmoD$ Zò.
H$) ~Ho$Zo JmhH$m~m~V `md`mMr {deof XjVm :
1 ) _moR>m CbmT>mbr/`dhma :
`m Im`m_ò 10 bmI . qH$dm `mnojm OmV aH$_m â`m qH$dm H$mT>`m
OmV AgVrb Va `mH$S>o ~Ho$Zo A{YH$ bj {Xbo nm{hOo. emImZr Aem
`dhmamMr Zm|X R>do Zy Vgm Ahdmb nYadS>mbm _w` H$m`mb`mV nmR>{dbm
nm{hOo. 50,000 . qH$dm `mnojm OmV aH$_oMo {S>_mS> S>mQ>, Q>{o bJm\$sH$
Q>mg\$a, Q>hbg MoH$, ~H$g MoH$ ho ImVoXmam`m Im`mVyZM {Xbo Jobo
nm{hOoV hUOo ho ngo Im`mV ^$Z ZVaM Ago S>mQ> {Xbo nm{hOoV. qH$dm
`m aH$_oMo MoH$ KoD$Z {Xbo nm{hOoV 50,000 n`mnojm OmV aH$_o`m
S>mQ>/MoH$ gmR>r {Xbo`m AOmgmR>r nZ H$mS>Mr _mJUr H$am`bm hdr.
2 ) ge`mnX dnmMo `dhma :
ge`mnX dnmMo `dhma AmoiI`mgmR>r Iyn Xj amhmdo bmJVo. ge`mnX
dnmMo `dhma Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òVrb :
i ) H$moUVohr `mo` H$maU Z XoVm, MoH$Zo `dhma Z H$aVmV Zoh_rM amoI
d$nmV aH$_ H$mT>Umao H$nZr ImVoXma.
ii ) H$nZr JmhH$mZr `m`m `dgm`m`m `Vr dm gWm `mZm Xo`mV
Ambobo MoH$.
iii ) ~H$o `m XZ{ XZ H$m`nVr_mUo `dhma Z H$aVm YZmXoemMo amoI nemV
_mJUr H$aUmao ImVoXma.
iv )`m ImVoXmam`m {Xbo`m `dgm`m`m dnmer g~{ YV ZgUmao, `m
`VtZr ImVoXmambm {Xbobo YZmXoe/{S>_mS> S>mQ>, Q>hbg MoH$
B`mXr.
3.5

v)
ZdrZ CKS>`mV Ambo`m Im`m_ò _moR>_moR>m aH$_ooMo S>mQ> ^$Z

Im`mV Iyn H$_r {eH$ R>odyZ hiyhiy `m Im`mVyZ `m aH$_m amoI
d$nmV H$mTy>Z KoUo.
vi )AZoH$ n>mH$Z Pmbobo XVEodO.
vii) `m `dgm`mMo d$n Ago AgVo H$s `m_ò Aem d$nmMo nV/
H$o {S>Q>Mr Amd`H$Vm ZgVo Aem ImVoXmamZo {S>_mS> S>mQ>/MoH$/Q> hg
MoH$ `m`m_m\$V _moR>m _mUmda O_m Ho$bo`m aH$_m.
viii) ZmoQ>mMr AXbm~Xb hUOo gwQ>Q>m ZmoQ>m XoD$Z _moR>_moR>m aH$_o`m
ZmoQ>m KoUo qH$dm _moR>m aH$_o`m ZmoQ>m XoD$Z gwQ>Q>m ZmoQ>m KoUo.
xi ) ImVoXma qH$dm `mMm {V{ZYr `m`m{edm` gmV`mZo Im`m_ò âUm
H$aUmar `Vr.
x) _>moR> m aH$_oMo MoH$ O_m H$aUo; naVw XZ{XZ `dhmamgmR>r Iyn WmoS>r
aH$_ H$mT>Uo.
3 ) XheVdmXr gKQ>Zm/{V~YrV gKQ>Zm~m~V `md`mMr XjVm :
^maVr` [aPh ~H$o Zo XheVdmXr qH$dm {V~YrV gKQ>ZmMr EH$ `mXr Omar
Ho$br Amho. Aer `mXr doimodoir VnmgyZ nm{hbr nm{hOo. OoUoH$$Z Aem
EImm gKQ>ZoMo ImVo ~Ho$_ò Amho H$m` `mMr _m{hVr {_iy eHo$b d
`m`m{d `mo` Vr H$madmB H$aVm òBb. òH$ H$mD$Q>ada Aer `mXr
CnbY H$$Z {Xbr nm{hOo. Oa Ago EImXo ImVo bjmV Ambo Va gaH$mabm
`m~m~V _m{hVr Xo`mgmR>r Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm nm{hOo. H$moU`mhr ~H$o `m
emImZr Aem H$mao XheVdmXr gKQ>Zm qH$dm {V~YrV gKQ>Zm `mMo ImVo
CKS>Vm H$m_m Zò.
4 ) _m{hVrMo OVZ :
~H$sJ H$m`mVrb VaVwXrZwgma ImVo CKS>`mMo \$m_, hmD$Ma, boOg,
a{OQ>g B`mXtgma`m H$mJXnmMo OVZ H$aUo Amd`H$ AgVo. Vo {H$Vr
3.6
H$mimgmR>r OVZ H$am`Mo Vo H$m`mV {Xbobo AgVo. Imbr Z_yX Ho$bobr

_m{hVr/H$mJXno {H$_mZ nmM dfmgmR>r Var OVZ Ho$br nm{hOoV.
1 ) ImVoXmamMr _m{hVr/mo\$mBb.
2 ) EImm ge`mnX `dhmamg~Y r _m{hVr H$Q> H$aUm`m H$mJXnmMr
gaH$mabm nmR>{dbo`m AhdmbmMr V d Aem `dhmamg~YrV
_hdmMr H$mJXno.
3 ) AQ>r _Zr bmS>atJ Q>oqZJ g~Yr _m{hVr/H$mJXno.
3.1.2 R>amdrH$ Z_w`mV AO H$aUo (Application Form) :
ImVo CKS>`mgmR>r `Vrcm R>amdrH$ Z_w`mV AO H$$Z ~H$o H$S>o {dZVr H$amdr
cmJVo. {Za{Zam`m Im`mgmR>r ~H$m {Za{Zamio AO AOXmamg {dZm_y` CncY
H$$Z XoVmV. `m AOm_ò AOXma ImVoXmamMo nyU Zmd, nmm d Z_wZm ghr AgVo.
AOXmamcm Vmo ~Ho$Mo gd {Z`_mMo nmcZ H$arb Aer h_r/Imr mdr cmJVo. `m
{Z`_m_ò ~H$m doimodoir ~Xc H$$ eH$VmV d Ago ~Xccoco {Z`_ d AQ>r
AOXmamda ~YZH$maH$ AgVmV.
_hd :
A ) `m AOm_ò ImVoXmamMr gd H$maMr _m{hVr AgVo.
~ ) hm AO hUOo ~H$ d ImVoXma `m`mVrb EH$ H$maMm H$amaM AgVmo Am{U Vmo
ImVoXmamda ~YZH$maH$ AgVmo.
H$) ~H$o `m gd {Z`_mMo nmbZ Ho$bo OmBb Aer ImVoXmamZo {Xbobr Vr h_r AgVo.
S>) ImVo CKS>`mgmR>r AO XoUo hm ~H$ ImVo CKS>`m`m {H$òVrb n{hbm d
_hdmMm Q>nm AgVmo.
3.1.3 n[aM` (Identification) :
ImVo CKS>VmZm AOXmamMm n[aM` AgUo A`V Amd`H$ ~m~ AgVo. Aem
AOXmam`m nVj_Vo{df`r$ Imr H$$Z KoUo ~Ho$`m >rZo _hdmMo AgVo. H$maU
{H$òH$ doim ~moJg ZmdmZo ImVo CKSy>Z AZoH$ {dmr` Jwho Ho$co OmVmV. `m_wio ~H$m
3.7
ImVo CKS>VmZm `mM emIoVrc EImm ImVoXmamMr AmoiI _mJVmV. Aem `VrMo
gnUy Zmd, ImVo H$_mH$ Am{U ghr VnmgyZ nm{hcr OmVo. AOXmamMm n[aM` ~H$o _ò
Imcrc VrZ H$mamZo {Xcm OmVmo.
A ) ~H$o `m `mM emIoMr ImVoXma Agcocr qH$dm ~H$ H$_Mm`m`m AmoiIr`m
EImm O~m~Xma `VrZo AOXmam`m AOmda ghr H$$Z Zmd d nmm {chZ
n[aM` H$$Z XoUo.
~ ) AOXma EImm O~m~Xma `VrMo Zmd qH$dm Xwg`m EImm ~H$o Mo Zmd {ZX}er
hUyZ XoD$ eH$Vmo. ~H$ `m `VrH$S>o AWdm ~H$o H$S>o `mMr m_m{UH$Vm Am{U
Am{WH$ pWVr VgoM `m `Vr~m~VMm `m ~H$o Mm AZw^d `m~m~VMr MmH$er
H$aVo. Oa Aem {ZX}er (Referee) `Vr qH$dm ~H$o H$Sy>Z ~H$o cm H$mhr {VgmX
{_imcm Zmhr Va ~Ho$Zo Aem `VrMo ImVo CKSy> Zò.
H$) [aPh ~Ho$Zo gd ~H$mZm goZmXc, nmocrg VgoM gaH$mar Im`mMo AmoiIn
VgoM nmgnmoQ> dJao n[aM`mgmR>r JmhH$ YamdoV Ago AmXoe {X`mZo hr H$mJXno
AmoiI hUyZ ~H$mH$Sy>Z drH$macr OmVmV.
~Ho$Zo EImm `VrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm {VMr Iar AmoiI Wm{nV H$$Z KoUo
Amd`H$ Amho. Oa ~Ho$Zo `mo` H$mao Aem `VrMr AmoiI Wm{nV Ho$cr
Zmhr Va ~Ho$Mm hm Xwc{jVnUm {Vcm dV:cm qH$dm OZVocmhr Ymo`mV AmUy
eHo$c.
1 ) Oa JmhH$mZo A\$amV\$arMo MoH$ AJa {d{Z_` no (AJa MmoarMo MoH$, {d{Z_`
no) `m`m Im`mV O_m Ho$cr d ~H$o Zo `m~m~V `mo` Vr H$miOr KoVcr Va
~H$o cm H$m`mMo gajU {_iy eH$Vo.
2 ) Oa ~Ho$Zo {ZH$miOrnUo AJa MwH$sZo Amoha S>mQ> _Oya Ho$cm d Aem
JmhH$mMm n[aM` `mo` H$mao ~H$o Zo Wm{nV Ho$cocm Zgoc Va ~H$ CKS>nUo
Ymo`mV òD$ eH$Vo.
3.8
3 ) Or `Vr {XdmiImoa Amho Aem `VrMr nyU AmoiI H$$Z Z KoVm ~H$o Zo
{Vcm JmhH$ Ho$co Va Aem JmhH$m`m R>odr drH$m$Z ~Ho$bm YmoH$m {Z_mU
hmoVmo.
4 ) `mo` H$mao n[aM` H$$Z Z KoVco`m Anm JmhH$mcm ~Ho$Zo MoH$~wH$ {Xco
Va Agm JmhH$ ~ZmdQ> MoH$ XoD$Z gm_m` cmoH$mMr \$gdUyH$ H$$ eHo$c.
`m`m Im`mda {eH$ ZgVmZmhr Vmo cmoH$mZm MoH$ XoD$ cmJcm Va ~H$
Ymo`mV òD$ eH$Vo.
3.1.4 AmoiI (Introduction) :
g^m` ImVoXmamMr AmoiI nS>VmiyZ nmhUo d Vmo nVj_ Amho `mMr Imr H$$Z
KoUo ~H$o `m >rZo A{Ve` Amd`H$ Jmo> Amho. H$mhr doim ImoQ>m ZmdmZo ImVr CKSy>Z
Mmoacoco MoH$ dQ>{dUo `mgmaIo Jwho Ho$co OmVmV. `mgmR>r H$miOr KoUo _hdmMo AgVo.
`mgmR>r `mM emIo`m Xwg`m ImVoXmamMr ImVo CKS>`mgmR>r {e\$mag `mdr bmJVo.
`mMo nyU Zmd, ImVo H$_mH$ d ghr Z_wZm ghrer nS>VmiyZ nhmdm. MmJ`m ImVoXmam_i
w o
~H$o Mr {V>m dmT>V.o VgoM ~H$o V ImVo CKS>`mZo `m `VrMrhr nV dmT>V.o
EImm {V{>V `VrMo Zmd AmoiI hUyZ {X`mg `m`mH$S>o AOXmam{df`r
MmH$er H$amdr Am{U `m `VrH$Sy>Z AOXmamMo ImVo CKS>mdo Aer coIr {e\$mag
`mdr. EImm gWoMo Mmcy \$moQ>mo Agcoco AmoiIn qH$dm nmanm`m (Passport) AmYmaohr ImVo CKS>Vm òVo.
_hd :
A ) EImm `VrMo ~H$o V ImVo CKS>VmZm `mM ~H$o `m Xwg`m ImVoXmamZo AmoiI
XoVmZm Aer boIr {e\$mag {Xbobr Amho.
~ ) Aer AmoiI KoV`mZo ImoQ>m ZmdmZo ImVo CKSy>Z hmoUm`m ImoQ>m `dhmamMo
Jwho amoI`mg _XV hmoVo.
H$) g^m` ImVoXma nVj_ Ag`mMr Vr nmdVr AgVo.
S>) g^m` ImVoXmamZo AOmV {Xbo`m _m{hVr`m IaonUmMr Imr nQ>Vo.
3.9
3.1.5 a{hdmgr Ag`mMm nwamdm (Proof of Residence) :

AOXmamcm AOm_ò Amncm nyU nmm mdm cmJVmo. ImVo CKS>`mgmR>r
AOXmamcm Amn`m a{hdmgr Ag`mMm nwamdm gmXa H$amdm cmJVmo. `m{edm`
~H$m ImVo gw$ H$aV ZmhrV. Agm nwamdm hUyZ ~H$m `VtMo aoeZH$mS>, drO ~rc
qH$dm \$moZ ~rc B`mXtgmaIr H$mJXno drH$maVmV. hr H$mJXno n`mMm nwamdm
AgVmo. hr H$mJXno AOXma `m n`mda amhVmo `mMm nwamdm AgVmo.
_hd :
A ) ImoQ>o nmo XodZy ~H$o V ImVo CKSy>Z hmoD$ eH$Um`m {Za{Zam`m H$ma`m JwmZm
Amim ~gVmo.
~ ) Oa ~H$o Zo MwH$sZo H$mhr a$_ Aem ImVoXmamg AXm Ho$`mg Vr dgyb H$aUo e`
hmoVo.
3.1.6 Z_wZm ghr (Specimen Signature) :
AOXmamcm ImVo CKS>VmZm ImVo CKS>`m`m AOmda ghr H$amdr cmJVo. VgoM
crn qH$dm H$mS>mda Z_wZm ghr H$amdr cmJVo. Vo ImVo Mmc{dVmZm AOXmamcm `m
Z_wZm ghr_mUoM ghr H$amdr cmJVo. ImVo CKS>VmZmM O~m~Xma ~H$ A{YH$m`mg_moa
AOXmamcm hr Z_wZm ghr H$amdr cmJVo. ho Z_wZm ghr H$mS>/crn ~H$m OVZ H$$Z
R>odVmV.
_hd :
A ) Z_wZm H$mS>da H$moUVr ghr Amho ho ~H$ d ImVoXmambmM _mhrV AgVo. `m_wio
MoH$ qH$dm H$mT>{MRR>rda (withdrawal slip) {dS>mb nmdVrda ImVoXmamMrM
ghr Amho `mMr Imr nQ>{dbr OmD$ eH$Vo.
~ ) `mo` `VrbmM nemMo XmZ hmoVo.
H$) _r ngo H$mT>boboM ZmhrV Agm n{dm ImVoXma KoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
3.10
3.1.7 Zm_{ZX}eZ (Nomination) :

EImm ImVoXmamMm _`y Pm`mg Im`mVrc ngo H$moUmg m`Mo Agm Z
CX^dVmo. hUyZ ~H$m hr gdM Im`mgmR>r Zm_{ZX}eZ \$m_ ^$Z KoVmV. `mda
EH$m gmjrXmamMr ghr AgVo. ImVoXmamMm _`y Pm`mda Vo ImVo ~X H$$Z `mVrc
a$_ `mMo Zm_{ZX}eZ AgVo `m`m doJ`m Im`mV O_m Ho$cr OmVo. Zm_{ZX}eZ
Ho$cocr `Vr hr H$m`Xoera dmag Agcr nm{hOo Ago Zmhr. `m_wio H$m`Xoera ZmoQ>rg
qH$dm H$moQ>mMm AmXoe Am`mg H$moQ>mMm A{V_ {ZU` hmoBn`V ~Ho$g Vo ImVo JmoR>dyZ
R>do mdo cmJVo. 1983 `m gwYm[aV ~qH$J H$m`mZwgma R>do rXmamg Zm_mH$ZmMr gw{dYm
Xo`mV Amcr Amho.
3.2 Im`mda `dhma H$a`mMr H$m`nVr :

(Procedure for Opesrating Deposit Account)
Im`mda `dhma H$a`mMr H$m`nVr hUOo ImVoXma ~H$o VyZ ngo H$mT>Vmo qH$dm
~Ho$V ngo O_m H$aVmo. ImVoXmamMo ho gd `dhma ~Ho$V dVnUo Zm|X H$Z R>odbo
OmVmV. `mgmR>r doJdoJ`m nmd`m ~Ho$mao dmnamV AmU`m OmVmV. ImVoXmamg
ngo âVmZm no-pbn d ngo H$mT>VmZm {dS>mb-pbn `mMm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo.
Im`mda `dhma H$a`mMr H$m`nVr nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òBb.
3.2.1 no-pbn / R>odrMr pbn ~wH$ (Pay in Slips) :
Omo JmhH$ Im`mV ngo O_m H$aVmo `mg H$mD$Q>a \$mBc
AgUm`m pcg âm`m
cmJVmV. `m nmdVrda R>do rXma AJa `mMm {V{ZYr ghr H$$Z ~H $o cm nmdVr gmXa
H$aVmo. `m nmdVrZo `mg amoI ngo, MoH$, S>mQ>g d {~co âVm òVmV. Mmcy d ~MV
Im`mH$[aVm doJdoJ`m Pay Slips AgVmV. `m nmdVr_ò JmhH$mMo Zmd, VmarI
d ImVo H$_mH$ `mMr _m{hVr AgVo. VgoM MoH$_ò MoH$ H$_mH$, VmarI, AmXmVm
(payee) ~Ho$Mo Zmd d R>odrXmamMr ghr `mMm Vnerc AgVmo. Vnerc âcocr
3.11
nmdVr R>odrXma ngo drH$maco OmUm`m {IS>H$sda gmXa H$aVmo. ZVa H$mD$Q>a
\$mBcda {eH$m d ghr XoD$Z Vr R>odrXmamg naV Ho$cr OmVo d nmdVrMm Omo ^mJ
~Ho$H$S>o AgVmo Vmo coOa _ò Zm|X{d`mH$[aVm g~{YV coI{ZH$mcm gmXa Ho$cm
OmVmo.
3.2.2 ngo H$mT>`mMr pbn$ (Withdrawal Slip) :
Im`mVyZ ngo H$mT>`mH$[aVm Withdrawal Slips {dZm_y` CncY H$$Z
{X`m OmVmV. `m nmdVr_ò ngo H$mT>`mMr VmarI, Im`mMm H$ma, ImVo H$_mH$,
nemMr aH$_ (AjamV d AmH$S>mV) `mMm Vnerc AgVmo d `mda ImVoXmamMr
ghr AgVo. `mcm ngo H$mT>`mMm A{YH$ma Amho `mM `VrMr ghr `m nmdVrda
AgUo Amd`H$ AgVo. Or `Vr hr nmdVr ~H$o cm gmXa H$aVo {VMr ghr nmdVr`m
_mJrc ~mOyg Agmdr cmJVo. `m nmdVr~amo~a nmg~wH$ ~Ho$H$S>o gmXa H$amdo cmJVo.
3.2.3 nmg ~wH$ (Issue of Passbook) :
~H$ ImVoXmamg N>moQ>ogo nmg~wH$ XoVo. `mV VmarI, dma, ngo O_m Ho$`mMr d ngo
H$mT>`mMr Zm|X AgVo. dVwV: nmg~wH$ hUOo {d{e> VmaIocm ~Ho$`m coOa_ò
AgUm`m Im`mMm CVmamM hmo`. nmg~wH$_ò ~MV Im`mMo {Z`_ d {Z`_mdcr
AgVmV. Mmcy Im`mdahr nmg~wH$ {Xco OmVo, nU ~hVoH$ doim ImVoXmamg nmg~wH$
EodOr `m`m Im`mMr _m{gH$/_m{gH$ {ZdoXZo (Statements) {Xcr OmVmV.
nmg~wH$m_wio ImVoXmamg `m`m Im`mMr A`mdV pWVr g_Oy eH$Vo. VgoM
~Ho$`m coOa_ò `m`m Im`mda {Xcoco `mO, AmH$macoco `mO d BVa AmH$ma
(MmO) `m`m Zm|Xr Ho$`m OmVmV. `m g_O`mH$[aVm nmg~wH$ Cn`wV R>aVo.
`dgm`mV ~Ho$Mo nwZ_}i {ddaU n (Reconciliation Statement) V`ma
H$a`mH$[aVm VgoM H$e~wH$_ò XmI{dco`m {ecH$sMr nS>VmiUr H$a`mH$[aVm
nmg~wH$ AJa Im`mVrc Zm|XrMo {ZdoXZ n _hdmMo AgVo.
3.2.4 MoH$~wH$ (Issue of Cheque Book) :
~H$o VyZ ngo H$mT>`mgmR>r ~H$ JmhH$mZm MoH$~wH$ nwadV AgVo. `mgmR>r ImVoXmamg
~Ho$H$So AO H$amdm bmJVmo. ~MV Im`m~m~V Oo JmhH$ ~Ho$Zo doimodoir {d{hV
3.12
Ho$bobr {H$_mZ {ebH$ ~MV Im`mV R>od`mMo dMZ XoVmV `mZmM MoH$~wH$
{Xbo OmVo. MoH$~wH$m_ò EH$ _mJUr pbn (Requisition Slip) AgVo H$s
`mmao JmhH$ ZdrZ MoH$~wH$ gwm Kody eH$Vmo. `m _mJUr pbnda JmhH$mg ghr
H$amdr bmJVo. ~Ho$mao hr ghr nS>VmiyZ ~{KVbr OmVo. ImVoXma Oohm dV:
_mJUr pbn KodyZ òV Zmhr d Xwg`m `VrH$S>o Vr nmR>dVmo Vohm ~Ho$mao `mMr
~maH$mBZo nS>VmiUr Ho$br OmVo. JmhH$ Oohm _mJUr pbnMm dmna Z H$aVm
EImm nmmao MoH$~wH$Mr _mJUr H$aVmo, Vohm A\$amV\$arMr e`Vm bjmV
KodyZ ~Ho$g {deof H$miOr `mdr bmJVo. ~Ho$H$S>o _mJUr pbn KodyZ òUm`m
`Vrg ~H$, Vr `Vr n[aM`mMr Ag`m{edm` MoH$~wH$ XoV Zmhr.
3.2.5 _wXV R>odr Im`mMm `dhma (Issue of Fixed Deposit Receipt)
:
~H$ _wXV R>odtMm drH$ma H$aV AgVo. Aem R>odr 15 {XdgmnmgyZ Vo 5
dfmn`V`m AgVmV. An _wXV qH$dm XrK _wXV `m_mUo Aem R>odtda `mO
{_iV AgVo. ~H$ _wXVr`m R>odr pdH$maVmZm EH$ nmdVr XoVo. `m nmdVrda
AmnU R>odbobr aH$_, `mOmMm Xa d _wXV Z_yX Ho$bobr AgVo. _wXV R>odrdarb
`mO ImVoXma _{h`mZo, dfmZo Aem d$nmV Kody eH$Vmo qH$dm _wXV nyU
Pm`mda Kody eH$Vmo. Aem R>odr d`pVH$ qH$dm g`wV d$nm`m AgVmV.
nmdVr YmaH$mMm _`y Pm`mg `m`m dmagmg _wXV gn`mZVa nmdVrdarb
aH$_ {_iVo.
1) _wXV R>odr _wXV nyd dQ>{dUo (Premature Encashment of Fixed
Deposit) :
R>odrXmamg _wXV nyU hmo`mnydu nemMr JaO Agob Va `m`mH$S>o XmoZ n`m`
AgVmV. EH$Va Vmo ~H$o H$H$Sy>Z _wXV nmdVr naV H$Z ngo Kody eH$Vmo qH$dm `m
_wXV nmdVrda H$O Kody eH$Vmo. _wXVnyd ngo XoVmZm ~H$ R>abo`m `mOXamnojm
XmoZ Q>Ho$ H$_r `mOXa XoVmV. hUOoM R>odrXma `mOmMm VmoQ>m nH$mZ _wXV
R>odr _wXVnyd dQ>dy eH$Vmo.
2 ) _wXV R>odtda H$O (Loan Against Fixed Deposit) :
3.13
Oa R>odrXmamg R>od nmdVr`m VmaUmda H$O hdo Agob Va ~H$ R>od nmdVrda
Omo `mOXa {ZX}{eV Ho$bobm AgVmo `mnojm XmoZ Q>Ho$ OmV `mOXamZo
H$O XodyZ 25% _m{OZ ~H$ dV:Mo R>odVo. R>od nmdVrda H$O KoVmZm
R>do rXmamZo R>do nmd`mda gm H$aUo Amd`H$ Amho. _wXVnyd ngo Xo`m~m~V
{dZVr AOmda gd R>do rXmam`m gm Amd`H$ AgVmV. VgoM H$Om~m~V
VmaUnmda (Lefter of Pledge) XoIrb gd R>do rXmam`m gm Amd`H$
AgVmV. Oar g`wV ImVo Agbo d ImVoXmamnH$s Hw$Umbmhr EH$mbm AJa
dmagXmambm R>odrMo ngo {_iUma AgVrb Var R>od nmdVrda H$O XoVmZm
~H$o Zo gd R>do rXmam`m gm VmaUnmda KoUo Amd`H$ Amho. Oa R>do rXmamZo
H$OmMr _wXVrV naV\o$S> Ho$br Zmhr, Va H$OmMr aH$_ `m`m R>odrVyZ d
`mdarb `mOmVyZ H$nmV Ho$br OmVo. R>do nmdVr`m darb aH$_o`m 85%
BVH$s aH$_ ~H$ R>od nmdVr`m VmaUmda H$O hUyZ Xody eH$Vo.
3.2.6 nwZamdVu R>od (Recurring
Deposit)
nwZamdVu R>od hUOo R>odrXmamH$Sy>Z òH$ _{h`mbm {d{e> aH$_ {d{e>

H$mbmdYrn`V O_m H$aUo. Oo R>odrXma òH$ _{h`mbm {d{e> aH$_ ~Ho$V R>od
hUyZ R>odVmV d XrKH$mimZVa gd aH$_ EH${VnUo dmn BpN>VmV `m`mgmR>r
hr R>od AgVo. N>moQ>m _m{gH$ ~MVrVyZ H$mhr H$mimZVa _moR>r aH$_ ~Ho$V O_m
hmoVo. Aem R>odtda _wXV R>odt_mUoM AmH$fH$ `mO {_iVo. ^maVmV `m bmoH$mZm
òH$ _{h`mbm ~Ho$V {d{e> aH$_ R>odr`m d$nmV O_m H$aUo e` Amho
`m`mgmR>r hr `moOZm Cn`wV R>aVo. `mVyZ bmoH$mZm ~MVrMr gd` bmJVo. nwZamdVu
R>do rV òH$ _{h`mbm R>do â`mg Cera Pm`mg `mMm `mOXamda n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
`mOXamV H$nmV hmoV AgVo. nwZamdVu R>odtda R>odt`m 80 Vo 90% n`V H$O {_iy
eH$Vo. H$Omdarb `mOXa hm R>odtdarb `mOXam_mUoM AgVmo.
1 ) nwZamdVu R>od _wXV nyd dQ>{dUo (Premature
curring Deposit) :
3.14
Encashment of Re-
Oohm nwZamdVu R>od ImVo CKS>bo OmVo Vohm R>odtMo A{V_ _y` ho R>odrXmamZr
doi`m-doir R>odrMr aH$_ O_m H$a`mda Adb~yZ AgVo Am{U _wXVr`m
eodQ>r R>odtMr aH$_ `mOmgh naV {_iVo. _m,_wXVnyd XoIrb R>odtMr
aH$_ naV KoVm òdy eH$Vo. _wXVnyd aH$_ XoVmZm òH$ gWm doJir nVr
Adb~Vo. nmoQ> Am{\$g_ò nwZamdVu R>odtMm H$mi hm VrZ dfmMm AgVmo
hUOo `mnydu aH$_ {_iy eH$V Zmhr. Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m _ò _wXVnyd
aH$_ Xo V mZm `mOXamV 1% H$nmV Ho $ br OmVo . EMS>rE\$gr d
Am`grAm`grAm` gma`m ~H$m_ò AYdQ> d$nmV aH$_ naV Ho$br
OmV Zmhr, Oa AYdQ> aH$_ nm{hOo Agob, Va XS> AmH$mabm OmVmo.
2) nwZamdVu R>odtda H$O (Loan Against Recurring Deposit):
R>odrXmamZo ~Ho$H$S>o {d{e> _wXVrgmR>r R>odr R>od`mZVa ~H$ R>odrXmamg nmdVr
XoVo. `m R>odrMr _wXV gn`mnydu R>odrXmamcm nemMr VmVS>rMr JaO ^mg`mg `m
nmdVr`m VmaUmda Vmo ~Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O KoD$ eH$Vmo. `mM_mUo `m`m AmdVu
R>od Im`mda OodT>r aH$_ Agoc `m`m VmaUmda H$O KoD$ eH$Vmo. _wXV
R>odr`m qH$dm AmdVu R>odr`m O_m aH$_oda 75% n`V ~H$ H$O XoVo. Aem
H$Omda ~H$ XoV Agco`m R>odrdarc `mO Xamnojm 2% OmV `mO Xa ~H$
AmH$maVo. AWmV _wXV R>od nmdVr qH$dm AmdVu R>odtda H$O XoVmZm ~H$mZr
H$miOr KoUo OarMo AgVo.
AmdVr R>odtda H$O XoVmZm ~Ho$Zo `md`mMr H$miOr :
A) ~Ho$Vrb R>odrdaM H$O :
~H$ dV:H$S>o R>do co`m _wXV R>do rdaM H$O XoD$ eH$Vo. Xwg`m ~H$o Vrc _wXV
R>do tda ~H$mZr H$O XoD$ Zò. H$maU Aem n[apWVr_ò `m ~H$o _ò R>do r
AgVmV `m ~H$mMmM `m R>do tda AJhH$ AgVmo.
~) Zm haH$V XmIbm :
Oa _wXV R>od qH$dm AmdVu R>od hr g`wV ZmdmZo Agoc Am{U `mnH$s EH$mM
R>do rXmamZo H$OmMr _mJUr Ho$cr Agoc Va ~H$o Zo Xwg`m gh-R>do rXmamH$Sy>Z _wXV
R>od nmdVrda H$O Xo`mg haH$V Zg`mMo ~Ho$cm {chZ {Xco nm{hOo.
3.15
H$) nmdVr {VH$sQ> :

Aem H$mao _wXV R>odrda H$O XoVmZm ~Ho$Zo Vr R>od dQ>{d`mgmR>r V`ma
Ho$co`m nH$mda aoho`y Q>n cmdyZ ghr H$$Z KoVcr nm{hOo OoUoH$$Z hr
_wXV R>od _wXV gn`mZVa `mVrc aH$_ H$O\o$S>rgmR>r ~Ho$cm nana dgwcr
H$$Z KoVm òBc.
S>) AkmZ `VrMr R>odr nmdVr :
Oa AkmZ `Vr`m Zmdmda R>od nmdVr Agoc Va ~Ho$Zo AkmZ `Vrcm
Aem R>od nmdVr`m VmaUmda H$O XoD$ Zò.
3.3 ImVo ~X H$aUo :

(Closure of Accounts)
dY d$nmMr gyMZm XodyZ JmhH$ qH$dm ~H$ ImVo ~X H$ eH$VmV. ImVoXma

boIr d$nmV AO H$Z Hw$R>`mhr H$maUmMm gX^ Z XoVm ImVo ~X H$ eH$Vmo.
`mIoarO ImVoXmam`m Im`mda nwaoer aH$_ Zg`mg ~H$ ImVoXmamMo ImVo
H$m`mVrb VaVwXt_mUo ~X H$ eH$Vo. `m g~YrMo ~Ho$Mo A{YH$ma d Xm{`d
nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao n> H$aVm òBb.
1 ) ImVoXmamMr BN>m :
ImVoXmambm ~Ho$Vrb Amnbo ImVo ~X H$amdo Ago dmQ>V Agob Am{U `mZo `m
g~YrMr gyMZm ~Ho$g Ho$br Agob, Va ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~X H$a`mMm {ZU`
~Ho$bm `mdm bmJVmo. ~H$ `mg~YrMo H$maU ImVoXmamg {dMmaV Zmhr. `m
YZmXoemMm dmna Ho$bm Zmhr Ago YZmXoe ~Ho$bm naV H$Z d `mdarb aH$_
O_m H$Z ImVo ~X Ho$bo OmVo.
2 ) ~Ho$Mr {dZVr :
ImVoXmamZo XrKH$mimnmgyZ Amn`m Im`mda `dhma Ho$bm Zgob, Va ~H$ Aem
3.16
doiog ImVoXmamg Amnbo ImVo ~X H$a`mMr {dZVr H$aVo. JmhH$mZo ~Ho$`m

gwMZog {VgmX {Xbm Zmhr Va, ~H$ `m`m Im`mdarb ngo Xmdm Z H$aVm
òUm`m R>od Im`mda dJ H$aVo Am{U `mMo ImVo ~X H$aVo.
3) ~Ho$`m H$m`mMm ^J :
ImVoXmamMr ~Ho$er AgUmar dmJUyH$ b~mS>rMr AWdm XmofnyU Amho Ago
~Ho$bm AmT>iyZ Am`mg ~H$ gXa JmhH$mMo ImVo ~X H$a`mMm {ZU` KoVo.
ImVoXma ImoQ>r H$mJXno ~Ho$bm gmXa H$Z ~Ho$bm \$g{d`mMm `Z H$aV
Agob, ImoQ>o MoH$ XoV Agob qH$dm Im`mda aH$_ {ebH$ ZgVmZm dmadma
MoH$ XoV Agob Am{U ho ~Ho$`m {ZXeZmg Ambo Va ~H$ g~{YV ImVo ~X
H$aVo.
4) JmhH$mMm _`y :
EImm ~H$ JmhH$mMm _`y Pmbm Am{U `m`m _`wMr gyMZm XoUmao n
~Ho$g {_imbo, Va ~H$ g~{YV JmhH$mMo ImVo ~X H$a`mMm {ZU` KoVo
H$maU `m JmhH$m`m _`y~amo~a `mMm Im`mdarb A{YH$ma g_mV hmoV
AgVmo. ImVoXmamMm _`y Pm`mg `mMo ImVo gw R>od`mV AZoH$ AS>MUr
òVmV. `m_wio `mMo ImVo ~X H$aUo ~Ho$`m X>rZo Amd`H$ AgVo.
5) JmhH$mMr _mZ{gH$ pWVr :
ImVoXma doS>m qH$dm _mZ{gH$ {dH$VrZo Xw~b Pm`mg d `m`m ZmVodmBH$mZr
`mMo ImVo ~X H$a`mMm ~Ho$g AO Ho$`mg ~H$ g~{YV ~m~rMr Imr H$Z
KoVo d `mV g`Vm AmT>i`mg gXa ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~X H$a`mMm {ZU` KoV.o
6 ) JmhH$mMr {XdmiImoar :
JmhH$mZo {XdmiImoar Ho$`mg ~H$ Am{U JmhH$ `mVrb g~Y mda `mMm n[aUm_
KSy>Z òVmo. ~H$ {XdmiImoar H$aUm`m JmhH$m`m Im`mdarb aH$_ dJ H$aVo
d `mMo ImVo ~X H$aVo.
7 ) dMZn ZmoQ>rg :
~Ho$g Oohm JmhH$m`m Im`mdarb aH$_ {Vg`m njm`m Zmdo hVmV[aV
H$a`mMr dMZn ZmoQ>rg mV hmoVo Vohm ~H$ {Vg`m njm`m Zmdmda aH$_
3.17
hVmV[aV H$Z g~{YV JmhH$mMo ImVo ~X H$aVo.

8) JmhH$mg ZmoQ>rg :
~Ho$g Oohm JmhH$mMo ImVo ~X H$am`Mo AgVo Vohm ~H$ JmhH$mg ImVo ~X
H$a`m`m Coem~m~V dY d$nmMr ZmoQ>rg XoVo. `mmao ~H$ JmhH$mg ImVo ~X
H$a`mMr gyMZm H$aVo. JmhH$mg n`m`r `dWogmR>r nwaogm H$mbmdYr {Xbm
OmVmo. Aer ZmoQ>rg {X`mIoarO ~H$ ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~X H$ eH$V Zmhr.
_m, Oohm JmhH$ ZmoQ>rerbm {VgmX XoV Zmhr, Vohm `m`m Im`mdarb
aH$_ S>mQ>mao `m`m n`mda nmR>{dbr OmVo d `mMo ImVo ~X Ho$bo OmVo.
3.4 Im`mMo hVmVa :

(Transfer of Accounts to Other Branches / Banks)
EImm ~Ho$V ImVo CKS>`mZVa Oa JmhH$mg Amnbo ImVo g~{YV ~Ho$`m

ehamVrb qH$dm eham~mhoarb Xwg`m emIoV hVmV[aV H$am`Mo Ag`mg Vmo EH$
gmYm AO H$Z Amnbo ImVo hVmV[aV H$$ eH$Vmo. emgH$s` qH$dm {Z_-emgH$s`
jomV H$màV AgUm`m `VtZm ~Xbr_wio Aem ImVo hVmVamMr g_`m {Z_mU
hmoVo. Agm doiog ZdrZ ImVo CKS>`mnojm nyduMo ImVo hVmV[aV H$aUo A{YH$
gmo`rH$a AgVo. JmhH$ nwT>rb gJr Amnbo ImVo hVmV[aV H$ eH$Vmo.
1 ) Oohm JmhH$ Amnbo ehamVJV amh`mMo {R>H$mU ~XbVmo qH$dm
2 ) JmhH$ Oohm EH$m {R>H$mUmhZ Xwg`m {R>H$mUr WbmVa H$aVmo.
ImVo Mmb{d`mMr qH$dm hVmV[aV H$a`mMr {H$`m :
JmhH$mbm qH$dm ImVoXmamg ~Ho$`m EH$m emIoVyZ Xwg`m emIoV Im`mMo
hVmVa KS>dyZ AmUVmZm nwT>rb {H$`m nyU H$amdr bmJVo.
1 ) ZdrZ emIoV Im`mMo hVmVa H$a`mg~Y r ImVoXmamg {d{hV Z_w`mV `m
ZdrZ emIoH$S>o AO H$amdm bmJVmo. Vr ZdrZ emIm _yi ~Ho$H$S>o Vmo AO
nmR>{dVo.
2 ) ImVoXmamg dmna Z Ho$bobo MoH$ ~wH$ Am{U nmg~wH$ nydu`m ~Ho$H$S>o O_m
H$amdo bmJVo. H$mhr ~H$m OwZoM ~wH$ ZdrZ emIoV dmna`mMr nadmZJr
3.18
3)
4)
5)
6)
XoVmV.
`mOmMo _moO_mn H$Z aH$_ ImVoXmam`m Im`mda O_m Ho$br OmVo.
~H$ ImVoXmamg ZdrZ emIoV ImVo hVmV[aV H$a`mMr _m`Vm XoVo.
~H$ IM {df`H$ `mXr V`ma H$aVo d IM {df`H$ ImVo ZdrZ emIoH$S>o
nmR>dyZ OwZo ImVo ~X H$aVo.
ZdrZ emIog mV Pmbobr aH$_ Vr emIm O_m Im`mda dJ H$aVo d O_m
Im`m{df`H$ `mXr V`ma H$aVo.
H$mhr ~H$m `dhma H$a`mg~Y r Z`m H$mJXnmZm mYm` XoVmV. Va H$mhr
~H$m Ow`mM H$mJXnmda `dhma H$a`mg _m`Vm XoVmV.
3.5 ImVoXmamMo H$ma :

(Types of Account Holders)
~H$m`m gX^mV ImVoXma hm KQ>H$ _hdmMm _mZbm OmVmo. H$maU ImVoXma hm

g~{YV ~Ho$Mm JmhH$ AgVmo. Vmo ~Ho$`m godm-gw{dYm `mMm Cn^moJ KoV AgVmo.
`m_wio ~H$ Zoh_r ImVoXmam`m gòV dmT> KS>dyZ AmU`mg `Zerb AgVo.
ImVoXma {OVHo$ A{YH$ AgVrb VodT>m A{YH$ _mUmda ~H$o g ngm CnbY hmoVmo.
`m_wio ~H$mMo ImVoXma Ho$di `VrMo AgV Zmhr, Va gWm XoIrb ~H$mMo ImVoXma
AgVmV. nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao `mMr MMm H$aVm òBb.
3.5.1 d`pVH$ ImVoXma (Individual Account Holder) :
~H$m Amn`m ImVoXmamH$Sy>Z R>odr Jmoim H$aVmV. `mgmR>r `VtH$Sy>Z ~Ho$_ò
ImVo CKS>co OmVo. H$m`mZo nm Agco`m `Vrcm ~Ho$V ImVo CKSy>Z ~Ho$~amo~a
dY H$ama H$aVm òVmo. `mgmR>r `Vrcm {d{hV Z_w`mV ~H$o H$S>o AO H$amdm cmJVmo.
AWmV `m `Vrcm ImVoXma H$$Z `md`mMo qH$dm Zmhr ho ~H$o da Adc~Zy AgVo.
ImVo CKS>VmZm ~H$o Zo A{YH$ Xj amhUo Amd`H$ AgVo. `Vr qH$dm gWm ImVoXma
Pm`mZVa {Vcm MoH$ XoUo VgoM ngo H$mT>`mMm hH$ m hmoVmo. VgoM `mZm A{YH$f
gdcVhr {Xcr OmVo. ImVoXma doJdoJ`m A{YH$mamVyZ ImVr MmcdrV AgVmV d
`m ~m~VrV {Za{Zam`m H$m`m`m VaVwXrZwgma ~H$mZm `m Im`mda cj R>odmdo
cmJVo. d`{VH$ ImVoXmamMo H$ma nwT>rc_mUo gmJVm òVrc.
3.19
1) dV qH$dm g`wV ImVr (Single or Joint Accounts) :

~Ho$_ò dV qH$dm g`wV ImVo CKS>Vm òVo. dV ImVo hUOo EH$mM
`Vr`m ZmdmZo Agcoco d Mmc{dco OmUmao ImVo hmo`. `m_ò `m `Vr`m
ZmdmZo ImVo AgVo `mM `Vrcm `m Im`mda `dhma H$aVm òVmV. `m
Im`mgmR>r `Vrcm {d{hV Z_w`mV AO H$amdm cmJVmo. g`wV ImVo
Zmdm_mUoM ho ImVo EH$mnojm OmV `Vt`m Zmdo AgVo. `m EH$mM
KamVrc `Vr Agy eH$VmV AWdm EH$mM `dgm`mVrc Agy eH$VmV.
CXm. ^mJrXmar gWm, nVr-nZr `m`m ZmdmZo ~Ho$V g`wV ImVo CKS>co
OmD$ eH$Vo. `m Im`mV `dhma H$aVmZm ImVo ~X H$a`mMr nmir Amcr
Va, qH$dm EH$m`m _`yZVa Xwg`mg `mMo ngo {_iVmV AWdm Or `Vr
h`mV AgVo {V`m Im`mda ngo O_m Ho$co OmVmV. AmOH$mc g`wV
^mS>dcr H$n`mgwm gMmcH$m`m Zmdo Aem H$maMr ImVr gw$ H$aVmV.
~H$ gwa{jVVm hUyZ gdm`m Z_wZm dmj`m Amn`mH$S>o KoD$Z R>odVo. Aem
Im`mda gwm A{YH$f gdcV {_iy eH$Vo nU H$O \o$S>`mMo AmdmgZ
Im`mer g~{YV gdmZm mdo cmJVo. {deofdo _moR>m aH$_m`m `dhmamV
gwa{jVVm Agmdr `mH$[aVm g`wV ImVo CKS>`mg mYm` {Xco OmVo. `m
Im`mMo `dhma (Operations) H$em H$mao Ho$co OmVrc `mMr nydgyMZm
~Ho$g Xo`mMr JaO AgVo.
2) A{e{jV `Vr (Illiterate) :
^maVmgma`m Xoem_ò hOmamo A{e{jV `Vr AmhoV. `m_wio Aem `VtMr
ImVr CKS>VmZm {deof H$miOr `mdr cmJVo. A{e{jV `Vr ghr H$$ eH$V
Zg`mZo Aem `VrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm ghr`m EodOr `m `Vr`m AJR>mMm
R>gm KoVcm OmVmo. A{e{jV `VrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm nwT>rc H$miOr KoUo
Amd`H$ AgVo.
A ) JmhH$mMm n[aM` `mo`[aVrZo Pmcm nm{hOo.
~ ) O~m~Xma `VrZo ghr Ho$cocm ImVoXmamMm AbrH$S>Mm \$moQ>mo ~H$o Zo Amn`m
3.20
XVar R>odmdm.
H$) {Zaja ImVoXmamg MoH$~wH$ XoD$ Zò.
S>) ngo H$mT>Vo doir ImVoXmamZo dV: òH$ doir ~Ho$V Amco nm{hOo d ngo
H$mT>VmZm ~H$ A{YH$m`mZo `m`m g_j AJR>mMr {ZemUr `mdr.
3 ) AkmZ `Vr (Minor) :
`m `VrMo d` 18 df} nyU Zmhr {Vbm AkmZ `Vr hQ>co OmVo. H$moQ>mH $Sy>Z
nmcH$ Zo_cm Jocm Ag`mg `m `Vr`m d`mMr 21 df} nyU Pm`mIoarO Vr
gkmZ R>aV Zmhr. ^maVr` H$ama H$m`mZwgma AkmZ `VrZo Ho$coco H$ama {ZaWH$
d `W R>aVmV. `m`mH$Sy>Z ngo dgyc H$a`mMm H$m`Xoera _mJ CncY ZgVmo.
AkmZ `Vr`m Zmdo Mmcy ImVo H$Yrhr CKSy> Zò. \$V$~MV ImVo CKS>mdo.
AkmZ `Vr`m ~MV Im`mda ~mam dfmdarc ImVoXma qH$dm `mMm nmcH$
MoH$ H$mTy> eH$Vmo. ImVoXmam`m O_VmaIoMr Zm|X ~Ho$Zo H$amdr d Vmo gkmZ
Pm`m~amo~a nmcH$m_m\$V Mmcdco OmUmao ImVo ~X H$$Z `mVrc {eH$ Z`m
Im`mV gkmZ `Vr`m Zmdo O_m H$amdr.
AkmZ `Vr`m nmcH$mMm _`y Pm`mg AkmZ ImVoXmamg Vmo gkmZ Pm`mda
Im`mVrc {eH$ mdr qH$dm H$moQ>mZ o Xwgam nmcH$ Zo_`mg `mg {eH$ mdr.
AkmZ ImVoXmamMm _`y Pm`mg `m`m nmcH$mg {eH$ H$mT>Vm òVo.
Im`mVrc {ebH$snojm OmV aH$_ AkmZ `Vr`m Im`mVyZ H$mT>cr OmV
Zmhr `mH$S>o ~Ho$Z>o cj R>odmdo d `m Im`mda H$moUVohr H$O XoD$ Zò H$maU
AkmZ `Vrcm {Xcoco H$O Vmo ZmH$m$ eH$Vmo d Vo H$O dgyc H$aVm òV Zmhr.
4 ) {ddm{hV {`m (Married Women) :
{ddm{hV gkmZ r H$m`mZo H$ama H$a`mg cm`H$ AgVo. `m_wio Vr ~Ho$V
Amnco ImVo CKSy> eH$Vo. VgoM dV: `m_m\$V `dhma H$$ eH$Vo. {ddm{hV
r Amn`m Zmdmda Mmcy ImVo CKSy> eH$Vo. Vr {VMr dV gnmr R>aVo. Vr
{V`m dV _mc_mo`mgX^mV {~co dJao H$mTy>Z `m_YyZ {Z_mU hmoUm`m gd
3.21
O~m~Xm`mMo nmcZ H$$ eH$Vo.

{ddm{hV gkmZ r H$ama H$$ eH$Vo. `m_wio Vr ~Ho$V ImVo CKSy> eH$Vo.
nU `m Im`mda A{YH$f gdcV `m`Mr Agoc Va Vr r ImVoXma
Am{WH$Q>m dV Amho, {Vcm CnmMo dV gmYZ Amho qH$dm H$Omnojm
OmV {H$_VrMr gnmr {V`m Zmdmda Amho `mMr ~Ho$Zo Imr H$$Z `mdr.
H$maU nZrZo Ho$cocm H$ama nVrZo nyU Ho$cm nm{hOo Ago H$m`Xoera ~YZ Zmhr.
Oa Aem r ImVoXmamg H$O md`mMo Agoc Var nVrMr g_Vr d Om_rZ
`mdm.
5) A{Zdmgr ^maVr` (Non Resident Accounts) :
XoemnwT>rc dmT>Vm naH$s` `dhmawQ>rMm gmoS>{d`mgmR>r d naH$s` McZ
{_i{d`mgmR>r ^maVr` gaH$ma naH$s` McZmVrc R>do r {_i{d`mMo `Z Jo`m
H$mhr dfmnmgyZ H$arV Amho. {deofV: _yi ^maVr` Agco`m d g`m naXoer
amhmV Agco`m d naH$s` ZmJ[aH$d KoVco`m `VrZm ^maVmV R>odr
R>od`m{df`r AmdmhZ Ho$co OmVo. naH$s` McZmV ImVo CKS>`mgmR>r AmVm
[aPh ~H$o Mr nadmZJr `mdr cmJV Zmhr. VgoM `mdarc `mO naH$s` McZmV
Xoem~mhoa nmR>d`mg nadmZJr {Xcr OmVo. gnmr d mr H$amVyZ `mZm gyQ>
Xo`mV Amcr Amho. naXoemV amhUmao ^maVr` deO qH$dm naXoemV `dgm`/
ZmoH$ar H$aUmao ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ H$moU`mhr McZmV H$moUVohr ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV.
ImVo n`mV Oar CKS>co Agco Var ~mOmaXamZo S>mca qH$dm nmS>mV `mMo ngo
{_iy eH$VmV. Aem Im`mV ^maVmV Ho$co`m JwVdUwH$sMr mrhr O_m H$aVm
òVo. `m{edm` `m Im`mZm AZoH$ gdcVr d godm Xo`mV òVmV. ^maVr`mMr
ImVr CKS>`m`m nVr_mUoM hr ImVr CKS>m`Mr nV AgVo. `m `ZmZm
dmT>Vm {VgmX {_iV Amho.
6 ) nXmZerZ r :
3.22
nXmZerZ r hUOo Aer r Or gdgm_m` gm_m{OH$ `dhmamnmgyZ

EH$X_ A{bV Amho. Aer r Or {V`m KamVrb BVa `Vt{edm` BVa
H$moU`mhr `Vrer H$moU`mhr H$maMm `dhma H$aV Zmhr.
^maVr` H$ama H$m`mVrb VaVwXtZwgma Oa EImm nXmZerZ rer H$ama
Ho$bm Va Vmo AZw{MV ^mdmImbr Ho$bm Ago JhrV Yabo OmVo. Aem
n[apWVrV g_moa`m njmbm Aem H$moU`mhr H$ma`m AZw{MV ^mdmImbr
Vmo H$ama Pmbobm Zmhr ho {g H$amdo bmJVo. `mMmM AW `m H$amamVrb gd
AQ>r d {Z`_ `m rbm g_OmdyZ gmJyZ {Vbm g_O`mZVaM {VZo `m
H$amambm Amnbr _wV g_Vr {Xbobr Amho ho {g H$amdo bmJVo. Aem H$mao
Oa {Vbm nyU _m{hVr {Xbr d Vr H$ama H$a`mg gj_ Agob Va Vr H$ama
H$$ eH$Vo. `m n[apWVrV H$moUVrhr ~H$ Aem nXmZerZ rer ~H$sJ
g~Y Wm{nV H$$ eH$Vo. _m Aem rMo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~Ho$Zo {V`m
CnZmMo gmYZ Am{U {VMr n[apWVr VgoM Hw$Qw>~mVrb BVa `VtMr
MmH$er Ho$br nm{hOo.
3.5.2 gWm_H$ ImVoXma (Institutional Account Holder) :
~Ho$`m ImVoXmam_ò d`pVH$ ImVoXmam_mUoM gWm_H$ ImVoXma qH$dm
JmhH$mMmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~Ho$Vrc gWm_H$ ImVoXma JmhH$m_ò m_w`mZo qhXy
A{d^V Hw$Q>w~, EH$ dm{_d gWm, ^mJrXmar gWm, g`wV ^mS>dcr gWm,
gm_m{OH$ gmH${VH$ Aem A`mdgm{`H$ gWm, {ddV Am{U {ZdmhH$ B`mXr
ImVoXmamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~H$o `m d`pVH$ ImVoXmam_mUoM ~H $ `dgm`mV ~H$o `m
gWm_H$ ImVoXmamZm XoIrc {deof _hd Amho.
1 ) qhXy A{d^V Hw$Qw>~ :
qhXy A{d^V Hw$Qw>~ mH$S>o Hw$Qw>~ m`m gnmrMr dmagmhH$mZo _mcH$s òV.o Oa qhXy
3.23
A{d^V Hw$Qw>~ m`m _mcH$sMm `dgm` Agoc Va `m `dgm`mVrc _mc_moMm

hH$ dmagmhH$mZo Hw$Qw>~mVrc gd gX`mZm qhXy H$m`m_mUo {_iVmo. qhXy
A{d^V Hw$Qw>~ m`m _mc_monmgyZ {_iUm`m CnmVyZ `dgm` Ho$`mg `mda
Hw$Qw>~mVrc gd `VtMm {hgm d hH$ AgVmo. qhXy A{d^V Hw$Qw>~m`m
_mc_moV {hgm AgUmam òH$ gX` EH$ Hw$Qw>~ m`m `dgm`mVrc gh^mJrXma
AgVmo. Aem H$mao qhXy EH$ Hw$Qw>~m`m Zmdmda Agco`m g`wV Im`mda
H$O XoVmZm ~Ho$g_moa g_`m C`m amhVmV. ~Ho$cm Hw$Qw>~mVrc gX`mMm hH$
{ZpMV H$a`mMo AdKS> H$m_ H$amdo cmJVo. Aem H$mao Hw$Qw>~ m`m _mcH$s`m
Im`mda H$O XoVmZm ~Ho$Zo nwT>rc H$m`Xoera ~m~tMr H$miOr KoUo Amd`H$
Amho.
A ) qhXy H$m`m`m VaVwXr_mUo Hw$Qw>~ m`m _mcH$s`m `dgm`mg~Y r Hw$Qw>~ m`m
H$`mcm òH$ hH$ d A{YH$ma Agcm Var H$`mcm H$O XoVmZm ~Ho$Zo
{deof H$miOr KoVcr nm{hOo. e`Vmo H$Om`m H$mJXnmda Hw$Qw>~mVrc
gd gkmZ `Vt`m gm KoUo \$m`mMo R>aVo.
~ ) H$O ho Hw$Qw>~m`m {hVmH$aVmM KoVco OmV Amho `mMr ~Ho$Zo Imr H$aUo
Amd`H$ AgVo.
H$) `m H$aUm_ò qhXy Hw$Qw>~ mVrc BVa gh^mJrXmamMr H$OmMr O~m~Xmar `m`m
Hw$Qw>~ m`m _mcH$s`m _mc_mo_ò AgUm`m {h`mnwaVrM _`m{XV AgVo;
naVw Oa gkmZ gX`mZr H$`m~amo~a `m aH$_ogmR>r _Oaw r Xe{dcr Va Aem
`Vr H$OmgmR>r O~m~Xma R>aVmV.
S>) Oa qhXy Hw$Qw>~ m_ò EImXm gX` AkmZ Agoc Va `m`m nmcH$mZo `m`m
dVrZo H$Om`m H$mJXnmda gm H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. `mdoir hr AkmZ
`Vr gkmZ hmoVo `mdoir `m `VrZo dV: ghr H$$Z `m `dhmamcm
_m`Vm {Xcr nm{hOo.
2 ) EH$ dm{_d gWm :
3.24
nyU dm{_dmMm CmoJ hm `Vr dV:M d dV:H$aVm Mmc{dVmo. Aem

`VrH$S>o _`m{XV {ZYr-^mS>dc AgVo. Aem H$maMo ImVo gm_m`nUo
`{VJV ~H$sJ Im`mnojm doJio ZgVo. nU \$aH$ BVH$mM H$s Aem H$maMo
ImVo gw$ H$aVmZm ImVoXma Omhra H$aVmo H$s `m`m `dgm`mV H$moUrhr A`
`Vr ^mJrXma hUyZ dmQ>Ho $ar Zmhr d gd `dhma Aer EH$M `Vr Im`mda
H$aVo d gd `dhmamZm d Xo`VmZm (Obligations) `dgm`m`m ZmdmZo Agm
ImVoXma `{Ve: O~m~Xma amhrc.
H$mhtZm `mnmam`m hJm_r d$nm_wio {d{e> doic
o m `mXm nemMr JaO AgVo
Va H$mhtZm `mnmam_wio dfâ nemMr O$ar AgVo. EH$ dm{_dm`m CmoOH$mg
`m`m {dmr` dfm`m AIoarg XVEodOmMm gM ~Ho$cm Xo`mMr JaO ZgVo.
nU {hemo~mVyZ Omo H$mhr Z\$m AJa VmoQ>m XmIdcocm Agoc Vmo H$adgwcr
A{YH$m`mZm H$a cmX`m~m~V Cn`wV R>aVmo. Oa ~H$ H$O XoV Agoc Va
`dWmnH$mg df AIoaMo {hemo~ d Vmio~X n (Balance Sheet) nmhUo
Amd`H$ AgVo. `m_wio `dgm` {H$VnV Z`mV Amho ho Vmo nmh eH$Vmo d
~Ho$`m H$Om`m Ymo`mMo _y`_mnZ Vmo H$$ eH$Vmo.
3 ) ^mJrXmar gWm :
^mJrXmar gWm hr 1932 `m ^maVr` ^mJrXmar H$m`mZwgma MmcV AgVo. ho
ImVohr WmoS>o H$Q>H$Q>rMo d AdKS> AgVo H$maU òH$ ^mJrXma BVa ^mJrXmam`m
dVrZo `dhma H$$ eH$Vmo d òH$mMr O~m~Xmar A_`m{XV AgVo.
^mJrXmam{edm` ^mJrXmar gWocm ApVd ZgVo. EImXm ^mJrXma Oar _V Pmcm
Var ^mJrXmar gWm {dg{OV hmoVo.
^mJrXmar gWoMo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~Ho$Zo `md`mMr H$miOr :
A) ^mJrXmar nH$mMr _m{UV V :
^mJrXmar nH$mMr _m{UV V KoD$Z `mMm H$miOrnydH$ A`mg H$amdm.
3.25
H$m`mZo R>adyZ {Xco`m H$_mc _`mXonojm ^mJrXmamMr g`m OmV

AgVm H$m_m Zò. EImXm ^mJrXma AkmZr Agoc Va `mMr O_VmarI
Zm|XdyZ R>do mdr Am{U Vmo gkmZ Pm`mda ^mJrXmar nH$mV BVa ^mJrXmamgh
`mMr ghr `mdr.
~) ^mJrXmamMr _m{hVr :
ImVo ^mJrXmar gWo`m Zmdo CKS>mdo, d`{VH$ ^mJrXmam`m Zmhr. ImVo
CKS>`m`m AOmda gd ^mJrXmamMr gnyU Zmdo, nmo, d`, YmMo d$n
`mMr Zm|X H$amdr VgoM ImVo H$moU MmcdUma? MoH$da ghr H$moU H$aUma,
MoH$ aH$_oMr _`mXm, ^mJrXmar gWoMr _mc_mm VmaU R>do `mMm A{YH$ma,
B`mXr. {df`r Vnercdma gyMZm m`mV. `mZm A{YH$ma {Xcm Aem`m
gmMo qH$dm gd ^mJrXmamZr gm Ho$coco MoH$M dQ>dmdoV.
H$) ^mJrXmamMo A{YH$ma :
H$moUVmhr ^mJrXma BVamZm {Xcoco A{YH$ma a H$$ eH$Vmo. Aer coIr gyMZm
{_im`mg ~H$o Zo `m Im`mda H$mT>co `m MoH$Mo ngo XoUo Wm~dmdo d Aem
gyMZoMr _m{hVr BVa ^mJrXmamZm mdr VgoM gWo`m Zmdo Amcocm MoH$ EImm
^mJrXmamZo `m`m d`{VH$ Im`mV âcm Va `mMr _m{hVr ~H$o Zo BVa
^mJrXmamZm XoD$Z `mMr g_Vr `mdr. H$O AOmda gd ^mJrXmam`m gm
`m`mV. {dnmMr drH$Vr H$aUm`m ^mJrXmamZo ^mJrXmar gWo`m dVrZo
Ago {chZ ghr H$amdr.
WmoS>`mV, ^mJrXma Oo `dhma H$aVmV Vo ^mJrXmar gWo`m dVrZo H$aVmV
d ^mJrXmar gWoMo ngo ^mJrXmam`m d`{VH$ Im`mV O_m hmoV ZmhrV ho
~H$o Zo cjnydH $ nm{hco nm{hOo.
4 ) g`wV ^mS>dbr gWm :
H$nZr`m ZmdmZo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~Ho$cm nwT>rc XjVm `mdr cmJVo :
A ) Zm|XUr XmI`mMr VnmgUr :
H$nZrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~Ho$Zo H$nZr`m Zm|XUr XmI`mMr V KoD$Z Vr
3.26
\$mBc_ò R>do mdr. `m XmI`m_wio ~H$o cm H$nZrMo Zmd, Zm|XUrMm {XZmH$,

H$nZrg m Pmcocm H$m`Xoera XOm, H$nZrMm `dgm` d _mc_mm YmaU
H$a`mMm A{YH$ma `mMr _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo. ~H$o Zo H$nZrMm Agc Zm|XUr
XmIcm VnmgyZ H$nZr`m H$m`XoeranUmMr Imr H$$Z KoVcr nm{hOo.
~ ) KQ>ZmnH$ d {Z`_mdcr VnmgUo :
{d{e> H$nZr`m ZmdmZo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~Ho$Zo H$nZrMo KQ>ZmnH$ d
{Z`_mdcr VnmgyZ KoUo Amd`H$ Amho. `m_wio ~Ho$cm H$nZrMo Zmd, {VMm
`dgm` `mMr _m{hVr hmoVo. KQ>ZmnH$mVrc `dgm`M H$nZrcm H$amdm
cmJVmo. KQ>ZmnH$m_wio g^mgXmMr O~m~Xmar _`m{XV Amho H$s A_`m{XV
Amho ho ~Ho$cm g_Oy eH$Vo. VgoM H$nZrMo ^mS>dc, H$nZrMo AW`dhma
H$a`m~m~V gMmcH$ d g{Md `mMo A{YH$ma `m~m~VMr _m{hVr ~Ho$cm
KQ>ZmnH$m_wio hmoVo.
H$) gMmcH$mMm R>amd :
~Ho$V ImVo CKS>`mnydu gMmcH$ `m`m gôV `m~m~VMm R>amd _Oya
H$aVmV. hUyZ ~H$o Zo hm R>amd _mJ{dcm nm{hOo. `m R>amdmMr V, `m Vrda
gMmcH$ d O~m~Xma A{YH$m`m`m gm, ~Ho$VyZ ngo H$mT>`m~m~V
A{YH$ma AgUm`m `VtMr Zmdo d gmMo Z_wZo, A{YH$m`m`m
A{YH$mam`m _`m X m, {Z`_mdcrV, KQ> Z mnH$mV, g M mcH$mV,
`dWmnH$mV AJa g{MdmV hmoUmam ~Xc B`mXr _m{hVr ~H$o Zo H$nZrH$Sy>Z
AOmgmo~V {_idcr nm{hOo.
S>) _mJrc Vmio~X nH$ d Z\$m-VmoQ>m VnmgUo :
H$nZrMo ImVo CKS>`mnydu ~Ho$Zo H$nZrMo nyduMo Vmio~X nH$, Z\$m-VmoQ>m
nH$, gMmcH$mMm Ahdmc, {hemo~ VnmgUrgmMm Ahdmc `mMr _mJUr
H$aUo Amd`H$ Amho. ZdrZ H$nZr Agoc Va òH$ dfm`m eodQ>r
3.27
H$nZrH$Sy>Z Vmio~X nH$ d Z\$m-VmoQ>m nH$ {_iV OmVrc Ago coIr

AmdmgZ ~H$o Zo H$nZrH$Sy>Z KoVco nm{hOo. `m H$mJXnmMr VnmgUr Ho$`mZo
~Ho$cm nwT>rc _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo.
A ) H$nZrMr Am{WH$ pWVr, H$nZrMo dgyc ^mS>dc, XoUr, _mc_mm
B`mXr.
~ ) H$nZrMo BVa ~H$mer AgUmao `dhma.
H$) H$nZrZo C^macoco H$OmMo BVa _mJ.
S>) H$nZr`m Z`mMo _mU.
B) `dgm` nadmZm/XmI`mMr VnmgUr :
Zm|XUr A{YH$m`mH$Sy>Z `dgm` nadmZm/XmIcm {_im`mZVaM H$nZrcm
`dgm` gw$ H$aVm òVmo d H$O H$mT>`mMm A{YH$ma {_iVmo `mMo _hd
OmUyZ ~H$o Zo `dgm` nadmZm/XmIcm `mMr VnmgUr Ho$`m{edm` H$nZrg
Im`mda `dgm` H$a`mg nadmZJr XoD$ Zò.
Aem H$mao H$nZrMo ImVo CKS>VmZm ~Ho$Zo darc H$mJXnmMr nyVVm H$nZrZo
Ho$cr Amho H$s Zmhr ho nmhUo Amd`H$ Amho.
5 ) gm_m{OH$, gmH${VH$ Aem A`mdgm{`H$ gWm :
Z\$m {_i{d`mgmR>r WmnZ Z Pmco`m, H$mhr gm_m{OH$ hoVygmR>r WmnZm
Pmco`m {ejUgWm, H$sS>mgWm, dH$s` Y_mXm` gWm `mgma`m gWmhr
~H$o V ImVr CKS>VmV. `m gWmMr Zm|XUr ImcrcnH$s H$moU`mhr H$m`mImcr
Pmcr Agcr nm{hOo. Y_mXm` {ddV gWm H$m`Xm, gWm Zm|XUr H$m`Xm,
H$nZr H$m`Xm qH$dm ghH$mar gWm{df`H$ H$m`Xm. H$moU`m H$m`mImcr Zm|X
Pmcr nm{hOo ho nmh`mMr ~H$o cm Amd`H$Vm Zmhr. H$moU`m Var H$m`mImcr
Zm|XUr hmoUo Amd`H$ Amho H$maU Zm|XUrH$V gWocmM H$m`_Mo H$m`Xoera
`{V_d d ApVd AgVo. Zm|XUrH$V gWmM H$ama H$$ eH$VmV, H$moQ>mV
3.28
IQ>cm ^$ eH$VmV. Aem gWmMo ImVo CKS>`mnydu Zm|XUr XmIcm,

{Z`_mdcr, KQ>ZmnH$ `m`m _m{UV Vr KoD$Z `mMm A`mg H$amdm
VgoM nXm{YH$m`mMo A{YH$ma, `mMr H$Vò d `mdarc _`mXm `mMr
_m{hVr H$$Z `mdr. H$moU`m ~Ho$V d emIoV gWoZo ImVo CKS>mdo `m{df`r
Ho$co`m R>amdmMr V ImVo CKS>`mnydu `mdr. R>amdm_mUoM ImVo CKS>Vm
òVo. `m nXm{YH$m`mZm ImVo Mmc{d`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm Amho `mMr
gnyU Zmdo, `dgm`, nmo, Z_wZm gm ~Ho$Zo `m`mV. ImVo Mmc{dUm`mnH$s
H$moUr _V Pmcm qH$dm H$moUr amOrZm_m {Xcm Va n`m`r `dWm hmoBn`V
ImVo W{JV H$amdo. gWocm H$O hdo Agoc Va `mgmR>rhr dV R>amd g_V
hmdm cmJVmo. `mV H$O a$_, H$O AOmda gm H$a`mMo A{YH$ma, VmaU
R>od`mMo A{YH$ma H$moUmbm {Xco AmhoV B`mXr Mm CoI Agcm nm{hOo.
gWo`m C{>mer H$O dmna gwgJV Agcm nm{hOo `mMr Imr ~Ho$Zo H$$Z
`mdr VgoM gWo`m ZmdmZo Amcoco MoH$ nXm{YH$m`m`m d`{VH$ Im`mV
O_m Ho$co OmV ZmhrV `mH$S>o ~Ho$Zo cj R>odmdo.
6) {ddV :
H$mhr doim EImXr `Vr AkmZ `Vr, _{V_X qH$dm AnJ `Vr qH$dm
EImm {d{e> H$m_mgmR>r H$mhr _mc_mm amIyZ R>odVo. `m _mc_moMm `m
hoVygmR>r dmna Ho$cm Omdm hUyZ EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ {ddV Zo_Vo. Vr _mc_mm
qH$dm ~Ho$Vrc ImVo {ddVm`m _mcH$sMo ZgVo Va {ddV nH$mVrc
VaVwXt_mUo {d{e> hoVygmR>r Vo ImVo Mmcdm`Mo AgVo. {ddV Im`m~m~V
~Ho$g \$ma gmdY{Jar ~miJmdr cmJVo. ~Ho$Zo {ddV nH$mMr _m{UV V
KoD$Z `mMm A`mg H$amdm. EH$mnojm OmV {ddV AgVrc Va `mMr
gm_wXm{`H$ O~m~Xmar AgVo. `m`mnH$s ImVo H$moU MmcdUma? MoH$da
3.29
ghr H$moU H$aUma? MoH$ aH$_oMr H$_mc _`mXm `m{df`r coIr gyMZm KoD$Z
`mda gd {ddVm`m gm `m`mV. Ago Ho$co Zmhr Va òH$ MoH$da gd
{ddVmZr gm Ho$`m nm{hOoV.
{ddV Im`mVrc ngo qH$dm `m Im`mda Amcoco MoH$ {ddVm`m
d`{VH$ Im`mV O_m hmoV ZmhrV ho ~Ho$Zo nm{hco nm{hOo. VgoM {ddV
Im`mVyZ H$mT>coco ngo {ddV nH$m`m hoVygmR>rM IM hmoVmV ho nmh`mMr
O~m~Xmar ~Ho$Mr AgVo.
7) {ZdmhH$ :
_`ynmZwgma òUr dgyc H$aUo, XoUr XoUo, _mc_moMr {dhodmQ> cmdUo,
H$ma^ma JwS>miUo `mgmR>r _`yn H$aUmam {ZdmhH$ Zo_Vmo qH$dm H$mhr doim
H$moQ>mH$Sy>Z {ZdmhH$ Zo_cm OmVmo. _`ynmVrc VaVwXrZwgma `mZr _mc_moMr
{dhodmQ> bmdmdr Aer `m`mda O~m~Xmar AgVo.
H$moQ>mZo _`ynmg {Xco`m g_VrMm AmXoe hUOo mo~oQ> _`yn. {ZdmhH$mMo
A{YH$ma d H$Vò `m{df`r H$mJXnm`m g`Vr KoD$Z `mMm A`mg H$amdm.
mo~oQ> {_im`mda _V ImVoXmam`m Im`mVrc aH$_ {ZdmhH$m`m Im`mV
O_m H$$Z AmYrMo ImVo ~X H$amdo. {ZdmhH$mMo ImVo MmcdVmZm Zoh_r _`V
j `m _mc_mogmR>r Ago {chZ `mImcr {ZdmhH$mZo ghr Ho$cr nm{hOo.
AZoH$ {ZdmhH$ AgVrc Va `m`mnH$s `mcm ImVo Mmcd`mMm, MoH$
H$mT>`mMm, {dnmg drH$Vr Xo`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm Agoc `mMo Zmd A{YH$ma
nmV Z_yX H$$Z `mda gd {ZdmhH$m`m gm `m`mV. hm A{YH$ma {ZdmhH$
Zgco`m `Vrg XoVm òV Zmhr. VgoM EImm {ZdmhH$mg Oar A{YH$ma {Xcm
Agcm Var Vr {ZdmhH$mMr g`wV O~m~Xmar AgVo. gmYmaUnUo {ZdmhH$mZm
H$O H$mT>Vm òV Zmhr. nU gnmr H$a, _mc_mm H$a â`mgmR>r _`ynmV VaVyX
Agoc Va H$O H$mT>Vm òVo . `mgmR>r gd {ZdmhH$mZr coIr H$O\$o S>rMr O~m~Xmar
3.30
8)
.
.
.
.
.
KoUo Amd`H$ AgVo.

_`Vm`m gnmrMm Ja`dhma hmoV Zmhr Am{U {ZdmhH$m`m Zmdo Amcoco
MoH$ `m`m d`{VH$ Im`mV O_m hmoV ZmhrV `mH$S>o ~Ho$cm cj mdo
cmJVo.
Wm{ZH$ gmm (Local Authorities) :
BSNL, MTNL, DDA, MSEB _hmZJanm{bH$m `mgma`m gWm emgZmZo
doimodi
o r Ho$bo`m H$m`mmao ApVdmV Am`m d `m H$m`mZo R>adyZ {Xbo`m
H$m`jomVJV H$màV AgVmV. `m Wm{ZH$ gmmMo gj_rH$aU H$a`mgmR>r
H$m`mmaoM `mZm ~H$mMgamdmgmR>r
o ImVoXma ~Z{dboZ
OmVo. `m gWmZm Amnbo Am{WH$
`dhma nma nmS>Vm `mdoV 20
hUyeXmV
Z `mZm ~Cmao
H$m_ò ImVo CKS>mdo bmJVo. Aem
ImVo
mam`m
~H$mZH$m`?
m ghr H$aUmar `VrMo A{YH$ma jo `m~m~V XjVm
1. XImVo
~X~m~VrV
H$aUo hUOo
`mdr bmJVo Vr nwT>rb _mUo
2. "Z_wZm ghr' hUOo H$m`?
1) Wm{ZH$ gWoH$S>o AgUmar H$m`Xoera gmm
3. `m
nmg~w
hUOo
2)
`mH$ gmm
da H$m`?
AgUm`m _`mXm
4. `dgm`m
"~Ho$Mm JgmhH$'
hUOo H$m`?
3)
mR>r dmnabm
OmUmam H$ma d `m~m~VMr gwa{jVVm.
5. gmo
~Ho$gMmmR>AkmZ
ImVoXemgZmMr
ma hUOo H$m`?
4)
r bmJUmar
_m`Vm.
EHy$UM Wm{ZH$ gmm `m50
~HeXmV
o$`m d{eQ>
nyU ImVoXma AgVmV. `m_wio
Cmao
`m
`mmao Hoe
$boZ'OmUmao
`dhma
Irb{Q>donJ{bhm.
`m H$maMo AgVmV.
1. "Zm_{ZX}
`m ~m~V
WmoS>Xo`mV
.
. 2. "g`wV ImVo' hr gH$nZm n> H$am.
. 3. "A{Zdmgr ^maVr` ImVoXma' `m gH$nZoMr _m{hVr gmJm.
. 4. "MoH$~wH$' `m gH$nZoMr _m{hVr gmJm.
150 eXmV Cmao
. 1. "Zmo `wda H$Q>_a' (KYC) `m ~m~V _m{hVr gmJm.
. 2. _wXV R>odr Im`mdarb `dhmamMr H$m`nVr n> H$am.
3.31
. 3. nwZamdVu R>odt`m `dhmamMr H$m`nVr n> H$am.

. 4. Im`m`m hVmVaUmMr {H$`m n> H$am.
. 5. ImVo ~X H$a`mMr {H$`m n> H$am.
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
500 eXmV Cmao

~Ho$V ImVo CKS>`mMr H$m`nVr n> H$am.
~Ho$Vrb Im`mda$ `dhma H$a`mMr H$m`nVr {deX H$am.
~Ho$`m d`pVH$ ImVoXmamMo H$ma n> H$am.
~Ho$`m gWm_H$ ImVoXmamMr _m{hVr gmJm.
3.32
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
47
4.1
{S>_mS> S>mQ>
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
~H$ YZmXoe
Q>Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe
_ob Q>mg\$a
Vma Q>mg\$a
BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a
[a`b Q>mB_ Jmg goQ>b_|Q> (RTGS)
ZeZb BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a {gQ>r_ (NEFT)
drQ> (SWIFT)
mVm{dH$ :
(Introduction)
~Ho$V ImVo CKS>`m`m d ImVo`dhma H$a`m`m `m_mUo H$mhr {d{e>

H$m`nVr M{bV AmhoV, `mM_mUo ngo nmR>{d`m`m XoIrb {d{e> H$m`nVr
M{bV AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~H$ ngo nmR>{d`mgmR>r {d{dY gmYZmMm dmna
H$aVmV. BboQ>m{ZH$ gmYZmMm {dH$mg hmo`mnydu {S>_mS> S>mQ> d YZmXoe `m`m
4.1
gmhm`mZoM nemMo EH$m ~Ho$H$Sy>Z Xwg`m ~Ho$H$S>o hVmVa KSy>Z òV hmoVo. ~Ho$Mm
ImVoXma ZgUmar `Vrgwm {S>_mS> S>mQ> gw{dYoMm dmna H$$ eH$Vo. YZmXoemMm
dmna H$a`mgmR>r _m ~Ho$V g~{YV `VrMo ImVo Agmdo bmJVo. AmYw{ZH$
H$mimV Q>Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe XoIrb dmnamV AmUbo OmVmV. _ob Q>mg\$a Am{U Vma
Q>mg\$a `m nVtMm Adb~ H$$Z ~H$m gmHo${VH$ ^mfoV nem`m hVmVaUmMo
`dhma nma nmS>VmV. BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a hr ngo nmR>{d`mMr AmYw{ZH$ d
Vm{H$ nVr Amho. `m nVrV gJUH$mMm _moR>m _mUmda dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
AmaQ>rOrEg, EZBE\$Q>r, drQ> hr BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$aMr _hdnyU CXmhaUo
AmhoV. BQ>aZoQ>`m _m`_mVyZ AmZbmBZ dnmV nemMo hVmVaU KSy>Z ò`m`m
Q>r>Zo `m UmbtZm _hd Amho. OJmV gdM {R>H$mUr ~H$mMo gJUH$sH$aU KSy>Z
Ambo Amho. `m_wio BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a UmbtMm dmna H$$Z ~H$m ObX
dnmV AmnmngmV nemMo `dhma KS>dyZ AmUVmV. hUyZ ~Ho$`m ngo
nmR>{d`m`m nVtMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo `mo` R>aob.
4.1 {S>_mS> S>mQ> :

(Demand Drafts)
{S>_mS> S>mQ> hr ~H$mmao ngo nmR>{d`mgmR>r dmnamV AmUbr OmUmar EH$ OwZr
nVr Amho. EH$ ~H$ Xwg`m ~Ho$bm g~{YV `$sg {d{e> a$_ Xo`mMm AmXoe
{S>_mS> S>mQ> mam XoV AgVo. {S>_mS> S>mQ>Mr _m{hVr nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ
KoVm òBb
4.1.1 AW :
ImVoXma Zgcocr `Vrgwm S>mQ> KoD$ eH$Vo. EH$m ~Ho$Zo Xwg`m ~Ho$da
qH$dm ~H$o `m EH$m emIoZo Xwg`m emIoda H$mT>cc
o m YZmXoe hUOo S>mQ>. md`mMr
a$_ d H${_eZ XoD$Z ~Ho$VyZ S>mQ> {dH$V KoVcm OmVmo. `mda AmXm`mMo Zmd
4.2
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
{c{hcoco AgVo. hm S>mQ> AmXm`mg nmoQ>mZo nmR>{dcm OmVmo. ~hVHo $ doigo S>mQ>
aoIm{H$V AgVmV.
4.1.2 nj :
{S>_mS> S>mQ>_ò VrZ nj AgVmV.
1 ) {S>_mS> S>mQ>YmaH$. 2) {S>_mS> S>mQ> XoUmar ~H$.
3) {S>_mS> S>mQ> `m emIoda H$mT>bb
o m Amho Vr a$_ XmZ H$aUmar ~H$o Mr emIm.
4.1.3 {S>_mS> S>mQ>Mo H$m`Xoera dn :
{S>_mS> S>mQ> hr EH$ H$maMr hS>rM AgVo, H$maU hS>r`m gd Amd`H$
KQ>H$mMr nyVVm {S>_mS> S>mQ>_ò Pmbobr AgVo.
CXm.
1 ) hm EH$ boIr XVEodO AgVmo. 2) `m_ò {dZmAQ> AmXoe {Xbobm AgVmo.
3 ) XoUm`m `VrZo `mda ghr Ho$bobr AgVo.
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`m`m H$b_ 13 _ò {S>_mS> S>mQ>Mm CoI MbZj_
XVEodOmV Ho$bobm Zmhr; naVw {d{Z_` n / hS>r Am{U {S>_mS> S>mQ> `m`mVrb
gmaIonUm_wio {S>_mS> S>mQ>bm MbZj_ XVEodO g_O`mV òVo.
4.1.4 ~H$ S>mQ>darb Xo`Vm Wm~{dUo :
H$mhr ~m~VrV S>mQ> hm MoH$ gmaIm AgVmo, _m ~Ho$mao Jm H$a`mMr
pWVr {dMmamV KoVbr AgVm. S>mQ> hm MoH$nojm doJim Agbobm {XgVmo. MoH$
hm YmaH$m`m ~H$o da H$mT>bm OmVmo. `m_wio Vmo H$mT>Um`m `$sbm MoH$Mr a$_
MoH$ YmaH$mg XmZ H$a`mnydu Vr a$_ XmZ H$$ Zò, Agm AmXoe `m ~Ho$bm
H$mT>Vm òVmo. _m {S>_mS> S>mQ> H$mT>Umar `$s Am{U ~H$ `m`mV Aem H$maMo
g~Y {Z_mU hmoV Zmht. `jmV {S>_mS> S>mQ> IaoXr H$aUm`m `$sbm {S>_mS>
S>mQ>_Yrb nj ZgVmo. Va ~H$ {Vg`m `$s`m Zmdo {S>_mS> S>mQ> V`ma H$aV
AgVo. `m_wio {S>_mS> S>mQ> AXm Ho$`mZVa {S>_mS> S>mQ> H$mT>Umar `$s `mdarb
a$_ {Vg`m njmg XoUo Wm~dy eH$V Zmhr. hUOoM MoH$_mUo Xo`Vm Wm~{d`mMo
A{YH$ma {S>_mS> S>mQ> H$mT>Um`m `$sg m hmoV Zmhr.
4.3
4.1.5 {S>_mS> S>mQ> a H$aUo :

1 ) `m`m Zmdo S>mQ> H$mT>bm Amho `m`mH$S>o Z nmR>{dVm :
H$Yr-H$Yr Ago KS>Vo H$s {S>_mS> S>mQ> H$mT>`mZVa Vmo `m`mgmR>r H$mT>bobm
Amho, `m`mH$S>o H$mhr H$maUmZo S>mQ> IaoXrXma nmR>{dV Zmhr. Aem
n[apWVr_ò Aem {S>_mS> S>mQ>Mr a$_ naV _mJ`mMm A{YH$ma {S>_mS> S>mQ>
IaoXrXmambm AgVmo. Vmo ~Ho$bm {dZVr H$Z {S>_mS> S>mQ> a H$Z `mMr a$_
_mJy eH$Vmo.
2 ) ~Ho$Mo H$V` :
{S>_mS> S>mQ> IaoXrXmamZo Oa Aer {S>_mS> S>mQ>Mr a$_ naV Xo`m{df`r {dZVr
Ho$br, Va ~Ho$bm Aer S>mQ>Mr a$_ naV H$amdr bmJVo; naVw Aer a$_ naV
XoVmZm ~Ho$bm `mMr Imr H$Z `mdr bmJVo H$s, {S>_mS> S>mQ> YmaH$m`m
Vm`mV Xo`mV Ambobm Zmhr. `mMo H$maU hUOo ~H$ Am{U {S>_mS> S>mQ
>YmaH$ `m`mVrb H$ama AnyU AgVmo. Omon`V Agm S>mQ> YmaH$m`m Vm`mV
OmV Zmhr Vmon`V hm H$ama AnyU AgVmo Am{U `mnydu {S>_mS> S>mQ> IaoXrXma
Vmo a H$ eH$Vmo.
3 ) H$m`mVrb VaVwXr :
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`m`m H$b_ 46 Adò, ""YZmXoe, {d{Z_` n qH$dm
dMZ{M>r `mMo V`ma H$aUo, drH$maUo qH$dm n>mH$Z H$aUo Omon`V `mMo
YmaH$mbm XmZ hmoV Zmhr Vmon`V nyU hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.'' MbZj_ XVEodOm`m
~m~VrV `m XVEodOm`m YmaH$mbm `jmV XmZ H$a`mnydu Ho$di n>mH$Z
H$Z `mMm A{YH$ma n>m{H$Vrbm mV hmoV Zmhr. EH$m `VrH$Sy>Z Xwg`m
`VrH$S>o Ago XmZ Amd`H$ AgVo. `m_wio Omon`V Agm {S>_mS S>mQ>
`mMo Zmdo H$mT>bm Amho, `m`m Vm`mV {Xbm OmV Zmhr Vmon`V YmaH$mbm
`mMo A{YH$ma mV hmoV Zmhr. Aem n[apWVrV {S>_mS> S>mQ> IaoXrXma ~H$o bm
{dZVr H$Z Agm S>mQ> a H$Z `mMo ngo naV _mJy eH$Vmo.
4 ) ~Ho$Mm S>mQ> a H$a`mg ZH$ma Xo`mMm A{YH$ma :
Oa ~Ho$bm Aer eH$m Agob H$s {S>_mS> S>mQ> YmaH$m`m Vm`mV {Xbobm
Amho, Va Aem n[apWVrV ~H$ {S>_mS> S>mQ> a H$a`mMr S>mQ> IaoXrXmamMr
4.4
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
{dZVr A_m` H$Z {S>_mS> S>mQ> a H$a`mg Am{U `mVrb a$_ naV H$a`mg
ZH$ma XoD$ eH$Vo. `mMo H$maU hUOo {S>_mS> S>mQ> YmaH$m`m Vm`mV
{_im`mZVa ~H$ Am{U YmaH$ `m`mVrb H$ama nyU hmoVmo Am{U ~Ho$bm `m
S>mQ>Mr a$_ YmaH$mbm MwH$dmdr bmJVo. YmaH$m`m nadmZJr{edm` ~Ho$bm
{S>_mS> S>mQ> a H$aVm òV Zmhr.
4.1.6 {S>_mS> S>mQ>Mr ZH$b V XoUo :
Oa {S>_mS> S>mQ> hadbm qH$dm Jhmi Pmbm Agob, Va S>mQ> IaoXrXmamZo ~H$o bm
Vgo H$i{dUo Amd`H$ AgVo. `mbm `m S>mQ>Mr Z$b/ V hdr Agob Va `mZo
~H$o bm Vgm {dZVr AO Ho$bm nm{hOo. Agm Z$b> S>mQ> Xo`mnydu ~H$o Zo Iyn H$miOr
KoVbr nm{hOo. {S>_mS> S>mQ>Mr Z$b Xo`mnydu nwT>rb ~m~r {dMmamV KoV`m nm{hOoV
1 ) ~Ho$bm S>mQ> IaoXrXmamZo {S>_mS> S>mQ>Mr Z$b {_i`m~m~V AO Ho$`mZVa
`m`m {dZVrMm IaonUm nS>VmiyZ nmhmdm, `m~m~V MmH$er H$ZM S>mQ>Mr
Z$b mdr.
2 ) Aer Z$b Xo`mnydu `m`m emIoZo `m {S>_mS> S>mQ>Mo ngo AXm Ho$bo AmhoV
qH$dm Zmhr `mMr Imr H$Z KoVbr nm{hOo, `mM_mUo Aem emIoH$Sy>Z a$_
AXm Ho$bobr Zmhr Aer Imr H$Z KoVbr nm{hOo.
3 ) `mgmR>r ~H$o Zo IaoXrXmamH$Sy>Z O~m~Xma Ag`m~m~VMm ~mS> H$Z KoVbm nm{hOo.
Oa S>mQ> YmaH$mH$S>o nmohmoMbm Agob Va `mMrhr ghr Aem ~mS>da KoVbr
nm{hOo.
4.1.7 {S>_mS> S>mQ>Mm Z_wZm :
4.5
4.2 ~H$ YZmXoe :

(Banker's Cheques)
S>mQ>_mUoM YZmXoemMm XoIrb ngo nmR>{d`mgmR>r ~H$m _moR>`m _mUmda dmna

H$aVmV. YZmXoe ho EH$ MbZj_ XVEodO Amho `mMr _m{hVr nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao
OmUyZ KoVm òBb
4.2.1 AW :
YZmXoe hUOo Aem H$maMm XVEodO Omo EImm {d{e> ~H$o da H$mT>bb
o m
AgVmo. `m_wio {ZXo{eV Ho$bobr a$_ `m {d{e> `$sbm R>am{dH$ VmaIoZVa
mdr Ago Z_yX Ho$bobo AgVo. amoI nembm MoH$ hm gdmV OdiMm n`m` Amho,
Vo EH$ MbZj_ nVgmYZ Amho. YZmXoe hUOo ~H$o `m ImVoXmamZo ~H$o g R>am{dH$
Z_w`mV {d{e> `$sg qH$dm dmhH$mg qH$dm Vmo gmJob `mg {d{e> a$_
_mJVmjUr Xo`m{df`r Ho$bobr {dZmAQ> boIr Agm hmo`. WmoS>`mV {d{e> ~H$o da
H$mT>bobo Am{U _mJUr H$aVmjUr Xo` AgUmao {dn hUOo YZmXoe hmo`.
4.2.2 ~Ho$Mm gdgm_m` YZmXoe :
Oohm EImXr `$s qH$dm H$nZr Mmby ImVo CKS>Vo, Vohm a$_ Amn`m
Im`md$Z Xwg`mg Xo`mgmR>r YZmXoemMm dmna$H$aVo. YZmXoe YmaU H$aUmam Vmo
YZmXoe `mMo `m ~Ho$V ImVo Agob VoWo O_m H$aVmo Am{U g~YrV ~H$ `m
MoH$darb a$_ `m`m Im`mV {ZagZ JhmMm dmna H$$Z O_m H$aVo, hUOoM
~Ho$Mm gdgm_m` MoH$ hm dQ>{dUo gwb^ AgVo.
4.2.3 YmoH$m KQ>{dUmam ~Ho$Mm YZmXoe :
nem_mUo YZmXoe hm gwa{jV ZgVmo. H$maU Im`mda Anwar a$_ Ag`mg
MoH$ Cn`w$ R>aV Zmhr. Oa Im`mda a$_ ZgVmZm MoH$ H$mT>bm, Va ~H$m Agm
4.6
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
MoH$ drH$maV Zmhr. Vmo g~{YVmg naV Ho$bm OmVmo. `mg ngo {_iV Zmhr.
`m_ò Xo` Z hmo`mMm YmoH$m òH$ YZmXoem~m~V {Z_mU hmody eH$Vmo. YmoH$m Xya
H$a`mgmR>r MoH$ Xo`mnydu Amn`m Im`mda AgUm`m aH$_oMr Imr H$$Z KoUo
Amd`H$ AgVo. ~Ho$ZoXoIrb MoH$ dQ>{dVmZm `m`m Zmdo a$_ O_m H$am`Mr
Amho, `m`m Im`mdarb aH$_oMr nS>VmiUr H$aUo Amd`H$ AgVo. `mVwZ
YZmXoem~m~VMm YmoH$m H$_r hmo`mg _XV hmoVo.
4.2.4 YZmXoemMo \$m`Xo :
YZmXoemMo \$m`Xo nwT>rb _w`m`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òVrb
1 ) naH$s` ^m{JXmamgmo~V dVy d godm `mMm `dhma H$aVmZm YZmXoemMm dmna
\$m`Xoera R>aVmo.
2 ) ngo hVmV[aV H$a`mMr KmB Zg`mg, YZmXoemMm dmna H$aUo \$m`Xoera
R>aVo.
3 ) YZmXoemMm dmna H$aUo dV AgVo. `m_wio AmVaam>r` ngo hVmVaUmMm hm
gdmV dV _mJ Amho.
4 ) ngo KoUm`m~m~V \$maer _m{hVr Zgbr Var YZmXoemMm dmna H$aVm òVmo.
`mgmR>r `mg ngo nmR>dm`Mo `m~m~V Iyngmar _m{hVr Agmdr bmJV Zmhr.
5 ) YZmXoem`m gmhm`mZo Xo`mKo`mMo `dhma Ho$`mg ~H$ nmg~wH$mV AmnmoAmn
Zm|Xr hmoVmV. `mgmR>r doJim {hemo~ R>od`mMr Amd`H$Vm ZgVo.
6 ) YZmXoemMm dmna _moR>`m _mUmV Pm`mg amoI ngm H$_r bmJVmo. `m_wio
ZmoQ>m {Z{_Vrg bmJUmam IM H$_r hmoVmo.
4.7
4.2.5 ~H$ YZmXoemMm Z_wZm :
4.3 Q>H
$o Q>So > YZmXoe :
(Truncated Cheques)
YZmXoe {ZagZmMr g` nVr hr H$mJXm`m dmnamda AmYm[aV Amho, `m_wio

MoH$ EH$m ~Ho$VwZ Xwg`m ~Ho$H$S>o KodyZ Om`mgmR>r _m{bH$ l_mMr Amd`H$Vm
AgVo. `m gd {H$òV 3 Vo 7 {XdgmMm H$mbmdYr OmVmo. Odinmg 90% YZmXoe
ho 3 {XdgmMm doi ImVmV. hUOoM MoH$Mr H$m`nVr hr doiImD$ Amho. JmhH$mg
ngo {_i`mg doi bmJVmo. _m MoH$Mr hr H$m`nVr ObX ~Z{dUo e` Amho
`mg Q>Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe hUyZ g~moYbo OmVo. `mMr _m{hVr nwT>rb _w`m`m AmYmao
OmUyZ KoVm òBb
4.3.1 AW :
Q>Ho$eZ hUOo MoH$YmaH$mg ~Ho$V MoH$ KodyZ Om`mMr {H$`m Wm~{dUo.
`Vrmao ~H$o V KodZy Om`mEodOr MoH$Mr BboQ>m{ ZH$ V g~{ YV ~H$o H$S>o nmR>{dbr
OmVo. ^maVr` [aPh ~Ho$Zo dmnamV AmUbobo "_pZ{Q>H$ BH$ H$aoQ>a [aH$J{ZeZ
(MICR)' ho VkmZ `mMo Cm_ CXmhaU Amho. Q>H
$o Q>So > MoH$ {H$òV MoH$ XoUm`mMr
~H$ {d{eQ> gmH$o {VH$ ^mfoV `m`m Zmdmda MoH$ nmR>dm`Mm Amho, `m `Vr`m
~Ho$H$S>o gXoe nmR>{dVmo. `m_wio MoH$ YmaH$mg dV ~Ho$V MoH$ KodyZ Om`mMr
Amd`H$Vm ZgVo. `mVyZ MoH$ g_memoYZmMr {H$`m ObX ~ZVo.
4.8
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
4.3.2 \$m`Xo :
~H$ Am{U JmhH$ `m Xmohr KQ>H$mZm Q>Ho$Q>oS> MoH$Mo \$m`Xo hmoVmV. Vo nwT>rb
_mUo
1 ) ~Ho$g hmoUmao \$m`Xo :
Q>Ho$Q>oS> MoH$ UmbrMo ~Ho$g ~h{dY \$m`Xo hmoVmV. MoH$ emoY`mMr {H$`m
ObX ~Z{dVm òVo. hUOoM EH$mM {XdgmV MoH$darb a$_ nmR>{dVm òUo
VgoM drH$maVm òVo. hr Umbr `mo` nS>VmiUr {H$`m, `mo` JmhH$ godm
`mMr nyVVm H$aVo. {H$`mMH$ H$m`j_VoV dmT> KSy>Z òVo. H$maU H$_r IMmV
MmJ`m H$maMr godm nwa{dUo ~H$o g `m mao e` hmoV.o VgoM `m Umbr mao
MoH$`m H$m`m_H$ nVrV òUmao YmoHo$ Xya hmoVmV. BboQ>m{ZH$ VkmZm`m
AmYmao H$m`nVrVrb YmoHo$ Xya hmoV Ag`mZo _mZdr l_mMr ~MV hmoVo.
doioda JmhH$mg MoH$Mr a$_ m Pm`mg JmhH$mMo g_mYmZ hmoVo. `m`m
~Ho$`m H$m`nVrdarb {ddmg dmT>Vmo. A\$amV\$arMr e`Vm XoIrb `m
UmbrVwZ H$_r hmoVo. `mVwZ ~Ho$Mr {V_m gwYmaVo.
2 ) JmhH$mZm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :
Q>H$Q>oS> MoH$ Umbr_wio JmhH$mMm ~Ho$V MoH$ KodyZ Om`mMm, VoWo amJoV Cô
amh`mMm mg H$_r hmoVmo. VgoM MoH$ darb ngo darV Amn`m Im`mV O_m
hmo`mMr h_r m hmoVo. gdmV _hdmMo hUOo `mVyZ A\$amV\$arda {ZÙ
Wm{nV hmoV Ag`mZo JmhH$mg nmaXeH$ godm m hmoV.o MoH$`m g_memoYZ
{H$òMm doi H$_r hmoV Ag`mZo JmhH$mg VmH$mi godm m hmoVmV. `m
nwT>rb _mUo.
1 ) gd H$maMo 1 qH$dm 2 {Xdgm_ò g_memoYZmMr {H$`m nyU H$aVmV.
2 ) doioda a$_ m hmUo, ho JmhH$mgmR>r \$m`Xoera R>aVo.
3 ) `mVyZ nS>VmiUrMm `mo` {H$`m {Z_mU hmoVo.
4 ) Cm`m `mdgm{`H$ {XdgmZwgma MoH$Mm XOm bjmV òVmo.
5 ) `m {H$ògmR>r JmhH$mH$Sy>Z Hw$R>bho r A{V[a$ ewH$ AmH$mabo OmV Zmhr.
4.9
4.4 _ob Q>mg\$a :

(Mail Transfer)
~H$ ngo hVmVarV H$a`mgmR>r _obMm XoIrb dmna H$aVmV. `mMr _m{hVr
nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òBb.
4.4.1 d$n :
EImm emIoVrc JmhH$ `mM ~H$o `m Xwg`m emIoVrc ImVoXmam`m Im`mda
{d{e> a$_ O_m H$a`m{df`r ~Ho$g gyMZm XoVmo. `mgmR>r ngo XoUmam md`mMr
a$_ d H${_eZ emIoV âVmo d `mcm ngo nmR>dm`Mo AmhoV `mMo Zmd, ImVo
H$_mH$ d emIm `mMr _m{hVr XoVmo. hr _m{hVr g~{YV emIog nmoQ>mZo nmR>{dcr
OmVo d g~{YV ImVoXmam`m Im`mV a$_ O_m Ho$cr OmVo.
4.4.2 _ob Q>mg\$aMo \$m`Xo :
A ) EH$mM nmda AZoH$ WmZmVaUo (Transfers) nmR>{dVm òVmV hUyZ ~H$acm
òUmam IM jwH$ AgVmo.
~ ) ~H$a JmhH$mg \$ma dV Aer nVr _oc Q>mg\$a mam nwady eH$Vmo.
H$) `m nVrV YZmXoe, S>mQ> `mgmaIr nVgmYZo nmR>dmdr cmJV ZmhrV hUyZ
Ja`dhma, \$gdUyH$ B`mXr `m nVrV hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
S>) _oc Q>mg\$a`m ~m~VrV EH$mM ~Ho$`m XmoZ {R>H$mU`m XmoZ emImda EH$m
`Vr`m Im`mV aH$_ O_m hmoVo d A` `Vt`m Im`mV aH$_ IMu
nS>Vo hUyZ ngo XoUmam d ngo KoUmam `m XmoKmZm hr nVr gmo`rMr R>aVo. BVa
nVrVrc AmnMm[aH$Vm `m nVrV ZgVo.
4.5 Vma Q>mg\$a :

(Telegraphic Transfer)
_ob Q>mg\$a _mUoM Vma Q>mg\$a `m nVrMm XoIrb ~H$m ngo nmR>{d`mgmR>r
dmna H$aV AgVmV. nwT>rb _w`m`m AmYmao `mMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoVm òBb.
4.10
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
4.5.1 AW :
_oc Q>mg\$a_mUo Vma Q>mg\$a hr ngo nmR>{d`mMr EH$ nVr Amho. \$V
~Ho$H$Sy>Z {Xcr OmUmar _m{hVr gmHo${VH$ ^mfoV VmaoZo nmR>{dcr OmVo. `mMm IM
ngo nmR>{dUm`m ImVoXmamH$Sy>Z KoVcm OmVmo. `m_wio a$_ cdH$a {_iVo. _m
R>amdrH$ emIm_òM hr gmo` CncY AgVo.
A ) ngm nmR>{d`mMr OcX nVr hUyZ g>~o mO, eoAaMo Xcmc B`mXtZm hr nVr
\$ma Cn`moJr Amho. gm_m` cmoH$mZmhr AmUr~mUr`m gJr VmaoZo ngo nmR>{dUo
gmo`rMo R>aVo.
~ ) ~H$acm `m nVrV {deof H$miOr H$amdr cmJVo H$maU ngo XoUm`m emIoH$Sy>Z
VmaoMm A{YH$VnUm OmUyZ Ko`mgmR>r ghr d Q>g `mMr VnmgUr hmoD$ eH$V
Zmhr.
H$) AmO \$ggmaIr A`mYw{ZH$ gw{dYm `m AS>MUtda _mV H$aUmar R>acr Amho.
4.5.2 Vma Q>mg\$aMm Z_wZm :
4.11
4.6 BboQ>m{ ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a :

(Electronic Fund Transfer)
4.6.1 AW :
BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a hr {d{dY H$maMo Am{WH$ `dhma BboQ>m{Zg
gmYZmmao H$a`mMr gJUH$mda AmYm[aV Aer Umbr Amho. `m gH$nZoV AZoH$
gH$nZmMm AV^md hmoVmo. `m Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òVrb.
1 ) H$mS>YmaH$mMo `dhma-`m_ò `Vr ngo Xo`mgmR>r H$mS>Mm dmna H$aVmo.
2 ) `dgm`mH$[aVm Agbobo BboQ>m{ ZH$ no_Qo >-`m_ò nJma dmQ>nmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
3 ) BboQ>m{ZH$ MoH$ pbAatJ.
BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a `m Umbr_ò Xo`m-Ko`mMo `dhma BboQ>m{ZH$
gmhm`mZo Ho$bo OmVmV. H$mJXmonr Ho$bo`m Xo`m-Ko`m`m `dhmamnojm
BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a hr A{YH$ gwa{jV Am{U H$m`j_ VgoM H$_r I{MH$
nVr Amho.
4.12
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
4.6.2 `dhmamMo H$ma :

BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a`m gmhm`mZo AZoH$ H$mao `dhma/CbmT>mbr Ho$`m
OmVmV `m_Yrb Imbrb `dhmamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo :
1 ) {dH$s :
OoWo H$mS>YmaH$ `mZo IaoXr Ho$bo`m dVy d godmMo ~rb XoVmo.
2 ) naV\o$S> :
OoWo `mnmar H$mS>YmaH$mZo AJmoXa Ho$bo`m no_|Q>Mr naV\o$S> H$aVmo.
3 ) ngo H$mT>Uo :
H$mS>YmaH$mZo `m`m ~Ho$`m Im`mVyZ H$mT>bobo ngo/aH$_m CXm. E.Q>r.E_.
_YyZ H$mT>bobo ngo. `mM_mUo EImm ImVoXmamg Xo`mV Ambobm H$e
AS>hmg.
4 ) R>odr :
OoWo H$mS>YmaH$ dV:`m AH$mD$Q>_ò (EQ>rE_ _ò) ngo/R>odr âUo.
5 ) H$e ~H$ :
OoWo H$mS>YmaH$ EH$mMdoir `m`m Im`mVyZ ngo H$mT>Vmo VgoM IaoXr H$aVmo.
6) ImVo AVJV Q>mg\$a :
EH$mM ImVoXmam`m XmoZ AH$mD$Q>_ò aH$_mMr Q>mg\$a.
7) no_|Q> :
{VhmBV `Vr`m Im`mV ngo hVmV[aV H$aUo.
8) MmH$er :
`m_ò H$moU`mhr H$maMm Am{WH$ `dhma hmoV Zmhr. CXm. Im`mV {ebH$
aH$_oMr MmH$er, VgoM {Za{Zam`m Im`mV Pmbo`m `dhmamMr MmH$er,
Q>oQ>_|Q> _mJUo B`mXr.
9 ) emgH$s` :
`m_ò AZoH$ H$ma`m Am{WHo$Va `dhmamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
gnUy OJm_ò ngo nmR>{d`m`m g`m`m gw{dYm_ò Imbrb ~m~tMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
4.13
1 ) YZmXoe, 2) {S>_mS> S>mQ>, 3) _ob Q>mg\$a, 4) Q>o{bJm{\$H$ Q>mg\$a

`m ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVtZm H$mhr _`mXm AmhoV. CXm. YZmXoe Am{U S>mQ> ho
doi ImUmao H$ma AmhoV. VgoM _ob Q>mg\$a Am{U Q>o{bJm{\$H$ Q>mg\$a ho
H$ma ~H$m`m `m emIm_ò Ver {d{e>> gmo` Agob AemM emIm`m _m\$V
hmoD$ eH$Vo.
4.6.3 `dhmamMo d$n :
BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a_ò nwT>rb ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1 ) BboQ>m{ZH$ _m`_mVyZ nemMo hVmVaU hmoVo.
2 ) Aem H$mao nemMo hVmVaU EImm ~H$o `m H$moU`mhr emIoVZy `mM ~H$o `m
qH$dm BVa H$moU`mhr ~Ho$`m emIm_ò H$aVm òVo.
3 ) EH$ qH$dm XmoZ {XdgmV ngo `m`m Zmdo hVmVa Ho$bo AgVrb `m`m Im`mV
hVmVaU hmoD$Z O_m Ho$bo OmVmV.
4.6.4 H$m`nVr :
1 ) ngo nmR>{dUmar ~H$ :
ngo nmR>{dUmar ~H$ `m`m ImVoXmam`m Im`mda Aer a$_ I{M XmIdyZ
[aPh ~Ho$Zo nwa{dbo`m gmQ>doAa`m _m`_mVyZ Amd`H$ Vr _m{hVr V`ma
H$aob. `m_ò òH$ gXe
o EH$_od Agm gXe
o Am`.S>r. Z~aZo nmR>{dbm OmVmo.
hm gXe
o gJUH$ qH$dm `j XmZmZo godm nwa{dUm`m ~H$o `m emIoH$S>o nmR>{dbm
OmVmo.
2 ) godm XoUmar ~H$ :
godm XoUmar emIm `m gXoemda {H$`m H$aVo Am{U `mbm Xwgam EH$ H$moS> Z~a
XoD$Z Vmo gXe
o BboQ>m{ ZH$ _m`_mVyZ [aPh ~H$o `m Wm{ZH$ am>r` pbAatJ
H|$mH$S>o nmR>{dVo.
3 ) am>r` pbAatJ H|$ :
ho am>r` pbAatJ H|$ hr a$_ {Za{Zam`m ngo nmR>{dUm`m Aem ~H$mMo
`m`mH$S>o Agbo`m Mmby Im`mda Aer a$_ I{M Q>mH$Vo Am{U Ama. ~r.
4.14
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
Am`. ZoQ>`m gmhm`mZo `m {R>H$mUr XmZ H$amd`mMo Amho Aem {R>H$mU`m

pbAatJ H|$mH$S>o nmR>{dVo.
4 ) H|$mMr {H$`m :
`mZVa Ago pbAatJ H|$ gXoe {H$`m nyU H$Z `m g~{YV ~Ho$`m
Ama.~r.Am`.H$S>o Agbo`m Mmby Im`mV hr a$_ O_m H$aVo Am{U Vgm
gXe
o Ama.~r.Am`. ZoQ> qH$dm gJUH$m`m gmhm`mZo ngo XmZ H$aUm`m ~H$o `m
emIoH$S>o nmR>{dVo.
5 ) aH$_oMo XmZ :
Aem emIm hm gXoe {_im`mZVa `dhma Pm`m`m Xwg`m {XderM `m
{d{e>> emIobm `m aH$_oMr O_m Xo`m~m~VMr VaVyX H$aVmV.
4.7 [a`b Q>mB_ Jmg

goQ>b_|Q> :
(Real Time Gross Settlement)
[aAb Q>mB_ Jmg goQ>b_|Q> hr ^maVr` XmZ Umbr B{VhmgmVrb EH$ _bmMm
XJS> R>abr Amho. hr gw{dYm hUOo XoemVrb EH$mp_H$ XmZ Am{U VS>OmoS> Umbr
`mVrb Xwdm Amho. AbrH$S>`m H$mimV RTGS hr gnyU OJm_ò _moR>m
_mUmdarb AmVa~H$s` XmZm_ò VSOmoS> /`dhmamMr EH$ _m`Vmm Aer
nXVr Amho.
4.7.1 H$m`nVr :
EH$ `dhma nXVr/{H$`m hUyZ _`dVu ~H$o V R>do `mV òUm`m {hmmo~m`m
nwVH$mV `mMdoir d`pVH$ XmZm`m ZmoXr H$$Z RTGS {H$`m VS>OmoS>/
`dhmamVrb OmoIr_ H$_r H$a`mMo H$m` H$aVo. RTGS _ò EH$m `mdhm[aH$
nmVirdarb `jmV VS>OmoS>/`dhmamMo d[aV, gwa{jVVm, \$m`Zb Am{U naV
_mJo Z Ko`mOmoJo XmZ Aem `dhmamMr nyVVm Ho$br OmVo.
4.15

RTGS Umbr Aem H$mao V`ma Ho$bobr Amho H$s `m_wio _moR>m _mUmdarb
{ZYtMo AmZbmBZ ~o{ggda ~{H$J CXmoJm`m dmVmdaUmV bJoMM hVmVaU Am{U

`dhma nyU Ho$bo OmVmV. `m_wio UmbrVrb nYm_H$Vm dmT>rg _XV hmoVo. `m
gw{dYo_wio ~H$mZm ~mh dmVmdaUm_wio {Z_mU hmoUm`m ^{d`mVrb AmdmhZmZm
^mdrnUo Vm|S> XoUo e` hmoV.o Oa hr Umbr ^maVm_ò `mo` H$miOr KoD$Z d `mo`
Aem [aVrZo {Z`moOZ H$$Z A_bmV AmUbr Jobr Va ^maVr` ~qH$J CXmoJmbm
OmJ{VH$ _m`Vm {_idyZ Xo`mg {ZpMVM _XV hmoBb.
RTGS hr
H$moU`mhr XoemVrb W_V: AmZ-bmBZdarb `mMdoir _moR>m

_mUmdarb {ZYtMr `dhma nyU H$a`mMr Am{U AmVa~H$s` XmZmgmR>r XmZ
Am{U `dhma nyVVm `mMr EH$_od Aer nXVr Amho. RTGS XmZ nXVr hr
EH$_od Aer nXVr Amho H$s `m_ò ~H$m_Yrb XmZ gyMZm {dMmamV KoD$Z gnU
y
{Xdgâ d`pVH$ar`m Am{U gmV`mZo `dhma nyU Ho$bo OmVmV.
4.7.2
RTGS
UmbrMo H$m_H$mO :
_Yrb òH$ gh^mJr gX`mbm RTGS `m `dhmam_YyZ `dhma

H$a`mgmR>r EH$ ImVo CKS>mdo bmJVo ho ImVo EH$ H$maMo BQ>m-S>o AH$mD$Q> Agob
hUOo ho ImVo RTGS `m H$m_H$mOm`m {XdmrM Mmby Agob {Xdgm`m gwdmVrbm
`m Im`m_ò {ZYr R>do bm OmBb. Vmo {ZYr [aPh ~H$ _w~ B`m g`m`m UmbrVrb
{S>nmPrQ> AH$mD$Q> {S>nmQ>_|Q>bm AgUm`m `m ~Ho$`m Mmby Im`m_YyZ RTGS
Im`mV hVmV[aV Ho$bm OmVmo, RTGS Im`m_ò {Xdgm`m eodQ>r AgUmar
aH$_ naV ImVoXmam`m Mmby Im`m_ò nmR>{dbr OmVo. `m Umbr_ò gh^mJr
gX`mZm `m`m _w~BVrb {S>nmPrQ> AH$mD$Q>g, {S>nmQ>_|Q> Agbo`m Im`mVyZ
`m`m RTGS `m Im`mV {Xdgm`m gwdmVrbm òH$ {Xder gH$mir {H$Vr
aH$_ nmR>dm`Mr `m`m gyMZm XoVm òVmV. hr Umbr RTGS Im`m_ò {Xdgm_ò
ImVoXmam`m Mmby Im`mVyZ {ZYr hVmV[aV H$a`mgmR>r gw{dYm nwa{dVo. ImVoXmam`m
RTGS
4.16
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
Im`mV Pmbobo gd `dhma `mMdoir Vm~S>Vmo~ nyU Pmbo nm{hOo hoM `m UmbrMo
d{e> Amho. `m Umbr_ò ImVoXmam`m `dhmam`m Zm|Xr/nyVV go mR>r amJ bmdbobr
AgVo. `m_ò `m_mUo `dhma hmoVmV `m_mUo ho `dhma `m H$_mH$mZo nym Ho$bo
OmVmV. AWmV, ImVoXmamZm `m`m AOQ> Am{U AmUr~mmr`m XmZm~m~V gyMZm
XoD$Z `m`m XmZm`m {ZamonmZm AJH$ _ Xo`mMr gw{dYm `m UmbrV {Xbobr AgVo.
`m gw{dYo_wio ~H$mZm `m`m {ZYtMo `dWmnZ A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ar`m H$aUo
e` hmoV.o `m gw{dYm_i
w o ImVoXmamMo `mZm Amd`H$ dmQ>Um`m `dhmamMo `m`m
gyMZmn_mUo `m-`m H$_mZo VS>OmoS>/nyVVm H$aUo e` hmoVo.
4.7.3
RTGS
nwadV Agbo`m gw{dYm :
1 ) `dhmamMo AdbmoH$Z :
`m gw{dYo_i
w o ImVoXmamZm `mMo g~{ YV `dhma Oo amJVo AmhoV `mMo AdbmoH$Z
H$aVm òVo, Ago `dhma a H$aVm òVmV qH$dm `m`m AJH$_mV ~Xb H$aVm
òVmo.
2 ) {ZYtMr `mo` JwVdUyH$ :
{ZYt`m doJdoJim Im`mVrb hmbMmb nmhZ {ZYtMr JwV dUyH$ A{YH$m{YH$
MmJ`m H$mao H$a`m`m >rZo VgoM `m {XdgmMr VabVoMr JaO H$_r
H$a`mgmR>r hmbMmbr H$aUo e` hmoVo.
3 ) `dhmamMr H$jm XmdUo :
{Za{Zamim JaOm nyU H$a`m`m >rZo {ZYtMr JwV dUyH$ H$a`mgmR>r bdMrH$
Aer nXVr hmVmiyZ `m`m `dhmam`m H$jm X{dVm òVmV.
4 ) {dmr` O~m~XmarMr nyVVm :
AmVa~H$s` `dhmamMo AZoH${dY H$ma CnbY H$$Z `m`m Im`m`m _m\$V
`m`m {dmr` O~m~Xm`m nyU H$aVm òVmV.
4.17
4.7.4
RTGS
UmbrMr `mr :
RTGS _m`_mVyZ Imbrb H$maMo `dhma H$a`mg dmd {_iVmo :
1 ) ZmUo~mOmamVrb `dhma.
2 ) naH$s` MbZ `dhma.
3 ) ^mS>db ~mOma Am{U H$O gmYZmMo `dhma.
4 ) {V^yVt`m {bbmdmZVa`m {ZYtMo `dhma.
5 ) {d{dY AmVa~qH$J `dhmamZVaMo {ZYr `dhma.
6 ) EH$mM ~Ho$`m d`pVH$ Im`m_Yrb {ZYtMo hVmVaU.
7 ) {Za{Zamim ~H$m`m d`pVH$ Im`m_Yrb {ZYtMo hVmVaU.
4.7.5
RTGS
UmbrMo \$m`Xo :
RTGS UmbrMo ~H$, JmhH$ Am{U g_mO `mZm _moR>m _mUmda \$m`Xo hmoVmV.
g_mOm`m {d{dY ^mJmZm hmoUmao \$m`Xo nwT>rb_mUo gmJVm òVrb :

1 ) ~H$mZm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :
A ) d[aV/Vm~S>Vmo~ Am{U naV Z hmo`mOmoJr `dhmanyVVm H$aUo gmono OmVo.
~ ) _moR>m _mUmda ~H$mVJV Am{U AmVa~qH$J {ZYr hVmVaU H$aUo e`
hmoVo.
H$) ZdZdrZ CnmXZm`m {Z{_VrgmR>r ZdrZ gYr CnbY hmoVmV.
2 ) JmhH$mZm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :
A ) JmhH$mZm EH$ AmYw{ZH$ AmZbmBZ ~qH$J godm CnbY hmoVo.
~ ) _moR>m _mUmdarb {ZYr hVmVaUm_ò {ddgZr`Vm XmZ H$aVo.
H$) d`pVH$ {V_m CMm{d`mg _XV hmoVo.
4.18
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
3>) AW`dWmZm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

A ) g`m ApVdmV AgUm`m `dhma UmbrVrb OmoIr_ nXVeranUo
H$_r H$a`mg _XV hmoVo. `m Umbr_wio EH$ ~H$ Amnbr O~m~Xmar
nyU H$a`mg Anèr R>a`mg nwT>rb `dhmamV hmoUmam {db~ Q>mi`mg
_XV hmoVo.
~ ) OmJ{VH$ ~Ho$gma`m ~mhoarb gWm`m ^maVr` AW`dWo~m~V
{ddmg {Z_mU H$a`mg _XV hmoUo.
H$) H$m`j_ Aem `dhmamMr n[apWVr {Z_mU H$$Z `dhmanyVVo_ò
hmoUmam {db~ Q>miVm òVmo.
4.8 ZeZb BboQ>m{ ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a :

(National Electronic Fund Transfer)
AmO gJUH$ Am{U gXe

o dhZ gw{dYm `m`m EH$mp_H$ VkmZm`m CncYVo_i
w o
CH$> JmhH$ godm Am{U {ZYr hVmVaU Ùm J{V_mZ H$a`mgmR>r Xya AVa hm
AmO AS>Wim R>aV Zmhr. BcoQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a_wio BcoQ>m{ZH$ _m`_m`m
gmhm`mZo {ZYtMo d[aV hVmVaU hmody eH$Vo. am>r` nmVirda AmVa~H$ {ZYr
VS>OmoS> hr AcrH$S>rc gwYmaUm Amho. [aPh ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`mZo 1994 gmcr
WmnZ Ho$co`m gam\$ g{_VrZo AmXmZ-XmZ UmcrVrc VkmZ{df`H$ ~m~rda
{Xco`m {e\$maer Adò hr nVr gw$ H$a`mV Amcr. _m AmO ~H$m`m emIm_ò
CncY AgUm`m _yi nm`m^yV gaMZm `m Umcrcm gmhm` H$aUm`m ZmhrV.
`mgmR>r gJUH$mda AmYm[aV EH$mp_H$ Aer dV A`mYw{ZH$ UmcrMr
Amd`H$Vm Amho. `m_wio [aPh ~Ho$Zo M{cV Ho$cocr hr nVr g`m MoH$
pcA[aJgmR>r ApVdmV AgUm`m gaMZo^modVr {Z_mU Ho$cr Jocr Amho. gam\$
g{_VrZo gXoedhZmgmR>r H$mJXr Am{U BcoQ>m{ZH$ _m`_o Agm XmohtMm dmna
4.19
H$a`m`m gyMZm {X`m hmo`m. `mZr Aer {e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr H$s, _moR>m
_mUmdarc gWm_H$ {ZYtMo hVmVaU Xa Vmgmcm EH${V Ho$co Joco nm{hOo. hr
Umcr 1996 gmcr gw$ H$a`mV Amcr. `m gX^ [aPh ~H$ godm nwadR>mXma
Am{U UmcrMo {Z`H$ hUyZ H$m` H$aVo. B{S>`Z ZeZc BcoQ>m{ ZH$ \$S>g Q>mg\$a
{gQ>r_ `mcmM ZoQ> (NEFT) {gQ>r_ Ago g~moYco OmVo. `m_ò gh^mJr AgUm`m
~H$m Am{U gWm `m`m H$m_H$mOmgmR>r _mJXeH$ gyMZm Imcr {Xco`m AmhoV. `m
~H$m Am{U gWm `m`mH$S>o Aem {ZYr hVmVaUmgmR>r Amd`H$ AgUmar gJUH$
Umcr Am{U gXoedhZ Omio Amd`H$ AgVo.
4.8.1 `mr :
ZoQ> gXoemMo d[aV hVmVaU hmo`m`m >rZo Ho$di `m ~H$m`m emIm
gJUH$s` Om`mZo OmoS>co `m AmhoV AemM ~H$mZm UmcrMm ^mJ ~Z{dco nm{hOo.
~H$o `m dV:`m Om`mMm Cn`moJ `mZm emIm AVJV gXe
o dhZmgmR>r hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
4.8.2 d{eQ>o :
`m `dhmam_ò ngm `m KQ>H$mMm AV^md AgUm`m aH$_mgmR>r ZoQ>Mm Cn`moJ
Ho$cm OmD$ eH$Vmo. `m_ò d`{VH$ ZoQ> `dhma {H$Vr aH$_on`V H$aVm òBc
`mda
_`mXm KmVcocr Zmhr.
4.8.3 ZoQ> {H$`m dmh :
ZoQ> UmcrV H$màV AgUmao nj, nmR>{dUmar ~H$, nmR>{dUmao ZoQ> godm H|$,
ZoQ> {ZagZ Jh, m H$aUmao godm H|$ Am{U `mMm \$m`Xm KoUmar emIm ho AmhoV.
4.8.4 JmhH$mMr ^y{_H$m :
nmR>{dUmar ~H$ XoV Agco`m gofU gw{dYoMm dmna H$ BpN>Um`m ~H$
JmhH$mcm EH$ ZoQ> AO gmXa H$amdm cmJVmo. `m_ò hm JmhH$ nmR>{dUm`m ~Ho$cm
4.20
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
ngm nmR>{dUm`m`m Im`m_YyZ Vr a$_ H$mTy>Z `m ZoQ> AOmV Z_yX Ho$co`m

Xwg`m `Vr`m Im`mV {ZYr O_m H$a`m~m~V A{YH$ma XoV AgVmo.
4.8.5 gXoe nmR>{dUm`m ~Ho$Mr ^y{_H$m :
nmR>{dUmar ~H$ `m`m n[agamV R>iH$ {R>H$mUr/W_ XeZr {R>H$mUr Vr ~H$
JmhH$mMo ZoQ>Mo AO {H$Vr H$mcmdYr_ò drH$maUma Amho ho Xedmdo cmJVo. hr
~H$ `m`mH$S>o Ago {ZYr hVmVaUmMm AO Am`mda EH$ ga{MV Aer {dmr`
godm XodmU-KodmU Umcr V`ma H$aVo Am{U `m_m\$V gXoe nmR>{dUm`m H|$mH$S>o
Vmo gXoe {H$ògmR>r nmR>{dVo. gXoe nmR>{dUmao gXoe H|$ hm gXoe ZoQ>`m {ZagZ
JhmH$S>o nmR>{dVo. `mgmR>r Vo [aPh ~H$o Zo V`ma Ho$bo`m gXe
o XiU-diU Om`mMm
Cn`moJ H$aVo. Agm gXoe amQ>r` {ZagZ JhmH$S>o nmR>{dbm OmVmo.
4.8.6 {ZagZ JhmMr ^y{_H$m :
^maVr` [aPh ~Ho$Mo \$s og hmD$g, Z[a_Z nmBQ> _w~B òWrb amQ>r` {ZagZ
H|$ (National Clearing Cell) ho S>mQ>m {H$òMo ZoQ> {ZagZ Jh/H|$ Amho. `m
H|$mZo KoVbobm gXe
o Vmo drH$maUm`m òH$ ~H$o `m godm H|$mH$S>o nmR>{dbm OmVmo.
4.8.7 gXoe m H$aUm`m ~Ho$Mr ^y{_H$m :
amQ>r` {ZagZ H|$mZo gXe
o drH$ma`mZVa ZoQ> godm H|$mVyZ `m \$mBgda {H$`m
hmodyZ `m eodQ>`m emImZm nmR>{dbm OmVmo. H$YrH$Yr gXoe drH$maUmao ZoQ> godm
H|$ Q>oQ> Wmo mogog BQ>a\o$g (STPI) `m gmhm`mZo ho gXoe `m`m AVJV ~qH$J
gmo`weZH$S>o WoQ> nmR>{dVo d `md$Z H|$r` nVrZo `m gXoemVrb aH$_ `m`m
Zmdo hVmVaU Agob `m`m Im`mV O_m Ho$br OmVo. ~H$m`m emIm `m `Vrbm
`mM {Xder no_|Q> H$$ eH$VmV.
4.21
4.8.8 ZoQ>gmR>r nmoM :

Oa `m `moOZo_m\$V nmR>{dbobm ngm H$mhr H$maUmZo go{fV Pmbm Zmhr, Va
nmR>{dUm`m ~Ho$Zo d[aV `m gX^mVrb gyMZm nmR>{dUm`mbm XoUo JaOoMo AgVo.
`mM_mUo nmR>{dUm`m ~Ho$H$Sy>Z Oa Ago XmZ Pmbo Zmhr Va Vr aH$_
nmR>{dUm`m`m Im`mda O_m H$amdr qH$dm nmR>{dUm`m`m gyMZo_mUo `m aH$_oMr
{dhodmQ> bmdmdr.
4.8.9 gXoe naV Am`mg `mMr _m{hVr nmR>{dUm`mg XoUo :
Oa `m `moOZo_m\$V nmR>{dbobm ngm H$mhr H$maUmZo go{fV Pmbm Zmhr Va
nmR>{dUm`m ~Ho$Zo d[aV `m gX^mVrb gyMZm nmR>{dUm`mbm XoUo JaOoMo AgVo.
`mM_mUo nmR>{dUm`m ~Ho$H$Sy>Z Oa Ago XmZ Pmbo Zmhr Va Vr aH$_
nmR>{dUm`m`m Im`mda O_m H$amdr qH$dm nmR>{dUm`m`m gyMZo_mUo `m aH$_oMr
{dhodmQ> bmdmdr.
4.8.10 m H$aUm`m ~Ho$Mr gyMZm :
nmR>{dUm`m ~Ho$Zo nmR>{dbobm ngm m H$aUm`m ~Ho$bm {_im`mZVa Vmo
bm^mWr`m Im`mV O_m H$$Z bm^mWu ~Ho$Zo `m `Vrbm Ago ngo O_m
hmo`m~m~V gyMZm {Xbr nm{hOo. Im`mMm CVmam qH$dm nmg~wH$mVrb EQ>r qH$dm
AmZbmBZ gXoedhZ Ùm hr Agm {ZYr Am`mMm moV Xedy eH$Vo. `m {Xder
Oa ~Ho$bm gw>r Agob Va `mM {Xder qH$dm C{eamV C{eam ~Ho$Mo H$m_H$mO gw$
hmoUm`m {Xder Aer aH$_ bm^mWu`m Im`mV O_m hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo.
4.8.11 ZoQ>`dhmamMr {hemo~nyVu :
`m `dhmamV ^mJ KoUm`m òH$ ~Ho$bm _w~B pWV ZoQ> H|$m_ò EH$ ImVo
CKS>mdo bmJVo `mbm {hemo~nyVu ImVo Ago hQ>bo OmVo. Aem ZoQ> UmbrImbr
hmoUm`m {ZYr`m hVmVaUmVrb XmZmMr O~m~Xmar nyU H$a`mgmR>r `m Im`mMm
Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
4.22
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
4.8.12 ZoQ>Mo H$m`Xo :

1 ) ZoQ>`m _m`_mVyZ gnUy ^maVmVrb ~qH$J jom_ò {ZYr hVmVaU hmoVo Am{U
{ZagZmMr H$m`j_, gwa{jV, {_V``r, {ddmgy Am{U J{V_mZ Aer Umbr
m hmoVo.
2 ) ZoQ>_wio Mmby nonada AmYm[aV {ZYr hVmVaU Am{U {ZagZ Umbrdarb VmU
_moH$im hmoVmo.
4.9 drQ> :
(SWIFT)
hUOo The Society for the Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication `m gWo_m\$V EH$ ZoQ>dH$ Mmc{dco OmVo. `m _m`_mVyZ
~H$m {dmr` `dhmamer g~{YV _m{hVrMr nanam_ò XodmU-KodmU H$aVmV. hr
OmJ{VH$ Vamdarc {dmr` gWm Amho Or OJâmVrc ~H$mZm Imrera[a`m Am{U
H$_r OmoIr_ drH$m$Z {Zamon XodmU-KodmUrMr godm nwa{dVo.
SWIFT
~opO`_ _Yrc ~wgog òWo hr gmogm`Q>r gw$ Pmcr. hr EH$ ghH$mar gmogm`Q>r
Amho. {VMo _w` H$m`mc` cm hn (La Hulpe) òWo Amho. `m gmogm`Q>rZo gd
{dmr` `dhma, V` {H$`m Umcr Am{U OJâmVrc gXe
o dhZ Omio `mgmR>r EH$
(Common) gd_m` ^mfm {ZpMV Ho$cr Amho. hr gmogm`Q>r 194 XoemVrc 7,000
{dmr` gWmZm EH$_oH$mer OmoS>Vo.
hr gmogm`Q>r {V`m gX`m~amo~a H$m_ H$aVo. hr gWm H$_r IMmV, nYm_H$
{dmr` {H$`m Am{U gXe
o dhZ gw{dYm/godm `m A{YH$ gwa{jVnUo d Imrcm`H$[a`m
nwa{dVo. `mgmR>r `m gWoH$S>o JV Aer {H$`m gw{dYm CncY Amho. hr gWm
Amn`m gX`mZm Vm{H$ kmZhr nwa{dVo.
4.23
4.9.1 gw$dmV :
SWIFT hr gWm AmVaam>r` {dmr` `dhmamgmR>r EH$ gh^mJr Ago OmJ{VH$
_m{hVr {H$`m Am{U gXe
o dhZ Xwdm Am{U EH$ gd_m` Aer ^mfm {Z_mU H$a`m`m
Xya>rZo gwdmV Pmcocr gWm Amho. {dmr` `dhmamV ^mdrnUm AmU`mgmR>r
`mV g_m{d> AgUm`m gd {dmr` gWm `m gXoe XiU-diU {H$òV ^mJ KoV
AmhoV `mMr Imr H$a`mgmR>r H$màV Amho.
4.9.2 drQ> nwa{dV Agbo`m gw{dYm :
drQ> hr gWm ~H$mZm, XbmbmZm JwVdUyH$ `dWmnH$mZm gXoe XodmUKodmUrMr godm nwa{dVo. `mM_mUo hr gWm XmZ, H$mof, {V^yVr Am{U `mnma `m
gX^mV ~mOmanoR> nm`m^yV godm nwa{dVo. `m godm_wio JmhH$m`m IMmV H$nmV hmoVo,
d`MbrH$aUmV gwYmaUm hmoVo Am{U OmoI_tMo `dWmnZ hmoVo.
4.9.3 drQ>Mr gaMZm :
drQ> hr ~opO`_ H$m`mImbr WmnZ Pmbobr EH$ ghH$mar gmogm`Q>r Amho
`m gmogm`Q>rMo gX` `m gWoMo _mbH$ AgyZ `m gWoMo {ZÙ H$aVmV. `m
gmogm`Q>rMo 25 gMmbH$mMo EH$ _S>i AgVo. H$nZrMo H$m_H$mO `m _S>im_m\$V
Mmb{dbo OmVo. `m _S>imMo H$m`H$mar A{YH$mar _S>i AgVo. `m_ò nyUdoi
H$m_ H$aUmao H$_Mmar AgVmV. `m _S>imMm _wI _w` H$m`H$mar A{YH$mar AgVmo.
hm A{YH$mar `m gWoMo {dmr` {ddaU n V`ma H$aVmo. `mM_mUo dm{fH$ AhdmcmV
BVa _m{hVr X{eV H$aVmo.
4.9.4 drQ>Mr C{Q>o :
drQ> `m gWoMr C{>o Imcrc_mUo AgVmV.
1 ) {H$`m Am{U gXoedhZ godm :
`m gWo`m gX`mZm H$_r {H$_VrV VwcZm_H$ Aem {dmr` {H$`m Am{U
C{MV gwa{jV Am{U {ddgZr` Aem gXe
o dhZ godm nwa{d`mgmR>r EH$ òD$Z
H$m_ H$aUo.
4.24
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
2 ) `dhma {H$òMo d`McrH$aU :

`m gWo_m\$V _moR>m _mUmda gXoemMr XodmU-KodmU hmoVo. `m gWo`m
gX`mZm {dmr` `dhma {H$òV A{YH$m{YH$ d`McrH$aU hmoD$Z `m_m\$V
`mdgm{`H$ è {_i{d`mgmR>r _hdmMo H$m` H$aVo.
3 ) ^mS>dcrH$aU :
hr gWm hUOo EH$ AmVaam>r` _wV `mgnrR> Amho OoWo OJmVrc {d{dY
{dmr` gWmZm CmoJ-nmVirdarc YmoHo$, gYr Am{U BVa ~m~r `m gX^mV
_m{hVr XoVo `md$Z `m gWm Amncr pWVr _O~yV H$a`mMm `Z H$aVmV.
4 ) cmoH$mgmR>r amoOJma nwa{dUo :
hr gWm CH$> cmoH$mMr {ZdS> H$$Z `mMr {Z`wVr H$aVo. A{YH$ \$m`Xoera
ggmYZm_ò JwVdUyH$ H$aUo Am{U `mdgm{`H$ Xya>r, ^mdrnUm Am{U
`dWmnZ `mgmR>r OJmVrc EH$ AJJ` gWm ~ZUo.
4.9.5 gwa{jVVm Am{U {ddgZr`Voda â :
`m gWoMo O~m~Xmar Am{U Xm{`d {ZpMV H$a`mMo {Z`_ {c{IV d$nmMo
AmhoV Am{U Vo `jmV dmnaco OmVmV. drQ>_mJrc _yc^yV Vdo ho `m gWo`m
gwdmVr`m Q>`mVM {ZpMV Ho$coco AmhoV, H$maU hr gWm AmVaam>r` nmVirda
H$m_ H$aVo. AZoH$ XoemVrc CH$> H$m`nVrZo `m gWoMo emgZ ^m{dV Pmcoco
{XgyZ òVo. `m gWo`m gMmcH$ _S>im`m 7 g{_`m AgVmV. `mZm A{YH$ma
XmZmMo A{YH$ma AgVmV. `m gmV g{_`m hUOo AHo$jU Am{U {dm, ~qH$J
Am{U XmZ, ZwH$gmZ ânmB, E-{g`w[aQ>rO, _mUHo$, VkmZ Am{U CnmXZ `m
hmoV.
4.25
4.9.6 ^maVmVrb drQ>Mo H$m_H$mO :

^maVm_ò EH$ drQ> dmnaUmam g_yh V`ma H$a`mV Amcm Amho. B{S>`Z ~qH$J
Agmo{gEeZMo MoAa_Z `m g_yhmMo MoAa_Z AgVmV, Va [aPh ~Ho$`m _m{hVr
VkmZ {d^mJmMo _w` ga`dWmnH$ ho n`m`r A`j AgVmV. g`m ^maVmVrc
92 gWm `m Jnw `m gX` AmhoV. `m_ò ~H$m, Xcmc, {dVaH$, g|Q> c {S>nm{PQ>arO
Am{U pcAatJ AmJZ m`PoeZ `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mMr {d^mJUr Imcrc_mUo:
gX`
48
CngX`
36
Xcmc Am{U {dVaH$
1
g|Q>c {S>nm{PQ>ar AS> pcAatJ
1
^mJYmaH$ Zgco`m ~H$m
5
{V{ZYr H$m`mcò
1
EHy$U
92
4.26
ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr
gamdmgmR>r Z
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
20 eXmV Cmao
"{S>_mS> S>mQ'>Mm AW gmJm.
"Vma Q>mg\$a' hUOo H$m`?
~Ho$Mm YZmXoe hUOo H$m`?
Q>Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe `m gH$nZoMm AW gmJm.
"_ob Q>mg\$a' hUOo H$m`?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
50 eXmV Cmao
Q>Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoemMo ~Ho$g hmoUmao \$m`Xo gmJm.
"\$S> Q>mg\$a' hr gH$nZm nQ> H$am.
_ob Q>mg\$aMo \$m`Xo nQ> H$am.
~H$ YZmXoemnmgyZ {_iUmao \$m`Xo gmJm.
"{S>_mS> S>mQ>Mr ZH$b V' `m~m~V _m{hVr gmJm.
1.
2.
3.
4.
150 eXmV Cmao

~H$ YZmXoemMr WmoS>`mV _m{hVr gmJm.
BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a hr gH$nZm nQ> H$am.
Q>Ho$Q>oS> YZmXoe hUOo H$m`? `mMo \$m`Xo nQ> H$am.
BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$aMr "drQ>'(SWIFT) Umbr {deX H$am.
500 eXmV Cmao

. 1. "{S>_mS> S>mQ>' hr gH$nZm g{dVanUo nQ> H$am.
. 2. "[a`b Q>mB_ Jmg goQ>b_|Q>'(RTGS) UmbrMr _m{hVr gmJm.
4.27
. 3. ZeZb BboQ>m{ZH$ \$S> Q>mg\$a (NEFT) `m UmbrMm AmT>mdm `m.

. 4. ~Ho$mao ngo nmR>{d`mgmR>r dmnamV AmU`m OmUm`m nVtMr _m{hVr
gmJm.
4.28
~H$mMr H$OdmQ>nmMr Vdo,

nV{Z{_Vr Am{U Vmio~X nH$
5.1
H$OdmQ>nmMr Vdo
5.2
amoIVm d cm^Vm `m VdmVrb nana {damoY
5.3
VmaU
5.4
nV{Z{_ Vr
5.5
nV{ZÙ
5.6
`mnmar ~H$mMm Vmio~X
57
mVm{dH$ :
(Introduction)
H$O dmQ>n, nV{Z{_Vr Am{U Vmio~X `m KQ>H$mZm ~H$ `dhmamV AZ`gmYmaU

_hd Amho. ~H$ `m_mUo BVamH$Sy>Z ngo drH$maVo, `mM_mUo BVamZm H$OdmQ>n
XoIrb H$aVo. Amn`mH$S>o O_m hmoUm`m nemMm {d{Z`moJ ~H$ BVamZm H$O Xo`mgmR>r
H$aV AgVo. `m_wio ~Ho$bm H$OdmQ>n H$aV AgVmZm H$mhr {d{eQ> VdmMo nmbZ
H$amdo bmJVo. amoIVm, bm^Vm Am{U gwa{jVVm hr H$OdmQ>nmMr _yb^yV Vdo
AgyZ gdM H$ma`m ~H$m `m VdmMo nmbZ H$aVmV. `mIoarO BVaH$mhr gdgm_m`
5.1

Vdo XoIrb H$OdmQ>nm~m~V M{bV Agbobr {XgVmV. nV{Z{_Vr ho ~H$mMo EH$
_hdnyU H$m` _mZbo OmVo. ~H$mZm nV{Z{_VrMm A{YH$ma m Ag`m_wio ~H$m
BVa gWmnojm doJim AgVmV. nV{Z{_VrgmR>r ~H$mmao {d{dY gmYZmMm dmna
Ho$bm OmVmo. mW{_H$ R>odr Am{U `wn R>odr `m`m _m`_mVyZ ~H$m nV{Z{_Vr
H$aV AgVmV. `mIoarO ~hJw{UV nV{Z{_Vr {H$`m XoIrb ~H$m_m\$V am~{dbr
OmVo. VgoM ~H$m`m nV{Z{_Vr j_Voda H$mhr _`mXm XoIrb Agbo`m {XgVmV.
`mnmar ~H$m Amn`m Am{WH$ `dhmamMm Vmio~X {Z_mU H$aV AgVmV. `mZm
H$m`mZo R>adyZ {Xbo`m Z_w`mVM hm Vmio~X V`ma H$amdm bmJVmo. Vmio~Xmd$Z
~Ho$`m Am{WH$ pWVrMr _m{hVr m hmoV AgVo. `m_wio `mnmar ~H$m`m
Vmio~XmMr {H$`m OmUyZ KoUo `mo` R>aob.
5.1 H$OdmQ>nmMr Vdo : (Principles of Lending)

~H$ `dgm`mV R>odr drH$maUo Am{U `mVyZ CmoJ-`mdgm{`H$mZm H$O} XoUo
hr H$m`} MmbVmV. R>odrXmamZm R>odrda `mO XoUo, `mdgm{`H$ IM H$aUo Am{U eodQ>r
^mJYmaH$mgmR>r Z\$m H$_{dUo Amd`H$ AgVo. `mgmR>r ImVoXmamH$Sy>Z Jmoim Ho$bo`m
R>odtMm {d{Z`moJ H$O Xo`mgmR>r Am{U `mOd$nmV Cn {_i{d`mgmR>r Ho$bm
OmVmo. _m, H$O Hw$R>`mhr d$nmV XoVm òV Zmhr, Va ~H$mZr H$O Xo`mgX^mV
H$mhr Vdo _mS>br AmhoV. H$O XoVmZm gdW_ ~H$m H$OXmamMo Mm[a` {dMmamV
KoVmV. ~Ho$`m Q>rZo H$OXmamMo Mm[a` hUOo m_m{UH$nUmZo, gMmoQ>rZo,
{Z`{_VnUmZo Am{U VnaVoZo AmnU dVhZ {Xbobm eX nmi`mMr `VrMr
dmr hmo`. `mIoarO H$OXmamMr nmVm, H$OXmamH$S>rb ^mS>dbr gmYZo, H$OmMm
hoVy, H$OmMm H$mbmdYr, H$OmMr aH$_, H$Om`m naV\o$S>rMr gmYZo, CnbY
{V^yVr `m {d{dY JmoQ>tMm gX^XoIrb ~H$m {dMmamV KoVmV. ~H$m `mnmar d
Ammo{JH$ gWmZm XoIrb H$O XoV AgVmV. H$O dmQ>nm~m~V AZoH$ YmoHo$ AgVmV.
`m_wio ~H$mZm H$OdmQ>n H$aVmZm H$mhr VdmMo nmbZ H$amdo bmJVo Vr nwT>rb_mUo
5.1.1 H$OdmQ>nmMr _yb^yV Vdo (Basic Principles of Lending)
~H$mMr èdrVm hr H$OdmQ>nm`m _yb^yV Vdmda Adb~Zy AgVo. `m _yb^yV
VdmV nwT>rb ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
5.2
~H$mMr H$OdmQ>nmMr Vdo, nV{Z{_Vr Am{U Vmio~X nH$
1 ) gwa {jVVm
H$O} XoVmZm Vr `mOmgh doioda \o$S>cr OmVrc d JwVdUyH$ gwa{jV amhrc `mMr
H$miOr ~H$mZm `mdr cmJVo. {ZH$miOrnUo H$O} {Xcr, Va Vr ~wS>VmV VgoM
H$miOrnydH$ d g`_mZo JwVdUyH$ Ho$cr Zmhr Va Vmo ngmhr dm`m Om`mMr e`Vm
AgVo. `m_wio ~H$mZr {Xco`m H$OmMr d JwV dUwH$sMr gwa{jVVm `mH$S>ho r ~H$mZm
cj mdo cmJVo.
2 ) amoIVm
_mJVmjUr amoI ngm CncY H$$Z Xo`mMr Hw$dV hUOo amoIVm. cmoH$mMm
~H$mdarc {ddmg `m Hw$dVrda Adc~yZ AgVmo. AWmV Jmoim Ho$co`m gd
R>odr ~H$mZr Amn`m Odi VemM R>od`m Va `mV 100% amoIVm Agoc nU
_J ~H$mZm `mnmgyZ H$mhrhr Cn d Z\$m {_iUma Zmhr hUyZ ~H$mZm Aem
arVrZo H$O} mdr cmJVmV d JwVdUyH$ H$amdr cmJVo H$s doi nS>`mg Amncr
_mc_mm MQ>H$Z d ZwH$gmZ Z hmoVm {dHy$Z `m amoI ngm C^m H$$ eH$Vrc.
~H$m`m `m amoIVodarc {ddmgm`m AmYmamda B_maV, _mc, O_rZ, gmoZo, ^mJ,
dMZ{M>r B. gnmrnH$s H$mhr H$maMo VmaU KoD$Z ~H$m H$O} XoVmV, hUOoM
H$OXmamZm amoI nemdaMm h$ XoVmV. `m AWmZo ~H$m AamoI gnmr`m ~Xcr
amoI nemdaMm h$ XoVmV. hUOoM ~H$m AamoI _mc_moMo nemV $nmVa H$aVmV
Ago H$mD$Wa (Crowther) hUVmV.
3 ) bm^Vm
~H$mMr WmnZmM Z\$m {_i{d`mgmR>r Pmcocr AgVo. Z\$m hm ~Ho$`m èmMm
d H$m`j_VoMm {ZH$f AgVmo. emgH$s` IM, R>odrXmamZm md`mMo `mO,
~wS>rV H$OmMr VaVyX H$a`mgmR>r C^mamd`mMo {ZYr `mgmR>r nwaogo Cn ~H$mZm
{_idmdo cmJVoM, nU `m{edm` ^mJYmaH$mZm `mo` Z\$mhr mdm cmJVmo `mg
cm^VoMo Vd hUVmV. OodT>m H$OmMm qH$dm JwVdUwH$sMm H$mcmdYr OmV
VodT>m `mOXa OmV qH$dm mr OmV AgVo. `m_wio Jmoim Ho$co`m R>odtMm
dmna Aem H$OmV d JwVdUwH$sV H$amdm cmJVmo H$s `mnmgyZ H$_mc Cn
{_ioc.
5.3

5.1.2 H$OdmQ>nmMr gdgm_m` Vdo
(General Principles of Lending)
H$OdmQ>nm`m {H$òV gwa{jVVm {Z_mU hmdr `mgmR>r ~H$m nwT>rb H$mhr

gdgm_m` VdmMo XoIrb nmbZ H$aVmV.
1 ) Ymo`mMr {d^mJUr
~H$mZr AZoH$ CmoJmZm H$O} mdrV `m_wio EImm YmV _Xr Amcr qH$dm
A` H$mhr H$maUmZr `m YmH$Sy>Z H$O\o$S> Z Pm`mZo ~H$mMo Oo ZwH$gmZ hmoBc
Vo `m YmnwaVoM _`m{XV amhrc d BVa Ym_YyZ `mMr ânmB H$aVm òBc.
VgoM H$O} {d{dY XoemVrc CmoJmZm mdrV. `m_wio EImm XoemV XJcr,
Zg{JH$ Amnmr B`mXr_wio hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ `m XoemnwaVoM _`m{XV amhrc.
EH$mM XoemV qH$dm CmoJmZm H$O} {Xcr Va ~H$o Mo ^{dV` `m`merM OIS>co
OmVo d YmoHo$ Iyn _moR>o AgVmV hUyZ ~H$mZr Ymo`mMr mXo{eH$ d Ammo{JH$
{d^mJUr H$amdr.
2 ) Coe
H$O Ko`mMm hoVy Oa CnmXH$ d$nmMm Agob Va H$O`m naV\o$S>rMr h_r
m hmoVo. VgoM H$OmMm Coe hm AnH$mbrZ Agbm, Va H$Om`m naV\o$S>rMr
e`Vm dmT>Vo. `mCbQ> AZwnmXH$ hoVygmR>r H$O H$mT>`mg Vo naV \o$S>`mV
YmoH$m {Z_mU hmo`mMr e`Vm AgVo. EImmZo Amnbo OwZo H$O \o$S>`mgmR>r
~H$o H$S>o H$OmMr _mJUr Ho$`mg `m`m CnmV dmT> hmo`mMr e`Vm Zg`mZo
H$OmMr naV\o$S> AdKS> hmoVo. _m, EImmbm H$m _mb IaoXr H$a`mgmR>r
H$O {X`mg `m`m CnmXZmV d CnmV dmT> hmoVo Am{U H$OmMr naV\o$S>
e` hmoVo. `m_wio ~Ho$g H$O XoV AgVmZm H$moU`m CoemZo H$OXma H$OmMr
_mJUr H$aVmo Amho, `mMm gX^ {dMmamV `mdm bmJVmo.
3 ) gwajm
~Ho$g H$O XoVmZm gwajm `m VdmMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. hUOo AmUr~mUr`m
H$mimV A[aQ>mMr n[apWVr {Z_mU Pm`mg, {d_m m hmo`mMr h_r ~Ho$g
5.4

{_idmdr bmJVo. `mgmR>r H$O XoVmZmM ~H$mZm gwajoMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo.
`m_wio ~H$m H$OXmamMr nmVm H$OXmamH$S>rb ^mS>dbr gmYZo H$Om`m
naV\o$S>rMr gmYZo, `mMm {dMma H$aV AgVmV. H$OmMm òH$ Vmd e`
{VVH$m A{YH$ gwa{jV H$a`mMm ~Ho$Mm `Z AgVmo. gmh{OH$M H$OXmamH$Sy>Z
`mo` {V^yVrMr _mJUr ~H$ H$aVo. H$OXmamg gwajoMr h_r ~Ho$g mdr bmJVo.
4 ) amQ>r` {hV Am{U AZw$nVm
H$O XoVmZm CnamoV gd Vdo AZwHy$b Agbr, Var H$O AZwg$Z ~ZV Zmhr,
H$maU H$O XoVmZm amQ>r` {hVmMm XoIrb {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. H|$r` qH$dm
gKr` ~H$m amQ>r` {hVmMm {dMma H$$Z H$OdmQ>nmMm {ZU` KoV AgVmV. H$O
KoUm`mMm hoVy hm amQ>r` {hVg~Ymer {dgJV Ag`mg H$O {Xbo OmV Zmhr.
VgoM emgZm`m H$m`mVyZ XoIrb ~H$m`m H$OdmQ>nmMr {Xem {ZYm[aV hmoV
AgVo. H$Om`m hoVyMr amQ>r` {hVmer AgUmar AZw$nVm {dMmamV KodyZ ~H$
H$Omg _m`Vm XoV AgVo.
AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ `dgm`mMr gH$nZm {dMmamV KoVm, gwa{jVVo`m Vdmnojm
H$OmMm hoVy, H$O H$nmMr _wXV, amQ>r` {hV ho KQ>H$ H$OdmQ>nm`m ~m~VrV
A{YH$ _hdmMo ~Zbo Amho. eoVrgmR>rMo H$O, bhmZ CmoJmgmR>rMo H$O, N>moQ>o
H$OXma d {Z`mVrer g~{YV CmoJ `m`m ~m~VrV hr n[apWVr ~Kmd`mg
{_iVo.
5.2 amoIVm d cm^Vm `m Vdm_Yrc nana {damoY:

(Confilict between Liquidity and Profitability)
~H$m dV:`m d BVam`m H$OmMo `dhma H$aVmV. ~H$ EH$mM doir YZH$mo
AgVo VerM R>odrXmamMr F$UH$mo (H$OXma) AgVo. Oohm Vr H$O XoVo Vohm Vr gmdH$ma
AgVo. hUyZ H$O} Xo`mgmR>r ~H$m H$O} H$mT>VmV Ago hQ>co OmVo. _mJVmjUr R>odr
naV H$aUo ho ~H$mMo H$V` AgVo. `mgmR>r `m amoIVm Vdmg _hd XoVmV. _mJVmjUr
amoI ngm Xo`mMr Hw$dV hUOo amoIVm; naVw `mMdoir Amncm gd IM ^mJdyZ
5.5

amIrd {ZYtMr VaVyX H$$Z ~H$mZr Z\$mhr {_idmdm Aer Anojm AgVo. Z\$m
{_i{d`m`m Hw$dVrg cm^VoMo Vd Ago hUVmV.
amoIVm d cm^Vm hr Vdo ~H$ `dgm`mV _hdmMr hUOoM Or nmbZ Ho$brM
nm{hOoV Aer _mZcr OmVmV. R>odr$nmZo Jmoim Ho$cocm ngm `m Xmohr VdmMo nmcZ
hmoBc Aem arVrZo dmnacm qH$dm JwV{dcm OmVmo; naVw hr Vdo nana{damoYr AmhoV.
`m _mc_moV amoIVm OmV AgVo `mV cm^Vm H$_r AgVo d `mV cm^Vm OmV
`mV amoIVm H$_r AgVo. òH$ _mc_moV g__mUmV amoIVm-cm^Vm ZgVo. amoI
nemMo CXmhaU `m. amoI nemV 100% amoIVm AgVo nU `mnmgyZ mr H$mhrM
hmoV Zmhr hUyZ cm^Vm ey` AgVo. Xwg`m Q>moH$mcm EImm H$OXmamMr dMZ{M>r,
`mcm Iyn `mOXamZo H$O {Xco Agco Var `mV amoIVm ZgVo. hUOoM `mV cm^Vm
Iyn Amho nU amoIVm ey` Amho.
~H$aMo H$me` _mc_mm O_m H$a`m_ò AgVo. _mc_moMr `mXr hUOo
nmoQ>\ $mo{cAmo. amoIVm d cm^Vm `m nana{damoYr VdmMm g_Vmoc gmYUo ho Iao H$me`
Amho. ~H$o `m Vmio~Xm`m _mc_mm `m ~mOyMm A`mg Ho$`mg `m {dYmZmMm AW
cjmV òBc
. ~H$ `dgm` g_OmdyZ `md`mMm hUOo `m nana{damoYr VdmMm g_Vmoc
H$gm gmYcm OmVmo ho nmhUo hmo`. hUyZ ~H$o `m _mc_moMr Vnercdma {M{H$gm Ho$cr
OmVo. `m ~mOy`m _mc_moMr _mS>Ur amoIVo`m KQ>`m H$_mZwgma qH$dm cm^Vo`m dmT>`m
H$_mZwgma Ho$cr OmVo.
amoIVm d bm^Vm `mMm g_d`
1 ) amoI ngm d _`dVu ~Ho$H$S>rc R>od :

H$moU`mhr ~Ho$Mr _`dVu ~Ho$H$S>rc R>od hr nemgmaIrM AgVo H$maU `mda
YZmXoe H$mT>Vm òVmV. amoI ngm nyUnUo Vac AgVmo nU ~H$ Amn`m gd R>odr
amoH$S>rV R>ody$ eH$V ZmhrV, H$maU `mnmgyZ H$mhr Cn {_iV Zmhr. AZw^dmZo
amoO {H$Vr amoI aH$_oMr _mJUr Ho$cr OmVo `mMr ~Ho$cm OmU AgVo Am{U `mnojm
WmoS>r OmV a$_ gwa{jVVm hUyZ Vr Amn`m Odi ~miJVo. R>do rXmamMm {ddmg
{Q>H${d`mgmR>r hr H$miOr KoUo Amd`H$ AgVo. EHy$U R>odrnH$s {H$Vr ^mJ
amoI nemV R>odm`Mm ho WoZo qH$dm H$m`mZo R>a{dco OmVo.
5.6
2)
3)
4)
5)

AngyMZm H$O} :
hr H$O} dQ>md Jho, BVa ~H$m, ^mJ ~mOmamVrc Xcmc `mZm _mJVmjUr naV
H$a`m`m AQ>rda {Xcr OmVmV. `m H$OmMr _wXV gmYmaUnUo Mmodrg Vmg Vo
EH$ AmR>dS>m Aer AgVo. H$O} Ag`mZo `mda WmoS>o \$ma `mO {_iVo Am{U
`mMo $nmVa _mJVmjUr nemV H$aVm òVo. hUOoM `m`mV amoIVm WmoS>rer
H$_r Agcr Var H$mhr _mUmV cm^Vm AgVo.
{dno d gaH$mar hS>m :
~H$mZr {dH$V KoVcocr {dno, gaH$mar hS>mVrc JwVdUyH$ {dno d gaH$mar
hS >m hUOo EH$ H$mao `mnmar d gaH$macm {Xcocr AnH$mcrZ H$O}M AgVmV.
AmO Oar hr H$O} amoH$S> Zgcr Var `mda OmV `mOXamZo Cn {_iVo Am{U
VrZ _{h`mV `mMo ngo {_iVmV Am{U ~Ho$cm amoI nemMr JaO ^mgcrM Va
_`dVu ~H$ {dnmMo nwZdQ>Z H$a`mg qH$dm gaH$mar hS>m`m VmaUmda H$O}
Xo`mg Zoh_rM V`ma AgVo. AngyMZm H$Om`m VwcZoZo {dn d hS >mV cm^Vm
OmV nU amoIVm H$_r AgVo. `m {VZ _mc_moV ~H$m amoIVog A{YH$ _hd
XoVmV hUyZ `mZm Vac _mc_mm Ago hUVmV.
JwVdUyH$ :
~H$mZm Cnhr {_idm`Mo AgVo. `mgmR>r R>odtMm H$mhr ^mJ Vo gaH$mar H$OamoIo
Am{U MmJ`m H$n`mMo ^mJ d F$Uno `mV JwV{dVmV. `mnmgyZ `mZm OmV
XamZo `mO, Cn d cm^me {_iVmo. `mVhr ~H$m gaH$mar H$OamoIo A{YH$
ngV H$aVmV, H$maU `mnmgyZ R>amdrH$ CnmMr Imr AgVo Am{U `m`m
VmaUmda _`dVu ~Ho$H$Sy>Z AS>rAS>MUrV H$O {_iy eH$Vo. ^maVmV H$m`mZoM
~H$mZm `m`m R>odrMm H$mhr ^mJ gaH$mar d gaH$ma_m` H$Oamo`mV JwVdyZ
{dYrdV amoIVoMo _mU gm^mimdo cmJVo.
H$O :
H$OamoI H$O qH$dm A{YH$f gdcV `m H$mamZr ~H$m H$O} XoVmV. `mMm `mOXa
OmV AgVmo. hr H$O} VmaU KoD$Z qH$dm Aga{jV Aer Agy eH$VmV. H$O} hr
5.7

~H$mMr Aer _m`Vm AgVo H$s `m_ò cm^Vm Iyn AgVo nU amoIVm ZgVo.
~hYm ~H$m AnH$mcrZ H$Oo XoVmV nU XrKH$mimnmgyZ n[a{MV, {V{>V H$OXma
AgVrc, `mo` VmaU Agoc Va H$O dmnamda cj R>do Zy H$mhr XrK_wXVrMr H$O}hr
~H$m XoVmV.
6 ) B_maVr :
`m{edm` ~H$o `m _mcH$s`m B_maVr, \${ZMa, `dgm`mon`moJr gm{hò AgVmV.
XZ{XZ H$m_H$mOmV `m Jmo>r Amd`H$ AgVmV. `m`mnmgyZ {_iUmar mr
{H$aH$moi AgVo nU `m_wio ~H$mMr {V>m dmT>Vo.
5.3 VmaU :
(Pledge)
H$OmD$ aH$_oMr dgwbr Am{U gwa{jVVm CoemZo ~H$m H$OXmamH$Sy>Z {H$_mZ H$O
{ZYr EdT>m {H$_VrMr _mb_mm d _mb_modarb H$m`Xoera h$ dV:H$S>o KoVo `mbm
VmaU AWdm {V^yVr Ago hUVmV. H$O {ZYr`m ~X`mV MmJbr VmaU _mb_mm
CXm. gmoZ,o O_rZ, B_maV, eoAg, _wXV R>do nmd`m B. pdH$ma`m Va H$O `dhmamVrb
OmoIr_ H$_r hmooVo. ~qH$J `dgm`mV _wV - {V^yVr/VmaUmMo _hd Am{U VmaU
_mb_mm hUyZ _m` AgUmar m$no bjmV KoV`mZVa VmaUmdarb ~Ho$`m n[anyU
Am{U H$m`Xoera h$ {Z_mU H$a`m`m nVrMm A`mg H$aUo _hdmMo R>aVo.
1 ) VmaU (Pledge) :
H$OmD$ aH$_o`m naV\o$S>r`m dMZmMr n[anyVugmR>r F$UH$mo Oohm dV:`m
_mbH$sMr _mb_mm ~Ho$`m Vm`mV XoVmo `mbm VmaU hUyZ g~moYbo OmVo.
VmaU (Pledge) nVrV _m`dmZ _mb_moMm Vm~m F$UH$moH$Sy>Z YZH$moH$S>o
gmon{dbm OmVmo; naVw _mbH$sh$mMo WmZmVa hmoV Zmhr. WmoS>`mV, dVydarb
_mbH$s F$UH$moMr; naVw dMZnyVun`V `m dVydarb Vm~m YZH$moMm AgVmo.
5.8
A ) AW :
^maVr` H$ama H$m`mVrb (1881) H$b_ 172 Zwgma "VmaU' `m ^ma
nVrMr `m`m H$a`mV Ambobr Amho. `mZwgma -
""H$O \o$S>`mgmR>r qH$dm dMZnyVugmR>r {V^yVr hUyZ dVyMm {Zjon (Bailment) H$a`m`m nVrV VmaU (Pledge) Ago hUVmV.''
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
~)
`m_ò "{Zjon' (Bailment) `m gH$nZoMo n>r>H$aU {Xbobo Amho. `mZwgma

EImm {d{e> hoVygmR>r EH$m `VrZo Xwg`m `Vr`m V`mV Amnbr
dVy Xo`m`m {H$òg "{Zjon' Ago hUVmV.
VmaU drH$maVmZm ~H$m nwT>rb H$miOr KoVmV.
H$OXmamMr Wmda _mb_modarb _mbH$s {ZXm}f Amho `mMr Imr H$$U
KoUo.
VmaUmgmR>r pdH$mabobr _mb_mm ghO {d{H$`mo` Amho.
VmaU _mb_mm {Q>H$mD$ Am{U {XKH$mi _y` YmaU H$aUmar hdr.
H$O a$_ Am{U VmaU _mb_moMr qH$_V `m~m~V `mo` Vo _w`mH$Z (Valuation) Ho$bo nm{hOo d `m_ò gwa{jV Jmim R>>odbm nm{hOo.
VmaU dVyMm {d_m CVa{dbm nm{hOo.
VmaUmMr d{eQ>o :
1 ) H$O `dhmambm gwajm H$dM :
~H$mH$Sy>Z H$O`dhmambm gwajm H$dM hUyZ Wmda - OJ_ _mb_mm
VmaU hUyZ KoVbr OmVo.
2 ) ~Ho$H$S>o Vm~m :
F$UH$mo VmaU dVyMm Vm~m ~Ho$bm XoVmo. Agm Vm~m _yi H$mJXnm`m
hVmVaUmVyZ hmoVmo.
3 ) _mb_mm h$mV ~Xb Zmhr :
VmaU hUOo Ho$di dVy/_mb_moMm Vm~m XoUo hmo`. dVy/_mb_mo`m
h$mV ~Xb hmoV Zmhr.
5.9

4 ) VmaUm`m IaoXr {dH$sda ~YZo :
VmaU _mb_moMm Vm~m ~H$o H$S>o Ag`m_wio g~{ YV _mb_mo`m IaoXr{dH$sMo `dhma hmoV ZmhrV Am{U Ago `dhma Pm`mg Vo ~oH$m`Xoera
R>aVmV.
5 ) ~Ho$Mm W_ h$ :
H$O aH$_oMr naV\o$S> Z Pm`mg _mb_mo`m {dH$sVyZ òUm`m aH$_oda
YZH$moMm /~Ho$Mm W_ h$ AgVmo.
2 ) VmaUmMo {d{dY H$ma :
VmaU _mb_moda ~Ho$Mm h$ Wm{nV H$a`m`m nwT>rb {d{dY nVr AmhoV.
`md$Z VmaUmMo nwT>rb H$ma {Z_mU Pmbobo AmT>iVmV.
A ) YmaUm{YH$ma (Lien) :
^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1881 _Yrb H$b_ 171 Zwgma-~H$mZr CnbY
H$$Z${Xbo`m H$O aH$_oMr dgwbr hmoBn`V F$UH$moMr/H$OYmaH$mMr VmaU
_mb_mm ~Ho$`m Vm`mV R>od`mMm A{YH$ma hUOo YmaUm{YH$ma ~H$mZm m
hmoVmo.
1 ) `m`m :
^maVr` H$ama H$m`Xm 1881 _Yrb H$b_ 171 _ò YmaUm{YH$mamMr
`m`m nwT>rb_mUo Ho$bobr Amho.
""F$UH$moH$Sy>Z òUo Agbo`m aH$_oMr dgwbr hmoBn`V `mMr dVy AWdm

_mb_mm Amn`m Vm`mV R>od`m`m YZH$mo`m A{YH$mamg YmaUm{YH$ma
Ago hUVmV.''
2 ) d{eQ>o :
A ) _mb_moMm ~Ho$H$S>o Vm~m :
H$O aH$_oMr dgwbr hmoBn`V VmaU _mb_mm Vm`mV Ko`mMm A{YH$ma
~Ho$g AgVmo.
5.10

~ ) VmaU dVy`m dmnamg {V~Y :
YmaUm{YH$ma hUyZ Vm`mV AgUm`m dVyMm dmna H$a`mMm A{YH$ma
~Ho$g ZgVmo CXm. gmo`mMo Xm{JZo ~H$abm dmnamV AmUVm òV ZmhrV.
YmaUm{YH$ma (Lien) ho Ho$di H$O aH$_obm gwajoMo AmN>mXZ
(Cover) AgVo. VmaU dVyMm H$moU`mhr H$maMm dmna-Cn`moJ
~H$abm H$aVm òV Zmhr.
H$) VmaU dVyMr {dH$s :
H$O d `mO aH$_oMr naV\o$S> H$obr Zg`mg F$UH$mobm `mo` Vr gyMZm
XoD$Z YmaUm{YH$mamVrb VmaU dVy {dH$`mMm h$ ~H$o g AgVmo. nana
VmaUdVyMr {dH$s H$aVm òV Zmhr.
S>) VmaU dVy naV H$aUo :
H$OaH$_oMr naV\o$S> nyU hmoVmM YmaUm{YH$mamVrb dVy F$UH$mobm naV
H$amdr bmJVo. ~Xbr dVy AWdm `m {H$_VrMr Xwgar dVy B. MmbV
ZmhrV.
~ ) JhmU (Mortgage) :
~ q H$J H$O `dhmamVrb {V^y V rMm _hdmMm H$ma hUy Z
"JhmU'(Mortgage) `m gH$nZobm _hd Amho. `m nVrV {V^yVr hUyZ
drH$mabobr dVy/_mb_mm H$m`Xoera nVrZo _mbH$s h$mgh hVmVarV
Ho$br OmVo. _mb_mo`m hVmVaUmgmR>r emgH$s` {Z`_mZwgma Amd`H$
Q>n OmoSy>Z F$UH$mo {d{eQ> eVvda hUOoM H$O a$_ \o$S>`mg Anè
Am`mg _mb_modarb H$m`Xoera h$m`m ~Xbmg g_Vr XmZ H$arV AgVmo.
_mb_mm hVmVaU H$m`mVrb (1882) 58 A) `m H$b_mV "JhmU' `m
gH$nZoMr nwT>rb `m`m {Xbobr Amho.
1 ) `m`m :
""CnbY H$$Z {Xbo`m H$OmD$ aH$_oMr naV\o$S> H$a`mgmR>r qH$dm

H$amamVyZ {Z_mU hmoUmao Xm{`d \o$S>`mgmR>r {d{e> Wmda _mb_modarb
h$m`m hVmVaUmg JhmU Ago hUVmV.''
5.11

"JhmU' gH$nZo`m darb `mòd$Z F$UH$mo Amnbo Xm{`d
\o$S>`mgmR>r YZH$mog _mb_modarb h$mMo hVmVaU H$arV AgVmo.
JhmUmMr (Mortgage) - d{eQ>o nwT>rb_mUo gmJVm òVmV.
2 ) d{eQ>o :
A ) _mbH$s h$mMo hVmVaU :
H$O naV\o$S>rMo Xm{`d hUyZ F$UH$mo hm YZH$mog _mb_modarb h$mMo
hVmVaU H$arV AgVmo.
~ ) ~Ho$H$S>o _mbH$s h$ :
gm_m`nUo JhmU _mb_moMm Vm~m JhmU R>odUm`mH$S>oM AgVmo; naVw
_mbH$s h$ ~Ho$H$S>o gmon{dbo OmVmV. hUOoM H$mJXno ~Ho$`m
Vm`mV AgVmV.
H$) _mb_mo`m IaoXr-{dH$sda ~YZo :
JhmU R>do bo`m _mb_mo`m IaoXr-{dH$sMo A{YH$ma F$UH$mobm ZgVmV
Am{U JhmU _mb_moMr IaoXr-{dH$s `dhma Pmbo Var Vo H$m`mZo dY
R>aV ZmhrV.
S>) {dH$sg `m`mb`mMr g_Vr Amd`H$ :
H$OaH$_o`m naV\o$S>rgmR>r Amd`H$ `m gyMZm XoD$Z d `m`mb`mMr
g_Vr KoD$ZM JhmU _mb_moMr {dH$s H$aVm òVo.
B ) H$O a$_oMr dgwbr :
JhmU _mb_mo`m {dH$sVyZ m hmoUm`m nemVyZ H$O a$_ d `mO
a$_ `mMr dgwbr W_ Ho$br OmVoo d A{V[aV a$_ Agob Va Vr
F$UH$mog m hmoVo.
3 ) JhmU _mb_mm `dhmamV ~Ho$Zo `md`mMr H$miOr :
JhmU _mb_mm gnmXZ H$aVmZm ~Ho$Zo nwT>rb H$miOr KoUo Amd`H$
AgVo.
5.12

1 ) JhmU hUyZ Or _mb_mm Vm`mV `md`mMr Amho. `mMr F$UH$moMr
_mbH$s {ZXm}f Agbr nm{hOo.
2 ) ~Ho$Zo _mb_moMo _wi XVEodO Vm`mV `mdoV.
3 ) _mb_moda H$m`Xoera h$ Wm{nV H$a`mgmR>r emgH$s` {Z`_mZwgma
Amd`H$ `m _y`mMo Q>n OmoS>mdoV.
4 ) JhmUH$ama Ho$`mnmgyZ 15 {Xdgm`m AmV a{OQ>maH$S>o `mMr Zm|X
H$amdr.
H$O `dhmamMo gwajm H$dM hUyZ `mnmar ~H$m "JhmU' (Mortgage)
nVrMm _moR>m _mUmV dmna H$arV AgVmZm AmT>iVmV.
H$) ZOa JhmU (Hypothecation) :
^maVr` H$ama H$m`X`mV "ZOa JhmU' `m {V^yVr nVr~m~V H$moUVohr n>rH$aU
Xo`mV Ambobo Zmhr; naVw AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV "Mb _mb_mo'~m~V (Movable
Property) {V^yVr pdH$ma`m`m nVrVyZ "ZOa JhmU' `m VmaU H$ma
nVrMm _moR>m _mUmV dmna hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo.
^maVr` H$ama H$m`mV "ZOa JhmU' `m {V^yVr'Mr `m`m Xo`mV Ambobr
Zgbr Var WmngZ `m`m eXH$mofmV ZOa JhmUmMr `m`m Ho$bobr AmT>iVo.
`mZwgma
1 ) `m`m :
"ZOaJhmU hUOo g`H$ ^ma {Z_mU H$aUo hmo`.''

dVyMm Vm~m Am{U _mbH$s F$UH$moH$S>o Agbr Var {d{e> n[apWVrV
_mJVmjUr Vr dVy YZH$mo`m Vm`mV Xo`mMm H$ama AgVmo. VgoM VmaU
JhmUmMo (Pledge) $nmVa H$a`mMm A{YH$ma ~Ho$g AgVmo.''
ZOa JhmU nVr `mdgm{`H$mgmR>r _moR>`m _mUmV dmnamV òVo. ~Ho$H$S>yZ
H$O} KoD$Z ò KoUo, Z`mZo `dgm` gw$ H$aUo, [ajm, Orn, H$ma, Qy> phbg
B. IaoXr H$$Z ZOa JhmU _mb_moMr _mbH$s, Vm~m dV:H$S>o R>odyZ Cn
{_i{dVm òVo d `mVyZ H$O\o$S> Ho$br OmVo.
5.13

2 ) d{eQ>o :
1 ) VmaH$mMm Vm~m d _mbH$s :
ZOa JhmU H$mamV VmaU _mb_moMm Vm~m d _mbH$s F$UH$moH$S>oM
AgVo.
2 ) ~Ho$_m\$V n`dojH$ :
~H$ VmaU _mb_moda bj R>odyZ AgVo hUOoM ~Ho$Mo A{YH$mar
n`dojU/ôQ>r XoD$Z Imr H$aVmV.
3 ) ~Ho$Mm A{YH$ma :
H$O\$o S> H$a`mV g_`m CX^d`mg ~H$o g ZOa JhmU _mb_mm Vm`mV
Ko`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo. H$O aH$_oMr \o$S> H$a`mgmR>r ZOa JhmU
_mb_mm {dH$s H$$Z H$O\o$S> H$$Z KoVbr OmVo.
4 ) _mb_moMm dmna :
F$UH$moH$S>o _mb_moMm Vm~m d _mbH$s Ag`m_wio `mnmgyZ Cn
{_i{dUo, amoOJma {_i{dUo e` AgVo.
3 ) ~Ho$Zo `md`mMr H$miOr :
1 ) m_m{UH$ d `mdgm{`H$ Zr{V_mm AgUm`m `VtZm ZOa JhmU
nVrZo ~H$mZr H$O} mdrV.
2 ) ~Ho$Zo {Z`{_VnUo ZOa JhmU _mb_moMr nmhUr/n`dojU H$amdo.
3 ) VmaU _mb_moMm gdg_mdoeH$ {d_m CVadmdm.
4 ) H$O XoUm`m ~Ho$Mm \$bH$ ZOaJhmU _mb_moda bmd`mMm AmJh
Yamdm.
S>) h_r (Guarantee) :
`mnmar ~H$m`m H$O `dhmamV ""h_r""(Guarantee) hm EH$ {V^yVr /
VmaUmMm H$ma AmT>iVmo. H$O{df`H$ `dhmamgmR>r ~H$m _yV d$nmVrb
VmaUmMm AmJh H$Ombm gwajm H$dM hUyZ YarV Ag`m Var òH$ doir
5.14

F$UH$mobm _yV d$nmVrb VmaU XoUo e` hmoVoM Ago Zmhr `m_wio ~H$mH$Sy>Z
H$O} {_i{d`mV AS>MUr {Z_mU hmoVmV. `mVyZ _mJ H$mT>VmZm ~H$m H$O`dhmamV
_yV {V^yVrbm n`m` hUyZ qH$dm AZoH$ doim _yV {V^yVr/VmaUm~amo~a
F$UH$moH$Sy>Z H$Om`m "h_r'Mm AmJh YaVmV.
1 ) AW :
^maVr` H$ama H$m`mVrb H$b_ 126 _ò "h_r' (Guarantee) `m
gH$nZoMr `m`m {Xbobr Amho `mZwgma :
""EImm `VrZo {Xbobo dMZ nyU H$a`mV qH$dm Xm{`d \o$S>`mV H$gya
Ho$`mg `m`m dVrZo dMZ nyU H$a`mMm qH$dm Xm{`d \o$S>`mMm H$ama
hUOo h_r hmo`.''
"h_r' gH$nZo`m darb `mòd$Z ~Ho$`m F$UH$moZo H$OmMr naV\o$S>
H$a`mV H$gya Ho$br AWdm H$O\o$S>r~m~V Ag_WVm XmI{dbr Va Vo H$O
\o$S>`mMr O~m~Xmar A` Xwg`m `VrZo KoUo h_rbm A{ôV AgVo. h_r
drH$maUmar `Vr H$m`mZo H$amambm ~mYrb AgVo Am{U F$UH$moH$Sy>Z
H$O naV\o$S> hmo`mV Ag_WVm Agob Va h_r XoUm`m `Vr`m ImgJr
_mb_moda h$ {Z_mU H$a`mMm Am{U H$O\o$S> H$$Z Ko`mMm A{YH$ma
~Ho$g m hmoVmo.
2 ) d{eQ>o :
A ) H$OmMm gwajm H$dM :
_yV VmaU _mb_mobm n`m` hUyZ "h_r'`m gmhm`mZo H$Ombm gwajm
H$dM {_i{dbo OmVo.
~ ) naV\o$S>rMr O~m~Xmar :
h_r XoUmar `Vr H$m`mZo H$Om`m naV\o$S>rgmR>r O~m~Xma R>aVo.
H$) h_rXmamMr O~m~Xmar :
F$UH$mo H$O\o$S> H$a`mg Ag_W R>abm VaM h_r XoUm`m `Vrbm
O~m~Xma Yabo OmVo. H$O\$o S>rgmR>r "h_r' XoUm`m Om_rZXmam`m ImOJr
5.15

_mb_moda H$m`mZo ~Ho$Mm h$ Wm{nV hmoVmo (Oa F$UH$mo H$O\o$S>rg
Ag_W R>abm Va).
S>) Xwhoar gwajm H$dM :

"h_r' _wio H$OaH$_obm Xwhoar gwajm H$dM {_iVo `m_ò F$UH$mdoa h_r
XoUm`mMm Z{VH$ X~md amhZ H$O\o$S> _wXVrV hmoVo {edm` F$UH$mo
H$O\o$S>rg Ag_W R>abm Va h_rXma H$O \o$S>rg O~m~Xma R>aVmo.
5.4 nV{Z{_Vr :
(Credit Creation)
nV{Z{_Vr ho AmYw{ZH$ ~H$mMo _hdmMo H$m` Amho. m. go`g `mZr Ago nQ>
Ho$bo Amho H$s, ~H$m Ho$di ngm EH$mH$Sy>Z KodyZ Xwg`mbm Xo`mMo H$m` H$arV Zmhr,
Va `m nemMo CnmXZ H$aV AgVmV. BVa H$n`m qH$dm _hm_S>im_mUoM Z\$m
{_i{dUo hm ~H$mMm hoVy AgVmo. `mgmR>r ~H$m R>odr`m d$nmV amoH$S> drH$maVmV
Am{U `mVyZ JmhH$mZm H$O} XoVmV. Oohm ~H$ H$O XoVo Vohm Vo amoI d$nmV {Xbo
OmV Zmhr. Va ~H$ JmhH$m`m Zmdo ~Ho$V ImVo CKSy>Z `mbm Amd`H$ Agbobr
aH$_ YZmXoem`m gmhm`mZo H$mT>`mg _w^m XoVo. Aem H$mao ~H$ nV qH$dm R>odtMr
{Z{_Vr H$aVo. ~H$mMr nV{Z{_VrMr {H$`m nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òBb.
5.4.1 AW (Meaning)
~H$m BVa {dmr` gWmnojm doJim AgVmV, H$maU `m nV{Z{_Vr KS>dyZ
AmUVmV. Amn`m _mJUr R>odtMm amoI {ZYt`m d$nmV ~hJw{UV {dVma KS>dyZ
AmU`mMr ~H$mH$S>o j_Vm AgVo. ~H$m`m _mJUr R>odr `m {d{Z_`mMo gmYZ hUyZ
H$m` H$aVmV, `m_wio ~H$mZm ho e` hmoV.o `m {H$òmao ~H$ Xo`Vm `dWog H$m`mpdV
H$aV AgVo. WmoS>`mV, nV{Z{_Vr hUOo ~H$mZr Amn`m R>odtMm KS>dyZ AmUbobm
~hJw{UV {dVma hmo` Am{U ~H$mMr R>odtMm {dVma KS>dyZ AmU`mMr hr j_Vm
`mZm BVa {dmr` gWmnmgyZ doJio H$aVo. ~H$m`m _mJUr R>odr `m ngm nwadR>m`m
5.16

_hdm`m Ùm AgyZ _mJUr R>odtMm {dVma hUOo nem`m nwadR>mMm {dVma
hmo`. ~H$ `dgm`mMr gnyU gaMZm hr nVmda AmYmabobr AgVo. nV hUOo {dH$s
gmoMr mVr hmo`. nV hr {ddmg (Confidence), Mm[a`(Character),
j_Vm(Capacity) d ^mS>db (Capital) `m Mma KQ>H$mda Adb~yZ AgVo. ~Ho$Mr
nV hUOo ~Ho$Mo H$O Am{U A{J_o hmoV. WmoS>`mV, ~H$m Oohm Amn`m
H$O`dhmammao AW`dWoVrb EHy$U nem`m nwadR>mV â Q>mH$VmV, Vohm nemMr
{Z{_Vr Pmbr Ago hUVmV. hUOoM ~H$mZr H$O {X`m_wio `wn R>odr`m $nmV
nemMr {Z{_Vr hmoVo. Aem nemg nVngm hUVmV. hm nVngm `m {H$òVyZ {Z_mU
hmoVmo `mg nV{Z{_VrMr {H$`m hUVmV.
5.4.2 `m`m (Definition)
nV{Z{_Vr`m `m`m nwT>rb_mUo g_OyZ KoVm òVrb.
1 ) Zod{bZ (Newlyn) :
""`mnmar ~H$mH$S>o Amn`m Xw`_ R>odtMm H$O nwadR>mmao qH$dm {V^yVt`m
JwVdUwH$smao {dVma KS>dyZ AmU`mMr Or gmm AgVo, `mg nV{Z{_Vr
hUVmV.''
2 ) hmb_ (Halm) :
""`wn R>do tMr {Z{_Vr hr gdgm_m`nUo nV{Z{_Vr hUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo.''
5.4.3 nV{Z{_VrMo AmYma (Basis of Credit Creation)
~Ho$`m R>odr `m nVnemMo AmYma AgVmV, ~Ho$`m R>odtMo XmoZ H$ma nS>VmV, Vo
nwT>rb_mUo
1 ) mW{_H$ R>odr :
JmhH$ Amn`mH$S>o ngm qH$dm YZmXoe ~Ho$V R>od hUyZ R>odVmV, Vohm `mg
"mW{_H$ R>odr' hUVmV. AmnU Oohm ~Ho$V ngo qH$dm YZmXoe âVmo, Vohm
~H$ Vo ngo Amn`m Im`mda O_m H$aVo. JmhH$mg Oohm JaO Agob, Vohm
Vmo Im`mVyZ Amnbo ngo H$mTy> eH$Vmo. mW{_H$ R>odr `m MbZ nemMo R>od
nemV $nmVa KS>dyZ AmUVmV. `mVyZ nemMr {Z{_Vr hmoV Zmhr, H$maU `mVyZ
5.17

~Ho$`m nemV â nS>V Zmhr. Xwg`m eXmV Ago gmJVm òBb H$s, mW{_H$
R>odr nem`m nwadR>mV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUV ZmhrV.
2 ) `wn R>odr (Derivative Deposits) :
~H$m Oohm H$O XoVmV, hS>m dQ>{dVmV, A{YH$f gdbV, ~mS>, H$OamoIo
`mV JwVdUyH$ H$aVmV Vohm `m R>odr {Z_mU hmoVmV, `mZm "`wn R>odr'
hQ>bo OmVo. ~H$ Amn`mH$S>o JmhH$mZr R>odbo`m R>odt`m AmYmamda `wn
R>odr {Z_mU H$aVmV. Aem R>odr {Z_mU H$a`mV ~H$mMm {H$`merb gh^mJ
AgVmo. `m_wio `mg "{H$`merb R>odr' Ago XoIrb hQ>bo OmVo. ~H$ Oohm
H$O _Oya H$aVo, Vohm H$OXmamMo ~Ho$V Mmby ImVo CKS>yZ H$OmMr aH$_
`m`m Im`mda O_m H$aVo. JmhH$mg Amd`H$ Agbobr aH$_ YZmXoem`m
gmhm`mZo H$mT>`mg _w^m AgVo. R>odnV `m d$nmV ~H$ H$OmMo ngo {dV[aV
H$aVo. `wn R>odt`m {Z{_Vr_wio AW`dWoVrb nem`m nwadR>mV dmT>
KSy>Z òVo. hmQ>br {dWag `m`m _VmZwgma, òH$ H$O ho R>odtMr {Z{_Vr
H$aVo. _m, Ho$di H$O Xo`mVyZ `wn R>odr {Z_mU hmoV Zmhr, Va ~H$m Oohm
gaH$mar {V^yVt_ò JwVdUyH$ H$aVmV qH$dm `mMr {dH$s H$aVmV, Vohm
XoIrb `wn R>odr {Z_mU homVmV. hUOoM `wn R>odr `m I`m AWmZo
nV{Z{_Vr KS>dyZ AmUVmV. WmoS>`mV, nV{Z{_Vr hUOo H$O d A{J_o
Am{U JwVdUyH$ `mmao ~H$m`m R>odtMm KSy>Z Ambobm ~hJw{UV {dVma hmo`.
5.4.4 ~hJw{UV nV{Z{_Vr {H $`m (Process of Multiple Credit
Creation)
~H$m gwa{jVVo`m AmYmamda H$O _Oay H$aVmV. H$OmMr aH$_ g~{YV `VrMo
~Ho$V ImVo CKSy>Z `m`m Zmdmda O_m Ho$br OmVo Am{U JmhH$ Amd`H$VoZwgma
MoH$`m d$nmV Vr aH$_ H$mTy> eH$Vmo. hUOoM òH$ H$O R>od {Z_mU H$aVo
Am{U ~H$ _mJUr _mUo `m R>odrVyZ aH$_ JmhH$mg nwa{dVo. VgoM ~H$m ^mJ,
\${ZMa, B_maV `mMr IaoXr H$aVmV Am{U `mMr aH$_ {dHo$`m`m Im`mda O_m
H$aVmV. `m _mJmZo R>odtMr {Z{_Vr H$a`mVyZ ~Ho$Mm ngm ~mhoa OmV Zmhr, _m,
~Ho$`m nemda Xmdm H$aVm òVmo. òH$ R>odr`m ~m~VrV R>odrXmamZo _mJVmjUr ngo
5.18

nwa{d`mMo Xm{`d ~Ho$da {Z_mU hmoVo. OmV H$OmZm _Owar Xo`mVyZ ~Ho$`m Z`mV
dmT> hmoVo. WmoS>`mV, ~H$ Amn`mH$S>rb nem`m AmYmao A{YH$ R>odr {Z_mU H$aVo
Am{U bmoH$ `m`m Im`mda Amnbo `dhma H$aVmV. ~Ho$Zo {Z_mU Ho$bo`m R>odtVyZ
nem`m nwadR>mV dmT> KSy>Z òVo. ~H$ _mJVmjUr ngm nwa{d`mMo Xm{`d ~Ho$da
{Z_mU hmoVo. OmV H$OmZm _Owar Xo`mVyZ ~Ho$`m Z`mV dmT> hmoVo. WmoS>`mV, ~H$
Amn`mH$S>rb nem`m AmYmao A{YH$ R>odr {Z_mU H$aVo Am{U bmoH$ `m`m
Im`mda Amnbo `dhma H$aVmV. ~Ho$Zo {Z_mU Ho$bo`m R>odtVyZ nem`m nwadR>mV
dmT> KSy>Z òVo. ~H$ _mJVmjUr ngm nwa{d`mMo AmdmgZ XoVmV. ~aoM bmoH$ ~Ho$H$S>o
nemMr _mJUr H$aV Zmhr. Oo bmoH$ _mJUr H$aVmV `mZm ngo nwadyZ ~H$m `mMm
{ddmg gnmXZ H$aVmV. gdgm_m` AZw^dmd$Z Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, ~Ho$H$S>rb
R>odt`m _mUmnojm Ho$di WmoS>mM nemMr _mJUr bmoH$ H$aV AgVmV. `mbmM
"amoI amIrd JwUmoma' hUVmV.
5.4.5 CXmhaU (Example)

H$mn{ZH$ CXmhaUm`m AmYmao `mnmar ~H$mMr nV{Z{_VrMr {H$`m n> H$aVm
òBb. nV{Z{_VrMr {H$`m n> H$a`mgmR>r AmnU nwT>rb H$mhr Jmo>r JhrV Y$.
1) ~qH$J `dWoV Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m, ~H$ Am\$ _hmam>, ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m
Aem AZoH$ ~H$m AmhoV.
2) ~H $mZm Amn`m R>d
o r`m 10 Q>Ho$ aH$_ amIrd {ZYr`m d$nmV R>do mdr bmJVo.
3) n{h`m ~Ho$H$S>o 10,000 n`m`m R>odr R>od`m AmhoV.
4) JmhH$ EH$m ~Ho$VyZ H$mTy>Z KoVbobr H$OmMr aH$_ gd`m gd Xwg`m ~Ho$V O_m
H$aVmo. AemM H$mao Xwg`m ~Ho$VyZ H$mTy>Z KoVbobr gd aH$_ {Vg`m ~Ho$V
O_m H$aVmo.
5) òH$ ~H$ gwdmVrg Agbo`m R>odr`m AmYmamda gwdmV H$aVo. Aem R>odr
BVa ~Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O KoVbo`m H$OXmamZo R>odbo`m AgVmV.
5.19

Aem H$mao JhrVo {Xbobr AgVmZm g_Om, gwdmVrg Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m `m
~H$o g 10,000 n`m`m amoI R>do r {_iVmV. ~H$o H$S>o Ambobr amoI aH$_ hr ~H$o `m
>rZo _mb_mm Amho Am{U Vo Xm{`dgwm Amho. hr amoI aH$_ _mb_mm Amho `mMo
H$maU hr aH$_ H$OmD$ XoD$Z ~Ho$bm Cn {_i{dVm òVo, VgoM hr aH$_ XoUo
qH$dm Xm{`d Amho H$maU ~Ho$bm `m R>odr ^{d`H$mimV R>odrXmamZm naV H$am`m
bmJVmV.
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m Amn`mH$S>o O_m Pmbo`m R>odtnH$s 10 Q>Ho$ aH$_
hUOoM 1,000 nò amIrd {ZYr _mU hUyZ ~mOybm H$mTy>Z R>odob. Cd[aV
aH$_oMmhr ~H$ H$O Xo`mgmR>r dmna H$aob. Aem pWVrV Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`mMm
Vmio~X nwT>rb_mUo Agob.
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m
XoUo (Liabilities)
. n.
_mb_mm (Assets)
. n.
_mJUr R>odr (mW{_H$) 10,000=00
amoI aH$_
10,000=00
{H$_mZ amoI amIrd
{ZYr 1,000=00
A{V[aV amIrd
{ZYr 9,000=00
{H$_mZ amIrd {ZYr Xhm Q>Ho$ Ag`mZo ~H$ 10,000 n`mnH$s 10 Q>Ho$
aH$_ hUOoM 1,000 nò amoI aH$_ hUyZ R>odrb Am{U 9,000 n`mMr
`wn R>od {Z_mU H$aob. H$maU òWo 9,000 nò A{V[aV amIrd {ZYr Amho.
JmhH$mZm H$O Xo`mgmR>r hm amIrd {ZYr ~Ho$bm dmnaVm òBb. g_Om, Q>oQ> ~H$
Am\$ B{S>`mZo lr. gVmof nmQ>rb `mZm 9,000 n`mMo H$O {Xbo. AmVm Q>oQ> ~H$
Am\$ B{S>`mMm Vmio~X nwT>rb_mUo Agob.
5.20

Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m
XoUo (Liabilities)
. n.
_mb_mm (Assets)
. n.
mW{_H$ R>odr
10,000 = 00
amoI aH$_
10,000 = 00
`wn Rodr
9,000 = 00
H$O
9,000 = 00
g_Om lr. gVmof nmQ>rb `mZr lr. A{_V Xoe_wI `m `mnm`mH$Sy>Z KoVbo`m
_mbmgmR>r `mZm 9,000 n`mMm YZmXoe {Xbm. g_Om, lr. Xoe_wI `mMo R>od ImVo
~H$ Am\$ _hmam> `m ~Ho$V Agob, Va Vo Amnbm YZmXoe `m ~Ho$V O_m H$aVrb.
~H$ Am\$ _hmam>H$S>o 9,000 nò mW{_H$ R>odr`m $nmV {_iVrb. `m_wio
~Ho$Mo Xm[`d 9,000 n`mZr dmT>ob. ~H$ Am\$ _hmam>mMm Vmio~X nwT>rb_mUo
Agob.
~H$ Am\$ _hmam>
XoUo (Liabilities)
. n.
_mb_mm (Assets)
. n.
mW{_H$ R>odr
9,000 = 00
amoI aH$_
9,000 = 00
{H$_mZ amoI
amIrd {ZYr 900
900 = 00
A{V[aV
amIrd {ZYr 8,100 8,100 = 00
AmVm ~H$ Am\$ _hmam> Amn`m H$O `dhmamV dmT> H$$ eH$Vo. Vr 8,100
n`mn`V H$O XoD$ eH$Vo. g_Om, ~Ho$Zo Amn`mH$S>rb H$O Xo`mgmR>r CnbY
Agbo`m 8,100 n`mMo H$O lr. gwYra Xidr `mZm {Xbo. AmVm ~H$ Am\$
_hmam>mMm Vmio~X nwT>rb_mUo Agob.
~H$ Am\$ _hmam>
XoUo (Liabilities)
. n.
_mb_mm (Assets)
. n.
mW{_H$ R>odr
9,000 = 00
amoI aH$_
9,000 = 00
`wn R>odr
8,100 = 00
H$O
8,100 = 00
5.21

g_Om, H$O KoUm`m lr. Xidr `mZr 8,100 n`mMm YZmXoe lr. emV
nmR>H$ `mZm {Xbm. lr. emV nmR>H$ `mMo ImVo ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`mV Agob, Va Vo hm
YZmXoe `m ~Ho$V O_m H$aVrb. `m ~Ho$Mo Xm{`d 8,100 n`mZr dmTob. AmVm `m
~Ho$Mm Vmio~X nwT>rb_mUo Agob.
~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m
XoUo (Liabilities)
mW{_H$ R>odr
. n.
8,100 = 00
_mb_mm
(Assets)
amoI aH$_
{H$_mZ amoI amIrd {ZYr
A{V[aV amIrd {ZYr
. n.
8,100 = 00
810 = 00
7,290 = 00
~H$ Am\$ B{S>`mMm Vmio~X Ago Xe{dVmo H$s, `m ~Ho$H$S>o AmVm 7,290 n`mMm
A{V[aV {ZYr Amho. `m {ZYrMm dmna ~H$ JmhH$mZm H$O Xo`mgmR>r H$$ eH$Vo.
g_Om, ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`mZo 7,290 n`mMo H$O JmhH$mg {Xbo, Va 7,290
n`mMr `wn R>od {Z_mU hmoBb. AemM H$mao hr {H$`m nwT>o Mmby amhrb. _yi
mW{_H$ R>odr`m Xhm nQ> EdT>o EHy$U Xm{`d {Z_mU Pm`mda hr {H$`m gnw>mV
òBb.
5.4.6 _`mXm (Limitations)
~H$m`m nV{Z{_Vr {H$òdarb _`mXm nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao nQ> H$aVm òBb
.
1 ) ~H$mOdirc amoI {eH$ :
`mnmar ~H$m dV:H$S>o _moR>m _mUmV amoIVm R>odV AgVrc Va H$O} Xo`mg
_`mXm òD$Z nV{Z{_Vrcm _`mXm òVo.
2 ) amoI amIrd {ZYrMo _mU :
amoI amIrd {ZYrMo _mU OodT>o OmV VodT>r nV{Z{_Vr H$_r hmoVo. `mCcQ>
pWVrV nV{Z{_Vr dmT>Vo.
5.22
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

_`dVu ~Ho$Mo nV{ZÙmMo YmoaU :
_`dVu ~H$ nV{ZÙmgmR>r H$moU`m H$maMo g`m_H$ d JwUm_H$ YmoaU
am~{dVo `mZwgma nV{Z{_VrMo _mU R>aVo. _`dVu ~Ho$Mo YmoaU nV{Z{_Vr
amoI`mMo Agoc Va nVngm {Z{_Vrcm _`mXm òVmV.
cmoH$m`m ~H${df`H$ gd`r :
cmoH$ Amnco XZ{ XZ Am{WH$ `dhma ~Ho$`m _m`_mVyZ H$arV AgVrc Am{U
~H$ `dhmam~m~V OmJH$Vm Agoc Va nVngm dmT>Vmo. `mCcQ> cmoH$ ~H$mnmgyZ
Xya amhV AgVrc Va nV{Z{_Vrcm _`mXm òVo.
nVgmYZmMm dmna :
MoH$, S>mQ>, hS>r, eoAg, amoIo B`mXr {d{Z_` d nVnmMm AW`dWoV
_moR>m _mUmV dmna hmoV Agoc Va nVngm dmT>Vmo. `mCcQ> nVgmYZm`m
dmnamMm A^md nV{Z{_VrV _`mXm AmUVmo.
`mo` VmaUnmMr CncYVm :
~H$m `mo` VmaUm`m AmYmamda H$O} XoVmV. `mgmR>r AW`dWoV MmJcr
VmaU _mc_mm CXm. ^mJ, H$OamoIo, _m`dmZ YmVy B`mXr CncY Agoc Va
H$O `dhma dmTy>Z nVngm dmT>Vmo. `mCcQ> `mo` VmaUmMm A^md nV{Z{_Vrcm
_`mXm AmUVmo.
`mnma, CmoJmMr pWVr :
XoemVJV `mnma d CmoJmMr pWVr AmemXm`H$ Agoc Va JwVdUyH$ dmTy>Z
nV{Z{_Vr KSy>Z òV.o `mCcQ> `mnma, CmoJmMr {ZamemOZH$ pWVr nV{Z{_Vrcm
_`mXm AmUVo.
{ZagZ H|$mMr CncYVm :
MoH$, S>mQ>, B`mXr nVgmYZm`m `dhmamMr ghO nyVVm {ZagZ H|$m`m
gmhm`mZo hmoV.o Aer H|$o H$m`j_VoZo `dhma nyVV m H$arV AgVrc Va nVnemMr
_moR>m _mUmV {Z{_Vr hmoVo. `mCcQ> {ZagZ JhmMm A^md nV{Z{_Vrcm
_`mXm AmUVmV.
5.23

9 ) amoI nemMo CgOZ :
R>odrXma AJa cmoH$ ~Ho$H$S>o amoI dnmV H$O} _mJy eH$VmV. `m_wio ~H$mH$S>rc
amoH$S> H$_r hmoBc d ~Ho$Mr nV{Z{_VrMr Hw$dV _`m{XV hmoBc hUyZ amoI nemMo
CgOZ ~Ho$`m nV{Z{_Vrda _`mXm KmcVo.
10) {ZagZ Jhm`m gmo`r :
Oa ~H$mZm ngo Xo`mH$[aVm YZmXoemMm dmna H$amdm cmJV Agoc d cmoH$ _moR>m
_mUmda YZmXoemMm dmna H$aV AgVrc Va YZmXoemMo Vm~S>Vmo~ ghOnUo
{ZagZ (Clearing) Pmco nm{hOo. {ZagZ JhmV YZmXoemMo {ZagZ hmoVo. H|$r`
~Ho$`m n`dojUmImcr ho H$m` gmYmaUnUo hmoV AgVo. gd ~H$mZm `m gw{dYm
ghOnUo d VnaVoZo CncY hmoUo Amd`H$ Amho. Oa `m gw{dYm Anw`m AgVrc
Va `mMm {VHy$c n[aUm_ nV{Z{_Vrda hmoVmo.
11) `mnma, CmoJ `mMr dmT> :
`m XoemV `mnma, CmoJ JV AgVmV VoWo ~H$mMr g`m d YZmXoemMo `dhma
_moR>m _mUmV dmT>VmV. `m_wio ~H$mMr nV{Z{_Vr _moR>m _mUmV hmoVo. `mCcQ>
_mJmgco`m XoemV nV{Z{_VrMo _mU \$ma H$_r amhVo.
5.5 nV{ZÙ :
(Credit Control)
AW`dWoda J^ra n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$VmV. ho Q>mi`mgmR>r _`dVu ~H$o cm

nV{Z{_Vrda {ZÙ R>odmdo cmJVo.
""nV{ZÙ hUOo `mnmar ~H$mH$Sy>Z {Z_mU Ho$`m OmUm`m nVnemMo n[a_mU
Am{U `mMr {Xem `mda {ZÙ R>odUo hmo`''.
nVnemV Amd`H$Vonojm dmT> qH$dm KQ> hmoUma Zmhr Am{U nVnemMm dmh
`mo` `m jomH$S>o di{dcm OmBc, Agm `Z nV{ZÙm`m _m`_mVyZ Ho$cm
OmVmo. nV{ZÙmmao AW`dWoVrc nem`m nwadR>mV _mUmnojm OmV dmT>
qH$dm KQ> hmoUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoVcr OmVo.
5.24

nV{ZÙmgmR>r _`dVu ~H$ doJdoJ`m nVrMm Adc~ H$aVo. nV{ZÙmgmR>r
_`dVu ~Ho$H$Sy>Z dmna`mV òUm`m _wI nVtMr (qH$dm gmYZmMr) {d^JmUr
A ) g`m_H$ qH$dm gdgmYmaU nVr Am{U ~) JwUm_H$ qH$dm {ZdS>H$ nVr
`m H$mamV Ho$cr OmVo.
A ) g`m_H$ qH$dm gdgmYmaU nV{ZÙ nVr :
g`m_H$ nVrmao nVnem`m EHy$U gòV ~Xc Ho$cm OmVmo. `mMmM AW
g`m_H$ nVrZo AW`dWoVrc nVnemMr EHy$U g`m {H$Vr Agmdr ho
R>a{dco OmVo. `m nVr`m AmYmao Amd`H$VoZwgma nVnemMm {dVma qH$dm
gH$moM KS>dyZ AmUcm OmVmo.
1 ) ~H$ Xa YmoaU :
_`dVu ~H$ XoemVrc `mnmar ~H$mZm `m XamZo H$Onaw dR>m H$aVo, Vmo {H$_mZ
Xa hUOo ~H$ Xa hmo`. ~H$ Xamg dQ>dUyH$ Xa Agohr hUVmV.
McZdmT>r`m n[apWVrV {H$_Vr H$_r H$a`mMr JaO AgVo. Aem doir
~H$ XamV _`dVu ~H$ dmT> H$aVo. `m_wio `mnmar ~H$mZm H$O A{YH$
XamZo {_iyZ `mZm Amn`m H$Omdarc `mOmMm Xa dmT>dmdm cmJVmo. `m_wio
H$OmMo _mU H$_r hmoD$Z nV{Z{_Vr H$_r hmoVo. EHy$U nem`m nwadR>mV
KQ> hmoD$Z McZdmT>rMr pWVr AmQ>mo`mV òVo. `mCcQ> McZKQ>r`m qH$dm
_Xr`m n[apWVrV ~H$ XamV KQ> Ho$cr OmVo. `m_wio `mnmar ~H$mZm H$_r
`mO XamZo H$O CncY hmoD$Z `m ~H$m H$_r `mO XamZo JmhH$mZm H$O
XoVmV. `m_wio nVnemV dmT> hmoVo.
2 ) Iw`m ~mOmamVrc `dhma :
Iw`m ~mOmamVrc `dhma ho McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMo qH$dm nV{ZÙmMo
Xwgao EH$ _hdmMo gmYZ Amho. Iw`m ~mOmamVrc `dhma hUOo _`dVu
~Ho$H$Sy>Z OmUrdnydH$ `j H$a`mV òUmar H$Oamo`mMr {dH$s Am{U
IaoXr hmo`.
5.25

H$Oamo`m`m Iw`m ~mOmamVrc _`dVu ~Ho$H$Sy>Z H$a`mV òUm`m
H$Oamo`m`m {dH$s_wio nVngm H$_r hmoVmo Am{U `dhmamVrc nemMr g`m
H$_r hmoVo. `mCcQ> Oohm _`dVu ~H$ Iw`m ~mOmamV H$Oamo`mMr IaoXr
H$aVo d IaoXrMr aH$_ ~H$m qH$dm ~H$mMo JmhH$ `mZm YZmXoemZo XoVo, Vohm
`mnmar ~H$mH$S>rc R>do rV dmT> hmoD$Z `mnmar ~H$m`m nV{Z{_Vr`m j_VoV
dmT> hmoD$Z nVnemV dmT> hmoVo.
3 ) amoI amIrd {ZYr _mUmV/JwUmomamV ~Xc :
_`dVu ~H$ amoI amIrd {ZYr`m _mUmV dmT> H$aVo, Vohm `mnmar ~H$mZm
Amn`m R>odrnH$s A{YH$ ^mJ amoI amIrd {ZYr`m $nmV R>odmdm cmJVmo.
`m_wio H$O Xo`mgmR>r CncY Agco`m {ZYrV KQ> hmoVo. nV{Z{_Vr`m
_mUmV KQ> hmoD$Z nVgH$moM hmoVmo. `mCcQ> amoI amIrd {ZYr`m _mUmV
KQ> Ho$cr OmVo, Vohm `mnmar ~H$mZm A{YH$ {ZYr H$O Xo`mgmR>r CncY
hmoVmo. `mVyZ nV{Z{_VrV dmT hmoD$Z nV{dVma hmoVmo.
~ ) JwUm_H$ qH$dm {ZdS>H$ nV{ZÙ nVr :
nV{ZÙm`m JwUm_H$ nVrZo nVnemMm dmna d {Xem `mda {ZÙ R>odco
OmVo. JwUm_H$ qH$dm {ZdS>H$ nVt`m AmYmao nVnemMm dmh AW`dWoVrc
`mo` `m jomH$S>o di{dcm OmVmo. `m nVrZo nVnem`m EHy$U gòda {ZÙ
R>odco OmV Zmhr. {d{e> CmoJ qH$dm `dgm`mVrc nVnemMm dmh {Z`{V
H$aUo ho `m nVrMo _wI C{> Amho.
{ZdS>H$ nV{ZÙmMr H$mhr _wI C{>o nwT>rc_mUo AmhoV.
1 ) AZmd`H$ Am{U Am{WH$ >rZo H$_r VmVS>r`m dmnamH$Sy>Z A{YH$ Amd`H$
Am{U Am{WH$ >rZo A{YH$ VmVS>r`m dmnamH$S>o nVngm di{dUo.
2 ) gnyU AW`dWoda n[aUm_ Z H$aVm AW`dWoVrc {d{e> jomMo {ZÙ
H$aUo.
3 ) hm~XrZo {_iUm`m {Q>H$mD$ Cn^mo` dVydarc Cn^mo`mH$Sy>Z H$a`mV òUm`m
A{V[aV IMmg Amim KmcUo.
5.26

4 ) XoemMm {VHy$c `dhmaVmoc XwV H$aUo hohr {ZdS>H$ nV{ZÙmMo C{> Amho.
XoemMr {Z`mV dmT>{d`mgmR>r {Z`mV CmoJmZm H$_r XamZo nVnwadR>m H$$Z _`dVu
~H$ ho gm` H$$ eH$Vo.
5 ) ImgJr ~Ho$Va {dmr` gWmZr {Z_mU Ho$cocm nVngm _`dVu ~Ho$`m
{ZÙmImcr AmUUo.
doJdoJ`m XoemVrc _`dVu ~H$mH$Sy>Z gdgmYmaUnUo dmna`mV òUmao {ZdS>H$
nV{ZÙmMo H$ma nwT>rc_mUo AmhoV.
1 ) gr_m Amd`H$Vm (Margin Requirements) :
`mnmar ~H$m VmaUm`m AmYmamda H$O XoVmV. _m, VmaUm`m _y`mnojm
H$_r H$O {Xco OmVo. VmaU d H$O `mVrc \$aH$ hUOoM gr_m {ZpMV
H$a`mMo A{YH$ma _`dVu ~Ho$g AgVmV. VmaU d H$O `mVrc \$aH$
H$_r-OmV H$$Z _`dVu ~H$ nV{ZÙ H$$ eH$Vo.
2 ) JmhH$ H$O {d{Z`_Z (Consumer Credit Regulation) :
JmhH$ H$O {d{Z`_ZmV {d{e> {Q>H$mD$ Cn^mo` dVyMr h`mZo IaoXr H$aVmZm
{Xcr OmUmar aH$_ d h`mMm H$mcmdYr `mg~Yr`m {Z`_mMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo. aH$_ Xo`mMm H$_mc H$mcmdYr H$_r H$aUo Am{U h`mMr aH$_
dmT>{dUo, `m_wio Aem H$ma`m H$OmMr _mJUr H$_r hmoD$Z JmhH$ H$Omg
Amim ~gVmo.
3 ) AmXoemmam {ZÙ (Control by Direction) :
_`dVu ~H$ AmXoemmamhr nV{ZÙ H$aVo. `mnmar ~H$mZr {H$Vr n_mUmV
H$moUH$moU`m jomZm d H$moUH$moU`m H$maUmgmR>r H$O mdo, VgoM H$moU`m
VmaUmda H$O mdo, `mg~Yr AmXoe XoD$ eH$Vo.
4 ) H$OmMo {Z`{V dmQ>n (Rationing of Credit) :
H$OmMo {Z`{V dmQ>n ho _`dVu ~Ho$H$Sy>Z dmna`mV òUmao {ZdS>H$
nV{ZÙmMo gmYZ AgyZ, `mmao `mnmar ~H$mH$Sy>Z H$O H$moU`m
H$maUmgmR>r {Xco OmVo, `mda {ZÙ R>odco OmVo. `m gmYZmmao _`dVu
~Ho$H$Sy>Z {dmr` gmYZgm_Jr Amd`H$ `m jomH$S>o di{dcr OmVo.
5.27

5 ) Z{VH$ _ZYaUr Am{U {gr (Moral Suasion and Publicity):
`mnmar ~H$mZr g>o~mOr`m qH$dm AZmd`H$ d$nm`m H$m`mgmR>r H$O
XoD$ Zò, `mg~Y r _`dVu ~H$ `mZm {dZVr H$$ eH$Vo. Z{VH$ _ZYaUr ho
nV{ZÙmMo _mZgemr` gmYZ Amho, VgoM AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _`dVu
~H$ nV `dWoV dmBQ> d hmZrH$maH$ H$m` Amho Am{U ~H$m`m >rZo MmJco
YmoaU H$moUVo Amho, `mcm _moR>m _mUmV n{gr XoD$Z ~H$ `dgm` nVrda
Z{VH$ X~md AmUy eH$Vo.
6 ) `j H$madmB (Direct Action) :
_`dVu ~H$ `m `mnmar ~H$mMo nV{df`H$ YmoaU gdgmYmaU McZ{df`H$
YmoaUmcm AZwgaV Zmhr `mZm nwZdQ>dUyH$ gw{dYm ZmH$m$ eH$Vo. Aem
~H$mZm A{YH$ H$O Xo`mg ZH$ma XoD$ eH$Vo, VgoM Aem ~H$m`m H$Omda
XS>m_H$ `mO Xa AmH$m$ eH$Vo.
5.6 `mnmar ~H$mMm Vmio~X :

(Balance Sheet of Commercial Bank)
~Ho$`m Vmio~Xmd$Z ~Ho$Mr Am{WH$ n[apWVr cjmV òV.o ~Ho$`m {Za{Zam`m

`dhmamMr g`pWVr Amn`mcm H$iVo. H$m`m_ò Vmio~XmMm Z_wZm {Xcocm
AgVmo. `m Z_w`mVM ~Ho$cm Amncm Vmio~X V`ma H$amdm cmJVmo. ~Ho$`m
Vmio~Xm_ò nwT>rc ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo :
A ) ^mS>dc Am{U XoUr :
1 ) {dH$co Jococo ^mJ ^mS>dc :
H$moU`mhr ~H$m AWdm ghH$mar gWm ^mJmMr {dH$s H$$Z ^mS>dc C^maUr
H$aVmV. Aem H$mao ^mJ ^mS>dc Jmoim H$a`mgmR>r nadmZJr `mdr cmJVo.
~Ho$cm {d{e> aH$_on`V ^mJ ^mS>dc O_m H$aVm òVo `mcm A{YH$V
^mJ ^mS>dc Ago hUVmV. `mnH$s `m ^mJmMr aH$_ O_m Pmcocr
AgVo `mcm {dH$co Jococo ^mJ ^mS>dc Ago hQ>co OmVo. Ago ^mS>dc
{dH$co Jococo ^mJ ^mS>dc `m H$c_mImcr Vmio~XmV XmI{dco OmVo.
5.28

2 ) JJmOir d BVa {ZYr :
~H$mZm H$m`mZo H$mhr {ZYr d JJmOir C^mam`m cmJVmV. AmUr~mUr`m
H$mimV `m {ZYrMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. `m_wio ~H$m `m`m Z`mVrc H$mhr
^mJ ~mOycm R>odVmV. `mZm {dH$mg {ZYr qH$dm BVa {ZYr Ago hQ>co
OmVo. cm^me dmQ>`mnydu Aer aH$_ ~mOycm R>odcr OmVo.
3 ) R>odr :
~Ho$_Yrc {ZYr _moR>m _mUmda R>odt`m _m`_mVyZ O_m hmoVmo. `m_wio
R>odr hm Vmio~XmVrc A`V _hdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo.
R>odtMo H$ma :
i ) H$m`_ R>odr :
`m R>do r R>amdrH$ H$mcmdYrgmR>r AgVmV. `m R>odtMr _wXV OodT>r A{YH$
VodT>m `mMm `mOXa A{YH$ AgVmo. `m _wXVr_ò ~Ho$cm `m R>odr
dmnaVm òVmV.
ii ) ~MV R>odr :
H$_r Cn Agcoco cmoH$ _moR>m _mUmda R>odr R>ody eH$V ZmhrV.
Ago cmoH$ ~MV R>odr_ò ngo JwV{dVmV. `m_ò H$mhr _`mXon`V cmoH$
ngo H$mTy> eH$VmV. `m R>odrdarc `mOXa H$_r AgVmo.
iii ) Mmcy R>odr :
`m H$mam_ò R>odrXma `m`m R>odrMr aH$_ H$Yrhr H$mTy> eH$VmV
qH$dm ^$ eH$VmV. `mnmar Am{U `mdgm{`H$m`m >rZo R>odrMm hm
H$ma A`V Cn`wV Amho. `m R>odr nemgma`m dmnaVm òVmV.
gdgm_m`nUo `m R>odtda ~H$ `mO XoV ZmhrV.
4 ) H$O :
BVa `dgm`m_mUoM ~H$m g|Q>c ~H$ qH$dm BVa ~H$mH$Sy>Z H$O} KoVmV.
`mnH$s g|Q>c ~Ho$H$Sy>Z KoVco`m H$Omcm A{YH$ _hd AgVo.
5.29

5 ) BVa XoUr :
òH$ ~Ho$cm XoUr AgVmV. `m_ò S>mQ> qH$dm MoH$ `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
~ ) qOXJr Am{U _mc_mm :
1 ) hmVmVrc d ~Ho$Vrc amoI aH$_ :
òH$ ~Ho$cm XZ{ XZ `dhmamgmR>r H$mhr aH$_ {eH$ R>do mdr cmJVo. VgoM
~Ho$`m EHy$U R>odtnH$s H$mhr Q>Ho$ aH$_ g|Q>c ~Ho$V O_m H$amdr cmJVo.
2 ) ~Ho$Mr òUr :
òH$ ~H$ H$OmD$ aH$_m XoV AgVo. ~Ho$Zo _mJUr H$aVmM `m aH$_m O_m
hmoUm`m AgVmV. hr H$O} 24 Vmg Vo 7 {Xdg _wXVrgmR>r {Xcocr AgVmV.
3 ) JwVdUyH$ :
~H$m `m`m A{V[aV aH$_m {Za{Zamio ^mJ, amoIo, gaH$mar {V^yVr
B`mXr_ò JwV{dVmV. `mMm _w` Coe A{YH$m{YH$ Z\$m {_i{dUo hm
AgVmo; naVw ~H$m gaH$mar amoIo, ^mJ B`mXr_ò ngo JwV {dUo `mo` g_OVmV
H$maU Aer amoIo ~mOmamV ghOmghOr dQy> (H$e hmody) eH$VmV.
4 ) H$O Am{U AmJmD$ aH$_m :
~H$m {Za{Zam`m H$maMr H$O} XoVmV. `m_ò VmaU, {dZmVmaU, H$e Ho${S>Q>,
A{YH$f gdcV, B`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
5 ) pWa _mc_mm :
B_maV, \${ZMa B`mXrgma`m _mc_mo_ò ~Ho$Zo Ho$cocr JwVdUyH$
Vmio~Xm`m _mc_mm ~mOycm Xe{dcr OmVo.
6 ) BVa qOXJr :
`m{edm` ~H$ BVa aH$_m CXm. hS>r qH$dm dMZn `m`m aH$_mMr h_r KoVo.
`m_ò Aem aH$_m XoUr `m ~mOycm XmIdm`m cmJVmV Va B_maV, \${ZMa
dJao_ò JwV{dco`m aH$_m qOXJr ~mOycm XmI{d`m OmVmV.
7 ) EoZdoio`m O~m~Xm`m :
`m_ò H$coeZ {~c, ~Ho$Mr H$O Zgcocr XoUr, JwVdUwH$sMr aH$_ Oa
nyU {Xcocr Zgoc Va Cacocr aH$_, JmhH$m`m dVrZo {Xcocr h_r B`mXr
EoZdoir CX^dUm`m ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Vmio~X m`m gdmV eodQ>r `mMr
_m{hVr AgVo. `mMm ~Ho$`m Vmio~Xmda n[aUm_ hmoV ZgVmo.
5.30
Z_wZm :
gr
{Vgao n[a{e>
(H$c_ 29 nhm)
\$m_ E
Vmio~XmMm Z_wZm
Vmio~ X ----------------------------(~qH$J H$nZrMo Zmd)
Vmio~X : 31 _mM
(df )
^mS >dc
n[a{e>
31.3...amo O r 31.3...amo O r
Am{U Xo`Vm
Mmcy df
Mmcy df
^mS>dc
1
JJmOir d BVa {ZYr 2
R>odr
3
H$O
4
BVa XoUr
5
--------------EHy $U
--------------qOXJr/_mc_mm
hmVmVrc d ~Ho$Vrc
6
amoI aH$_
~Ho$Mr òUr
7
JwVdUyH$
8
H$O d AmJmdy aH$_m
9
pWa _mc_mm
10
BVa _mc_mm
11
--------------EHy $U
--------------EoZdoir`m O~m~Xm`m
{~g \$ma H$coeZ
12
(C)
5.31
gamdmgmR>r Z
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
20 eXmV Cmao
gwa{jVVm hUOo H$m`?
bm^Vm hUOo H$m`?
amoIVm hUOo H$m`?
`mnmar ~H$mMm Vmio~X hUOo H$m`?
nV{Z{_Vr hUOo H$m`?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
50 eXmV Cmao
"mW{_H$ R>odr' hr gH$nZm nQ> H$am.
"`wn R>odr' `m gH$nZoMr _m{hVr gmJm.
amoIVm Am{U bm^Vm `m VdmVrb nana {damoY nQ> H$am.
~hJw{UV nV{Z{_VrMr {H$`m hr gH$nZm nQ> H$am.
`mnmar ~H$m`m Vmio~XmVrb ^mS>db d XoUr `mMr _m{hVr gmJm.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
100 eXmV Cmao

~H$mMr H$OdmQ>nmMr _yb^yV Vdo H$moUVr?
~H$mMr H$OdmQ>nmg~YrMr gdgm_m` Vdo nQ> H$am.
amoIVm Am{U bm^Vm `m VdmVrb g_d` nQ> H$am.
nV{Z{_VrMo AmYma H$moUVo? Vo nQ> H$am.
nV{Z{_Vr`m {H$òMo CXmhaU gmJm.
500 eXmV Cmao

. 1. H$O XoVmZm ~H$mmao H$moU`m VdmMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo? Vo nQ> H$am.
. 2. nV{Z{_Vr hUOo H$m`? `mnmar ~H$mMr nV{Z{_VrMr {H$`m nQ> H$$Z
`mdarb _`mXm gmJm.
. 3. `mnmar ~H$m`m Vmio~Xm~m~V _m{hVr gmJm.
5.32
McZj_ XVEodO
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
67
McZj_ XVEodO
dMZ n
{d{Z_` n
YZmXoe
dMZ{M>r Am{U hS>r `mVrc \$aH$
YZmXoe Am{U {dn `mVrc \$aH$
mVm{dH$ :
(Introduction)
g`m`m `mnmar Am{U Ammo{JH$ OJmV Xo`mKo`m`m `dhmamMo gmYZ

hUyZ McZj_ XVEodOmMm _moR>m _mUmda dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. ~H$m XoIrc
Amn`m ImVoXmam`m dVrZo Xo`mKo`mMo `dhma H$aVmZm McZj_ XVEodOmMm
Cn`moJ H$aV AgVmV. Xm{`dmMm coIr nwamdm hUyZ McZj_ XVEodOmMm CoI
Ho$cm OmVmo. hVmVaUr`Vm, McZj_Vm, YmaH$mMm IQ>cm â`mMm A{YH$ma hr
McZj_ XVEodOmMr _wI d{eQ>o _mZcr OmVmV. YZmXoe, {dn qH$dm hS>r,
d dMZ{M>r ho _hdmMo McZj_ XVEodO AmhoV. {d{eQ> ~Ho$da H$mT>coco
6.1

Am{U _mJUr H$aVmjUr Xo` AgUmao {dn hUOo YZmXoe hmo`. YZmXoemMm dmna
H$aUo \$m`Xoera Ag`mZo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV YZmXoemMm dmna _moR>m _mUmda
Ho$cm OmVmo. dMZ{M>rMm dmna XoIrc McZj_ XVEodO hUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo.
dMZ{M>rV ngo Xo`mg~YrMo dMZ n> Am{U {~ZeV AgVo. BVa Hw$R>`mhr
JmoQ>rMm `mV CoI ZgVmo. dMZ{M>r _mUoM {dn hohr McZj_ nVgmYZ
Amho. `mV {d{e> `Vrcm {V`m AmXoemZwgma ngo Xo`mMm AmXoe AgVmo.
{dn ho XoIrc coIr d$nmVrc XVEodO AgVo. {dn {c{h`mgmR>r {d{e>
nnmMm Z_wZm ZgVmo hUOoM YZmXoe, dMZ{M>r d {dn ho McZj_ XVEodO
AgyZhr nanamnojm doJio AgVmV. `m_wio `m McZj_ XVEodOmMr _m{hVr
OmUyZ KoUo `mo` R>aoc.
6.1 McZj_ XVEodO :

(Negotiable Instrument)
dVwMr IaoXr-{dH$s H$aVmZm qH$dm nemMr XodmUKodmU H$aVmZm ~`mM doiog

EH$m `VrH$Sy>Z Xwg`m `Vrg McZj_ nH$ {Xco OmVo. `m McZj_ nH$m_ò
dMZ{M>r, hS>r d MoH$ `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. McZj_ XVEodOmMr _m{hVr nwT>rc
_wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òBc :
6.1.1 AW :
McZj_ hUOo hVmVa `mo` Am{U nH$ hUOo {c{IV XVEodO hmo`.
`m_wio `m XVEodOmZo EH$ `Vr Xwg`m `Vrcm ngo Xo`mMo dMZ XoVo `mg
"McZj_ XVEodO' Ago hUVmV. McZj_ XVEodOm_ò YZmXoe, dMZ{M>r,
{dn qH$dm hS>r `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. hVmVaUr`Vm, McZj_Vm d YmaH$mMm
IQ>cm â`mMm A{YH$ma hr McZj_ XVEodOmMr d{eQ>o _mZcr OmVmV.
WmoS>`mV, Xm{`dmMm coIr nwamdm hUOo McZj_ XVEodO hmo`.
6.2
McZj_ XVEodO
6.1.2 `m`m :
McZj_ XVEodOm`m `m`m nwTrc _mUo OmUyZ KoVm òBc :
1 ) McZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm 1881, (H$c_-13) :
""`m nH$mmao dMZ{M>r, hS>r qH$dm YZmXoemmao EH$ `Vr Vo nH$ KodyZ
òUm`mg qH$dm Vmo AmXoe XoBc `mcm {d{e> aH$_ Xo`mMm AmXoe XoVo `m
nH$mg "McZj_ XVEodO' Ago hUVmV.''
2 ) `m. Ho$. gr. {d{cO (K.C.
Willis)
""McZj_ XVEodO hUOo Ago gmYZ H$s, `m_ò Z_yX Ho$cocr _mc_mm
{ZXm}f hUyZ gnm{XV Ho$cr OmVo Am{U Am{WH$ `dhmamMr nyVVm hmoVo.''
6.1.3 d{eQ>o :
MbZj_ XVEodO hr amoH$S> nem{edm` dmnaVm òUmar {d{Z_`mMr gmYZo
AgVmV. WmoS>`mV, _y`mMo hVmVaU nem{edm` MbZj_ XVEodOm`m gmhm`mZo
e` hmoV AgVo. MbZj_ XVEodO _m`dmZ gmYZ hUyZ dmnaVm `mdm `mgmR>r
`m_ò nwT>rb d{e>o AgUo Amd`H$ AgVo
1 ) ghO hVmVaUr` :
MbZj_ XVEodOmMo A`V _hdmMo Am{U _yb^yV d{e> hUOo XVEodOmMr
ghO d gwb^ hVmVaUr`Vm hmo`. `mMm AW XVEodOmMr _mbH$s EH$m
`VrH$Sy>Z Xwg`m `VrH$S>o Ho$di gmondUwH$sVyZ AWdm n>mH $Zm`m gmhm`mZo
KSy>Z òVo. MbZj_ XVEodO dmhH$Xo` Ag`mg Ho$di Xwg`m `VrH$S>o
gmond`mg _mbH$sMo hVmVaU hmoVo Va AmXoemZwgma Xo` Ag`mg n>mH $Zm`m
gmhm`mZo {d{e> `Vrg Z_yX Ho$bobr a$_ Xo` hmoVo.
2 ) _y` gM` :
MbZj_ XVEodO XrKH$mi _y` gM` H$aUmam Am{U mH$`mg _y`mMo
XmZ H$aUmam AgVmo. XVEodOmda Z_yX Ho$bobr a$_ mH$`mg gnUy n Uo {_iUo
Amd`H$ AgVo Am{U hUyZM MbZj_ XVEodO _y` gM` {Q>H$dyZ R>odUmam
Agbm nm{hOo.
6.3

3 ) MmJbm h$ :
MbZj_ XVEodO mH$`mg {ZandmX MmJbm h$ (Good Title) XoVmo.
MbZj_ XVEodO Xmofa{hV Am{U dmhH$ AWdm AmXoerV `Vrbm Z_yX Ho$bo`m
aH$_oMr gnyU _mbH$s XmZ H$aUmam AgVmo.
4 ) H$m`mMo nmR>~i :
dmhH$ AWdm n>mH $ZmZo AmXoerV `Vr MbZj_ XVEodOmMr H$m`Xoera _mbH$
AgVo. XVEodOmda Z_yX Ho$bobr a$_ {_i`mg nm AgVo. MbZj_ XVEodO
YmaH$mg ngo Xo`mg O~m~Xma AgUm`m njmH$Sy>Z XVEodOmMo ngo dgyb
H$a`mMm H$m`Xoera A{YH$ma AgVmo. MbZj_ XVEodOmbm H$m`Xoera nmR>~i
AgVo.
5 ) MbZj_ XVEodOm_Yrb Amd`H$ ~m~r :
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mVrb H$b_ 118 d 119 _ò XVEodO MbZj_
hmo`mgmR>r Amd`H$ ~m~r Z_yX Ho$bo`m AmhoV. `mZwgma
A) XVEodO MoH$, hS>r qH$dm dMZn Amho `mMm ~moY MbZj_ XVEodOmd$Z
hmoUo Amd`H$ Amho.
~ ) MbZj_ XVEodOmda dMZXmVm (Maker), AmXoeH$ (Drawer), AmkmWu
(Drawee), mH$Vm (Payee), YmaH$ (Holder) B`mXr g~YrMm n>
CoI Amd`H$ VoWo Agbm nm{hOo.
H$) MbZj_ XVEodOmda {XZmH$, AH$s d Ajar a$_, dmhH$ AWdm
mH$`mMo Zmd, n>mH$Z B`mXr AgUo ~YZH$maH$ AgVo.
6 ) BVa d{eQ>o :
A ) H$moUVohr McZj_ nH$ coIr AgVo.
~ ) McZj_ nH$m_ò ngo Xo`mMo dMZ qH$dm AmXoe {Xcocm AgVmo.
H$) ngo Xo`mMm AmXoe qH$dm dMZ {dZmAQ> AgVo.
S>) McZj_ nH$mVrc a$_ {ZpMV {ZX}{eV AgVoo.
B ) McZj_ nH$mda Vo XoUm`mMr ghr AgVo.
B ) McZj_ nH$mMr a$_ \$V amoI dnmVM {Xcr OmVo.
6.4
McZj_ XVEodO
6.1.4 McZj_ XVEodOmMr JhrVo :

JhrVo (Presumptions) hUOo EImm XVEodOmg~Y mVrc Jmo>r g` AmhoV
Ago g_OUo AWdm `m_ò Z_yX Ho$co`m Jmo>r ApVdmV AmhoV Ago JhrV
Yaco OmVo. WmoS>`mV gmJm`Mo hUOo JhrVo hUOo (Assumptions). `jmV
hr JhrVo g` qH$dm Ag` Agy eH$VmV. H$m`mMo H$c_ 118 Am{U 119
_ò McZj_ XVEodOmcm cmJy AgUmar H$mhr JhrVo {Xcocr AmhoV. Omon`V
`m`m {d$ H$mhr {g Pmco Zmhr Vmon`V gd McZj_ XVEodOm~c nwT>rc
JhrVo _mZcr OmVmV :
1 ) _mo~Xcm (Consideration) :
òH$ McZj_ XVEodO H$moU`m Z H$moU`m _mo~X`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$cocm Amho
Ago JhrV Yaco OmVo (`mMmM AW H$mhr \$m`Xm {_i{d`mgmR>r). Oohm hm
XVEodO hVmV[aV Ho$cm OmVmo qH$dm drH$macm OmVmo AWdm V`ma Ho$cocm
AgVmo Vohm Vmo \$V _mo~Xcm {_i{d`m`m hoVyZoM ~Z{dcm OmVmo.
2 ) VmarI (Date) :
òH$ XVEodOmda Or VmarI Agoc `m VmaIog Vmo H$mT>cm hmoVm Ago JhrV
Yaco OmVo.
3 ) {VH$sQ> (Stamp) :
Oa EImXm XVEodO hadcm qH$dm Z> Pmcm Va Aem Ho$g_ò Ago JhrV Yaco
OmVo H$s `m XVEodOmda `mo` Vo {VH$sQ> cmdcoco hmoVo.
4 ) drH$Vr (Acceptance) :
drH$V Ho$coco XVEodO `mo` doioV Am{U `mMr _wXV gn`mnydu drH$macoco
Amho Ago JhrV Yaco OmVo. VmaIonydu Aer drH$Vr XoUo Amd`H$ AgVo.
5 ) _w X V (Time of Transfer) :
Aem H$maMo XVEodOmMo hVmVa `mMr _wXV gn`mnyduM Ho$coco Amho Ago
JhrV Yaco OmVo.
6.5

6 ) {ZfoY Zm|XUrMm nwamdm (Proof of Protest) :
Oa EImm {d{Z_` nmMm AZmXa Pmcm Va {ZfoY Zm|X{dcm Amho ho {g
Pm`mZVa XVEodOmMm AZmXa Ho$cm Amho hr dVwpWVr JhrV Yacr OmVo.
7 ) `mo` YmaH$ (Holder in Due Course) :
Oa EImm `VrH$S>o H$moU`mhr ~oH$m`Xoera _mJmZo, Oar EImXm XVEodO
Jocm Var `mMm YmaH$ hm `mo` H$mimVrc `mo` YmaH$ Amho Ago JhrV Yaco
OmVo.
da Z_yX Ho$cocr gd JhrVHo$ [a`wQ>o~c AmhoV. `m JhrVH$mZm nwam`mMo {deof
{Z`_ Agohr hQ>co OmVo. `m`VrZo H$m`Xoera H$madmB Ho$cr Agoc `m`mda
H$moUVrhr Jmo> {g H$a`mMr O~m~Xmar AgVo.
6.1.5 McZj_ XVEodOmMm AZmXa :
MbZj_ nHo$ qH$dm XVEodOmMm AZmXa hmoD$ eH$Vmo. hS>rMm AZmXa Vr Z
drH$ma`mZo qH$dm aH$_oMo XmZ Z Ho$`mZo hmoVo. _m, dMZ{M>r Am{U YZmXoe
`mMm AZmXa aH$_oMo XmZ Z Ho$`mZoM \$V hmoVmo. Oa MbZj_ XVEodOmMm
AZmXa Pmbm Va `m XVEodOmVrb gd njmZm `m XVEodOm`m AZmXamMr
gyMZm {Xbr Jobr nm{hOo.
A ) AW :
MbZj_ nH$mMm AZmXa hUOo Xo` VmaIobm Ago MbZj_ nH$ Z dQ>Uo
hmo`. gmo`m eXmV gmJmd`mMo Pm`mg MbZj_ nH$mMm AZmXa hUOo Xo`
VmaIog Ago nH$ gmXa Ho$`mZVa `mMo ^wJVmZ H$a`mg ZH$ma XoUo hmo`. AZmXa
hUOo ngo Z XoUo.
~ ) AZmXamMo H$ma :
1 ) drH$Vr Z H$$Z AZmXa H$aUo (H$b_ 91):
H$b_ 91 Adò Oohm EH$ AmkmWu (drawee) qH$dm AZoH$ AmkmWu
AgVrb, Va `mnH$s EH$OU Xo` VmaIobm dMZ{M>r gmXa Ho$`mZVa Vr
drH$maV Zmhr `mdoir Agm AZmXa hmoVmo. drH$Vr Z H$a`mMo doJdoJio
nH$ma AgVmV.
6.6
McZj_ XVEodO
1 ) drH$VrgmR>r hS>r gmXa Ho$`mZVa 48 Vmgm`m AmV AmkmWu Vr
drH$maV Zmhr.
2 ) AmkmWu hm H$ama H$a`mg Anm AgVmo.
3 ) emoYyZhr AmkmWu Z gmnS>Uo.
4 ) AQ>r KmbyZ drH$Vr XoUo.
5 ) `mdoir AmkmWu hr H$mn{ZH$ `Vr AgVo, `mdoir Aer MbZj_
nH$ Z drH$ma`mMr e`Vm AgVo. Aem H$mao AZmXamMr doJdoJir
H$maUo Agy eH$VmV.
2 ) Z dQ>{dVm AZmXa (H$b_ 92) :
dMZ{M>r, hS >r qH$dm MoH$Mm AZmXa Pmbm Agob, Voohm Aem dMZ{M>rMm
H$Vm, drH$Vm qH$dm YZmXoemVrb AmkmWu (drawee)Ago MbZj_ nH$
`m`mg_moa gmXa Ho$bo AgVm dQ>{d`mg ZH$ma XoVmV. `mdoir VmarI
gn`mZVahr EImXo nH$ AXo` am{hbo Va `mg Z dQ>{dVm MbZj_ nH$mMm
AZmXa Pmbm Ago hQ>bo OmVo.
Z dQ>{dVm AZmXamMr CXmhaUo :
A ) `m_ò Zoh_r_mUo MbZj_ nH$ dQ>{d`mgmR>r gmXa Ho$bo OmVo;
naVw ngo Xo`mg ZH$ma {Xbm OmVmo qH$dm ngo {_iV ZmhrV.
~ ) gmXarH$aUmgmR>r gyQ> {Xbobr AgVo; naVw Xo` VmaIoZVahr Ago nH$
dQ>{dbo OmV Zmhr.
H$) VmarI CbQy>Z Jo`mZVahr nH$ Z dQ>Vm VgoM amhVo.
H$) AZmXamMo n[aUm_ :
darb H$moU`mhr H$mamZo AZmXa Pm`mg nwT>rb n[aUm_ hmoVmV.
A ) MbZnH$ YmaH$mZo nH$ XmIb Ho$`mZVa `mMm AZmXa Pm`mg `m
nH$mVrb a$_ dgyb H$a`mgmR>r Xmdm XmIb H$$ eH$Vmo.
~ ) `m nH$mgX^mVrb `VrZm AZmXamMr ZmoQ>rg XoVm òVo.
6.7

H$) ZmoQ>ar npbH$g_moa Aem AZmXamMr Zm|XUr qH$dm {ZfoY Zm|Xdbm OmVmo.
Aem H$mao MbZj_ XVEodOmMo AZmXa hmo`mMo AZoH$ gJ/H$maUo AgVmV
`mgmR>r MbZ XVEodOm`m H$m`mV VaVwXr H$a`mV Ambo`m AmhoV. AZmXamMm
gdgmYmaU n[aUm_ hUOo Aem H$mao ngo Xo`mg ZH$ma XoUm`m `VrMr
~mOmamVrb nV, {V>m Am{U Zmdbm{H$H$ `mZm ~mYm òVo d `mZm H$m`Xoera
H$madmBbm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo.
6.1.6 McZj_ XVEodOmMo hVmVa (~oMZ) :
H$b_ 14 Zwgma dMZ{M>r, hS >r qH$dm YZmXoe hm EImm `Vrbm hVmV[aV
Ho$bm OmVmo Vohm Vmo `mMm YmaH$ ~ZVmo Am{U Vo nH$ MZbj_ ~ZVo.
MbZj_VoZwgma VVr` nj Vo nH$ Vm`mV KoVmo Am{U YmaH$mbm dV:`m Zmdo
Xo` Agbobr a$_ Xo`mg gmJy eH$Vmo. MbZj_Vm hUOo hVmVaU. `mmao
^mdr H$mimV YmaH$mbm {d{e> A{YH$ma m hmoVmV. nwT>rb XmoZnH$s EH$m _mJmZo
MbZj_ nH$ hVmV[aV hmoD$ eH$Vo.
1 ) MbZj_VoZwgma 2) R>adyZ Xo`m`m _mJ}.
A ) AW :
"~oMZ' hUOo EImm MbZj_ XVEodOmMo EH$m `VrH$Sy>Z Xwg`m `VrH$S>o
hVmVaU H$aUo hmo`. ho nH$ Aem H$mao hVmV[aV Ho$bo OmVo `m_wio `m
nH$mMr _mbH$s Xwg`m `VrH$S>o OmVo d Vmo `Wm{dYrYmaH$ ~ZVmo.
~ ) nH$ MbZj_ Ho$hm hmoVo. :
Oa hVmVa H$aUmam dV: YmaH$ Agob, Va nH$ MbZj_ hmoVo. dmQ>n ho
MbZj_VoMo _hdmMo AJ Amho. Vmo MbZj_ nH$mMm _hdnyU JwUY_ Amho.
dMZ{M>r, hS>r qH$dm YZmXoe `mZm V`ma H$aUo, drH$maUo d n>mH$Z hmoUo `m
{H$`m dmQ>nmZVa nyU hmoVmV. ho dmQ>n `j qH$dm An`j Agy eH$Vo. hUyZ
EOQ> qH$dm H$moUVrhr `Vr `mZm _mb_mm hVmV[aV H$a`mgmR>r a$_ drH$maUo
qH$dm nwT>o nmR>{dUo `mgmR>r ho nH$ nwaogo AgVo. `m nH$mMm YmaH$ Vo drH$m$
6.8
McZj_ XVEodO
eH$Vmo. dmQ>nmn`V MbZj_ nH$mMm R>amd AnyU d AdrH$VM amhVmo. `j
dmQ>n ho Vm`mVrb `j ~Xb XedVo. aMZm_H$ dmQ>n ho `j dVy`m
Vm`mV ~Xb KS>{dV Zmhr. EImm {d{e> hoVyZo Oa dmQ>n Om_rZXma EOQ>
qH$dm YmaH$mH$S>o Xo`mMr AQ> Agob Am{U _mbH$mH$S>o XoD$ Zò Agm CoI
Agob, VaM `m_mUo Vo dmQ>n hmoVo. Oa ZOrH$`m Zm`mVrb njm_ò dmQ>n
Ho$bo OmVo Or `m njmZo drH$VrMm d nH$m`m n>mH$ZmMm A{YH$ma XmI{dbm
Va `m njmbm qH$dm `m njmZo A{YH$ma {Xbo`m `Vrbm `m`mV\}$ dmQ>n
Ho$bo OmVo. ZOrH$`m H$mimVrb YmaH$m{edm` BVa YmaH$ qH$dm Ago nj `m`m
_ò geV `m nH$mMo dmQ>n hmoVo qH$dm {d{e> hoVygmR>r ho dmQ>n hmoD$ eH$Vo.
Ho$di _mb_mm hVmVaU, `m hoVyZo Vo hmoV Zmhr.
H$) MbZj_VoZwgma dmhH$ nH$mMo dmQ>n :
dMZ{M>r, hS>r qH$dm YZmXoe dmhH$mg dmQ>nmZVa a$_ {_iy eH$Vo hUyZ
n>mH$Zm{edm` dmhH$ nH$mMo hVmVaU hmoD$ eH$Vo. hVmVa H$aUmam Aem
doir YmaH$ AgVmo. `m hVmVamMm n[aUm_ Agm hmoVmo H$s hVmVa H$aUm`mZo
Oa nH$mda dmjar Ho$br Zgob, Va ZOrH$`m njmg qH$dm A` YmaH$mg
a$_ Xo` hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr d Vo nH$ AZmXarV hmoVo. `m_wio hVmVa drH$maUmam
hVmVa XoUm`mH$Sy>Z H$moUVrhr a$_ {_idy eH$V Zmhr.
EH$m {d{e> n[apWVr{edm` dMZ{M>r, hS>r qH$dm YZmXoe Ver KQ>Zm
KS>`m{edm` n[aUm_H$maH$ R>$ eH$V Zmhr. hUyZ EImXr {d{eQ> KQ>Zm
KS>`m{edm` n[aUm_H$maH$ R>$ Zò, Aer AQ> Agbobo nH$ `mKQ>Zo{edm`
MbZj_ ~Zdy eH$V Zmhr. `Wm{dYr YmaH$mg Aem AQ>rMr nydgyMZm Z {_iVm
nH$ KoVbo Agob, Va hm AndmX bmJy hmoV Zmhr.
S>) n>mH$ZmZo MbZj_Vm Am{U AmkmnH$mMo dmQ>n :
dMZ{M>r, hS>r qH$dm YZmXoe n>mH$ZmZVa dmQ>n Pm`mda YmaH$ MbZj_
H$$ eH$Vmo. Ago nH$ Ho$di dmQ>nmZo hVmV[aV hmo`mMm AmXoe Agy eH$Vmo.
Oo \$V R>adyZ {Xbo OmVo _m MbZj_ hmoV Zmhr. dmQ>nmZVa qH$dm nR>mH $ZmZVa
Xmohr nHo$ n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmV. _m Vo nH$ AdY _mJmZo hVmV[aV Pmbo
AgVm H$m_m Zò.
6.9

B ) ngo {_iUo qH$dm g_mYmZ hmoUo `mn`V nH$mMr MbZj_Vm :
MbZj_Vm nH$ H$aUmam, mH$Vm _wXV gn`mZVa MbZj_ nH$ MbZj_
R>oD$ eH$Vmo. ngo {_im`mZVa _m, Vo nH$ MbZj_ amhV Zmhr. Oa _wXV
gn`mnydu drH$ma H$aUmam qH$dm {Z_mVm `mZm Oa a$_ {Xbr Jobr Agob, Va
_wXV gn`m`m VmaIondy u Vmo Vo nH$ naV H$$ eH$Vmo. nH$mMr _wXV gn`m`m
doir qH$dm ZOrH$`m H$mimV a$_ {Xbr JobrM nm{hOo. Oa _wXV gn`mnydu
nH$mMr a$_ {Xbr Jobr Agob, Va Vo nH$ a Z hmoVm nwT>o MbZj_ amhVo.
mH$Vm qH$dm {Z_mVm _wXV gn`mnydu Vo nH$ naV H$$ eH$Vmo hUyZM nH$mMr
nwT>rb MbZj_Vm Wmon{d`mgmR>r a$_ _wXV gn`mdaM {Xbr Omdr.
\$) MbZj_VoMo n[aUm_ :
MbZj_VoMo nH$ Oohm hVmV[aV Ho$bo OmVo Vohm `mZo Vo KoVbo Amho, `mg
A{YH$ma m hmoVmo. nH$ H$Yrhr \$gdUwH$smao {Xbo OmVm H$m_m Zò, H$maU
\$gdUyH$ hm Jwhm AgyZ, `mg H$moUVmhr h$ {_iV Zmhr.
Oa nydu`m nR>mH$ZmV JadVUyH$ qH$dm \$gdUyH$ Ago Xmof AmT>ibo,
Am_m{UH$, {V{Z{Yd AmT>iyZ Ambo Va A{V_ YmaH$ `mZo nyduMo Xmof
_mhrV ZgVmZm nyU {ddmgmZo Vo nH$ KoVbo Agob, Va `mbm `m nH$m~b
`mo` A{YH$ma {_iVmV. hVmVaH$`mZo MbZj_ nH$mMo hVmVa
`Wm{d{YYmaH$mg `mo` H$mimV {Xbo Va `mbm A{YH$ma {_iVmV ho `mMo EH$
d{eQ> Amho. hUyZ MbZj_Vm hVmVa XoUm`mnojm `Wm{d{YYmaH$mg `mo`
h$ {_idyZ XoVo.
6.2 dMZ n :
(Promissory Note)
EH$ McZj_ XVEodO hUyZ dMZnmMm CoI Ho$cm OmVmo. nwT>rc _wm`m
AmYmao `mMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoVm òBc :
6.10
McZj_ XVEodO
6.2.1 AW :
dMZn ho EH$ coIr d$nmVrc McZj_ XVEodO Amho. dMZnmV {ZpMV
aH$_ Xo`mMo dMZ AgVo. dMZn ho F$UH$moH$Sy>Z {c{IV d$nmV {Xcoco
AgVo. `m_ò H$moUVrhr AQ> qH$dm g{XYVm ZgVo. F$UH$mo YZH$mog {d{e>
aH$_ Xo`mMo coIr dMZ XoVmo Am{U Ago dMZn McZj_ XVEodO H$m`mZwgma
H$m`Xoera XVEodO R>aVo. WmoS>`mV, EH$m `VrZo Xwg`m `Vrg ngo Xo`mMo
coIr d$nmV {Xcoco dMZ hUOo dMZn hmo`.
6.2.2 ``m :
1 ) McZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm-1981 (H$c_-4) :
""{ZpMV `Vrg qH$dm {V`m AmXoemZwgma Xwg`m `Vrg qH$dm dmhH$mg

Xo` AgUmam, \$V {ZpMV aH$_ Xo`mMo {~ZeV coIr dMZ AgUmam
Am{U `mda H$`mMr dmjar AgUmam XVEodO hUOo dMZn hmo`.''
6.2.3 d{eQ>o :
dMZnm`m `mòZwgma dMZn hUOo Ago boIr nH$ H$s `m_ò {d{e>
`Vrg qH$dm {V`m AmXoemZwgma Xwg`m {d{e> `Vr qH$dm YmaH$mg {dZmAQ>
ngo Xo`mMo {Xbobo dMZ AgVo. dMZnm`m `mòd$Z dMZnmMr R>iH$ d{e>o
n> hmoVmV.
1 ) {b{IV XVEodO :
dMZn ho boIr d$nmMo AgVo. ngo Xo`m~m~V Vm|S>r AmdmgZ AWdm
gmjrXmamg_doV {Xbobm eX, KoVbobr enW AWdm A` H$mao {Xbobr h_r
dMZn hUyZ {dMmamV KoVbr OmV Zmhr. F$UH$mo d YZH$mo `m XmoKmZm nanamdarb
{ddmg AWdm nV _m` H$$Z V`ma Ho$bobo boIr nH$ ho dMZn hUyZ H$m`Xoera
XVEodO R>aVo.
2 ) {d{e> Z_wZm n Zmhr :
dMZn ho {d{e> Z_w`mV AWdm {d{e> H$mJXmda d H$m`mZo R>adyZ {Xbo`m
Z_w`mV ZgVo H$maU MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mV Agm H$moUVmhr Z_wZm Xo`mV
6.11

Ambobm Zmhr. YZH$mo Am{U F$UH$mo `m`mV {d{e> a$_ Xo`mMo dMZ n>
eXmV Z_yX hmoUo A{ôV AgVo. ~`mM doim gmdH$ma, `mnmar B`mXr dmadma
{b{h`mMo H$> dmMmdoV hUyZ dMZn N>mnyZ KoVmV qH$dm H$mhr doim hmVmZo
{b{hVmV.
3 ) {dZmAQ> dMZ :
dMZn ho {dZmeV qH$dm {dZmAQ> ngo Xo`mMo dMZ AgVo. dMZnmV H$moU`mhr
H$maMr Oa Va Mr ^mfm qH$dm {d{e> ~m~tMr nyVVm hmo`mMo ~YZ B`mXtMm
CoI Agob Va Vo dMZn R>aV Zmhr. CXm.
A ) am_ `mg AJa `m`m AmXoemZwgma 5000 $. Xo`mMo _m` H$aVmo qH$dm
5000 $. XoBZ.
~ ) {ddmhH$m` Pm`mZVa EH$ _{h`mZo `m_ `mg 10,000 $. XoBZ.
H$) amhwb mophOZ `mZr nmR>{dbo`m dVy nmohmoM{d`mZVa `mMr qH$_V $.
10,000 Xo`mMo dMZ XoVmo.
darb gd no hr dMZno R>aUma ZmhrV H$maU "A' {dYmZmV a$_ Xo`mMo _m`
H$aVmo AWdm ngo XoBZ `m_ò dMZmMm ^md ZgyZ Ho$di AmdmgZ Amho, (~)
{dYmZmV {ddmhH$m` Pm`mZVa hUOoM nydAQ> KmbyZ AWdm geV dMZn
H$m`mZwgma A_m` R>aVo Va "H$' {dYmZmV Oa dVy nmohmoM`m Va ngo Xo`mMo
dMZ ho dMZn hUyZ H$m`Xoera XVEodO R>$ eH$V ZmhrV.
4 ) AH$s d Ajar aH$_oMr ZmoX :
dMZnmmao {d{e> a$_ Xo`mMo dMZ {Xbobo AgVo `m_wio dMZnmVrb aH$_oMm
AH$mV d AjamV CoI H$aUo Amd`H$ R>aVo. AH$ d Ajar `V Ho$bobr
a$_ EH$M a$_ A{^`V H$aUmar Agbr nm{hOo. aH$_o~m~V ge`, g{XYVm
B`mXr AgVm H$m_m Zò.
5 ) dmjar :
dMZnmMo gdmV _hdmMo d{e> hUyZ dMZH$`m`m dmjarbm _hd AgVo.
dMZH$`mZo dMZnmda dmjar H$aUo ~YZH$maH$ AgVo. A`Wm dmjar {edm`
boIr V`ma Ho$bobm XVEodO hm MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mZwgma MbZj_
XVEodO R>$ eH$V Zmhr.
6.12
McZj_ XVEodO
6 ) AmXm`mMo Zmd :
dMZnmV {Z{X> Ho$bobr a$_ `m `Vrbm md`mMr Amho `mbm AmXmVm
Ago hUVmV. dMZnmV AmXm`mMo Zmd {b{hUo Amd`H$ AgVo. dMZnmV
dMZ XoUmam d `mbm dMZ md`mMo Vmo AmXmVm `mMm CoI _hdmMm AgVmo.
7 ) {V\$bmMr Zm|X ZgVo :
dMZnmV a$_ Xo`m`m H$maUmMr Zm|X ZgVo hUOoM YZH$mobm H$moU`m
H$maUmgmR>r a$_ md`mMr Amho qH$dm dMZnmMo {V\$b H$m` ? `m`m
CoImMr Amd`H$Vm ZgVo H$maU MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mVrb H$b_ 118
(A) Zwgma Ho$di {V\$bmgmR>rM dMZn {Z_mU H$a`mV òVo Ago JhrV Amho
`mMmM AW F$UH$mobm dMZnmV {b{hbo`m aH$_oMo _y` `mnyduM YZH$moH$Sy>Z
{_imbobo Amho Ago _m` Ho$bobo AgVo.
8 ) nemVrb Xm{`d :
dMZnmVyZ {Xbobo dMZ ho \$V nemVrb a$_ Xo`mMo dMZ AgVo. dMZnmVyZ
nem{edm` dVy AWdm BVa _mb_mm Xo`mMo dMZ XoVm òV Zmhr. MbZj_
XVEodO H$m`mZwgma Ho$di nemVrb aH$_o~m~V dMZ A{ôV AgVo.
9 ) _wmH$mMr Amd`H$Vm :
dMZn V`ma H$aVmZm `mda `mo` `m {H$_VrMo _wmH$ bmdUo Amd`H$ AgVo.
dMZn {H$Vr aH$_oMo Amho d `mdoir emgH$s` {Z`_mZwgma {H$Vr _y`mMo {VH$sQ>
AWdm _wmH$ bmdUo Amd`H$ Amho `mZwgma _wmH$ AgUo Amd`H$ R>aVo.
`mo` VodT>m _wmH$mgh V`ma Ho$bobo dMZn H$m`Xoera XVEodO AgVmo.
10) XmZmMm {XZmH$ :
dMZnmV aH$_o`m XmZmMm {XZmH$ {b{h`mMr Amd`H$Vm AgVoM Ago Zmhr.
dMZnmV _wXV {Xbobr Zg`mg Vr _mJVmjUr Xo` AgVo. VgoM dMZnmV
{XZmH$ Z_yX Ho$bobm Agob Va `m {XZmH$mn`V dMZXm`mMo Xm{`d d AmXm`mMo
h$ Wm{nV hmoV ZmhrV.
6.13

6.2.4 dMZn njH$ma (Parties to Promissory Note) :
gdgmYmaUnUo dMZnmV XmoZ njH$ma gh^mJr AgVmV. Vo nwT>rc _mUo :
1 ) F$UH$mo (Maker) :
F$UH$mo hUOo ngo Xo`mMo dMZ XoUmar `Vr Imcrc dMZnm`m Z_w`mV
Ama.Eg.nmQ>rc ho F$UH$mo AmhoV.
2 ) YZH$mo (Payee) :
YZH$mo hUOo `m `Vrg ngo Xo`mMo dMZ F$UH$moZo {Xco Amho, Aer
`Vr hmo`. Imcrc dMZnm`m Z_w`mV {Jare JmoIco ho YZH$mo AmhoV.
dMZnm`m hVmVaUmV BVa nj gh^mJr AgVmV Vo nwT>rc_mUo :
A ) nw>r XoUmam (Endorser) :
Or `Vr BVa `Vrg BVa `Vr`m gX^mV dMZnmMr nw>r XoVo, Aer
`Vr hmo`.
~ ) nw>r KoUmam (Endorsee) :
`m `Vr`m Zmdo dMZnmMr nw>r Xo`mV Amcr Amho Aer `Vr hmo`.
6.2.5 dMZnmMm Z_wZm (Specimen of Promissory Note) :
$nò 10,000= 00
_r Ago dMZ XoVmo H$s, lr. {Jarf JmoIbo `mZm qH$dm `m`m AmXoemZwgma
H$moUm`mhr `Vrbm $. 10,000 (Xhm hOma $nò \$V) XoBZ.
Wi- nwUo,
{XZmH$- 1 Owb 2009.
Ama. Eg. nmQ>rb.

6.14
McZj_ XVEodO
dMZnm`m darb Z_w`mZwgma lr. Ama. Eg. nmQ>rb ho {Jarf JmoIbo `mZm Ago
dMZ {bhZ XoV AmhoV H$s 10,000 . hr a$_ JmoIbo `mZm AWdm `m`m AmXoemZwgma
A` `Vrg XoBZ . dMZnm_ò _wXVrMr Zm|X H$aVm òVo Am{U `m {d{e> _wXVrn`V
dMZnmda dMZXm`mMo Xm{`d qH$dm AmXm`mMo h$ Wm{nV hmoV ZmhrV.
dMZnmV _wXV Z_yX Ho$bobr Zg`mg Vo dMZn _mJVmjUr Xo` AgVo.
6.3 {d{Z_` n :
(Bill of Exchange)
{d{Z_` n qH$dm {dn ho XoIrc EH$ McZj_ XVEodO hUyZ AmoiIco

OmVo. `mMr _m{hVr nwT>rc _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òBc.
6.3.1 AW :
{d{Z_` n `mg {dn qH$dm hS >r hUyZ g~moY`mV òVo. ^maVmV mMrZ
H$mbIS>mnmgyZ hS>r`m gmhm`mZo `mnma MmbV Ago `mVyZM MbZj_ XVEodO
hUyZ ^maVr` MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm 1881 (Negotiable Instrument
Act, 1881) _ò hS >rMm hUOoM {d{Z_` nmMm g_mdoe Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo.
~mOma`dWm Am{U `mnma jomV AZoH$ `dhma CYmarda MmbVmV d `mVyZ
hS>r qH$dm {d{Z_` nmMr {Z{_Vr hmoVo. CXm. g_Om "A' hm nw`mVrb `mnmar
IaoXrgmR>r _w~BVrb "~' `mnm`mH$S>o Jobm d `mZo 10,000 $. `m dVy IaoXr
Ho$`m. `m `dhmamMr a$_ XmoZ _{h`mZr Xo`mMo Xmohr `mnm`mZr _m` Ho$bo Am{U
`mMo Ho$bobo boIr nH$ hUOo {d{Z_` n qH$dm hS >r hmo`. `mnmar ~H$m `mnmamVyZ
V`ma hmoUm`m hS>m {d{e> dQ>Umdi KoD$Z dR>dVmV Am{U EH$ H$mao An_wXVrMo
H$O`dhma H$aVmV.
6.3.2 `m`m :
^maVr` MbZj_ H$m`mVrb (1881) H$b_ 5 H$ama :
"{d{Z_` n hUOo Ago boIr gmYZ H$s, `m_ò {d{Z_` n H$aUm`m`m

dmjarZo Aer {dZmAQ> Amkm Ho$br OmVo H$s, {d{e> `VrZo nemMr {d{e> a$_
6.15
\$V {d{e> `VrbmM AJa {V`m AmXoemZo {d{e> `Vrbm qH$dm XVEodO
dmhH$mbm {Xbr Omdr.''
darb `mòV Z_yX Ho$`mZwgma {d{Z_` n hUOo XVEodO V`ma H$aUm`mZo
boIr d$nmV {d{e> a$_ {d{e> `Vr AWdm `m`m {ZX}emZwgma {d{e> `Vrg
{dZmAQ> Xo`mMr Amkm AgVo.
6.3.3 d{eQ>o :
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm 1881 d `mV Z_yX Ho$bo`m `mòVyZ {d{Z_`
nmMr R>iH$ d{e>o n> hmoVmV.
1 ) {b{IV XVEodO :
{d{Z_` n hm boIr XVEodO AgVmo. YZH$mo d F$UH$mo `mZr nanamZm {Xbobo
AmmgZ, h_r qH$dm ngo Xo`mMr {Xbobr _m{IH$ g_Vr ZgVo. MbZj_ XVEodO
hUyZ {d{Z_` nmbm H$m`Xoera nmR>~i {_i`mgmR>r Agm XVEodO boIr
d$nmV _mS>Uo Amd`H$ AgVo.
2 ) {~ZeV AmXoe :
{d{Z_` n hUOo ngo Xo`m{df`r {Xbobm {dZmAQ> AmXoe AgVmo. {d{Z_`
nmV {dZVr, dMZ, Anojm B`mXr eX`moJ ZgVmV Va F$UH$mog {Xbobr Amkm
AgVo.
3 ) {d{e> Z_wZm Zmhr :
{d{Z_` n {b{h`mgmR>r H$moUVmhr {deof Z_wZm MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm
(1881) _ò {Xbobm Zmhr VgoM ZVa`m H$mimV {ZYm[aV Ho$bobm Zmhr. `mnmar,
CmoOH$ B`mXr dVMo Ago {d{Z_` n N>mnyZ KoVmV H$s `m_ò Amd`H$
`m Zm|Xr CXm. {XZmH$, Zmd, _OHy$a, dmjargmR>r OmJm B`mXr AgVo.
4 ) {Z{V aH$_oMr Zm|X :
{d{Z_` nmV {Z{V a$_ AmXm`mbm Xo`m~m~V n> Zm|X Amd`H$ AgVo.
aH$_oMr Zm|X AH$mV d AjamV {b{hUo Amd`H$ AgVo H$s `m_wio Am{WH$
`dhmamV ge`, eH$m CX^dUma Zmhr.
6.16
McZj_ XVEodO
5 ) AmXoeH$mMr dmjar :
{d{Z_` nmda AmXoeH$mMr dmjar AgUo Amd`H$ AgVo. AmXoeH$ hUOo
ngo Xo`mMm AmXoe XoUmar `Vr hmo`. AmXoeH$m`m dmjarZo {d{Z_` nmbm
MbZj_ XVEodOmMm XOm m hmoVmo.
6 ) AmXo{eVrMo Zmd :
AmXo{eVr hUOo `m `Vr AJa gWobm a$_ Xo`m~m~V AmXoe {Xbobm
AgVmo Vr `Vr AJa gWm hmo`. a$_ H$moU XoUma Amho ? hUOoM AmXo{eVrMo
Zmd {d{Z_` nmda AgUo Amd`H$ AgVo. WmoS>`mV, H$moUr, H$moUmbm, {H$Vr
a$_ d Ho$hm md`mMr `m~m~V`m Zm|Xr {d{Z_` nmV AgVmV.
7 ) _wXVrMr Zm|X :
{d{Z_` n ho XmoZ H$maMo AgVo `m_ò _mJVmjUr Xo` AgUmao {d{Z_` n
qH$dm {d{e> _wXVrZVa Xo` AgUmao {d{Z_` n. {d{Z_` nmV _wXVr~m~V`m
Zm|Xr n>nUo Z_yX Ho$bo`m AgUo Amd`H$ AgVo.
8 ) _wmH$mMr Amd`H$Vm :
MbZj_ XVEodO hUyZ {d{Z_` n ApVdmV ò`mgmR>r {d{Z_` nmV Z_yX
Ho$bo`m aH$_oZwgma ^maVr` H$m`mZo doimodoir gwM{dbobo Amd`H$ `m aH$_oMo
_wmH$ bmdUo Amd`H$ AgVo. `mo` `m _wmH$m{edm` {d{Z_` nmbm H$m`Xoera
XOm m hmoV Zmhr.
9 ) ngo Xo`mMr Amkm :
{d{Z_` nmV {d{e> a$_ Xo`mMr Amkm Ho$bobr AgVo. nemVrb a$_ `m
`{V[aV A` H$moUVrhr dVy AWdm _mb_mo`m hVmVaUmMm AmXoe {d{Z_`
nmbm A{ôV ZgVmo. {d{Z_` n Ho$di ngo Xo`mMr Amkm H$aVo.
10) {XZmH$ :
{d{Z_` nmda {XZmH$ {b{hUo Amd`H$ AgVo H$maU H$moUVmhr MbZj_
XVEodO H$m`XoeranUm`m H$gmoQ>rda Iam R>a`mgmR>r VgoM `mMr dYVm {ZpMV
H$a`mgmR>r {XZmH$ Z_yX Ho$bm OmUo Amd`H$ AgVo.
6.3.4 {d{Z_` nmVrc njH$ma (Parties to Bill of Exchange) :
hS>r`m `dhmamV Imbrb njH$ma AgVmV.
6.17

1 ) AmXoeH$ :
Omo hS>r ~ZdVmo `mcm "AmXoeH$' hUVmV.
2 ) AmXo{eVr :
AmXoeH$mZo `mbm hS>rmao ngo XmZ H$a`mMo AmXoe {Xbo AmhoV `mg
"AmXo{eVr' hUVmV.
3 ) drH$maH$/drH$Vm :
AmXoeH$m`m gmJ`mZygma ngo Xo`mgmR>r AmXo{eVr drH$Vr hUyZ hVmja
H$aVmo d `mZwgma `mg hS>r dQ>d`mg XoVmo (`mV EH$mnojm A{YH$ ZmdmMr
hS>r Agob Va `mnH$s EH$mg Ver gyMZm XoVmo) Vmo "drH$Vm' AgVmo.
4 ) AXmVm :
XVEodOmda `m`m ZmdmMm CoI Amho d Omo `mZygma Xo`Ho$ m H$aUmam
AgVmo `mg "AmXmVm' hUVmV. XVEodOmMm Iam bm^mWu AXmVm AgVmo.
Oa AXmVmZo dVMo Zmd {bhZ ghr H$$Z a$_ m H$a`mgmR>r Xwg`mg
nmR>dbo Va `mbm nmR>dbo Vmo AXmVm ZgVmo Va mrH$Vm AgVmo.
5 ) n>mH$H$ :
Omo YmaH$ XVEdO n>m{H$V H$$Z Xwg`mg XoVmo `mbm "n>H$mH$' hUVmV.
6 ) n>m{H$Vr :
`m `pV`m Zmdo XVEdO n>m{ H$V Ho$bobm AgVmo `m `pVg "n>m{H$Vr'
hUVmV.
7 ) YmaH$ :
hS>rMr `m `pVH$S>o H$m`Xoera _mbH$s AgVo `mZwgma hS>rdarb a$_
`mbm {_iUma AgVo Vr `Vr YmaH$ AgVo Vmo _yi AXmVm d n>mH$H$ hr
AgVmo.
8 ) Amd`H$VoZwgma AmXo{eVr :
hS>r AWdm Vg_ A` XVEodOmda AmXo{eVr ~amo~a AOyZ EImm `pVMo
Zmd Agob, Va `m `pVg (Amd`H$VoZygma AmXo{eVr) hQ>bo OmVo, Oa
_yi AmXo{eVr Xo`H$ drH$maV Zgob `mbm Oo Xo`H$ {Xbo OmVo. Oa _yi
6.18
McZj_ XVEodO
AmXo{eVrZoM Xo`H$mZwgma a$_ pdH$maUo AWdm âUo ZmH$mabo Va Aer
hS>r/Xo`H$ ho AdrH$m` _mZbo OmVo.
9 ) AwV drH$Vm :
Oohm _yi AmXo{eVr Xo`H$ drH$ma`mg ZH$ma XoVmo qH$dm boIm _mUH$mZo
(ZmoQ>ar) _mJUr Ho$`mZwgma {V^y{V H$a`mg ZH$ma XoVmo Aemdoir `m`m
V\}$ Or `Vr, g~{YV Xo`H$mMm AmXa amI`mgmR>r Xo`H$ drH$maVo `mbm
"AV drH$Vm' hUVmV.
6.3.5 {d{Z_` nmMm Z_wZm (Specimen of Bill of Exchange) :
{d{Z_` nmMm gdgmYmaU Z_wZm nwT>rb_mUo AmT>iVmo.

15/107,{edVrWZJa ,
nwUo -38,
1 Owb 2009.
AmO nmgyZ 60 {XdgmZVa _o. {dOèmVr EQ>amÒog AWdm
dmhH$mg $nò Xhm hOma \$V mdoV.
$. 10,000=00
Zrb EQ>amÒog H$[aVm
amOrd goR>
{VH$sQ>
6.19
6.4 YZmXoe :
(Cheque)
YZmXoe ho _hdmMo McZj_ XVEodO _mZco OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV YZmXoemMm

dmna _moR>m _mUmda Ho$cm OmVmo. H$maU YZmXoem`m dmnamMo AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV.
`m_wio YZmXoemMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo `mo` R>aoc.
6.4.1 AW :
YZmXoe hUOo Aem H$maMm XVEodO Omo EImm {d{e> ~Ho$da H$mT>cocm
AgVmo. `m_ò {ZX}{eV Ho$cocr aH$_ `m {d{e> `Vrcm R>amdrH$ VmaIoZVa
mdr Ago Z_yX Ho$coco AgVo. amoI nemcm MoH$ hm gdmV OdiMm n`m` Amho Vo
EH$ McZj_ nVgmYZ Amho. YZmXoe hUOo ~Ho$`m ImVoXmamZo ~Ho$g R>amdrH$
Z_w`mV {d{e> `Vrg qH$dm dmhH$mg qH$dm Vmo gmJoc `mg {d{e> aH$_
_mJVmjUr Xo`m{df`r Ho$cocr {dZmAQ> coIr Amkm hmo`. WmoS>`mV, {d{e>
~Ho$da H$mT>coco Am{U _mJUr H$aVmjUr Xo` AgUmao {dn hUOo YZmXoe hmo`.
6.4.2 `m`m :
""YZmXoe hUOo {d{e> ~Ho$da H$mT>bobo {d{Z_` n AgVo Am{U `mMo ngo
_mJUr Ho$`m{edm` XoVm òV ZmhrV.''
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm 1881 `m H$b_ 6 Zwgma
"{d{e> ~H$o da H$mT>bobo Am{U _mJUr H$aVmjUr Xo` AgUmao {d{Z_` n hUOo
YZmXoe hmo`.''
6.4.3 d{eQ>o :
1 ) boIr XVEodO :
dMZn Am{U {d{Z_` n `m XVEodOm_mUo YZmXoegwm boIr XVEodO
AgVmo. {b{IV d$nmV Zm|Xr Ho$`m{edm` YZmXoe MbZj_ R>$ eH$V Zmhr.
6.20
McZj_ XVEodO
2 ) ~Ho$bm AmXoe :
YZmXoe hUOo ngo Xo`m~m~V AmXo{eVrbm hUOoM g~{YV ~Ho$bm {Xbobm
AmXoe AgVmo. YZmXoemMm H$Vm ~Ho$bm ngo Xo`m~m~V AmXoe XoVmo.
3 ) _mJVmjUr Xo` :
MbZj_ H$m`mZwgma YZmXoe hm _mJVmjUr Xo` AgVmo. `m_wio ~Ho$H$S>o YZmXoe
gmXa Ho$`m~amo~a ngo Xo`mMo H$V` ~Ho$bm nma nmS>mdo bmJVo.
4 ) {Z{V a$_ :
YZmXoemda AH$ Am{U AjamV {ZpMV a$_ {b{hUo ~YZH$maH$ AgVo.
aH$_o~m~V g{XYVm Agob CXm. ImS>mImoS>, AH$s-Ajar aH$_oV \$aH$ B`mXr
Va YZmXoemMm AZmXa H$a`mMm A{YH$ma ~Ho$g m AgVmo.
5 ) {~ZeV AmXoe :
YZmXoe hm ngo Xo`m{df`rMm AmXoe AgVmo `m_wio YZmXoemda {dZVr, H$n`m,
ghH$m` H$amdo B`mXr gmaIo eX ZgVmV. AmXoe hm {~ZeV qH$dm {dZmAQ>
AgVmo.
6 ) AmXm`mMo Zmd :
YZmXoemMo ngo {d{e> `Vrg {H$dm dmhH$mg Xo`mMm AmXoe XoV AgVmZm
YZmXoemda `mbm ngo md`mMo AmhoV `mMo Zmd {b{hUo Amd`H$ AgVo.
7 ) {XZmH$ :
YZmXoemda {XZmH$mMr Zm|X Amd`H$ AgVo H$maU MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xoera
R>a`mgmR>r Vmo Ho$hm H$mT>br Am{U `mMr dYVm {H$Vr? `mgmR>r {XZmH$ Z_yX
H$amdm bmJVmo.
8 ) dmjar :
YZmXoemda AmXoeH$mZo hUOoM H$`mZo dVMr dmjar H$aUo Amd`H$ AgVo.
AmXoeH$m`m dmjarZo YZmXoe MbZj_ XVEodO R>aVmo.
9 ) aoImH$Z :
YZmXoemda aoImH$Z Ho$`mg ~H$ YZmXoemMr a$_ AmXm`m`m ~H$ Im`mV
O_m H$aVo. `j AmXmVm qH$dm dmhH$ `mZm amoH$S> d$nmV a$_ m hmoV
6.21

Zmhr. `m_wio Am{WH$ `dhmamV gwa{jVVm {Z_mU hmoVo. {~Ja aoIm{H$V YZmXoe
dmhH$ Xo` AgVmV.
10) {V\$bmMr Anojm ZgVo :
YZmXoe {b{hVmZm VgoM Vmo AmXm`mg XoV AgVmZm H$moU`mhr {V\$bmMr Anojm
Ho$br OmV Zmhr hUOoM YZmXoemmao Xo`mV òUmar a$_ H$em`m ~X`mV
{Xbr OmV Amho `m~m~V hUOoM {V\$bmMr Anojm R>odyZ {Xbr OmV Zmhr.
6.4.4 YZmXoemVrc njH$ma :
1 ) AmXoeH$ :
~Ho$V ImVo AgUmam d `m Im`mdarb {d{e> a$_ H$mT>`mgmR>r Omo `m
aH$_oMm YZmXoe V`ma H$$Z hVmj[aV H$aVmo `mbm "AmXoeH$' hUVmV.
2 ) AmXo{eVr :
YZmXoe `m ~H$o Mm Amho `m ~H$o g AmXo{eVr hUVmV. AmXoeH$ AmXo{eVrbm
YZmXoemmao AmXo{eV H$aVmo H$s, YZmXoemda pWV `Vrg Co{IV a$_
AXm H$aUo Amho AWdm `pV`m Im`mda O_m H$aUo Amho. AmXo{eVrZo
AmXoe nmbZ Ho$bo Va `mbm AV YZmXoe hUVmV d Vm{H$ H$maUmd$Z
AmXoe nmbZ Zmhr Pmbo Va `m YZmXoemg "AZmV YZmXoe' hUVmV.
3 ) AXmVm (ngo KoUmam) :
Or `Vr YZmXoe ~Ho$V VwV H$$Z a$_ drH$maVo `mg "AXmVm' hUVmV
H$YrH$Yr AmXoeH$ dVM AXmVm AgVmo Aemdoir Vmo YZmXoemda "dV'
Ago {b{hVmo (AWdm dVMoM Zmd {b{hVmo).
6.4.5 YZmXoemMo H$ma :
YZmXoemMo H$ma nwT>rc _mUo n> H$aVm òVrc :
1 ) dmhH$ YZmXoe (Bearer Cheque) :
YZmXoemMo _yi d$n dmhH$ YZmXoe AgVo Am{U YZmXoe H$mT>Umam H$Vm
YZmXoemda Amd`H$ Vo ~Xb Zm|XdyZ YZmXoembm dmhH$ YZmXoemEodOr AmXoe
6.22
McZj_ XVEodO
YZmXoe Ago d$n XmZ H$aVmo. dmhH$ YZmXoe hUOo ""MbZj_ XVEodO
H$m`mZwgma Or `Vr YZmXoe ~Ho$V KoD$Z òVo `mbm ngo m hmoVmV. a$_
XoVmZm Vr ZoUm`m `Vr~b ehm{Zem H$a`mMr ~Ho$bm Amd`H$Vm ZgVo.''
dmhH$ YZmXoe hUOo A`jar`m H$mJXr MbZr ZmoQ>/ZmoQ>m AgVmV. H$moUVrhr
`Vr Agm YZmXoe dVH$S>o H$m`XoeranUo ~miJVo, VgoM ~Ho$bm YZmXoe gmXa
H$$Z `mMo ngo KoD$ eH$Vo. ~H$ ngo {X`mMr nmoM (Acknowledgement)
g~{ YV `VrH$Sy>Z YZmXoemda dmjar H$$Z KoV AgVo. `m H$ma`m YZmXoemMr
a$_ {_i{dVmZm `Vrbm dVMr AmoiI mdr bmJV Zmhr. VgoM `m `VrMo
~H$o V ImVo Ag`mMr JaO ZgVo {edm` YZmXoemdarb dmjar `{V[aV Am{WH$
`dhmamMr H$moUVrhr Zm|X g~{YV `Vr`m Zmdmda hmoV Zmhr.
aoImH$Z Z Ho$bobm Am{U YZmXoemdarb YmaH$ H$mo OR BEARER ho eX Z
ImoS>Vm CnbY H$$Z {Xbobm YZmXoe dmhH$ YZmXoe AgVmo.
2 ) AmXoe YZmXoe (Order
Cheque)
YZmXoemdarb BEARER hm eX ImoS>bm AgVm qH$dm BEARER hm eX

ImoSy>Z `mOmJr ORDER Ago {b{hbo Agob Va Agm YZmXoe AmXoe
YZmXoe hUyZ g_Obm OmVmo. ~oAaa hm eX ImoS>yZ AmS>a hm eX KmV`m_wio
YZmXoemda ImS>mImoS> Pmbr Va YZmXoe H$mT>Um`mZo dmjar H$a`mMr
Amd`H$Vm ZgVo.
AmXoe YZmXoe hUOo YZmXoemMr a$_ {d{e> `VrbmM hUOoM `m`m
Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bm `mbmM mdr Agm ~Ho$bm AmXoe XoUo hmo`.
AmXoe YZmXoemMo ngo g~{YV `Vr`m ~H$ Im`mV O_m Ho$`mg AmXoemMr
VVmoVV H$m`dmhr hmoVo. `m{edm` AmS>a MoH$Mo ngo ~Ho$bm H$mD$Q>ada md`mMo
AgVrb Va g~{YV `VrMr AmoiI KoUo JaOoMo R>aVo.
6.23

3 ) aoIm{H$V YZmXoe (Crossed Cheque) :
YZmXoemMm _hdmMm Am{U gdmV gwa{jV H$ma hUyZ aoIm{H$V YZmXoembm

_hd AgVo. Am{WH$ d `mnmar OJmV aoIm{H$V YZmXoemMm dmna _moR>m
_mUmV hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo. nem`m Xo`mKo`mVrb AWdm Am{WH$
`dhmamVrb {dmgmhVm dmT>mdr Am{U gwa{jV `dhma nyU H$a`mgmR>r YZmXoe
aoIm{H$V Ho$bo OmVmV. aoIm{H$V YZmXoe hUOo, ""YZmXoem`m XeZr ^mJmdarb
S>m`m H$mon`mV XmoZ g_mVa aofmMr Zm|X H$aUo hmo`.''
YZmXoe Oohm aoIm{H$V Ho$bm OmVmo Vohm `m YZmXoemMr a$_ `m `Vr`m
Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobm Amho `mM `Vrbm YZmXoemMr a$_ Xo` hmoVo. A`
H$moUrhr hUOoM YZmXoemMm dmhH$ R>aV Zmhr. aoIm{H$V YZmXoemMr a$_ hr
`m`m Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobm Amho `m`m ~H$ Im`mVM O_m Ho$br OmVo d
Vem Zm|Xr YZmXoe XoUmam d YZmXoe KoUmam `m`m Im`mV d nmg~wH$da Ho$`m
OmVmV.
4 ) AaoIm{H$V YZmXoe (Uncrossed Cheque) :
Oohm AmXoeH$ YZmXoe aoIm{H$V H$aV Zmhr Vohm `m YZmXoemcm "Iwcm
YZmXoe' hQ>co OmVo. Aem YZmXoemMr aH$_ ~Ho$`m {IS>H$sda VwV
Ho$`mZVa {_iy eH$Vo Ago YZmXoe ho dmhH$Xo` AWdm `Vr Xo` YZmXoe
AgVmV.
5 ) nyd {XZm{H$V YZmXoe (Anti Date Cheque) :
YZmXoe `m VmaIobm ~Ho$V VwV Pmbm `m AmYrMr Vm[aI YZmXoemda
Agob, Va `mbm "nyd{XZm{H$V YZmXoe' hUVmV. YZmXoe ho Omar Ho$bo`m
VmaIonmgyZ ghm _{hZo n`V MmbVmV hUOo EImXm YZmXoe 10.1.2013
bm Omar Pmbm Amho Agm YZmXoe 09.6.2013 n`V Ho$hmhr VwV H$aVm
òVmo.
6.24
McZj_ XVEodO
6 ) Cma {XZm{H$V YZmXoe (Post Dated Cheque) :
YZmXoemda nwT>rc VmarI Q>mHy$Z Omar Ho$cm Agoc Agm MoH$ Cma {XZm{H$V
YZmXoe hUyZ JUcm OmVmo. Agm YZmXoe `mdarc {XZmH$m`m AmYr AV
Jm Yacm OmV Zmhr qH$dm {Xco`m VmaIo`m AmYr `mcm ngo mV hmoV
ZmhrV. CXm. YZmXoemda {XZmH$ 12/1222013 Amho. Agm YZmXoe 11/
12/2013 n`V H$Yrhr ^yJVmZrV hmoV Zmhr (11/12/2013 n`V Aem
YZmXoemda ngo mV hmoV ZmhrV) ~H$ 12/12/2013 amoOr qH$dm 11/
06/2013 n`V ^yJVmZ, H$Yrhr H$$ eH$Vo.
7 ) _wXV ~m YZmXoe (State Cheque) :
YZmXoemda Co{IV VmaIonmgyZ ghm _{hZo hmoD$Z Jo`mda Oa YZmXoe ~Ho$V
VwV Ho$bm Jobm Va `mbm _wXV ~m YZmXoe hUVmV. hUOoM
10.1.2013 bm Omar YZmXoe 10.6.2013 nmgyZ nwT>o _wXV ~m AgVmo
d Agm YZmXoe AZmV AgVmo d `mda AmXoeH$mbm gwm a$_ {_iV Zmhr.
8 ) ~h^mJr YZmXoe (Multi dated Cheque) :
Oohm YZmXoe \$mQ>cc
o m AgVmo d EH$mnojm A{YH$ VwH$S>mZr O_m Ho$cm OmVmo
Vohm `mg ~h^mJr YZmXoe hUVmV. ~H$ AmXoeH$mH$Sy>Z Imr H$$Z
KoV`m{edm` ngo AXm H$aV Zmhr (hUOoM AmXoeH$mZo Imr {Xcr VaM Vmo
AV YZmXoe JUcm OmVmo).
9 ) E_.Am`.gr.Ama YZmXoe (M.I.C.R Cheque) :
~Ho$`m {ZagZ JhmV YZmXoe dJuH$aUmMo H$m_ darV hmdo hUyZ (_Zo{Q>H$
BH$ H$moS> Q>oH$J{ZeZ) E_.Am`.gr.Ama. YZmXoemMm dmna gw$ H$a`mV Amcm
Amho. `mMm H$mJX N>nmB EH$X_ doJir AgVo. YZmXoem`m Imc`m ~mOyg
nmT>`m nQQ>rV gmH$o {VH$ AmH$S>o AgVmV `mVrc n{hco ghm emIm XmIdVmV.
YZmXoe H$miOrnydH$ dmnamdo cmJVmV `mMr KS>r KmcyZ MmcV Zmhr, Q>mMUr
6.25

cmdm`Mr ZgVo, nmT>`m nQ>Q>rV MwHy$Z H$mhr {c{hco Joco AWdm ghr WmoS>r
Imcr nmT>`m nQ>Q>rda Amcr Va {H$`m ` Vmo YZmXoe ~mOycm H$mT>Vo. `m_wio
YZmXoe hr gwa{jV amhVmV d ~ZmdQ> YZmXoe AmoiIy òVmV. `m_wio AnhmamMr
e`Vm ZgVo.
6.4.6 YZmXoemMo aoImH$Z (Crossing
of Cheque)
YZmXoemMo aoImH$Z Pm`mda YZmXoemMr dgycr ~Ho$_m\$V hmoV AgVo. `m_wio

YZmXoem`m aoImH$ZmMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo `mo` R>aoc.
1 ) AW :
YZmXoem`m aoImH$ZmMm AW nwT>rc _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òBc :
A ) YZmXoem`m aoImH$ZmMm AW (Meaning
of Cross Cheque)
McZj_ XVEodO H$m`mVrc H$c_ 123 Adò, YZmXoemda XmoZ

g_mVa {Va`m aofm H$mT>`m`m Am{U `mV "AS> H$nZr' qH$dm BVa eX
{c{h`m`m {H$òg "aoImH$Z' hUVmV. YZmXoe aoIm{H$V Ho$`m_wio
`m `Vrcm MoH$Mo ngo {Xco OmVmV, `m `VrMo Zmd ghO AmoiIVm
òVo. `m_wio Agm YZmXoe hadcm, Var Xwg`m `Vrg ngo {_i`mMr
e`Vm ZgVo. WmoS>`mV, Oohm YZmXoem`m XeZr ^mJmda e`Vmo CO`m
H$mon`mV XmoZ g_mVa aofm H$mT>co`m AgVmV, Vohm `mg YZmXoemMo
aoImH$Z hUVmV.
~ ) aoIm{H$V YZmXoe (Crossed
Cheque)
YZmXoemMm _hdmMm Am{U gdmV gwa{jV H$ma hUyZ aoIm{H$V

YZmXoembm _hd AgVo. Am{WH$ d `mnmar OJmV aoIm{H$V YZmXoemMm
dmna _moR>m _mUmV hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo. nem`m Xo`mKo`mVrb
AWdm Am{WH$ `dhmamVrb {dmgmhVm dmT>mdr Am{U gwa{jV `dhma
nyU H$a`mgmR>r YZmXoe aoIm{H$V Ho$bo OmVmV. aoIm{H$V YZmXoe hUOo,
6.26
McZj_ XVEodO
""YZmXoem`m XeZr ^mJmdarb S>m`m H$mon`mV XmoZ g_mVa aofmMr Zm|X
H$aUo hmo`.''
YZmXoe Oohm aoIm{H$V Ho$bm OmVmo Vohm `m YZmXoemMr a$_ `m `Vr`m

Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobm Amho `mM `Vrbm YZmXoemMr a$_ Xo` hmoVo.
hUOoM A` H$moUrhr YZmXoemMm dmhH$ R>aV Zmhr. aoIm{H$V YZmXoemMr
a$_ hr `m`m Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bobm Amho `m`m ~H$ Im`mVM O_m
Ho$br OmVo d Vem Zm|Xr YZmXoe XoUmam d YZmXoe KoUmam `m`m Im`mV d
nmg~wH$da Ho$`m OmVmV.
2 ) aoIm{H$V YZmXoemMr d{eQ>o :
A ) dmhH$Vm ZgUo :
YZmXoe hm Zoh_rM dmhH$ YZmXoe AgVmo Am{U Vmo _mJVmjUr Xo` AgVmo; naVw
YZmXoemdarb S>m`m H$mon`mV XmoZ g_mVa {Va`m aofm H$mT>`mg Agm YZmXoe
dmhH$ YZmXoe R>aV Zmhr.
~ ) ebr :
YZmXoemdarb XmoZ g_mVa aofm_ò "AS> H$nZr', "AH$mD$Q> no`r AmoZbr' B`mXr
qH$dm BVa eX {b{h`mMr Wm Amho.
H$) YmaH$m`m ~H$ Im`mVM O_m :
aoImH$Z Ho$bobm YZmXoe hm `m`mZmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bb
o m Amho (Payee) `m`m
~H$ Im`mVM O_m Ho$bm OmVmo d g~{ YV `Vrbm Amn`m Im`mVyZ YZmXoemMo
amoH$S> ngo m hmoVmV.
S>) Zm|Xr :
aoIm{H$V YZmXoem`m Zm|Xr YZmXoe H$mT>Um`m`m ~H$ Im`mda d nmg~wH$mV
hmoVmV `m{edm` `mbm YZmXoe {Xbm Amho `m`m ~H$ Im`mV d nmg~wH$da
Ho$`m OmVmV `m_wio Am{WH$ `dhmambm H$m`Xoera d$n m hmoVo.
6.27

B ) \$gdUyH$ Zmhr :
aoIm{H$V YZmXoem`m `dhmamV H$moUVrhr \$gdUyH$ hmoV Zmhr. YZmXoe Jhmi
Pmbm AWdm Mmoarg Jobm Var H$moUVohr ZwH$gmZ hmoV Zmhr.
B ) AhVmVaUr`Vm mr :
aoIm{H$V YZmXoe hm An[aH$m` qH$dm AhVmVaUr` hmoVmo hUOoM YZmXoemMr
a$_ A` H$moUo mhr `Vrg nana XoVm òV Zmhr.
\$) hVmVaU :
YZmXoemdarb aoImH$Zm_wio nemMo hVmVaU XoUm`mH$Sy>Z (Sender) KoUm`mH$S>o
(Receiver) {Z{VnUo hmoVo.
3 ) aoImH$ZmMo H$ma (Types of Crossing) :
YZmXoemdarb aoImH$ZmMo _w`V nwT>rb H$ma nS>VmV
A ) gdgmYmaU aoImH$Z (General Crossing) :
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm 1881 `m H$b_ 23 _ò gdgmYmaU
aoImH$ZmMo n>rH$aU H$a`mV Ambobo Amho. `mZwgma ""YZmXoem`m XeZr
^mJmda "AS> H$nZr' qH$dm 'Not Negotiable' `m eXmgh qH$dm `m
eXm{edm` XmoZ g_mVa aofm H$mT>`mg `mbm gdgmYmaU aoImH$Z hUyZ
g~moYbo OmVo.''
YZmXoemda darb H$maMo aoImH$Z Zm|X{d`mg `m ~Ho$da YZmXoe H$mT>`mV
Ambobm Amho `m Xm`r ~Ho$bm AmXoeH$ gyMZm H$arV AgVmo H$s,
1) g~{ YV YZmXoemMo ngo ~Ho$`m H$mD$Q>ada VH$mi AWdm amoI d$nmV
Xody$ ZòV. 2) YZmXoemMr a$_ hr Z_yX Ho$bo`m `Vr / gWo`m ~H$
Im`mda O_m H$amdr. 3) YZmXoe hm MbZj_ XVEodO Z amhVm _`m{XV
_mUmV AMbZj_ Amho. CXm. g~{YV ~Ho$V mH$`mMo ~H$ ImVo Zgob
Va A` ~Ho$Vrb ~H$ Im`mV a$_ O_m Ho$br OmBb; naVw ~H$ Im`mVM
a$_ O_m hmoBb.
6.28
le
eg
No
tN
(5)
ot i
ab
&
eg
No
tN
&
ble
(4)
ot i
a
ny
mp
a
(3)
Co
Co
(2)
&
(1)
Co
McZj_ XVEodO
~qH$J `dhmamV YZmXoemdarb gdgmYmaU aoImH$Z nwT>rb_mUo Ho$bo OmV
AgVmZm AmT>iVo.
darb {d{dY H$maMo eX XmoZ g_mVa {Va`m aofm_ò Zm|XdyZ aoImH$Z Ho$bo
OmVo. YZmXoemda darb qH$dm A` eXm`m Zm|Xr H$$Z Ho$bo`m aoImH$ZmMm
AW hm Ho$di YZmXoe hm `m`m Zmdo H$mT>bobm Amho `m `Vr AWdm
gWo`m dV`m ~H$ Im`mVM O_m Ho$bm OmBb. YZmXoemMo ~Ho$`m
H$mD$Q>ada amoI ngo m hmoUma ZmhrV.
~ ) {deof aoImH$Z
(Special Crossing)
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm 1881 `m H$b_ 124 A Zwgma {deof

aoImH$Zm~m~V nwT>rb AW n> Ho$bobm Amho. `mZwgma ""Oa YZmXoem`m
XeZr ^mJmda YZmXoe XmoZ g_mVa aofm_ò {d{e> ~Ho$Mo Zmd Z_yX H$arV
Agob qH$dm `m{edm` `m_ò "ZmQ> {ZJmo{eE~b' (Not Negotiable)
eX `m ~Ho$`m ZmdmnwT>o Agob qH$dm Zgob Var Vmo YZmXoe {deof aoIm{H$V
YZmXoe g_Obm OmBb. {deof aoImH$Z Agbobm YZmXoe hm `m {d{e>
~Ho$VM dQ>{dbm OmD$ eH$Vmo.''
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV eoAa ~mOma, H$Oamo`mMo ~mOma, `w`wAb \$S> B`mXr
JwVdUwH$sVyZ m hmoUmam bm^me, `mO Am{U A` naVmdo B`mXr `dhma
_moR>m _mUmV dmT>{d`m_wio Am{U `m Am{WH$ `dhmam`m A{YH$
gwa{jVVoMr Amd`H$Vm bjmV KoD$Z AZoH$ H$n`m JwVdUwH$XmamZm \$m_
6.29
na
ra
Ba
nk
Ltd
.
(4)
(5)
Ca
Pu
nja
bB
Sa
ras
No wa t
t N Co
eg -o
oti p.B
ab an
le k
Pa
ud
(3)
an
k
nta
C
(2)
Ja
of
Ba
nk
(1)
Ind
ia
oOp
.B
an
Rd
.B
ran
ch

^$Z KoV AgVmZm `mMr ~H$, ~H$emIm d ImVo H$_mH$ XoUo Amd`H$
R>a{dVmV. {deof aoImH$Zm`m gmhm`mZo {d{e> ~H$o V, ~H$emIoVM YZmXoemMo
XmZ hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iyZ òVo.
{deof aoImH$Z nwT>rb {d{dY H$mao Ho$bo OmV AgVmZm AmT>iVo
6.30
On
ly
Ac
co
un
tS
.S
hw
et
a
(4)
A/
c.
On
ly
(3)
Pa
ye
es
On
ly
(2)
Ba
nk
of
In
dia
A/
c.
B.
Gh
os
h
(1)
Ac
co
un
tP
ay
ee
Ac
co
un
tP
ay
ee
H$) {Z~Ym_H$ aoImH$Z (Restrictive Crossing) :

aoIm{H$V YZmXoemMm ~qH$J `dhmamVyZ CX`mg Ambobm Am{U _moR>m
_mUmV dmnamV AgUmam H$ma hUyZ {Z~Ym_H$ aoImH$Zmbm _hd
AmT>iVo. ~qH$J jomV A{YH$m{YH$ gwa{jVVm {_id`m`m CoemZo Am{U
`m`m Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>`mV Ambobm Amho `mbmM YZmXoemMo XmZ
hmdo hUyZ YZmXoemda XmoZ g_mVa aofm H$mTy>Z `m_ò 'Account Payee
Only' qH$dm 'Payees A/c Only' B`mXr d$nm`m Zm|Xr Ho$`mg YZmXoe
{Z~Ym_H$ hmoVmo. {Z~Ym_H$ YZmXoemMo ngo `m`m Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bb
o m
Amho `m `Vr AWdm gWo`m ~H$ Im`mVM O_m hmoVmo.
{Z~Ym_H$ YZmXoem`m XmZm~m~V ~Ho$H$Sy>Z {ZH$miOrnUm Pmbm AWdm
Aem YZmXoemMo XmZ g~{YV `Vr`m ~H$ Im`mda Pmbo Zmhr Va
`m~m~VrV ~Ho$g O~m~Xma Yabo OmD$Z ZwH$gmZ ânmB Xo`mMo ~YZ ~H$ada
òVo. {Z~Ym_H$ YZmXoe nwT>rb {d{dY nVrZo Ho$bo OmVmV.
(5)
McZj_ XVEodO
S>) An[aH$m` / AMbZj_
(Not Negotiable)
YZmXoem`m XeZr ^mJmda Ho$bo`m aoImH$Zm`m AV^mJmV
'Not
Negotiable' qH$dm "An[aH$m`' qH$dm "AMbZj_' Ago eX {b{h`mg
MbZj_ XVEodOm`m _hdm`m d{eQ>mnH$s "MbZj_' ho d{eQ>

Zmhrgo hmoVo.
"AMbZj_' Aer Amkm AmXmVm Oohm ~H$o g XoVmo Vohm Vmo YZmXoe _y`m`m
hVmVaUmda _`mXm AmUVmo hUOoM `m `Vr`m Zmdo YZmXoe H$mT>bb
o m
Amho `m `Vr`{V[aV A` H$moUmbmhr YZmXoemMo XmZ hmoD$ eH$V
Zmhr.
YZmXoemdarb aoImH$Zm`m darb H$mam_ò YZmXoemda {d{dY nVrZo
aoImH$Z H$aVm òVo. CXm.
1 ) noZMm Cn`moJ H$$Z S>m`m ~mOy`m H$mon`mV XmoZ g_mVa {Va`m aofm
H$mT>Uo.
2 ) aoImH$Z H$a`mgmR>r a~ar Q>nMm dmna H$aUo.
3 ) YZmXoemda aoImH$Z N>mnUo.
YZmXoemda aoImH$Z Ho$`mZVa YZmXoe "dmhH$' YZmXoe Z amhVm Vmo AmXoe
YZmXoe R>aVmo `m_wio YZmXoem`m darb H$mamV aoImH$ZmMo {d{dY H$ma
Am{U nVr dmnamV òV Ag`m Var YZmXoemda H$moU`mhr H$maMo aoImH$Z
Ho$`mg YZmXoe "An[aH$m`' R>a`m~amo~a Agm YZmXoe `m`m Zmdmda
H$mT>bobm Amho `m`m ~H$ Im`mVM O_m hmoVmo.
6.31
6.5 dMZ{M>r Am{U hS>r `mVrc \$aH$ :

(Difference Between Promissory Note and Bill of Exchange)
_wo
dMZ{MR >R >r
1 ) `m`m : {d{e> `Vrg qH$dm {V`m

AmXoemZwgma Xwg`m `Vrg,
qH$dm dmhH$mg {ZpMV a$_
{dZmAQ> Xo`m~c dMZXm`mZo
ghr H$$Z {Xcoco coIr dMZ
hUOo dMZ{M>r hmo`.
h S>r
EH$m {d{e> `Vrg qH$dm {V`m
AmkoZgw ma Xwg`m `Vrg qH$dm
dmhH$mg {d{e> a$_, {dZmAQ>
Xo`m~c dMZXm`mZo Amn`m
ghrZo Xwg`m `Vrcm Ho$cocr
coIr Amkm hUOo hS >r hmo`.
2 ) g_m{d dMZXmVm d mH$Vm `m XmoZM AmXoeH$, AmkmWu d mH$Vm

`Vr : `Vr AgVmV.
Aem VrZ `Vr AgVmV.
3 ) d$n :
ngo Xo`mMo {dZmAQ> dMZ AgVo. ngo Xo`mMr {dZmAQ> Amkm AgVo.
4 ) drH$Vr : dMZXm`mZo dMZ{M>rMr doJir hS>r Amkm`mZo drH$mamdr

drH$Vr H$amdr cmJV Zmhr. cmJVo.
5) O~m~Xmar : ngo Xo`mMr _wI O~m~Xmar ngo Xo`mMr _wI O~m~Xmar
Amkm`mMr AgVo.
dMZXm`mMr AgVo.
mH$`mcm dMZXmVm O~m~Xma mH$`mcm AmkmWu O~m~Xma
AgVmo.
AgVmo.
6.32
McZj_ XVEodO
_wo
6 ) AQ :
7 ) g~Y :
dMZ{MR >R >r
h S>r
dMZ{M>rVrc dMZ AQ>r {dahrV hS >r_ò AmkmWu AQ> KmcyZ hS >r

AgVo.
drH$m$ eH$Vmo.
dMZXmVm hm H$OXma AgVmo.
AmXoeH$ hm gmdH$ma AgVmo.
8) gmXarH$aU : gmXarH$aUmMr _wXV AmngmV gmXarH$aUmMr _wXV nyd{ ZpMV

R>adyZ _m` hmoVo.
d ~YZH$maH$ AgVo.
9 ) AZmXa : AZmXa Pm`mMr ZmoQ>rg mdr YmaH$mZo AZmXamMr ZmoQ> rg
cmJV Zmhr.
AmXoeH$mcm mdr cmJVo.
6.6 YZmXoe Am{U {dn `mVrc \$aH$ :

(Difference Between Cheque and Bill of Exchange)
_wo
YZmXo e
{dn
1 ) mH$Vm : YZmXoe \$V ~Ho$daM H$mT>Vm {dn H$moU`mhr `Vrda

òVmo.
H$mT>Vm òVo . `Vr{edm`
~Ho$dahr {dn H$mT>Vm òVo.
2 ) drH$Vr : YZmXo emMo n g o {_i`mny d u
`mcm drH$VrMr Amd`H$Vm
Zmhr. YZmXoemMr drH$Vr d ngo
XoUo `m Xmohrhr {H$`m EH$mM doir
hmoVmV.
{dnmMo n g o `mMr _w X V
gn`mda {_iV Ag`m_wio,
ngo {_i{d`mnydu {dnmcm
AmkmWuH$Sy > Z drH $ Vr
{_idmdr cmJVo.
6.33
_wo
3 ) _wXV :
YZmXo e
{dn
YZmXoemMo ngo _mJVmjUrM `mCcQ> {dnmMr _w X V

{_iVmV. `mV VrZ {XdgmMr gn`mZVa VrZ {XdgmMr OmXm
OmXm _wXV R>od`mMr JaO Zmhr. _w X V (grace days) n g o
Xo`mgmR>r AmkmWucm {Xcr
OmVo.
4) a$_
YZmXoemMo ngo _mJVmjUrM {dnmMo n g o _mJVmjUrM
CnbYVm : {_iVmV.
{_iVmV Ago Zmhr. {dnmMo
n g o {VMr {d{e> _w X V
gn`mZVa {_iVmV. Var nU
_mJVmjUrM ng o {_imdoV
Aer {dn {chZ AmXoeH$mcm
{VMo n go d[aV {_i{dVm
òVmV.
5 ) dYVm :
YZmXoe {c{h`mnmgyZ ghm {dnmMo ngo {_i{d`mgmR>r

_{h`m`m AmV `mMo ngo ~H$o VyZ {dnmMr _wXV gn`mZVa`m
Ho$hmhr {_i{dVm òVmV.
{Vg`m {Xder Vr AmkmWuH$S>o
nmR>dmdr cmJVo. `mZVa {VMo ngo
{_iVmV.
6 ) aoImH$Z : YZmXoemMo aoImH$Z H$aVm òVo. {dn aoI m {H$V H$aVm òV
ZmhrV.
6.34
McZj_ XVEodO
_wo
YZmXo e
{dn
7 ) {VH$sQ> : YZmXoemda {VH$sQ> cmd`mMr Q> n S>w Q >r H$m`mVrc

JaO Zmhr.
VaVwXrZwgma {dnmda {V`mVrc
aH$_o`m AmYmamda {VH$sQ> cmdmdo
cmJVo.
8 ) WmZ :
YZmXoe m_w`mZo Xoer AgVmV. {dn Xoer qH$dm {dXoer Agy

eH$Vo.
9 ) AZmXa- YZmXoemMm AZmXa Pm`mg {dnmMm AZmXa Pm`mg

-gyMZm : g~{ YV njmZm AZmXamMr gyMZm {dnm`m YmaH$mZo {dn mdr cmJV Zmhr.
g~{YV gd njmZm AZmXamMr
gyMZm {Xcr nm{hOo.
10) mr
YZmXoe {c{hUm`m `VrMm
{V~Y : _`y hmo`mMr e`Vm Agoc
qH$dm {Xdmio {ZKV Agoc
AWdm Vmo do S >m Pm`mg,
YZmXoemMo ngo XoD$ ZòV Aer
Vmo ~Ho$cm Amkm XoD$ eH$Vmo.
{dnmbm hm {Z`_ cmJy hmoV Zmhr.

hUOoM AmXoeH$mcm Amkm`mZo
{dnmMo ngo XoD$ ZòV Aer Amkm
XoVm òV Zmhr.
gamdmgmR>r Z
20 eXmV Cmao
. 1. "{d{Z_` n' hUOo H$m` ?
. 2. "dMZ n' hUOo H$m` ?
6.35

. 3. YZmXoemMm AW gmJm.
. 4. dMZnmVrc njH$ma H$moUVo ?

. 5. YZmXoemMo aoImH$Z hUOo H$m` ?
. 6. dmhH$ YZmXoemMm AW gmJm.
50 eXmV Cmao
. 1. dMZ nmVrc njH$mamMr _m{hVr gmJm.
. 2. "dmhH$ YZmXoe' hr gH$nZm n> H$am.
. 3. "AmXoe YZmXoe' hr gH$nZm n> H$am.
. 4. "aoIm{H$V YZmXoe' hr gH$nZm n> H$am.
. 5. E_.Am`.gr.Ama (M.I.C.R) YZmXoemMr _m{hVr gmJm.
150 eXmV Cmao
. 1. McZj_ XVEodO hUOo H$m` ? `mMr d{eQ>o gmJm.
. 2. YZmXoemMr d{eQ>o n> H$am.
. 3. dMZ{M>r Am{U hS>r `mVrc \$aH$ n> H$am.
. 4. YZmXoe Am{U {dn `mVrc \$aH$ n> H$am.
500 eXmV Cmao
. 1. dMZ{M>r hUOo H$m` ? dMZ{M>rMr d{eQ>o d `mVrc njH$ma `mMr
_m{hVr gmJm.
. 2. dMZ n hUOo H$m` ? `mMr d{eQ>o d njH$ma `mMr _m{hVr gmJm.
. 3. YZmXoemMo aoImH$Z hUOo H$m` ? aoImH$ZmMo H$ma n> H$am.
6.36
n>mH$Z
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
77
n>mH$Z
H$m`Xoera n>mH$ZmgmR>r`m AQ>r
n>mH$ZmMo H$ma
n>mH$ZmMo n[aUm_
mVm{dH$ :
(Introduction)
XVEodO naH$m{_V H$a`mgmR>r qH$dm MbZj_ H$a`mgmR>r `mda {d{e>

nXVrZo n>mH$Z H$a`mMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo. EImm MbZdn XVEodOYmaH$mg `m`m _mbH$s`m MbZj_ XVEodOmMo Xwg`m `$s`m Zmdmda
hVmVaU H$am`Mo Ag`mg Vmo `m XVEodOmda qH$dm `m`m nmR>r_mJrb ~mOyda
`m`m ghrImbr `mo` Z_w`mV Amnbm hoVy Z_yX H$aVmo. `mdoir YmaH$
hVmVaUm`m CoemZo Amnbr ghr `mda H$aVmo, `mdoir Vmo MbZj_ XVEodO
~ZVmo Am{U YmaH$mZo Vmo n>mH$sV Ho$bm Amho Ago hQ>bo OmVo. ^maVr` MbZj_
XVEodO H$m`m`m H$b_ 15 _ò n> mH$Zmg~Yr`m VaVwXr AmhoV. n> mH$H$
Am{U n>m{H$Vr ho n>mH$Z {H$òVrb XmoZ nj AgVmV. MbZj_ XVEodO
7.1

H$m`mV n>mH$ZmMo H$m`Xoera _hd {deX H$a`mV Ambo Amho. `m_wio n>mH$Z
H$aVmZm AZoH$ Jmo>tMr I~aXmar `mdr bmJVo, VgoM H$mhr VdmMo nmbZ H$amdo
bmJVo. n>mH$Z H$em nVrZo Ho$bo OmVo `md$Z n>mH$ZmMo H$moao n>mH$Z, gnyU
n>mH$Z, geV n>mH$Z, Am{eH$ n>mH$Z, {Z~YrV n>mH$Z, h$ n>mH$Z, `m{OV
O~m~Xmar, _wV$ n>mH$Z Aem doJdoJ`m H$mamV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. n>mH$Z
{H$ò_i
w o MbZj_ XVEodOmda AZoH$ n[aUm_ XoIrb KSy>Z òV AgVmV. `m_wio
n>mH$ZmMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo `mo` R>aob.
7.1 n>mH$Z :
(Endorsement)
MbZj_ XVEodOmbm hVmVaUr` H$a`mgmR>r n>mH$ZmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

n>mH$Zmmao MbZj_ nH$mZm namH$m`Vm AWdm MbZj_Vm m hmoV AgVo.
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mZwgma XVmEodOmMo hVmVaU H$a`mgmR>r n>mH$Z H$aUo
Amd`H$ Amho. `m_wio n>mH$ZmMr _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo `mo` R>aob.
7.1.1 AW :
MbZj_ XVEodOmda hVmVaUmgmR>r Ho$br OmUmar {H$`m hUOo n>mH$Z
hmo`. XVEodOmMr MbZj_Vm {Z_mU H$a`m`m hoVwZo XVEodOm`m nmR>r_mJo
qH$dm gmo~V OmoS>bo`m H$mJXmda n>mda Ho$bo OmVo. `mgmR>r n>mH$H$mMr dmjar
`mda Agmdr bmJVo. MbZj_ XVEodOmda nyU n>mH $Z Amd`H$ AgVo. MbZj_
XVEodOmMr EH$mnojm OmV AgVrb Va gd AmXm`mZr n>mH$Z Ho$`m{edm`
XVEodO MbZj_ qH$dm namH$m` R>$ eH$V Zmhr.
7.1.2 `m`m :
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm, 1881 `m H$b_ 15
Zwgma ""XVEodOm`m XeZr ^mJmda qH$dm `m`m _mJrb ~mOyda qH$dm

OmoS>bo`m H$mJXmda XVEodOm`m H$`mZo qH$dm YmaH$mZo Vmo XVEodO "MbZj_'
qH$dm "namH$m`' H$a`mgmR>r dmjar H$a`m`m {H$òg n>mH$Z hUVmV.''
7.2
n>mH$Z
7.1.3 njH$ma (Parties of Endorsement) :

n>mH$Zm`m n{H$òV XmoZ njH$ma gh^mJr AgVmV, Vo nwT>rb_mUo :
1 ) n>mH$H$ (Endorser) :
nR>mH$Zmda ghr H$aUm`m hUOoM n>mH$Z H$aUm`m `$sg n>mH$H$
hUVmV.
2 ) n>m{H$Vr (Endorsee) :
`m`m ZmdmZo n>mH$Z Ho$bo OmVo `m `Vrg n>mH$sVr hUVmV.
n>mH $H$ Amn`mH$S>rb XVEodOmMo Xwg`m `Vr`m Zmdmda hVmda H$aVmZm
`m XVEodOmda qH$dm `m`m nmR>r_mJo Vgm hoVy Z_yX H$$Z Amnbr ghr
H$aVmo. `mZo `m `$s`m Zmdmda XVEodO hVmV[aV H$a`mgmR>r ghr
Ho$br Amho, `m `$sMm CboI n>m{H$Vr hUyZ Ho$bm OmVmo. `m_wio ho
XmoZM njH$ma n>mH$Z {H$òV gh^mJr AgVmV.
7.1.4 n>mH$ZmMr d{eQ>o (Characteristics of Endorsement) :
1 ) n>mH$ZmMr OmJm :
XVEodOmMr MbZj_Vm {Z_mU H$a`m`m CoemZo XVEodOm`m nmR>r_mJo qH$dm
gmo~V OmoS>bo`m H$mJXmda n>mH$Z Ho$bo OmVo.
2 ) dmjar :
XVEodO MbZj_ Am{U H$m`Xoera hVmVaUr` nH$ R>a{d`mgmR>r Ho$di
n>mH$H$mMr dmjar nwaoer R>aVo.
3 ) nV :
n>mH$Z ho Ho$di ~mbnoZ / emBMo noZ `m`m gmhm`mZoM H$aVm òVo. nogrb
AWdm a~ar {e$m `m`m gmhm`mZo Ho$bobo n>mH$Z ~oH$m`Xoera AgVo.
4 ) nyU n>mH$Z :
MbZj_ XVEodOmda nyU n>mH$Z Amd`H$ AgVo. Am{eH$ n>mH$Z / dmjar
XVEodOmg MbZj_Vm m H$$Z XoV Zmhr.
7.3

5 ) gd AmXm`mH$Sy>Z n>mH$Z :
MbZj_ XVEodOmMo AmXmVo EH$mnojm OmV AgVrb Va gd AmXm`mZr n>mH $Z
Ho$`m{edm` XVEodO MbZj_/ naH$m` R>$ eH$V Zmhr.
n>mH$ZmMr `m`m Am{U `m`m d{e>md$Z MbZj_ nH$mbm hVmVaUr`
H$a`mgmR>r n>mH$ZmMm H$gm Cn`moJ hmoVmo Am{U MbZnH$mbm namH$m`Vm AWdm
MbZj_Vm m H$$Z XoVmo `mMo n>rH$aU {_iVo. MbZj_ XVEodOmbm
H$m`Xoeraar`m MbZj_ qH$dm hVmVaUr` ~Z{d`mgmR>r n>mH$ZmZo Ho$bobo n>mH$Z
d `m~m~VMr MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mVrb VaVyX A{Ve` _hdmMr R>abobr
Amho.
7.2 H$m`Xoera nR>mH$ZmgmR>r`m AQ>r :

(Essentials of Valid Endorsement)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
n>mH$Z H$m`Xoera H$a`mgmR>r nwT>rb AQ>r Amd`H$ _mZ`m OmVmV

XVEodO naH$m{_V qH$dm MbZj_ H$a`mMm hoVy n> hmoBb Aem arVrZo
XVEodOmda qH$dm XVEodOm`m nmR>r_mJrb ~mOyda qH$dm OmoS>bo `m H$mJXmda
n>mH$Z H$a`mV `mdo.
n>mH$Z H$m`Xoera R>a{d`mgmR>r n>mH$H$mMr Ho$di ghr nwaoer R>aVo.
XVEodOmda n>mH$Z Ho$di emBZoM H$a`mV `mdo. nopgbZo Ho$bobo n>mH$Z
qH$dm a~ar {e$m dmn$Z Ho$bobo n>mH$Z ~oH$m`Xoera R>aVo.
MbZj_ XVEodOmda A{eH$ n>mH$Z H$aVm òV Zmhr. Vgo Ho$`mg Vo
An[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo.
MbZj_ XVEodO `m nH$mao H$mT>`mV Ambm Amho, `mMH$mao `mda
n>mH$Z H$aVm òVo. hUOo AmXm`mMo Zm_ MwH$sMo {b{h`mg MwH$s`m ZmdmZo
n>mH$Z H$amdo bmJVo.
7.4
n>mH$Z
6 ) MbZj_ XVEodOmda AmXm`mMr Zmdo `m H$_mZo {b{hbr AgVrb, `mM
H$_mZo `mda n>mH$Z H$amdo bmJVo.
7 ) MbZj_ XVEodOm`m gmondUwH$sZVa n>mH$ZmMr {H$`m nyU hmoV Ag`mZo
n>mH$H$mZo dV: XVEodOmMr gmondUyH$ n>m{H$VrH$S>o H$a`mMr Amd`H$Vm
AgVo.
8 ) MbZj_ XVEodOmMr gmondUyH$ geV Ag`mg Vr eV nyU Pm`m{edm`
gmondUwH$sMr n{H$`m nyU hmoV Zmhr.
9 ) MbZj_ XVEodOmMo AX{V EH$mnojm OmV AgVrb Va `m gd AmXm`mZr
n>mH$Z H$a`mMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo.
10)MbZj_ XVEodOmda n>mH$Z H$aVmZm n>mH$H$mZo Amn`m ZmdmAJmoXa
Vw{VdmMH$ eXmMm dmna H$$ Zò. CXm. "n{S>V', "H$Q>Z' B.
7.3 n>mH$ZmMo H$ma :

(Types of Endorsement)
n>mH$ZmMo _wI gmV H$mam_ò dJrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo Vo nwT>rb_mUo

1 ) H$moao n>mH$Z (Endorsement
in Blank)
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mVrb H$b_ 16 _ò H$mo`m qH$dm gdgmYmaU

n>mH$Zm~m~V n>rH$aU Xo`mV Ambobo Amho. `mZwgma MbZj_ XVEodOmMm
n>mH$H$ qH$dm AmXmVm ngo H$moUmbm mdoV ho XVEodOmda Z {b{hVm Ho$di
dmjar H$arV Ag`mg `mbm H$moao n>mH$Z Ago hUVmV. `mMmM AW Oohm
n>mH$H$ (dmjar H$aUmam) n>m{H$VrMo Zmd (ngo {_iUm`mMo Zmd) {ZX}{eV
H$arV Zmhr, `mdoir Vmo XVEodO dmhH$Xo` R>$Z MbZj_ hmoVmo Am{U Or `Vr
XVEodOmMo gmXarH$aU H$aob Vr `Vr a$_ {_id`mg nm R>aVo. H$mo`m
n>mH$ZmMr gH$nZm nwT>rb CXmhaUmZo A{YH$ n> H$aVm òVo
7.5

g_Om, 1000 $nò a$_ Zm|X{dbobm YZmXoe "A' `Vrg Xo`mV Ambobm
Amho. `mMm AW YZmXoemMr a$_ . 1000/- "A' `m `Vrg qH$dm `m`m
AmXoemZwgma m hmoUma Amho. "A' hr `Vr YZmXoem`m nmR>r_mJo Ho$di dmjar
H$aVo Vohm ho H$moao n>mH$Z hmoVo. `m n>mH$Zm_wio "A' qH$dm `m`m AmXoemZwgma
AgUmam 1000 nò YZmXoe YmaH$ qH$dm dmhH$ YZmXoe hmoVmo Am{U Or `Vr
Vmo YZmXoe KoD$Z ~H$o `m H$mD$Q>ada òBb
Vr `Vr 1000 $nò a$_ {_id`mg
nm R>aVo.
WmoS>`mV, H$mo`m n>mH $Zm_wio XVEodO / nH$ naH$m` qH$dm MbZj_ H$a`mg
g_Vr {_iVo Am{U Agm XVEodO dmhH$Xo` R>aVmo.
2 ) gnyU qH$dm {deof n>mH$Z (Full or Special Endorsement) :
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mVrb H$b_ 49 _ò MbZj_ XVEodOmMo ngo {d{e>
`Vrbm qH$dm `m `Vr`m AmXoemZwgma mdoV, Agm eoam Zm|XdyZ `mda
n>mH$Z Ho$`mg `mg nyU n>mH$Z qH$dm {deof n>mH$Z hUyZ g~moYbo OmVo.
n>mH$H$ {d{e> `VrMo Zmd KmbyZ `mbm ngo mdoV Agm AmXoe qH$dm Amkm
H$$Z dmjar H$aVmo, Vohm `m XVEodOmbm nyUd m hmoVo.
g_Om, Oohm YZmXoemMo ngo `m_ `mbm qH$dm `m`m AmXoemZwgma {_imd`mMo
AmhoV Am{U `m YZmXoemda `m_ `mg qH$dm `m`m AmXoemZwgma ngo mdoV
Aem eXmMr â KmbyZ nR>mH$H$ ghr H$aVmo, Vohm Ago n>mH$Z nyU qH$dm
{deof n>mH$Z hmoVo. WmoS>`mV, H$mo`m MbZj_ XVEodOmMm YmaH$ `m
XVEodOmMo ngo H$moUmbm {_imdoV `mMo Zmd ghr`m darb ~mOyg {b{hVmo
Vohm gnyU n>mH$Z ApVdmV òVo.
3 ) geV n>mH$Z (Conditional Endorsement) :
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mVrb 52 `m H$b_m_ò MbZj_ XVEodOmMm
n>mH$ZH$Vm {d{e> AQ> KmbyZ dVMr MbZj_ XVEodOm~m~VMr O~m~Xmar
Zmhrer H$$ eH$Vmo. `mbmM geV n>mH $Z qH$dm O~m~Xma Z YaVm Ho$bobo n>mH $Z
(Endorsement Sans Recourse) Ago hQ>co OmVo.
7.6
n>mH$Z
`mnmar `dhmamVyZ {Z_mU hmoUmao gboI qH$dm XVEodO. CXm. dMZ{M>r, hS>r
B`mXrgmR>r `m nVrMm _moR>m _mUmV dmna hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo. geV
n>mH$Z nwT>rb XmoZ H$mao AmT>iVo
A) Xm{`d_wV n>mH$Z :
`m nVrV MbZj_ XVEodOmda n>mH$Z H$aVmZm n>mH$H$ AmnU `m
XVEodOmg O~m~Xma Zmhr Am{U AmnU Xm{`d_wV AmhmoV Aer AQ>
KmbV AgVmo.
CXm. "aqd JUmoaH$a qH$dm `m`m AmXoemZwgma XmZ H$amdo _r O~m~Xma
Zmhr.'
ghr - nr.EZ. JmoS>~mobo.
~ ) KQ>Zoda AmYm[aV n>mH$Z :
`m nVrV {d{e> KQ>Zm KS>`mg MbZj_ XVEodOmMo XmZ H$amdo Ago
{bhZ n>mH$H$ dVMr dmjar H$aVmo. `m_wio Vr {d{e> Jmo> KS>`mgM
n>mH$H$mda Xm{`dmMr O~m~Xmar òVo.
CXm. "gmo~V OmoS>bo `m XVEodOmda / nmda / nmdVrda dmjar Ho$`mg
gwhmg OmYd `mZm a$_ XmZ H$amdr.'
ghr - gwhmg XoenmS>o.
4 ) Am{eH$ n>mH$Z (Partial Endorsement) :
MbZj_ XVEodO _y`m`m hVmVaUmMo ^mdr gmYZ AgVo. MbZj_
XVEodO H$m`mVrb H$b_ 56 Zwgma EImXm n>mH$H$ MbZj_ H$m`mVrb
Z_yX Ho$bo`m aH$_oMo ^mJ nmSy>Z {d{e> _wXVrV {d{e> a$_ XmZ H$amdr qH$dm
aH$_oMo Am{eH$ XmZ H$amdo Agm hoVy `V H$arV Agob Va Vmo gboI {d{YJm
R>aV Zmhr. WmoS>`mV, MbZj_ XVEodO hm gnyU aH$_oMo hVmVaU KS>dyZ
AmUUmam AgVmo. `m aH$_oMo Am{eH$ XmZ A_m` R>aVo. (H$m`mVrb A{eH$
7.7

n>mH$Zm~m~VMr dV VaVyX hUyZ òWo hm H$ma {Xbobm Amho. Am{eH$ n>mH$Z
{dYrJm ZgVo).
5 ) _`m{XV AWdm {Z~Ym_H$ n>mH$Z (Restrictive Endorsement ) :
_`m{XV AWdm {Z~Ym_H$ eXm`m AWmZwgma MbZj_ XVEodO "naH$m{_V'
qH$dm "MbZj_' H$a`m`m A{YH$mamda _`mXm Kmb`m`m hoVZy o _`m{XV n>mH $Z
H$a`mV òVo. `m nVrV n>mH$H$ XVEodOm`m MbZj_Voda _`mXm KmbVmo.
`mnmar `dhmamVyZ {Z_mU hmoUm`m gboImVrb OmoIr_ H$_r H$a`m`m CoemZo
_`m{XV n>mH$Zmbm _hd m Pmbobo AmT>iVo. CXm.
1 ) \$V {XZH$a _mir `mZmM ngo mdoV.
2 ) _m`mgmR>r A$U H$Mao `mZm ngo mdoV.
3 ) `m_ nmQ>rb qH$dm `m`m AmXoemZwgma ngo mdoV.
darb gd CXmhaUmV XVEodO "naH$m{_V' qH$dm "MbZj_' H$a`mMm A{YH$ma
Zmhr.
6) h$`m{OV n>mH$Z qH$dm AZwko` n>mH$Z (Facultative Endorsement) :
MbZj_ XVEodOm`m n>mH$ZmMm hm H$ma MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm, 1881
_ò g_m{d> Ho$bobm Zgbm, Var Am{WH$ Am{U `mnmar `dhmamV hr nVr
$T> Ag`mZo, Am{U `m nVrZwgma XVEodO gboI naH$m{_V/MbZj_ hmoV
Ag`m_wio n>mH$ZmMm dV H$ma hUyZ h$`m{OV n>mH$Zmbm _hd
AmT>iVo. h$`m{OV n>mH$Z hUOo n>mH$H$mZo Amnbo H$mhr h$ gmoS>`mMm
{ZU` KoD$Z Ho$bobo n>mH$Z hmo`. `mMmM AW Oohm n>mH$ZH$Vm `m`m `V
eXmZr `mg MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mImbr AgUmam A{YH$ma H$_r H$aVmo
Vohm Aem n>mH$Zmg AZwko`/h$`m{OV n>mH$Z Ago hUVmV.
CXm. n>mH$ZH$Vm n>nUo Ago {b{hVmo H$s, {Xbrn JmYr qH$dm `m`m
AmXoemZwgma XmZ H$amdoV, AZmXaUmMr gyMZm {_i`mMm h$ gmoS>bm Amho.'
ghr-{XnH$ Xmoer
7.8
n>mH$Z
`m CXmhaUmV MbZj_ XVEodOmMm AZmXa Pm`mg n>mH$H$mbm Ver gyMZm
{_imbr Zmhr, Var Vmo `m XVEodOmg O~m~Xma amhVmo.
7 ) O~m~Xmar _wV n>mH$Z (San Recourse Endorsement ) :

H$mhr doim n>mH$H$ ngo Xo`mMr O~m~Xmar dV:H$S>o KoVM ZmhrV.
CXm : "A' cm qH$dm `m`m AmXoem_mUo ngo mdoV, "A' da Adc~yZ Z
amhVm Aem doiog n>mH$H$ nyUnUo O~m~XmarVyZ _wV hmoVmo. BVa `Vr
{Z`_m_mUo ngo Xo`mg ~mYrc AgVmV. g_Om "A' hm MoH$da Imcrc n>mH$Z
H$aVmo. "j' cm qH$dm "A' `m AmXoem_mUoo, `m`m O~m~Xmarda ngo mdoV,
n>mH$Zm_ò AmXoeH$ "j' cm qH$dm nwT>`m Hw$R>`mhr n>m{H$Vrg O~m~Xma
amhUma ZmhrV, Vo "A' `m nydu`m gd njH$mamZm O~m~Xma Y$ eH$VmV. Oa
"A' hm nwT>o McZj_ nH$mMm YmaH$ ~Zcm Va `m`m nyduMo gd n>mH$H$ `mg
ngo Xo`mgmR>r O~m~Xma amhVmV.
7.4 n>mH$ZmMo n[aUm_ :

(Effects of Endorsement)
nR>mH$ZmMo n[aUm_ `m {df`rMr _m{hVr nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm

òBb.
7.4.1 AW :
MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`mVrb H$b_-50 Adò "n>mH$ZmMo n[aUm_' `m
{df`r {Z`_ CXYV Ho$bobo AmhoV. MbZj_ XVEodOmMo n>mH $Z H$$Z Vo n>m{ H$Vr
bm Xm{ZV Ho$`mZVa MbZj_VoMo gdA{YH$ma nR>m{H$VrH$S>o amhVmV, Ago
nR>mH$Z n> eXmò; naVw `m h$mda ~YZH$maH$ AgVo qH$dm, n>m{H$Vrbm
g^dV: EH$ A{^H$Vm ({V{ZYr) `m Zm`mZo n>mH $Z H$a`mMo qH$dm Xwg`mH$[aVm,
{d{eQ> `VrH$[aVm m H$a`mMo gr{_V h$ Xm{ZV H$$ eH$Vo.>
7.9

7.4.2 n>mH$Zm_wio hmoUm`m Jmo>tMr Imr
1) n>m{H$VrH$S>o nV gmYZm`m YmaU h$mMo hVmVaU
2) nwT>rb naH$m` H$moUmbm nXm{ZV H$a`mMo A{YH$ma
3) n>m{H$Vrbm, nVgmYZmV Co{IV gd njm{d H$madmB H$a`mMo h$.
4) XVEodO d `mdarb nydu Ho$bobr n>mH$Zo hr Xmohr Iar d Agb AmhoV.
MbZj_ XVEodO A{Y{Z`_mVJV Am{U _yb^yV VdmZwgma Aem XVEodOmda
`mMo Zmd Zmhr Aer H$moUVrhr `Vr `m nVgmYZmbm O~m~Xma Yabr OmUma
Zmhr. H$maU `m_ò H$amam_H$ g~Y/JwVm ^J H$a`m{df`r n>m{H$Vr Am{U
~ZdUmam AWdm/pdH$maUmam Agm Hw$R>bmhr g~Y òV Zmhr.
Ago n[aUm_, {OWo n>mH$Z {~ZeV Agob Aem {R>H$mUrM bmJy am{hb `mMr
ZmoX KoUo Amd`H$ Amho.
7.4.3 n>mH$ZmMo n[aUm_

1) {~ZeV n>mH$ZmMo n[aUm_
MbZj_ XVEodO {~ZeV n>m{H$V H$$Z {~ZeV Xm{ZV ({dV[aV) Ho$bo
Va n>m{H$Vrbm `m XVEodOmVrb _OHy$ahr gwnyX Ho$`mgmaIo hmoBb Aem
Jmo>r_ò n>m{H$Vrbm `m XVEodOmMo H$m`Xoera h$ m hmoVmV d Vr
`mbm dmQ>ob `m `Vrbm Vo XoD$ eH$Vmo. `m `{V[a$ `m n>mH$Zm_ò,
(Co{IV) `mMo Zmdo AmhoV, Aem {d$ H$moQ>mV IQ>bmhr XmIb H$$
eH$Vmo.
2 ) n>mH$ZmMo n[aUm_
H$mo`m H$mJXmda Ho$bo`m n>mH$ZmMm n[aUm_ hUOo `m_wio AmXo{eV XVEodO
ho dmhH$ XVEodOm_ò n[ad{VV hmoVrb. Aem H$mao Aem XVEodOmMo h$
{dZm n>m{H$V nwT>o {dV[aV H$aVm òVrb.
7.10
n>mH$Z
3 ) ~YZH$maH$ n>mH$ZmMo n[aUm_

~YZH$maH$ n>mH$Z Agob Va `mMo n[aUm_ Imbrb _mUo {XgyZ òVrb
H$) n>mH$Z Am{U XmZrH$aU ho Xmohr ~YZH$maH$ qH$dm gVrMo Agob.
I) n>m{H$Vrbm n>mH$Z H$`mMm {V{ZYr _mZbo OmBb Am{U Vmo n>mH$Z
H$aV OmBb.
J) n>m{ H$VrZo {V{ZYr `m Zm`mZo n>mH $Z Wm{nV Ho$bo H$s, Vmo Vo XVmEodO
A` Co{IV `Vrbm Xo`mgmR>r KoD$ eH$Vmo.
Oohm XVEodO gm_mBH$ g`wV arVrZo ^yJVm{ZV H$am`Mo AgVrb, Va
`m gdmZr Vo W_ g`wVnUo n>m{H$V H$aUo Amd`H$ Amho, A`Wm
H$m`m`m pQ>H$moZmVyZ Ago XVEodO ho ~oH$m`Xoera _mZbo OmVrb.
Oar Xwg`m `VtH$[aVm n>mH$Z Agob, Varhr Vo gwm _m` hmoUma Zmhr.
4 ) ~ZmdQ> n>mH$ZmMo n[aUm_
n>m{H$V MbZj_ XVEodO, Oa _ybV: `m `Vrbm aH$_ Xo` Amho `mZo
n>m{ H$V Ho$bo Agob AWdm `m`m AmXoem_mUo Agob qH$dm `m`m H$[aVm
n>m{H$V Ho$bo Agob VaM nwT>o n>mH$Z qH$dm Xm{ZH$aU hmoV amhrb, A`Wm
Zmhr. nU Oa H$m Ago n>mH$Z n>m{H$VrMr ~ZmdQ> ghr H$$Z ~Zdbo Jobo
AgVrb, Va `mda H$moUmMmhr h$ amhUma Zmhr Oar Aem Ho$gog_ò n>m{ H$Vr
hm JmhH$ ^mdZoZo nwT>o Ambm Agob Varhr `mMm h$ amhmV Zmhr.
Aem Jmo>t_`| ImoQ>m XVEodOmda n>mH$Z Ho$bo Agob Va Vo {dZmnmoM
nmdVr nXm{ZV H$aVm òVo, H$maU Vo dmhH$ XVEodO AgVo. Aem doir Agm
XVEodO YmaH$ hm `mMo H$m`Xoera h$ {_idy eH$Vmo. Ho$di `mbm Vo m
Pmboo EdT>m EH$m H$maUmd$Z Vmo aH$_ogmR>r g~{YV Hw$R>`mhr njmH$S>o
_mJUr H$$ eH$Vmo Vohr `m`mda `mMo n>mH$Z Zgbo Varhr `mMm _mJUr
7.11
H$a`mMm h$ A~m{YV amhVmo. Aem H$mao Ago ~ZmdQ> n>mH$Z AmnmoAmnM

Xwb{jV hmoVo d `mMr H$moUr XIbhr KoV Zmhr. H$maU Vo gmYo dmhH$ n>mH$Z
AgVo (ImoQ>m n>mH$Zm_mUo ) Oar `mdarb ghr Iar Agob qH$dm ~ZmdQ>
ghrMo Agob Varhr `mMr H$m`Xoera AnmVm H$Yrhr ~Xbbr OmD$ eH$V
Zmhr.
5 ) gdgmYmaU n[aUm_
n>mH$ZmMo gdgmYmaU n[aUm_ nwT>rb_mUo AmT>iVmV.
A ) _y` mr :
n>mH$Zmbm MbZj_ XVEodO H$m`Xm, 1881 Zwgma {d{YJmVm m Pmbobr
Ag`m_wio H$moU`mhr gboImdarb n>mH$ZH$`mMo n>mH$Z `m gboImg _y`
m H$$Z XoVo.
~ ) MbZj_Vm mr :
gbI
o AWdm XVEodOmda n>mH$Z Pm`mZVa H$m`Xoera MmH$Q>rV `m gbI
o mg/
XVEodOmg naH$m`Vm/MbZj_Vm m hmoV.o XVEodO _y`mMo ghO dhZ qH$dm
hVmVaU hmoVo.
H$) _mb_mm mr :
gbI
o /XVEodO `m`m ZmdmZo H$mT>bb
o m Amho `mMo Zmd KmbyZ n>mH$ZH$`mZo
XVEodOmda n>mH$Z Ho$`mg g~{YV `Vr YmaH$ `m Zm`mZo _mb_mm AJa
_y`mMr _mbH$s m H$aVo.
S>) _mJUr Xo`Vm :
n>mH$ZH$Vm n>mH$Zm`m gmhm`mZo AmXoe qH$dm Amkm XoVmo. n>mH$ZH$`mMr
dmjar, g~{ YV ~H$o bm m AmkoMo nmbZ H$a`mg ~YZH$maH$ R>a{dUmar AgVo.
n>mH$Z Pmbobo YZmXoe, {d{Z_` n ho ~Ho$gmR>r _mJVmjUr _mJUr Xo` AgVo.
7.12
n>mH$Z
B ) MbZmMm XOm :
n>mH$Z hr gH$nZm BVH$s n[aUm_H$maH$ AgVo H$s, gdgmYmaU H$mJX AWdm
nH$mbm MbZmMm XOm XoUmar AgVo. {d{YJm MbZm_mUo n>mH$sV XVEodO
`dhmamV H$m` H$$ eH$Vo.
B ) _mbH$s d h$ :
nemMr _mbH$s d h$ `m_mUo Xwg`mH$S>o ~Q>dS>m Ho$`m_wio AWdm gmon{d`m_wio
m hmoVmo `mM_mUo MbZj_ XVEodOmMr _mbH$s Am{U h$ {d{e> eX
Zm|XdyZ n>mH $Z Ho$`m_wio dmhH$mbm qH$dm `m`mH$S>o XVEodO m hmoVmo `mbm
m hmoVmo.
C ) n>mH$Z h$mMo hVmVaU :
n>mH$ZmMm gdmV _hdmMm n[aUm_ hUOo XVEodOmdarb n>mH$Z ho
H$m`Xoera[a`m gnmr`m _mbH$s h$mMo hVmVaU H$aUmao AgVo.
7.13
gamdmgmR>r Z
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
20 eXmV Cmao
n>mH$H$ hUOo H$m`?
n>m{H$Vr hUOo H$m`?
n>mH$ZmMm AW gmJm.
n>mH$ZmMm n[aUm_ hUOo H$m`?
H$moao n>mH$Z hUOo H$m` ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
50 eXmV Cmao
gnyU qH$dm {deof n>mH$Z hr gH$nZm n> H$am.
geV n>mH$Z `mda {Q>n {bhm.
H$moao n>mH$Z `m n>mH$Z H$mamMr _m{hVr gmJm.
Am{eH$ n>mH$Z hr gH$nZm n> H$am.
h$ `m{OV n>mH$ZmMm AmT>mdm `m.
150 eXmV Cmao

. 1. n>mH$Z H$m`Xoera H$a`mgmR>r Amd`H$ AgUm`m AQ>r n> H$am.
. 2. n>mH$Z hUOo H$m`? n>mH$ZmVrb njH$mamMr _m{hVr gmJm.
500 eXmV Cmao
. 1. n>mH$Zm`m {d{dY H$mamMm g{dVanUo AmT>mdm `m.
. 2. n>mH$ZmMo n[aUm_ hUOo H$m`? `m n[aUm_mMr _m{hVr gmJm.
7.14
~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZmMm

dmna
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
87
~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZmMr JaO

~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZmMo _hd
B-~H$sJ
H$moAa-~H$sJ
BboQ>m{ZH$ pbA[aJ {gQ>r_
mVm{dH$ :
(Introduction)
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ ho VkmZmMo `wJ Amho. 1990 ZVa`m H$mimV hUOoM

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm ZVa`m H$mimV AmYw{ZH$ VkmZmMm dmna gdM jomg dmT>bm
Amho. ~H$sJMo jo XoIrb `mg AndmX Zmhr. AW`dWm`m {dH$mgm`m >rZo
~H$ `dgm`mg J{V_mZ dn m hmoUo Amd`H$ Amho. hr J{V_mZVm VkmZm`m
dmnamVyZM òdy eH$Vo. Aem n[apWVrV ~H$ `dgm`mV g_d` Wm{nV hmdm
`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ VkmZmMr Amd`H$Vm Amho. `m_wio gdM {R>H$mUr ~H$mMo
gJUrH$aU KS>dyZ AmU`mda â {Xbm OmV Amho. gJUH$ _mUoM BSQ>aZoQ>Mm
8.1

dmna XoIrb ~H$m_ò dmT>bm AgyZ B-~H$sJ hr gH$nZm g_moa Ambr Amho.
~H$m`m H$m`nVrV VnaVm d H$m`j_Vm {Z_mU hmo`m`m >rZo B-~H$sJbm
_hdmMo _mZbo OmVo. B-~H$sJ AVJV E.Q>r.E_., Ho${S>Q> H$mS>, S>o{~Q> H$mS>, Q>obr
~H$sJ, _mo~mBb ~H$sJ, ZoQ> ~H$sJ, drQ> `mgma`m {d{dY gw{dYmMm {dH$mg
KSy>Z Ambm Amho. ~H$sJ _Yrb m AmYw{ZH$ VkmZmda AmYm[aV gw{dYm ~H$
`dgm`mV H$mVr KSy>Z ò`mg gmhm`^yV R>a`m Amho. H$moAa ~H$sJ`m _m`_mVyZ
XoIrb VkmZmMm ~H$ `dgm`mVrb dmna dmT>bm Amho. ~H$ `dgm`mV AmYw{ZH$
VkmZm`m dmnamMo AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV. H$maU, B-~H$sJ`m _m`_mVyZ ~H$sJ
gw{dYm Xoem`m H$mZmH$mon`mV nmohM`m AmhoV. `m_wio ~H$ `dgm`mVrb AmYw{ZH$
VkmZm`m dmnamMr _m{hVr OmdyZ KoUo `mo` R>aob.
8.1 ~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZmMr JaO :

(Need of Technology in Banking)
AmOMo `wJ ho ZdZdrZ JV Aem VkmZmMo Amho. Amn`m OrdZmVrc òH$

jom_ò `m VkmZmZo doe Ho$cocm Amho. `m_ò ~H$mhr _mJo ZmhrV. ~H$ `dgm`mcm
Amn`m OrdZm_ò AZ`gmYmaU _hd m Pmcoco Amho. AZoH$ `dhma ~Ho$_m\$V
Ho$co OmVmV. ho gd `dhma doJmZo d AMyH$nUo hmo`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ Vo dmnacr
OmVmV.
1 ) CXmarH$aU :
^maVm_ò 1991 _ò ZdrZ Am{WH$ YmoaU drH$ma`m_wio dVy Am{U {dm
`mdarc {Z~Y gc H$a`mV Amco. naH$s` ~H$m Am{U WoQ> naH$s` JwVdUyH$
B`mXtZm nadmZJr Xo`mV Amcr.
2 ) R>odt_ò dmT> :
XoemVJV R>do t_ò dmT> hmoV Amho VgoM A{Zdmgr ^maVr`mH$Sy>Z R>do r drH$ma`mV
òD$ cmJ`m AmhoV. `m~m~VMr H$m`nVr gmonr H$a`mV Amcr.
8.2
~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZmMm dmna
3 ) emIm {dVma :
^maVr` ~H$m`m BVa Xoem_òhr AZoH$ emIm CKS>`mV Am`m. Aem H$mao
^maVmMo A_o[aH$m, `wamon, X{jU Am{e`m`r Xoe, OnmZ, _` - nyd}Vrc Xoe
B`mXr AZoH$ Xoemer ~m {dmr` `dhma gw$ Pmco.
4 ) `dhmam_ò dmT> :
~H$ `dhmam_ò dmT> hmodyZ ho gd `dhma H$m`j_nUo hmVmi`mgmR>r ^maVr`
~H$mZm `m`m H$m`nVr/Umcr gJUrH$V Am{U AmYw{ZH$ H$am`m cmJ`m.
`mZm B-_oc, ZoQ>d{H$J, gQ>c
o mBQ>da AmYm[aV YZmXoe dQ>{d`mMr Umcr B`mXr
gw{dYm CncY H$$Z m`m cmJ`m. `wamonmVrc ~H$m_mUoM ^maVm_ò
AmYw{ZH$ VkmZmMm dmna gw$ Pmcm.
5 ) nY}V dmT> :
~H$sJ jomV AZoH$ naH$s` ~H$m Am`mZo nY}V dmT> Pmbr Amho. ^maVmVrc
80% ~H$ `dgm` Oa gJUrH$V hmoD$Z EH$_oH$mer OmoS>co Joco Va naH$s`
~H$m`m VwcZoV ^maVr` ~H$m dV XamV ~H$godm CncY H$$Z XoD$Z nY}V
{Q>H$md Y$ eH$Vrc.
`mgd ~m~r cjmV KoD$Z ^maVm_ò ~H$ `dgm`mV AmYw{ZH$ V dmnamMr
JaO {Z_mU Pmcr.
8.2 ~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZmMo _hd :

(Importance of Technology in Banking)
gJUH$m{Y>rV VkmZmZo AmO gd joo H$a_UwH$snmgyZ Vo jonUmmn`V H$m~rO

Ho$cr AmhoV. ~H$ `dgm`hr `mnmgyZ A{c amh eH$V Zmhr. Am{WH$ `dhma OgOgo
{dd`mnr hmoV AmhoV VgVer AmYw{ZH$ V dmnamMr JaO ~H$mZm ^mgUma AmhoM.
`m VmMo ~H$mZm Imcrc_mUo cm^ hmoVrc :
8.3

1 ) H$m`j_VoV dmT> :
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
A`mYw{ZH$ _m{hVr d XoIaoI `dWm {Z{_Vr VgoM H$m`j_ AVJV {ZÙoMr

C^maUr, gWmVJV g_d` d _m{hVr gH$cZ `dWm `m_wio H$m`j_VoV dmT>
hmodyZ JmhH$mZm Vna d H$m`j_ godm nwa{dVm òVmV.
_m{hVrMo OVZ :
AmYw{ZH$ VkmZm_wio _m{hVrMo OVZ H$aUo gmono hmoVo VgoM _m{hVrda {H$`m
H$aUohr gmono hmoVo, H$mJXnmMr OmV Amd`H$Vm amhV Zmhr.
IMmV ~MV :
AmYw{ZH$ VkmZm`m dmnam_wio IMmV ~MV, OmJoV ~MV, _moR>_moR>r coOg
R>od`mMr Amd`H$Vm ZgVo.
AMyH$Vm :
YZmXoemMr _Owar, ImVodmEodOr gJUH$ dmna, nmg~wH$mV gJUH$mmam Zm|Xr,
emImVJV d ~H$m-~H$m_Yrc {hemo~ nyU H$aUo `mgmaIr H$m_o AMyH$nUo,
doJmZo Ho$cr OmVrc.
JmhH$ godm d gnH$ :
BQ>aZoQ>`m gmam_wio JmhH$mZm AmVm ~Ho$V Om`mMr JaOM ^mgUma Zmhr. KamV
~gyZ qH$dm dmgmV AgVmZm XoIrc YZmXoe âUo, nmg~wH$ Zm|Xr A`mdV H$aUo
hr H$m_o H$aVm òVrc. Xya AVamda AgyZ gwm MMm, {dMma{d{Z_`, gyMZm, AmXoe,
gXeo d _m{hVrdhZ B. Jmo>r EH$_oH$mH$S>o nmohmoM H$aVm òVrc. hUOo H$O H$aUmMr
MMmhr ~H$a d H$OXma `m`mV eoH$S>mo _cmMo AVa AgyZhr hmoD$ eHo$c.
godoMr CnbYVm :
BQ>aZoQ>_wio d gJUH$m_wio ~H$sJ godm AmVm dfâ, Mmodrg Vmg CncY hmoD$
eHo$c. ~Ho$V H$m_H$mOm`m doioVM Om`mMo ~YZ Zmhrgo hmoBc.
8.4

nmMm` XoemV ~H$mMo JmhH$mer, _`dVu H$Moarer, emImer d BVa ~H$mer
hmoUmao gd `dhma gJUH$mmaoM nma nmS>co OmVmV. ^maVr` ~H$mZm Oa AmVaamQr`
nY}V {Q>Hy$Z amhm`Mo Agoc Va AmYw{ZH$ V drH$ma`mIoarO n`m` Zmhr.
8.3 B-~H$sJ :
(E-Banking)
B-~H$sJ_wio ~H$ `dgm`mV A_ybmJ ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo Amho. B-~H$sJ_ò

~H$m`m H$m`nVrda AZoH$ gH$mam_H$ n[aUm_ KSy>Z Ambo Amho. BQ>aZoQ> gemoYH$
_mJZ Q>bo`m _Vo BVa H$moU`mhr `dgm`mnojm {dmr` godm nwa{dUm`m gWm`m
>rZo BQ>aZoQ> gw{dYm A`V _hdmMr Amho. B-~H$sJMr _m{hVr nwT>rb _wm`m
AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òBb.
8.3.1 AW :
gJUrH$V AgUmar ~H$ BQ>aZoQ>mam OJâmVrc A` gJUH$mer OmoS>cr
OmVo Am{U ~H$ JmhH$ `j ~Ho$V Z OmVm dV`m gJUH$mda Amn`m ~H$
Im`mdarc `dhma H$ eH$Vmo. `mcmM "B-~H$sJ' qH$dm "BQ>aZoQ> ~H$sJ' hUVmV.
dS> dmBS> do~ (WWW.) mao gha (_w` gJUH$) BQ>aH$ZoQ> H$Z EH$ gnH$
Omio {Z_mU Ho$co OmVo. `m_wio ~H$ hr JmhH$m`m KamV nmohmoMVo. ~H$
`dgm`m_Yrc JmonZr`Vm Am{U gwa{jVVm {Q>H$dyZ R>odyZ ~Ho$Vrc dVMo ~H$
ImVo Kar ~gyZ BQ>aZoQ>da `j nmhUo ~H$ JmhH$mcm e` hmoVo. gpWVrV ZoQ>
~H$sJ godoMo cm^ ^maVmVrc 9 cmI JmhH$ KoV AgyZ `m_ò doJmZo dmT> KSy>Z
òV Amho.
8.3.2 B-~H$sJMr CH$mVr :
~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZ mW{_H$ Vamda nqMJ _{eZ`m dnmV Ambo
AH$mCQ>rJ ò, boOa {d>r ò hr `mMr CXmhaUo hmoV. ho Ho$di ~Ho$Mm boIm
8.5

OmoIm AVJV d _`m{XV dnmV R>od`m BVnV hmoVo 1970 Am{U 1980 `m
XeH$mV AmZ bmBZ ~H$sJMm dmna ~H$ `dhmamV H$a`mg gwdmV Pmbr `m_wio
"gw{dYmnyU ~H$ `dhma' hm nadbrMm eX ~Zbm `m_wio ~H$ JmhH$mZm KanmoM
godm XoD$ bmJbr 1940 `m XeH$mV gJUH$s` `dWmnZ g~{YV nVrMm
~H$ `dgm`mV OmoaXma doe Pmbm. ~H$ CmoOH$mZr `mMo dmJV Ho$bo. Aem
VkmZ Umbr_yio JmhH$ godm A{Ve` gwairV nma nS>V AgyZ, ~H$ `dgm`
Amnbo BVa Amd`H$ `dhma {dZmmgmMo H$$ bmJbm Amho. `m VkmZm_yio
{~ZMwH$Vm d J{V{ebVm EdT>r Amho H$s, OodT>o JmhH$ nydu ~Ho$`m nyU doioV
`dhma H$$ eH$V hmoVo VodT>o JmhH$ ~H$ n{h`m 15 {_ZrQ>mV nyU H$aVo.
Vrd `dgm{`H$ nY}_wio ~H$mZm H$mhrVar {dbjU eVr Agbobo gmYZ
JaOoMo hmoVM
o `m_wio `mZr `mVM nwhm gwYmaUm H$$Z {H$_Vr`m _mZmZo A{Ve`
bm^Xm`r godm Xo`mMo V Am_gmV Ho$bo. H$_rVH$_r {H$_VrV d doioV
OmVrVOmV godm ho B-~H$sJ _wioM ~H$ `dgm`mbm gm` hmoD$ eH$bobo Amho.
^{d`mV gJUH$mMo kmZ AgUmaoM gd JmhH$ AgVrb `m_wio ~H$ gdm{JU
godm CnbY H$$ eHo$b d JmhH$ `mMm OmVrVOmV dmna H$aob. AmVm {dm
`dWm Am{U Am{WH$ nVr `mV gwm A_ybmJ ~Xb hmoD$ bmJbm Amho.
ZdZdr CnmXZo, CnH$aUo BVH$s d BV`m H$ma dmnamV Ambr Amho H$s, _mZdr
OrdZmV Am{WH$ CH$mVr Pmbr Amho H$s, Oa ~H$m OmVrVOmV BboQ>m{ZH$
CnH$aUmMm dmna H$aV ZgVrb Va `m ApVdmVM amhUma Zmhr.
8.3.3 B-~H$sJMr d{eQ>o :
B-~H$o mao `dhmam_H$ d {~Ja `dhmam_H$ Aem XmoZ H$ma`m godm nwa{d`m
OmVmV. `m AmYmao B-~H$sJMr d{eQ>o nwT>rb_mUo gmJVm òVrb.
1 ) `dhmamMr CnbYVm :
B-~H$sJ_wio ~H$sJ `dhmamMr CnbYVm Ka~g`m e` hmoVo. H$maU AmnU
BQ>aZoQ>`m _m`_mVyZ Amn`m Im`mdarb a$_ OmUyZ Kody eH$Vmo. VgoM
8.6
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

AmnU Im`mda H$moUVo `dhma Ho$bo `mMrhr _m{hVr m hmody eH$Vo. `mgmR>r
~Ho$V OmdyZ dmQ> ~K`mMr Amd`H$Vm ZgVo.
nemMo hVmVaU :
B-~H$sJ`m _m`_mVyZ nemMo qH$dm aH$_oMo hVmVaU doJmZo KS>dyZ AmUUo
e` hmoVo. AmnU Ka~g`m Amn`m Im`mdarb ngo BVa ~Ho$V qH$dm
BVam`m Im`mV hVmVarV H$ eH$Vmo. ho B-~qH$JMo EH$ d{eQ> gmJVm
òBb.
{~bmMm âUm :
B-~H$sJmao AmnU Ka~g`m {d{dY H$ma`m {~bmMm âUm AmnUmg doi
{_iob Vohm H$ eH$Vmo. B-~H$sJ`m _m`_mVyZ AmnUmg {~b â`mMr
gw{dYm m hmoVo. BQ>aZoQ>`m _m`_mVyZ {~bmMo ngo AmnU Amn`m ~H$
Im`mVyZ O_m H$ eH$Vmo.
ObX `dhma :
`dhmamVrb ObXnUm ho B-~H$sJMo _hdnyU d{eQ> Amho. H$maU
gdgm_m` ~H$UmbrV AmnUmg nemMo `dhma H$aVmZm Iwn doi amJoV Cô
ahmdo bmJVo. ~Ho$V `j Omdo bmJVo. _m B-~H$sJ gw{dYo_wio hr gd H$m`}
AmnU H$moR>ohr ~gyZ H$ eH$Vmo Am{U {Vhr ObXnUo.
JmhH$ godm :
B-~H$sJ`m _m`_mVyZ {d{dY H$ma`m JmhH$ gw{dYm CnbY hmoVmV.
AmnU B-_ob gw{dYo`m _m`_mVyZ ~H$mH$S>o doJdoJ`m dnmMr _m{hVr
_mJdy eH$Vmo. Im`mV `dhma Ho$`mMm Vnerb E. Q>r. E_. gw{dYm, Ho$S>rQ>
H$mS>, S>o{~Q> H$mS>~bMr _m{hVr Aem doJdoJ`m AmYw{ZH$ ~H$m gw{dYm
AmnUmg B-~qH$J_m\$V m hmoVmV.
~hAm`m_r d$n :
B-~H$sJ Umbr hr ~hAm`m_r dnmMr Amho H$maU Q>obr ~H$sJ, _mo~mBb
~H$sJ, drQ>, ZoQ>, ZoQ> ~H$sJ, Ho$S>rQ> H$mS>, S>o{~Q> H$mS>, E. Q>r. E_.
8.7

`mgma`m {d{dY _m`_mVyZ AmnUmg B-~qH$J gw{dYm CnbY hmoV.o hUOoM
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {d{dY dnmV B-~H$sJMm {dVma KSy>Z Ambm Amho.
8.3.4 B-~H$sJMo \$m`Xo :

OJâmVrb bmImo-H$amoS>mo bmoH$mgmR>r B-~qH$J hm B-H$m_gMm bmoH${` H$ma
Amho. ~hVoH$ ~H$m AmVm BQ>aZoQ>da AZoH$ H$maMr CnmXZo Am{U godm nwa{dVmV.
gwa{jV `dhma VkmZ Am{U _moR>m _mUmdarb Am`Q>r H$m`nVr_ò ~H$mZr
Ho$bo`m JwVdUwH$s_wio BboQ>m{ZH$ ~qH$J A{YH$ {ddgZr` Am{U bmoH${` ~Zbr
Amho. BQ>aZoQ>dZ AmZbmBZ `dgm` H$aUo JmhH$mgmR>r gmono Am{U J{V_mZ ~Zbr
Amho. JmhH$mgmR>r Ago `dhma hUOo EH$ gw{dYmOZH$ Aer `dWm ~Zbr Amho.
B-~qH$J_wio ~H$m bmImo JmhH$mn`V nmohmoM`m AmhoV. B-~qH$JMo JmhH$ Am{U
~H$m `m XmoKmZmhr \$m`Xo hmoVmV.
A ) JmhH$mZm hmoUmao \$m`Xo
B-~qH$JMo JmhH$mZm hmoUmao \$m`Xo Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òBb
1 ) 7 x 24 godm
nman[aH$ ~qH$J nVr_ò ~H$mMo H$m_H$mO R>am{dH$ doioV MmbV Ago;
naVw B-~qH$J JmhH$mZm {XdgmMo Mmodrg Vmg godm XoV AmR>dS>mMo gmVhr
{Xdg gmV`mZo gw AgVo. Ho$di gJUH$mda _mD$g`m ghm`mZo ~Q>Zo
pbH$ H$Z JmhH$mZm Amnbo `dhma H$moU`mhr doir H$aVm òVmV.
2 ) gmono Am{U gwb^
BQ>aZoQ> ~qH$J ImVo CKS>`mg Am{U dmna`mg gmono Am{U gwb^ AgVo.
`Vrbm KamV qH$dm H$m`mb`mV ~g`m~g`m H$mhr ZmMr R>am{dH$
Z_w`mV Cmao XoD$Z Amnbo `dhma ghOnUo H$aVm òVmV. `mgmR>r JmhH$mZm
~Ho$V OmD$Z Amnbo `dhma nyU hmo`mgmR>r dmQ> nmh`mMr JaO ZgVo.
8.8
3 ) H$_r IMmV godm

~H$m JmhH$mZm B-~qH$J godm Xo`mgmR>r H$moU`mhr H$maMo doJio ewH$
AmH$maV Zmhr. `m_wio JmhH$mZm ~Ho$V Z OmVm ghO d gwb^nUo Amnbo
`dhma H$_r IMmV H$aVm òVmV.
4 ) gw{dYm
B-~qH$J_wio JmhH$mZm doimodoir ~Ho$V Omdo bmJV Zmhr. `m_wio doi, l_
Am{U ngm `mMr ~MV hmoV.o ~H$o Mm JmhH$ Amn`m ~H$ Im`mdarb `dhma
dV`m gJUH$mda nmh eH$Vmo. `mbm gJUH$mdZM Amn`m Im`mVrb
{eH$ MoH$Mo `dhma VgoM BVa `dhmamg~YrMr _m{hVr CnbY hmoVo.
5 ) nemMo gwb^ hVmVaU
~H$ JmhH$ B-_obmam ~Ho$bm gyMZm XoD$Z EH$m ~H$ emIoVrb Im`mVyZ
Xwg`m ~H$ emIoVrb Im`mV ngo hVmVarV H$ eH$Vmo. `mgmR>r ~Ho$V
Om`mMr JaO ZgVo. EH$m jUmV Ago ngo hVmVarV hmoD$ eH$VmV.
AemH$mao hVmVaU ho {dZm_y` Ho$bo OmVo Am{U Vo {ddgZr` AgVo.
6 ) {d{dY XoUr ^mJ{dUo
B-~qH$J_wio JmhH$mZm hmoUmam gdmV _hdmMo \$m`Xo hUOo `m`m {d{dY
{~bmMr XoUr ^mJ{dUo hm hmo`. B-~qH$JMm Cn`moJ H$Z ~H$ JmhH$ Amnbr
{d_mImVo, H$OImVo, drO ~rb, Q>o{b\$moZ ~rb B`mXr`m aH$_m Ka~g`m
~Ho$bm B-_obmam gyMZm XoD$Z ^ eH$Vmo. {H$òH$ ~H$, Amn`m JmhH$mZm
AQ>mo_{Q>H$ no_|Q> {gQ>_mao Aem godm nwa{dVmV `m_ò JmhH$mZm `mMr
{~bo â`mMr AmR>dU H$Z Xo`mMr JaO ZgVo. ~H$m hr {~bo doioda
âVmV.
~ ) ~H$mZm hmoUmao \$m`Xo
B-~qH$JMo ~H$mZm hmoUmao \$m`Xo Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òVrb
8.9

1 ) JmhH$m`m gòV dmT>
B-~qH$J godo_wio ~H$m JmhH$mZm CH$> Am{U ObX godm nwady eH$VmV.
B-~qH$J gw{dYo_wio ~H$m OmVrVOmV bmoH$mn`V nmohmoM`m Ag`mZo
JmhH$m`m gòV _moR>m _mUmda dmT> Pmbr Amho.
2 ) `dWmnZ IMmV ~MV
B-~qH$J_wio ~H$m`m `dWmnZ IMmV _moR>m _mUmda ~MV hmoVo H$maU
~arMer H$m_o gJUH$m`m ghm`mZo nyU Ho$br OmVmV. _m{hVr VkmZm`m
dmnam_wio AZoH$ H$m_o H$_r doioV AmnmoAmn Ho$br OmVmV. `m_wio ~Ho$bm
_moR>m _mUmda H$_Mmar dJmMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr. `m_wio ~Ho$`m
`dWmnZ IMmV AmnmoAmnM KQ> hmoVo d nYm_H$ H$mbIS>mV ~H$mMr
Z\$mj_Vm dmT>Vo.
3 ) AmH$fH$ Xa Am{U goaHo$
B-~qH$J_wio ~H$mMm JmhH$dJ dmT>bm Amho. gJUH$mmao ~`mMem godm
nwa{d`m_wio ~H$m_ò _moR>m _mUmda H$_Mmar dJmMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr.
H$_Mmar dJmMr g`m H$_r Ag`mZo `dWmnZ IMhr H$_r hmoVmo
n[aUm_dn ~H$m`m Z`mV dmT> hmoVo. `m_wio ~H$m Amn`m JmhH$mZm
A{YH$ `mOXa Am{U goaHo$ nwady eH$VmV `m_wio JmhH$ `m ~H$mH$S>o
AmH${fV hmoVmV.
4 ) nmaXe H$Vm
B-~qH$J_wio `dhmamV nmaXeH$Vm òV.o `m_wio JmhH$mer Cm_ g~Y {Z_mU
hmoVmV. n[aUm_dn JmhH$ g`m dmT>Vo d ~Ho$`m CbmT>mbr dmT>VmV.
~H$mMr bm^XVm dmT>Vo.
5 ) OmoIr_ g_`m Xya hmoVmV
B-~qH$J_wio _moR>_moR>m aH$_mMo `dhma hmVmiUo gmono ~ZVo. `j aH$_mMr
XodmUKodmU hmoV Zg`mZo aH$_m hVmVaUmVrb AZoH$ OmoI_r AmnmoAmnM
8.10

H$_r hmoVmV d ~qH$J `dhma gwa{jV ~ZVmV. `m_wio ~H$mMr {V_m CMmdVo.
bmoH$mMm ~H$mdarb {ddmg dmT>Vmo.
6 ) ~H$mMm {dH$mg
B-~qH$Jmao ~H$m JmhH$m`m A`V Odi òVmV. n[aUm_dn ~qH$J
`dgm`mMm {dH$mg hmoV Amho. B-~qH$J A`j[a`m ~H$mZm JmhH$m`m
KamV nmohmoM{dVo Am{U `m godo_wio ~qH$J `dhma AMyH$, gwa{jV d
{ddmgmg m hmoVmV Am{U ~H$m`m {dH$mgmg hmV^ma bmdVmV.
8.3.5 B-~H$sJMo VmoQ>o :
1 ) {d{e> dJmcm cm^ :
B-~H$sJ gw{dYm dmna`mgmR>r ej{UH$ JwUdmm Amd`H$ AgVo; naVw ^maVm`m
{ZajaVo`m AmH$S>odmarMm {dMma H$aVm ^maVr` {ZajaVm _moR>m _mUmda Amho.
`m_wio BQ>aZoQ> ~H$sJ gw{dYoMm cm^ hm \$V gw{e{jVmZmM hmoVmZm {XgVmo.
2 ) gm`~a Jwho :
AmYw{ZH$ V ho gwa{jVVm dmT>{d`m~amo~a doJdmZ godm XoUmao Agco, Var `mVrc
"gm`~a Jwho' gwm _moR>m _mUmV dmT>V AmhoV. `m_wio B-~H$sJ~m~V
Agwa{jVVm {Z_mU Pmcocr AmT>iVo. Im`mda AgUm`m aH$_m nana H$mTy>Z
KoV`mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo AmT>iyZ òVmV.
3 ) _hmJS>r Ùm :
B-~H$sJgmR>r _moR>m IM H$amdm cmJVmo. CXm. ATM Mo ` IMrH$ AgyZ
~hVoH$ doim Vo Am`mV H$amdo cmJVo. VgoM gwa{jVVm, XoI^mc `mgmR>rhr _moR>m
IM H$amdm cmJVmo.
4 ) ZoQ>dH$ g_`m :
B-~H$sJMm _hdmMm Xmof hUOo ZoQ>dH$ S>mD$Z AgUo. n[aUm_r B-~H$sJmao
H$a`mV òUm`m ~Ho$`m `dhmamV AS>Wio {Z_mU hmoVmV d `m_wio AZoH$
g_`mZm Vm|S> mdo cmJVo.
8.11

5 ) {d{e> `VtgmR>r {Zn`moJr :
AY, AnJ, d, A{e{jV B`mXr `VrZm B-~H$sJMm cm^ KoVm òV Zmhr.
hUOoM g_mOmVrc _`m{XV cmoH$M `m `moOZoMm cm^ KoVmV. `m_wio {_iUm`m
\$m`mV VgoM {dH$mgmV Xar {Z_mU hmoVo.
8.3.6 B-~H$sJ AVJV nwa{d`m OmUm`m godm :
B-~H$sJ AVJV {d{dY H$ma`m gw{dYm nwa{d`m OmVmV. `mMr _m{hVr
nwT>rb _wm`m AmYmao OmUyZ KoVm òBb.
1 ) E.Q>r.E_. :
gJUH$mmao JmhH$mZm A{YH$m{YH$ gw{dYm CnbY H$$Z Xo`m`m hoVyZo Am{U
_mZdr l_eVrMm dmna H$_r H$$Z d`M{bV `m`m gmhm`mZo JmhH$mZm Vna
godm CnbY H$$Z Xo`mMr nYm E.Q>r.E_.mao ~H$m-~H$m_ò bmJbobr {XgyZ òVo.
E.Q>r.E_ (ATM) ho Automated Teller Machine Mo bKw$n Amho. `mbmM
d`M{bV JUH$` hUyZ g~mo{Ybo OmVo.
A ) `m`m/AW :
JmhH$mZm `m`m _mJUr_mUo `m`m ~H$ Im`mVrb ngo XoUo d JmhH$mMr
a$_ `m`m ~H$ Im`mV O_m H$$Z KoUo hr {H$`m Mmodrg Vmg, VrZeo nmgR>
{Xdg H$aUmao ` hUOo "E.Q>r.E_.' hmo`. JmhH$ godo`m CoemZo JmhH$mZm
Amn`m ~H$ Im`mVrb ngo Ho$hmhr {_imdoV hUyZ _w` aVo, ~mOmanoR>, Eg.Q>r
Q>S> VgoM aodoQ>oeZ B`mXr {R>H$mUr ~H$m ATM H|$ Mmb{dVmZm AmT>iVmV.
A{Ve` H$_r; naVw gwa{jV OmJoV, `m`m ghm`mZo ~H$ Im`mdarb `dhma
A`mhVnUo Ho$bo OmVmV. ATM gw{dYobm ~`mMdoim H$mVwH$mZo (All Time
Money) qH$dm "AmYw{ZH$ Hw$~oa' hUyZ g~mo{Ybo OmVo.
8.12
~ ) E.Q>r.E_. gw{dYm :
i ) EH$ CnH$aU :
E.Q>r.E_.ho ~Ho$`m gJUH$mMo Xwgao Q>moH$ AgVo. ho EH$ H$maMo _erZ AgVo.
JmhH$ dV: ngo âUo, H$mT>Uo, {ebHo$Mr MmH$er, {ZYtMo hVmVaU, {hemo~mMr
{ddaU no B`mXr g~YmV ho ` dmn$Z dV: _m{hVr KoD$ eH$Vmo.
ii ) E.Q> r.E_.Mr aMZm :
`m CnH$aUmbm EH$ ph{S>Amo nS>Xm AgVmo, `mM_mUo amoI aH$_ogmR>r EH$
OmJm AgVo OoWyZ AmXoe {X`m_mUo ZmoQ>m ~mhoa òVmV.
iii ) E.Q> r .E_.H$mS> :
JmhH$mbm EH$ E.Q>r.E_. H$mS> {Xbo OmVo. `mbm EH$ H$moS> Z~a AgVmo, Vmo
nòH$ JmhH$mMm doJim AgyZ Vmo \$V `mbmM _mhrV AgVmo. `m Z~a_wio
JmhH$mMr AmoiI nQ>Vo. ho H$mS> E.Q>r.E_. _{eZ_ò Q>mHy$Z JmhH$mZm `mMm
Am`S>|{Q>{\$Ho$eZ Z~a Q>mBn H$amdm bmJVmo.
iv ){nZ Z~a :
Xo`mV Ambobm {nZ Z~a hm H$m`wQ>amao Xo`mV òVmo, ImVo CKS>`mZVa hm
Z~a Xo`mV òVmo. ~Ho$Vrb H$_Mm`mbmhr hm Z~a _mhrV ZgVmo.
H$) E.Q>r.E_.\$m`Xo :
i ) gdH$mi CnbYVm :
Mmodrg Vmg, VrZeo nmgR>> {Xdg ~H$ Im`mVrb ngo H$mT>Uo H$mS>YmaH$mg e`
hmoVo.
ii ) doJdmZ d AMyH$ godm :
gJUH$s` UmbrZo ~H$ `dhma hmoV Ag`m_wio doJdmZ d AMyH$ godm m
hmoVo.
8.13

iii ) amoH$S> ~miJUo AZmd`H$ :
gdH$mi ngo H$mT>`mMr gmo` Ag`m_wio dVOdi amoH$S> a$_ ~miJ`mMr
Amd`H$Vm ZgVo.
iv )Im`mg~Yr d[aV _m{hVr :
~H$ Im`mdarb O_m-Zmdo`m ZmoXr _mhrV H$$Z KoUo H$mS>YmaH$mg e` hmoVo.
ATM `m nS>mda ~H$ImVo d `mVrb `dhma {XgVmV.
v ) `dhmamMr gwb^Vm :
~H$ Im`mV amoI a$_ Am{U MoH$ âUo gwb^ hmoVo `mgmR>r ~Ho$V {d{dY \$m_
âUo, VmQ>H$iV Amn`m Z~aMr dmQ> nmhUo B`mXrMr Amd`H$Vm ZgVo.
vi )gwa {jVVm :
bpQ>H$Mo N>mQo >o H$mS> hUOoM amoH$S> ngm Aer n[apWVr {Z_mU Pm`mZo g~{ YV
`Vr_ò gwa{jVVoMr OmUrd J^ hmoVo.
vii) H$_Mm`mMo gmhm` AZmd`H$ :
AmYw{ZH$ ~H$sJ godoMm Am{dH$ma hUyZ ATM \$m`Xoera Amho. òWo ~H$
H$_Mm`mMr d `m`m gmhm`mMr Amd`H$Vm ZgVo.
viii) gd CnbYVm :
g~{YV ~Ho$`m H$moU`mhr ATM H|$mVyZ H$mS>YmaH$mg Amn`m Im`mdarb
ngo {_iVmV. {d{e> ATM H|$mVM Om`mMr Amd`H$Vm ZgVo.
ix ) CMb Ko`mMr gw{dYm :
AS>MUr`m H$mbIS>mV Amn`m Im`mVrb CnbY aH$_onojm OmXm 5000/
-$. A{V[aV CMb H$mT>Vm òVo. `m OmXm aH$_oda ~H$ {d{e> XamZo `mO
AmH$maVo.
x) _`dVu {R>H$mUr CnbYVm :
ATM gw{dYm òH$ ehar ^mJ, _w` aVo, aodo {d^mJ,Eg.Q>r. Q>S> B`mXr
_`dVu {R>H$mUr Ag`m_wio JmhH$mZm ngo H$mT>Uo, `dhma H$aUo gmo`rMo R>aVo.
8.14
S>) E.Q>r.E_.Mo VmoQ>o

i ) {d{e> dJmbm bm^ :
ATM gw{dYm dmna`mgmR>r {H$_mZ ej{UH$ JwUdmoMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo.
^maVmVrb {ZajaVoMo _moR>o _mU bjmV KoVm `m gw{dYoMm bm^ ehar ^mJmVrb
C-{e{jVmZmM hmoV AgVmZm AmT>iVmo.
ii ) A` `Vrg `dhma H$aUo Ae` :
ATM H$mS>Y
maH$ dVM ngo H$mTy> eH$Vmo. A` H$moUmghr ngo H$mT>Vm òV ZmhrV.
AmOmanU qH$dm A` H$maUm_wio H$mS>YmaH$ ATM n`V nmohMy eH$V Zgob Va
_m Z {Z_mU hmoVmV.
iii ) {d{e> _`mXoMo ~YZ :
ATM H|$mVyZ EH$mdoir R>adyZ {Xbo`m {d{e> _`mXoBVH$sM a$_ H$mT>Vm òVo.
hUOoM ~H$ Im`mV ngo AgyZgwm _`mXoMo CKZ H$aVm òV Zmhr.
iv )gm`~a Jwho :
AmYw{ZH$ V ho gwa{jVVm dmT>{d`m~amo~a doJdmZ godm XoUmao Agbo Var `mVrb
wQ>r emoYZy "gm`~a Jwho'gwm _moR>m _mUmV dmT>V AmhoV. `m_wio H$mS>Y maH$m`m
Im`mdarb aH$_m nana H$mTy>Z KoV`mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo AmT>iyZ òVmV.
v ) _hmJS>r `gm_Jr :
ATM H|$ gw$ H$a`mgmR>r ~H$mZm _moR>m IM H$amdm bmJVo, H$maU ATM Mo `
I{MH$ AgyZ ~hVoH$ doim Vo Am`mV H$amdo bmJVo, `mM~amo~a Mmodrg Vmg H|$
gw$ R>odUo, `mMr gwa{jVVm d `mMr XoI^mb B`mXrgmR>r _moR>m IM òVmo.
vi ){d{e> `VtgmR>r {Zn`moJr :
AY, AnJ, d, A{e{jV B`mXr `Vr VgoM gd gWm B`mXtZm ATM
gw{dYoMm bm^ KoVm òV Zmhr.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mbIS>mV ATM gw{dYoZo `wdH$, ZmoH$aXma, C-_`_dJ,
`mdgm{`H$ B`mXrMo bj _moR>m _mUmV AmH${fV Ho$bobo AmT>iyZ òVo.
8.15

2 ) Ho${S>Q> H$mS> :
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~H$ `dgm`mVrc AZoH$ ZdrZ dmhmnH$s Hoo${S>Q> H$mS> hm
EH$ dmh Amho. Hoo${S>Q> H$mS>mao JmhH$mZm ~mOmanoR>oV IaoXr Ho$co`m dVy dm
godmMr a$_ XoVm òVo. `m_wio JmhH$mZm amoI a$_ Odi ~miJ`mMr Amd`H$Vm
^mgV Zmhr. hUOoM ~H$m Amn`m JmhH$mZm {d{e> cmpQ>H$ H$mS> XoVmV Am{U
`mmao JmhH$mZr IaoXr Ho$co`m dVy godmMr a$_ Xo`mMr O~m~Xmar ~H$m
drH$maVmV. `m nVrV JmhH$ d {dHo$Vm, IaoXrMo {R>H$mU B`mXr~m~V JmhH$mMm
H$moUmerhr n[aM` ZgVmo; naVw {dHo$`mMm Ho${S>Q> H$mS> CncY H$Z XoUm`m
~Ho$da {ddmg AgVmo. `m_wio JmhH$mH$Sy>Z H$moUVrhr qH$_V Z AmH$maVm dVy
CncY H$Z {X`m OmVmV d `mMr {~co g~{YV ~Ho$cm nmR>dcr OmVmV.
A ) AW :
Ho${S>Q> H$mS> nVr hUOoM JmhH$ Am{U Ho${S>Q> H$mS> XoUmar ~H$ `m_Yrc
nV`dWm hmo`. ~H$m `m H$ma`m `dhmamV {dH$o `mH$Sy>Z {~cm`m 2% XamZo
H${_eZ {_i{dVo. `mMdoir Amn`m JmhH$mH$Sy>Z dfmgmR>r EH$XmM {d{e>
Ho${S>Q> H$mS> \$s KoV AgVo. Ho${S>Q> H$mS> YmaH$mcm amoH$S> nemMr Amd`H$Vm
^mg`mg g~{YV ~Ho$`m H$moU`mhr ~H$ emIoVyZ {d{e> a$_ CMc Ko`mMr
gmo` Ho${S>Q> H$mS> YmaH$mg AgVo d Aem CMc aH$_oda ~H$ {d{e> XamZo `mO
AmH$maVo.
~ ) `m`m :
""~Ho$Zo Amn`m JmhH$mZm {d{e> aH$_on`VMr IaoXr qH$dm H$OaH$_oMr CMc

H$a`mgmR>r CncY H$Z {Xcocm {d{e> gmHo${VH$ H$_mH$ Agcoco cpQ>H$
H$mS> hUOo "Ho${S>Q> H$mS> ' hmo`.''
H$) Ho$S>rQ> H$mS>Mr (nVnmMr) H$m`nVr :
`mnmar ~H$m Amn`m `dgm`mMm H$m` {dVma H$a`mgmR>r Amn`m JmhH$mZm
Ho${S>Q> H$mS> CnbY H$$Z XoVmV. `mgmR>r JmhH$mZm ~Ho$H$S>o {d{e> Z_w`mVrb
AO H$amdm bmJVmo. `VtMo Cn, `dgm`, nVnmVm B`mXr~m~V g_mYmZ
8.16

Pm`mg {d{e> ewH$ AmH$m$Z ~H$m JmhH$mZm {d{e> gmH$o {VH$ H$_mH$ AgUmao
bpQ>H$Mo H$mS CnbY H$$Z XoVmV. `m nVnm`m gmhm`mZo JmhH$ nwT>rb
H$maMo `dhma H$$ eH$Vmo
1 ) Xoe-{dXoemVrb H$moU`mhr {R>H$mUr Oo {dH$oVo ~Ho$Mo JmhH$ AmhoV `m XwH$mZo/
hmQ>ob/bmO/ gWm B`mXrVyZ R>adyZ {Xbo`m {d{e> _`mXon`V`m aH$_oMr
IaoXr Ho${S>Q> H$mS>m`m gmhm`mZo H$$ eH$VmV.
2 ) ~Ho$`m Xoe-{dXoemVrb H$moU`mhr ~H$ emIm_YyZ amoI> a$_ CMb hUyZ KoVm
òVo.
3 ) ~H$ Ho${S>Q> H$mS> YmaH$mg gw_mao 45 {XdgmMo Ho${S>Q> CnbY H$$Z XoVmV d
`mZVa JmhH$m`m ~H$ Im`mVyZ IaoXr /CMb a$_ dgyb H$aVmV.
S>) Ho${S>Q> H$mS>Mo JwU :
i ) amoI nemg n`m` :
Ho${S>Q> H$mS> ho ~H$ JmhH$m`m >rZo A{Ve` gmoBH$a gmYZ Amho. òH$ doir
amoH$S> ngo Odi ~miJ`mEodOr Ho$di Ho${S>Q> H$mS> ~miJ`mg gd `dhma nyU
H$aVm òVmV.
ii ) gwb^ IaoXr-{dH$s :
Xoe -{dXoemVrb H$moU`mhr {R>H$mUr dVy/godmMr IaoXr H$aUo Ho${S>Q> H$mS>
YmaH$mbm e` hmoVo. H$moU`mhr amoI> aH$_o{edm` d AmoiI/nV ZgVmZm ~H$
Ho${S>Q> H$mS>mao gdgm_m` `Vrg "nV' m hmoVo.
iii ) {dZmH$mJXn H$OmMr CnbYVm :
H$mS>YmaH$mZm Ho$hmhr d H$moUVrhr H$mJXno B`mXr{edm` H$O CnbY hmoVo.
VgoM H$moU`mhr ATM H|$mVyZ Ho${S>Q> H$mS> YmaH$ amoI> a$_ m H$$ eH$Vmo.
iv )dmgmV gwb^Vm :
dmg H$mbIS>mV amoI> a$_ Odi ~miJUo OmoI_rMo AgVo. Ho${S>Q> H$mS>`m
gmhm`mZo amoI> aH$_o{edm` dmg, ghb B`mXr e` hmoVo.
8.17

v ) AmZwf{JH$ godm :
Ho${S>Q> H$mS>m`m gmhm`mZo AZoH$ AmZwf{JH$ godmMm bm^ m hmoVmo Ogo ~H$m
Ho${S>Q> H$mS> YmaH$mZm {d_m gmo` CnbY H$$Z XoVmV `m{edm` aodo, {d_mZmMr
{V{H$Q>o H$mT>Uo B`mXr gmo`r m hmoVmV.
vi )~H$sJ godmMm {dVma :
Ho${S>Q> H$mS> nVr_wio ~H$sJ godoMm {dVma _moR>m _mUmV KSy>Z òVmo.
vii) ~H$mMo CnmMo gmYZ :
~H$mZm Xwhoar Cn gmYZo m hmoVmV `m_ò Ho${S>Q> H$mS>YmaH$mH$Sy>Z dm{fH$ \$s
VgoM {dHo$`mH$Sy>Z H${_eZ `m_wio ~H$mMr bm^Vm dmT>Vo.
viii) ~mOmanoR>o`m `mrV dmT> :
~mOmanoR>oMr `mr dmT>Vo H$maU Ho${S>Q> H$mS>_wio AZoH$ JmhH$ {_iyZ EHy$U {dH$s
dmT>Vo.
ix ) gwa {jVVm :
Ho${S>Q> H$mS hm amoI MbZmbm MmJbm n`m` R>abobm Amho. amoI> a$_ ha{dUo/
Mmoar hmoUo B`mXr ZwH$gmZ hmoVo; naVw Ho${S>Q> H$mS> hadbo /Mmoarg Jobo Var ~Ho$g
gyMZm XoD$Z ZwH$gmZ Q>miVm òVo. ZdrZ Ho${S>Q> H$mS> m H$aVm òVo.
x) amoI aH$_oMr CnbYVm :
Ho${S>Q> H$mS> ATM H|$mgmR>r dmna`mg nadmZJr Ag`mZo Ho${S>Q> H$mS> YmaH$mZm
Ho$hmhr, H$moR>ohr d H$moU`mhr ATM H|$mVyZ amoH$S> {_iy eH$Vo.
B ) Ho${S>Q> H$mS>Mo Xmof :
i ) IMuH$ godm :
Ho${S>Q> H$mS>gmR>r AmH$ma`mV òUmao ewH$, KoVbobr CMb d `mdarb A{V[aV
`mOXa `m_wio Ho${S>Q> H$mS> gw{dYm IMuH$ R>aVo.
8.18

ii )
AZmd`H$ IMmV dmT> :

Ho${S>Q> H$mS> ho JmhH$mZm AZmd`H$ IaoXrbm MmbZm XoUmao AgVo d `m_wio
AZmd`H$ IM dmT>Vmo.
iii ) {d{e> `VtgmR>r {Zn`moJr :
Ho${S>Q> H$mS> YmaH$mbm òH$ `dhmamV dmjar H$aUo Amd`H$ AgVo `m_wio
{Zaja, AY `Vr Ho${S>Q> H$mS> gw{dYonmgyZ d{MV amhVmV.
iv )ZwH$gmZrMr e`Vm :
Ho${S>Q> H$mS> H$miOrnydH$ gm^mimdo bmJVo. Ho${S>Q> H$mS> had`mg AWdm Mmoar
Pm`mg nVnmMm Jadmna Wm~{d`m~m~V ~Ho$bm {dZVr H$aVm òVo; naVw
Xa`mZ`m H$mimV _moR>m ZwH$gmZrbm gm_moao Om`mMr doi JmhH$mda òVo.
v ) {d{e> {R>H$mUr IaoXrMo ~YZ :
gy{MV g_m{d> AgUmar XwH$mZo/hmQ>og B`mXrgmR>r Ho${S>Q> H$mS> MmbVmV `m_wio
`m {d{e> {R>H$mUr IaoXr H$a`mMo ~YZ JmhH$mda òVo.
vi )Jm_rU ^mJmV {Zn`moJr godm :
ehar ^mJmV Ho${S>Q> H$mS> gw{dYm bmoH${` R>aV Agbr Var ^maV IoS>mMm Xoe
Amho d 70% bmoH$g`m IoS>mV amhVo. Jm_rU jomV Ho${S>Q> H$mS> {Z$n`moJr
R>aVo.
3 ) S>o{~Q> H$mS> :
dVy dm godm IaoXr H$aVmZm ngo MwH$Vo H$a`mgmR>r amoI ngo Xo`mEodOr Xwgam
gmonm n`m` hUOo S>o{~Q> H$mS>Zo no_|Q> H$aUo. S>o{~Q> H$mS> Am{U Ho${S>Q> H$mS> `mVrc
\$aH$ hUOo S>o{~Q> H$mS> dmna`mda {S>nm{PQ> AH$mD$Q>_YyZ ngo dOm hmoVmV. Va
Ho${S>Q> H$mS>da ngo Ho${S>Q> da dmnaVm òVmV. Ho${S>Q> H$mS>nojm S>o{~Q> H$mS>Mm dmna
A{YH$ dmTy> cmJcm Amho Ago ^maVr` [aPh ~Ho$H$Sy>Z CncY Pmco`m `m
AmH$S>odmardZ n> hmoVo. g`m 19 H$moQ>r S>o{~Q> H$mSg AmhoV. Va Ho${S>Q> H$mS>
8.19

Ho$di 1 H$moQ>r 90 cmI EdT>r AmhoV. VgoM S>o{~Q> H$mS>mao IM H$a`mMo _mU
2008 `m Am{WH$ dfmV 17% hmoVo Vo 2010 _ò 30% dmT>co Amho. `m_wio
H$mS>mao IM H$a`m`m _mUmV OyZ 2010 _ò S>o{~Q> H$mS>mao IMmMo _mU
32% Pmco Amho.
A ) AW
S>o{~Q> H$mS>mbm _amR>rV ""Zmdo n' hQ>bo OmVo; naVw `dhmamV "S>o{~Q> H$mS>' hm
eX M{bV Amho. `m `VrMo ~Ho$V ImVo Amho `m `VrMr nV Am{U
ZmoH$ar /`dgm` bjmV KoD$Z ~H$m Amn`m R>odrXmamZm S>o{~Q> H$mS> CnbY
H$$Z XoVmV. `m H$mS>m`m gmhm`mZo Amn`m ~H$ Im`mdarb `dhma H$aVm
òVmV. `mM~amo~a S>o{~Q> H$mS>mMm dmna H$$Z dVy d godmMr IaoXr H$aVm òVo.
H$mS>YmaH$ Oohm IaoXr `dhma H$aVmo Vohm `mbm H$moUVohr Ho${S>Q> {_iV Zmhr
Va IaoXr`m doir ~H$ Im`mVyZ IaoXrMr qH$_V dOm hmoVo d Vr a$_ {dH$o `m`m
~H$ Im`mV O_m hmoVo. S>o{~Q> H$mS> {_id`mgmR>r Ho${S>Q> H$mS> d ATM
{_id`mgmR>rMrM {H$`m H$amdr bmJVo.
~ ) `m`m :
""S>o{~Q> H$mS> hUOo ~Ho$Zo Amn`m JmhH$mZm `m`m ~H$ Im`mV AgUm`m
aH$_o`m dmnamgmR>r CnbY H$$Z {Xbobr gw{dYm hmo`.''
H$) S>o{~Q> H$mS>>Mo \$m`Xo :
i ) `dhmamVrb gw b^Vm :
S>o{~Q> H$mS>YmaH$ ~Ho$`m H$moU`mhr emIoVyZ AWdm ATM H|$mVyZ Amn`m
Im`mdarb ngo Ho$hmhr H$mTy> eH$Vmo VgoM ^$ eH$Vmo.
ii ) amoH$S> ~miJUo Amd`H$ ZgVo :
S>o{~Q> H$mSYmaH$mbm dVOdi amoH$S> ~miJ`mMr Amd`H$Vm ZgVo. S>o{~Q>
H$mS> hUOoM dVMo ~H$ ImVo dV ~amo~a Aer n[apWVr AgVo.
8.20

iii ) ~H$
`dhmamMr `mr dmT>Vo :

S>o{~Q> H$mS>g~{YV ~Ho$`m Xoe-{dXoemVrb emImV MmbV Ag`m_wio ~H$
`dhmamMr `mr dmT>Vo.
iv )dVy d godmMr IaoXr :
S>o{~Q> H$mSYmaH$ S>o{~Q> H$mS>`m gmhm`mZo ghOnUo dVy d godmMr IaoXr H$$
eH$Vmo.
v ) AmZwf{JH$ godmMm bm^ :
S>o{~Q> H$mS>`m gmhm`mZo AZoH$ AmZwf{JH$ godmMm bm^ hmoVmo. CXm. {d_mZo,
aodoMr {V{H$Q>o ~wH$ H$aUo B`mXr.
vi )OmXm CMb :
S>o{~Q> H$mS>YmaH$ Amn`m ~Ho$VyZ Amd`H$VoZwgma Im`mVrb {eH$ aH$_onojm
OmXm CMb H$mTy> eH$Vmo. `m OmXm CMb aH$_oda ~H$ {d{e> XamZo `mO AmH$maVo.
vii) ~Ho$g Am{WH$ bm^ :
~Ho$bm Cn gmYZo {_idyZ Xo`mgmR>r S>o{~Q> H$mS> Cn`wV R>aVo. ~H$ Aem
H$mS>YmaH$mH$Sy>Z {d{e> dm{fH$ ewH$ AmH$maVo.
S>) S>o{~Q> H$mS>mMo Xmof :
Ho${S>Q> H$mS>Mo gd Xmof S>o{~Q> H$mS>gmR>r bmJy nS>VmV Ago {ZXeZmg òVo.
i ) IMrH$ gw{dYm :
S>o{~Q> H$mS> gw{dYm IMuH$$AgVo. CXm. ewH$ d BVa IM `mO B`mXr.
ii ) AZmd`H$ IaoXr :
S>o{~Q> H$mS>YmaH$ AZmd`H$ IaoXrg dm hmoV AgVmV.
iii ) {d{e> `VtgmR>r {Zn`moJr :
{Zaja d AY `Vr `m gw{dYonmgyZ d{MV amhVmV. H$maU òH$ `dhmamV
H$mS>YmaH$mg dmjar H$aUo Amd`H$ R>aVo.
8.21

iv )ZwH$gmZrMr g^mdZm :
S>o{~Q> H$mS> had`mg/Mmoarg Jo`mg ZwH$gmZrMr ^rVr g^dVo.
v ) Jm_rU ^mJmgmR>r {Zn`moJr :
Jm_rU ^mJmV hr gw{dYm {Zn`moJr R>aVo Am{U ~hg ` bmoH$g`m Jm_rU ^mJmV
amhUmar Amho.
4 ) Q>o{b~H$sJ :
AmO`m J{V_mZ d Ymdnir`m H$mbIS>mV XZ{XZ dnmMo ~H$sJ `dhma
H$a`mgmR>r doi XoUo H$R>rU hmoV Amho. dmT>Vo eharH$aU, Xa AVamda AgUmao
`dgm`mMo, {ZdmgmMo {R>H$mU, ~Ho$Vrb `dhmamMr dmT>Vr _mJUr Am{U `m_wio
~Ho$V hmoUmar JXu B`mXr n[apWVrV ~H$sJ H$m_o H$a`mgmR>r _moR>m doi XoUo H$R>rU
hmoV Amho. `mVyZ JmhH$mbm gmo`r- gw{dYm CnbY H$$Z Xo`mgmR>r ~H$mZr "Xya^mf
~H$ godm' CnbY H$$Z Xo`mMo YmoaU drH$mabobo AmT>iVo.
A ) AW :
Xya^mf ~H$ godm hUOo ~H$ JmhH$ XyadZrd$Z ~H$sJ {df`H$ H$m_o nyU H$$
eH$Vmo. `mgmR>r `j ~Ho$V ò`mMr Amd`H$Vm ZgVo.
~ ) H$m`nVr :
~Ho$_ò Z OmVm `Vr ~H$sJ godm {_idy eH$VmV. `mgmR>r dmna`mV òUm`m
gw{dYocm Q>o{c~H$sJ Ago hQ>co OmVo. Q>o{c\$moZMm dmna H$$Z VmVS>rZo Am{U
gw{dYmOZH$ godm CncY H$$Z Ko`mMm Vmo EH$ _mJ Amho. `m _m`_mVyZ
EImXr `Vr Im`m~c _m{hVr, H$mhr {ZdS>H$ `dhma, EQ>rE_ H$mS>, S>o{~Q>
H$mS>, Ho${S>Q> H$mS> qH$dm MoH$~wH$ B`mXt~m~V`m godm CncY H$$Z KoD$
eH$Vo. Aer godm-gw{dYm CncY H$$Z Ko`mgmR>r ImVoXmamcm ~Ho$H$S>o AO
H$amdm cmJVmo. AWmV Aer godm nwa{dUo qH$dm Z nwa{dUo ho ~H$ `dWmnH$mda
Adc~Zy AgVo. `m `VtMo ~Ho$_ò ~MV qH$dm Mmcy dV ImVo Amho Aem
`Vrcm hr gw{dYm m hmoD$ eH$Vo. hr _m{hVr EH$m nrgrd$Z Omo ~Ho$`m
8.22

V`/_m{hVr {d^mJmer OmoS>cocm AgVmo `md$Z {_iVo. `m_ò gd A`mdV
_m{hVr gH${bV Ho$cocr AgVo. JmhH$m`m _mJUr_mUo hr _m{hVr nwa{dcr OmVo.
JmhH$mZm/ImVoXmamZm `m`m ImVo Z~am~amo~aM doJim H$moS>/gmHo${VH$ Z~a
{Xcm OmVmo. Omo `mMm "cmJ BZ Am` S>r' AgVmo. ImVoXmamZr `m`m gmHo${VH$
Z~a`m JwVo~m~V gVH$ amhUo Amd`H$ AgVo. JmhH$mZm hm Z~a S>m`c H$$Z
hr gw{dYm dmnaVm òVo. `m _m`_mVyZ ImVoXma MoH$~wH$Mrhr _mJUr H$$ eH$Vmo.
Ago MoH$~wH$ Hw$[aAa godoZo JmhH$m`m ~Ho$_ò Zm|X Agco`m n`mda nmR>{dco
OmVo.
H$) godm gw{dYm :
Q>o{c-~H$sJ gw{dYoAVJV JmhH$mcm nwT>rc godm CncY hmoVmV :
i ) AmZ cmBZ {eH$ MmH$er.
ii ) godmgmR>r {dZVr.
iii ) eodQ>`m nmM `dhmamMr _m{hVr.
iv )AbrH$S>`m VmaIoMm `dhma.
v ) `dhmamMm Vnerc.
vi )MoH$~wH$gmR>r {dZVr.
vii) {hemo~m`m {ddaU nmMr _mJUr B`mXr.
Aem H$mao ImVoXmamcm `jmV ~H$o V Z OmVm ~mhoa JmdmhZhr Amn`m Im`mMr
_m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo. hr godm JmhH$mZm Mmodrg Vmg {_iVo ho `m godoMo d{eQ> Amho.
5 ) _mo~mBb ~H$sJ> :
AmO`m `m H$mimV JmhH$ A{YH$m{YH$ VkmZmer n[a{MV hmoV Mmbbo
AmhoV. AmO Odi-Odi gdM bmoH$ _mo~mBb \$moZMm dmna H$arV AmhoV. AmO
AmZbmBZ `mnmamda _moR>m _mUmda â {Xbm OmVmo, `m_wio ~H$sJ johr
`m~m~V _mJo Zmhr. `mZrhr \$moZ d _mo~mBbd$Z godm nwa{d`mg gwdmV Ho$br
Amho. `m _m`_mVyZ ~H$m_ò A{YH$m{YH$ nemMm `dhma hmo`mMr ~H$mMr
8.23

Anojm Amho. _mo~mBb,XyadZr gXoedhZ gmYZmZr ~H$sJ `dhmam_ò EH$ H$mVr
KS>dyZ AmUbr Amho. BQ>aZoQ> Am{U dmàbog VkmZmZo `mbm _moR>m _mUmda
hmV^ma bmdbm Amho. AmO`m `m Ymd`m `wJmV JmhH$mMo bj doYyZ KoUo Am{U
JmhH$ {Q>H${dUo `mgmR>r ~H$mZmhr `m`m godmMr `mr dmT>{d`mMr JaO {Z_mU
Pmbr Amho. `m`m Mmby gaMZm VgoM Vo g`m XoV Agbo`m {dVaU _mJmda
H$moU`mhr H$maMm \$aH$ Z nS>Vm _mo~mBb Am{U dmàbog _m`_m`m dmnamVyZ
~H$mZr `mMr godm `mr dmT>{d`mMo {XgyZ òVo. dmàbog ZoQ>dH$, _mo~mBb \$moZ
hr {d{dY _m`_o _mo~mBb ~H$sJ `yhaMZm ~mOmamV AmU`mgmR>r EH$ _hdmMr
^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV.
A ) _mo~mBb ~H$sJMo \$m`Xo :
i ) AmR>dS>mMo 7 {Xdg 24 Vmg godm CnbYr :
_mo~mBb d \$moZ ~H$sJ_wio ~H$m `m`m JmhH$mZm AmR>dS>mMo 7 {Xdg Am{U
24 Vmg godm nwady eH$VmV. `m gw{dYo_wio JmhH$mZm `dhma H$aUo A`V gmono
Am{U ghO hmoVo. AmZbmBZ Ho$~bmao JmhH$mZm H$moU`mhr H$maMm mg Z
hmoVm ~H$sJ `dhma H$aVm òVmV.
ii ) _mo~mBb ZoQ>dH$Mo dmT>Vo jo :
AmO _mo~mBb ZoQ>dH$ gnUy ^maVâ ngabobo Amho. IoS>monmS>rhr \$moZ d _mo~mBb
gw{dYm CnbY Ag`mZo gdmZm gVV ~H$sJ `dhmamgmR>r \$moZ d _mo~mBbMm
Cn`moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.naXoem_ò ho Omio Xyada ngabo Ag`mZo Odi-Odi
90% bmoH$gòbm `m godmMm Cn^moJ KoVm òVmo. ^maVm_ò ho _mU H$_r
Agbo Var `m_ò XaamoO dmT> hmoV Amho.
iii ) dV:Mm R>gm :
{d{e> {g_H$mS>_ i
w o _mo~mBb YmaH$mbm dV:Mr Aer EH$ AmoiI AgVo. `m_wio
`mZm `dhma H$a`mgmR>r EH$ dV Aer gw{dYm CnbY hmoVo. _mo~mBb`m
_m`_mVyZ Vo `j `mZm Amd`H$ AgUm`m godmMm bm^ KoD$ eH$VmV.
8.24

{d{dY gwajm m hmoV Ag`mZo bmoH$ _mo~mBb ~H$sJH$S>o A{YH$m{YH$ AmH${fV
hmoVmZm {XgyZ òVmV.
iv )dn WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) :
dn gma`m OmJ{VH$ moQ>moH$mb_ò doJmZo Pmbo`m H$mVr_wio gJUH$ Am{U
_mo~mBbgma`m gmYZm_ò gXoedhZ _mJmMm dmna H$aUo e` Pmbo Amho.
dn_Yrb KQ>H$m_wio dmàbog hS>goQ>da _m{hVr CnbY hmoVo.
v ) ObX _m{hVrMr CnbYVm :
JV VkmZm_wio _mo~mBb S>mQ>m gphgog A{YH$m{YH$ H$m`j_ Am{U doJdmZ
~Zbr Amho.
vi )gw a {jVVm :
da Z_yX Ho$bo`m gd gw{dYm~amo~aM, {g_H$mS>bm AgUm`m ImgJr {nZ`m
gmhm`mZo _mo~mBb ~{H$Jdarb gd `dhmamZm gwwa{jVVm XmZ hmoVo. `m_wio
AmO _mo~mBb \$moZ ho EH$ H$maMo dmàbog Ago {IemVrb nmH$sQ> (dmboQ>)
Pmbo Amho. `m_wio maoXr Am{U BVa {dmr` _m{hVr gwa{jV amh eH$Vo.
vii) _mo~mBbd$Z XmZ (Mobile Payment) :
_mo~mBbdarb XmZ hUOo _mo~mBbgma`m dmàbog gmYZm`m gmhm`mZo
{~bm`m aH$_m XmZ H$aUo hmo`. _mo~mBb gw{dYm hr "BboQ>m{ ZH$ XmZ _m`_'
hUyZ H$m` H$aVo ho `m gmYZmMo d{e> d \$m`Xm Amho. H$moU`mhr H$mao doi
Am{U {R>H$mU `mMr ~mYm Z òVm aH$_m MwH${dUo `m _m`_m_wio e` hmoVo.
Q>o{b\$moZ Am{U BQ>aZoQ> ~H$sJ_wio JmhH$mZm `m`m {~bm`m aH$_m MwH${dVm
òVmV Am{U `m_wio H$moU`mhr doir IaoXr H$a`mMr gw{dYm `mZm mV hmoVo.
~ ) _mo~mBb ~H$sJMo VmoQ>o :
i ) `dhmamMr _`mX m :
_mo~mBb ~H$sJ godm~m~V {H$Vrhr `moOZm AmI`m Jo`m Var `jm_ò `m
`ZmZm _`mXm nS>VmV. ~H$sJ `dhmamVrb {H$VrVar `dhma ho IaoXr qH$dm
8.25

`mnmamnojm Im`mVrb {ebH$ qH$dm Ho${S>Q> H$mS> qH$dm ~H$ Im`m`m
_m{hVrg~YmV AgVmV. Aem doir _mo~mBb ~H$sJMm \$magm Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhr.
ii ) Vm{H$ AS>MUr :
_mo~mBb ~H$sJ_ò Vm{H$ _wo, gwa{jVVm Am{U IM `mgmaIo AZoH$ _wo `m
gw{dYo`m _`mXm AmhoV. dn ho _m`_ Iyn hiy Amho Am{U JmhH$mZm g_mYmZ
Xo`mg Anwao Amho. `dhma H$aVmZm bmoH$ gwa{jVVoMm {dMma H$aVmV; naVw _mo~mBb
~H$sJ_ò `m`m `m Anojm nyU hmoV ZmhrV.
iii ) IMuH$ Ùm :
_mo~mBb ~H$sJ_Yrb gdmV _moR>r g_`m hUOo `m gw{dYonmgyZ {_iUm`m
\$m`Xm`m _mUmV IM OmV hmo`. {H$òH$ Xoem_ò _m{hVr nwa{d`mgmR>r
bmJUmam IM hm Iyn Ag`mZo _mo~mBb ~H$sJbm _`mXm nS>VmV.
iv )_mo~mBb ~H$sJMm ZH$mam_H$ AZw^d :
`wamo{nAZ Xoem_Yrb _mo~mBb ~H$sJMm AZw^d hm \$magm MmJbm Zmhr CXm.
BbS>_ò _mo~mBb ~H$sJ Am\$a H$mTy> Z Ko`mMm Zo`mZr {ZU` KoVbm.
JmhH$m_ò _mo~mBb ~H$sJ godm dmna`m~b \$magm Cgmh {XgyZ òV Zmhr.
6 ) ZoQ> ~H$sJ :
A ) AW :
gJUH$sH$V AgUmar ~H$ BQ>aZoQ>mam OJâmVrb A` gJUH$mer OmoS>br
OmVo Am{U ~H$ JmhH$ `j ~Ho$V Z OmVm dV`m gJUH$mda Amn`m
~H$ Im`mdarb `dhma H$$ eH$Vmo `mbm "ZoQ> ~H$sJ' Ago hUVmV.
~ ) H$m`nVr :
dS> dmBS> do~ (WWW.) mao gha (_w` gJUH$) BQ>aH$ZoQ> H$$Z EH$
gnH$ Omio {Z_mU Ho$bo OmVo. `m_wio ~H$ hr JmhH$m`m KamV nmoMVo. ~H$
`dgm`mVrb JmonZr`Vm Am{U gwa{jVVm {Q>H$dyZ R>odyZ ~Ho$Vrb dVMo ~H$
8.26

ImVo Kar ~gyZ BQ>aZoQ>da `j nmhUo ~H$ JmhH$mbm e` hmoV.o gpWVrV ZoQ>
~H$sJ godoMm bm^ ^maVmVrb 9 bmI JmhH$ KoV AgyZ `m_ò doJmZo dmT> KSy>Z
òV Amho.
H$) ZoQ> ~H$sJMo \$m`Xo :

i ) JmhH$mZm gw{dYm :
ZoQ> ~H$sJ_wio ~Ho$V hobnmQ>o _maUo Am{U doi, H$> Am{U IM B`mXrMr _moR>r
~MV hmoVo. ~H$ JmhH$ Amn`m ~H$ Im`mVrb `dhma dV`m gJUH$mda
nmh eH$Vmo. Im`mVrb {eH$, MoH$Mo `dhma B`mXr~m~V _m{hVr {_iVo.
ii ) ghO CnbYVm :
~H$sJ `dhma qH$dm ~H$ hr ZoQ>mam ~H$ JmhH$m`m gJUH$mda ghO CnbY
hmoVo.
iii ) nemMo gwb^ hVmVaU :
~H$ JmhH$ B-_obmam ~Ho$bm gyMZm XoD$Z EH$m ~H$ emIoVrb Im`mVyZ Xwg`m
~H$ emIoVrb Im`mV ngo hVmVarV H$$ eH$Vmo.
iv )`dWmnZ IMmV ~MV :
ZoQ> ~H$sJ_wio ~H$o `m XZ{ XZ `dWmnZmMm IM _moR>m _mUmV KQ>Vmo. nYm_H$
H$mbIS>mV ~Ho$Mr Z\$m- j_Vm dmT>Vo.
v ) Jw Vm :
ZoQ> ~H$sJMo `dhma A`V JmonZr` AgVmV hUOoM g~{YV ~H$
JmhH$m`{V[aV BVamZm ~H$ ImVo CKS>Uo e` ZgVo.
vi )dgwbr :
`mnmar gWm, H$n`m d Ammo{JH$ gWmZm nVno, {d{Z_` no, YZmXoe
B`mXr`m dgwbrgmR>r hr godm Cn`wV R>aVo.
8.27

vii) {d{dY XoUr ^mJ{dUo :
~H$ JmhH$mMr {d{dY H$maMr XoUr CXm. {d_mImVo, H$OImVo, drO{~b,

Q>o{b\$moZ{~b B`mXr â`mgmR>r ~Ho$bm Ka~g`m B-_obmam gyMZm XoD$Z
Amn`m Im`mVyZ XoUr ^mJ{d`mMo H$m_ ~H$ JmhH$mbm H$aVm òVo.
viii) {ZewH$ godm :
ZoQ> ~H$sJ`m godm {ZewH$ Ag`m_wio ~H$ JmhH$m`m >rZo Iyn \$m`Xoera
R>aVo.
ix ) ~H$sJ godmMm {dH$mg :
ZoQ> ~H$sJmam ~H$m JmhH$m`m A{Ve` Odi òVmV `mMm n[aUm_ ~H$sJ
`dgm`m`m {dH$mgmV hmoV Amho. ZoQ> ~H$sJ A`jar`m JmhH$m`m KamVM
nmohmoMbobr AgVo `m godo_wio ~H$sJ `dhma AMyH$, gwa{jV d {ddmgmg nm
hmoVmV.
7 ) drQ> :
SWIFT hUOo The Society for the Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication `m gWo_m\$V EH$ ZoQ>dH$ Mmc{dco OmVo. `m _m`_mVyZ
~H$m {dmr` `dhmamer g~{YV _m{hVrMr nanam_ò XodmU-KodmU H$aVmV. hr
OmJ{VH$ Vamdarc {dmr` gWm Amho Or OJâmVrc ~H$mZm Imrera[a`m Am{U
H$_r OmoIr_ drH$m$Z {Zamon XodmU-KodmUrMr godm nwa{dVo. ~opO`_ _Yrc ~wgo g
òWo hr gmogm`Q>r gw$ Pmcr. hr EH$ ghH$mar gmogm`Q>r Amho. {VMo _w` H$m`mc` cm
hn (La Hulpe) òWo Amho. `m gmogm`Q>rZo gd {dmr` `dhma, V` {H$`m Umcr
Am{U OJâmVrc gXoedhZ Omio `mgmR>r EH$ (Common) gd_m` ^mfm {ZpMV
Ho$cr Amho. hr gmogm`Q>r 194 XoemVrc 7,000 {dmr` gWmZm EH$_oH$mer OmoS>Vo.
hr gmogm`Q>r {V`m gX`m~amo~a H$m_ H$aVo. hr gWm H$_r IMmV, nYm_H$ {dmr`
{H$`m Am{U gXoedhZ gw{dYm/godm `m A{YH$ gwa{jVnUo d Imrcm`H$[a`m
8.28

nwa{dVo. `mgmR>r `m gWoH$S>o JV Aer {H$`m gw{dYm CncY Amho. hr gWm
Amn`m gX`mZm Vm{H$ kmZhr nwa{dVo.
A>)gwdmV/ma ^ :
SWIFT hr gWm AmVaam>r` {dmr` `dhmamgmR>r EH$ gh^mJr Ago OmJ{VH$
_m{hVr {H$`m Am{U gXoedhZ Xwdm Am{U EH$ gd_m` Aer ^mfm {Z_mU
H$a`m`m Xya>rZo gwdmV Pmcocr gWm Amho. {dmr` `dhmamV ^mdrnUm
AmU`mgmR>r `mV g_m{d> AgUm`m gd {dmr` gWm `m gXoe XiUdiU {H$òV ^mJ KoV AmhoV `mMr Imr H$a`mgmR>r H$màV Amho.
~ ) drQ> nwa{dV Agbo`m godm :
drQ> hr gWm ~H$mZm, XbmbmZm JwVdUyH$ `dWmnH$mZm gXoe XodmUKodmUrMr godm nwa{dVo. `mM_mUo hr gWm XmZ, H$mof, {V^yVr Am{U `mnma
`m gX^mV ~mOmanoR> nm`m^yV godm nwa{dVo. `m godm_wio JmhH$m`m IMmV H$nmV
hmoVo, d`MbrH$aUmV gwYmaUm hmoVo Am{U OmoI_tMo `dWmnZ hmoVo.
H$) drQ>Mr gaMZm :
drQ> hr ~opO`_ H$m`mImbr WmnZ Pmbobr EH$ ghH$mar gmogm`Q>r Amho
`m gmogm`Q>rMo gX` `m gWoMo _mbH$ AgyZ `m gWoMo {ZÙ H$aVmV. `m
gmogm`Q>rMo 25 gMmbH$mMo EH$ _S>i AgVo. H$nZrMo H$m_H$mO `m _S>im_m\$V
Mmb{dbo OmVo. `m _S>imMo H$m`H$mar A{YH$mar _S>i AgVo. `m_ò nyUdoi
H$m_ H$aUmao H$_Mmar AgVmV. `m _S>imMm _wI _w` H$m`H$mar A{YH$mar
AgVmo. hm A{YH$mar `m gWoMo {dmr` {ddaU n V`ma H$aVmo. `mM_mUo
dm{fH$ AhdmcmV BVa _m{hVr X{eV H$aVmo.
S>) drQ>Mr C{>o :
drQ> `m gWoMr C{>o Imcrc_mUo AgVmV.
i ) {H$`m Am{U gXoedhZ godm :
`m gWo`m gX`mZm H$_r {H$_VrV VwcZm_H$ Aem {dmr` {H$`m Am{U
C{MV gwa{jV Am{U {ddgZr` Aem gXoedhZ godm nwa{d`mgmR>r EH$ òD$Z
H$m_ H$aUo.
8.29

ii ) `dhma {H$òMo d`McrH$aU :
`m gWo_m\$V _moR>m _mUmda gXoemMr XodmU-KodmU hmoVo. `m gWo`m
gX`mZm {dmr` `dhma {H$òV A{YH$m{YH$ d`McrH$aU hmoD$Z `m_m\$V
`mdgm{`H$ è {_i{d`mgmR>r _hdmMo H$m` H$aVo.
iii ) ^m S> dcrH$aU :
hr gWm hUOo EH$ AmVaam>r` _wV `mgnrR> Amho OoWo OJmVrc {d{dY
{dmr` gWmZm CmoJ-nmVirdarc YmoHo$, gYr Am{U BVa ~m~r `m gX^mV
_m{hVr XoVo `md$Z `m gWm Amncr pWVr _O~yV H$a`mMm `Z H$aVmV.
iv )cmoH$mgmR>r amoOJma nwa{dUo :
hr gWm CH$> cmoH$mMr {ZdS> H$$Z `mMr {Z`wVr H$aVo. A{YH$ \$m`Xoera
ggmYZm_ò JwVdUyH$ H$aUo Am{U `mdgm{`H$ Xya>r, ^mdrnUm Am{U
`dWmnZ `mgmR>r OJmVrc EH$ AJJ` gWm ~ZUo.
B ) gwa{jVVm Am{U {ddgZr`Voda â :
`m gWoMo O~m~Xmar Am{U Xm{`d {ZpMV H$a`mMo {Z`_ {c{IV d$nmMo
AmhoV Am{U Vo `jmV dmnaco OmVmV. drQ>_mJrc _yc^yV Vdo ho `m gWo`m
gwdmVr`m Q>`mVM {ZpMV Ho$coco AmhoV, H$maU hr gWm AmVaam>r` nmVirda
H$m_ H$aVo. AZoH$ XoemVrc CH$> H$m`nVrZo `m gWoMo emgZ ^m{dV Pmcoco
{XgyZ òVo. `m gWo`m gMmcH$ _S>im`m 7 g{_`m AgVmV. `mZm A{YH$ma
XmZmMo A{YH$ma AgVmV. `m gmV g{_`m hUOo AHo$jU Am{U {dm, ~H$sJ
Am{U XmZ, ZwH$gmZ ânmB, E-{g`w[aQ>rO, _mUHo$, VkmZ Am{U CnmXZ `m
hmoV.
\$) ^maVmVrc drQ>Mo H$m_H$mO :
^maVm_ò EH$ drQ> dmnaUmam g_yh V`ma H$a`mV Amcm Amho. B{S>`Z ~H$sJ
Agmo{gEeZMo MoAa_Z `m g_yhmMo MoAa_Z AgVmV. Va [aPh ~Ho$`m _m{hVr
VkmZ {d^mJmMo _w` ga`dWmnH$ ho n`m`r A`j AgVmV. g`m ^maVmVrc
8.30

92 gWm `m Jwn`m gX` AmhoV. `m_ò ~H$m, Xcmc, {dVaH$, g|Q> c {S>nm{PQ>arO
Am{U pcAatJ AmJZ m`PoeZ `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mMr {d^mJUr Imcrc_mUo :
gX`
48
CngX`
36
Xcmc Am{U {dVaH$
1
g|Q>c {S>nm{PQ>ar AS> pcAatJ
1
^mJYmaH$ Zgco`m ~H$m
5
{V{ZYr H$m`mcò
1
EHy $U
92
8 ) EZrhoAa ~H$sJ
^maVr` ~qH$J jom_ò gJUH$mMm gw Pmbobm dmna Am{U E.Q>r.E_.Mm emoY
`m_wio ~H$m~mhoa ~qH$J godm nwa{d`mg gwdmV Pmbr. AmVm gd ~qH$J `dhma
H$a`mgmR>r JmhH$mZm ~Ho$V `j Om`mMr JaO ZgVo. ~H$m Amn`m JmhH$mgmR>r
`m godm Q>o{b~qH$J Am{U [a_moQ>-~qH$J gw{dYo_m\$V nwa{dVmV. `m ~qH$J H$mambm
BboQ>m{ZH$ ~qH$J Ago g~moYbo OmVo.
Q>o{b~qH$J Am{U E.Q>r.E_. `m`m _m`_mVyZ ~H$o `m ~mhoa amhZhr AJXr Xya`m
{R>H$mUr {dmr` Vnerb m hmoD$ eH$VmV VgoM _yb^yV `dhmahr hmoD$ eH$VmV.
E.Q>r.E_.`m gmh`mZo AmnU H$moU`mhr {R>H$mUmhZ ngo H$mTy> eH$Vmo. Zoh_r dmg
H$aUm`mgmR>r hr godm A`V Cn`wV R>aVo. E.Q>r.E_.da S>o{~Q> H$mS> dmnamMr
gw{dYmhr CnbY AgVo. AbrH$S>`m H$mimV ~H$mZr AnmngmV Ver `dWm
H$$Z H$moU`mhr ~H$m`m E.Q>r.E_.da H$moU`mhr ~H$o `m Im`mVyZ ngo H$mT>`mMr
`dWm H$a`mV Ambr Amho. aJamOZ g{_Vr`m AhdmbmMr A_b~OmdUr
H$aVmZm gaH$maZo EAanmoQ>, emqnJ _mg Am{U Am{\$g H$mbogog `m ~H$m`m
emIm Zgbo`m {R>H$mUrhr E.Q>r.E_. C^ma`mMr nadmZJr XoD$Z ~qH$J jomV EH$
H$maMr H$mVrM KS>dyZ AmUbr Amho.
8.31

EZrhoAa ~qH$J hr ~H$o ~mhoa emIm-AVJV `dhmamgmR>r A{Ve` gwa{jV Am{U
gmo`rMr AmZbmBZ Umbr Amho.
EZrhoAa ~qH$Jmao nwa{d`mV òUm`m gw{dYm :
1 ) amoH$S> âUm / {dmofU :
`dgm`gWm qH$dm ^mJrXma EH$_oH$m`m Im`m_ò H$moU`mhr emIo_m\$V
d[aV aH$_oMm âUm H$$ eH$VmV. hr gw{dYm ~MV, Mmby H$O Am{U A{YH$mar
Im`mgmR>r CnbY Amho.
2 ) amoH$S> H$mT>Uo :
`Vr ~Ho$`m H$moU`mhr emIoVyZ EZrhoAa ~qH$J MoH$`m gmhm`mZo
50,000/- n`mnojm H$_r a$_ H$mTy> eH$Vo; naVw hr gw{dYm Ko`mgmR>r
`Vrbm `m ~Ho$`m EImm emIoV Amnbo ImVo CKS>mdo bmJVo.
3 ) {ZYtMo hVmVaU :
`m gw{dYoImbr `Vr òH$ {Xder EH$m Im`mVyZ Xwg`m Im`mV {ZYtMo
hVmVaU H$$ eH$Vo. 10 goH$Xm_ò `m gw{dYo_i
w o {ZYrMo hVmVaU hmoD$ eH$Vo.
4 ) {eH$ / nmg~wH$ MmH$er :
H$moU`mhr emIoVZy `Vr Amn`m Im`mVrb {eH$ nmh eH$Vo. EImXr `Vr
{V`m Im`mdarb `dhmamMo Vnerb Vnmgy eH$Vo Am{U Amn`m Im`mMo
EH$ bKw {ddaUn m H$ eH$Vo.
8.4 H$moAa-~H$sJ :
(Core Banking)
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio gd OJM Odi Ambo Amho. nydu_mUo ~H$m Ho$di R>amdrH$

jomVM H$m` H$aV ZgyZ `mZr Xoem`m gr_m AmobmS>`m AmhoV. AmVm ~H$m`m
Ho$di XoeâM Zho Va naXoemVhr emIm AmhoV. ~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZm`m _moR>m
8.32

_mUmda hmoUm`m dmnam_wio ~H$mZm Amnbm Agm {dVma H$aUo e` Pmbo Amho.
nydu ~Ho$`m JmhH$mbm `mMo `m ~Ho$V ImVo Agob `mM ~Ho$VyZ `dhma H$amdo
bmJV AgV _m VkmZm`m dmnam_wio AmVm JmhH$mbm `m`m ~Ho$`m H$moU`mhr
emIm_YyZ `dhma H$aVm òVmV. H$moAa ~H$sJ_wio ho e` Pmbo Amho. OdiOdi
gdM ~H$mZr H$moAa ~H$sJ `m gH$nZoMm drH$ma Ho$`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
8.4.1 AW :
H$moAa ~H$sJ hUOo EImm ~Ho$`m gJUH$ Om`mZo OmoS>bo`m emImMm
g_yh XoV AgUm`m ~H$ godm hmo`. `m H$ma`m ~H$sJ gH$nZo_wio JmhH$mZm
`m`m ~Ho$`m H$moU`mhr emIo_YyZ `mMo ngo H$mT>`mMm qH$dm BVa `dhma
H$aUo e` hmoVo. H$moAa hUOo ~o{gH$ (_yb^yV). Aem H$mao ~H$m `m`m
OmioH$V emIm_m\$V XoV Agbo`m _yb^yV godm hUOo H$moAa ~H$sJ hmo`.
gmYmaUnUo H$moAa ~H$sJ hUOo ~H$sJ gWm `m`m {H$aH$moi Am{U bhmZ
`mdgm{`H$ JmhH$mZm godm Xo`mMm `dgm` hUOo H$moAa ~H$sJ hmo`. {H$òH$
~H$m `m`m {H$aH$moi JmhH$mZm `mMo H$moAa ~H$sJ JmhH$ _mZVmV Am{U `mgmR>r
dV Aer godm nwa{dVmV. W_XeZr H$moAa ~H$sJ hUOo ngo O_m H$aUo Am{U
AXm H$aUo hmo`. AbrH$S>`m H$mimV ~hVoH$ ~H$m `m`m H$m`m_ò H$moAa
~H$sJMm Cn`moJ H$aVmZm {XgVmV. gdgmYmaUnUo H$moAa ~H$sJ H$m`m_ò R>od
ImVo, H$O, JhmU Am{U nemMo XmZ Aem H$m`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~H$m, E. Q>r.
E_., BQ>aZoQ> ~H$sJ Am{U emIm_m\$V Aem godm nwa{dVmV.
8.4.2 \$m`Xo :
H$moAa ~H$sJMo \$m`Xo Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òVrb :
1 ) H|$r` {heo~boIZ :
~Ho$`m gd `dhmamMm n[aUm_ WoQ> ~Ho$`m OZab boOa Am{U Z\$m-VmoQ>m
nH$mda hmoVmo. `m_wio ~Ho$`m Am{WH$ n[apWVrMo {M `mdoirM n> hmoVo.
`mMm \$m`Xm Am{WH$/{dmr` `dWmnZmbm doiodaM ^mdr {ZU` Ko`mgmR>r
hmoVmo Oo AmO`m ~H$ `dgm`mMo EH$ _hdmMo H$m` Amho.
8.33

2 ) H|$r` {ZÙ Am{U XoIaoI :
H|$rH$aUm_wio CnmXZ {dbofU Am{U XoIaoI H$aUo A{YH$ gwb^ ~ZVo. H$moAa
~H$sJ_wio ~H$o bm `mOXamVrb ~Xb, CnmXZmVrb ~Xb VgoM `mOmMo Cn`moOZ
B`mXr EH$mM {R>H$mUmhZ gd emImgmR>r H$aVm òVo. `m_wio ~Ho$`m `dhmamV
EH$gyVm òVo. ~Ho$`m YmoaUmVrb ~Xb EH$mM doir gd emIm_ò A_bmV
AmUVm òVmV. H$moAa ~H$sJ_wio ~H$mZm ~mOmanoR>oVrb {M Am{U JmhH$m`m
JaOm `mZm d[aV {VgmX XoUo e` hmoV.o `mMm ~H$mZm nYm_H$ \$m`Xm {_iVmo.
3 ) VkmZmda AmYm[aV godmMm nwadR>m :
H$moAa ~H$sJ_wio VkmZmda AmYm[aV godm nwa{d`m OmVmV. E. Q>r. E_. gma`m
godm nwa{dVm òVmV. YZmXoe O_m H$a`mMo ` ~g{dVm òVo. Aem H$ma`m
`m_wio H$moU`mhr JmhH$mbm H$moU`mhr emIoV Amnbm YZmXoe dQ>{d`mgmR>r
O_m H$aVm òUo e` hmoVo. MoH$ ~wH$ N>nmB ` ~g{dVm òVo.
4 ) H|$r` JmhH$ ImVo `dWmnZ :
H$moUVmhr JmhH$ H$moAa ~H$sJ_wio Ho$di EImm emIoMm JmhH$ Z amhVm ~Ho$Mm
JmhH$ ~ZVmo. EH$M AmoiI H$_mH$ qH$dm ImVo H$_mH$m_wio ~Ho$bm JmhH$mMr
ImVr EH$mM {R>H$mUmhZ nmhVm òVmV. `m_wio JmhH$mMr _m{hVr, CnmXZmMo
Vnerb Am{U Vo JmhH$ dmnaV AgUm`m godm Am{U ~Ho$`m `dgm`mgX^mV
JmhH$mMo dVZ g_OUo e` hmoVo. Aem H$ma`m AmT>m`m_wio ~Ho$bm Amnbm
`dgm` {dH${gV H$a`mgmR>rMr {Xem Am{U {dnUZ `yhaMZm {ZpMV H$a`mMr
gYr {_iVo.
5 ) H|$r` Umbr `dWmnZ :
H|$r` Umbr_wio Umbr gwa{jVVm Am{U `dWmnZ gwairVnUo H$aVm òVo.
Ho$di EH$mM {R>H$mUr _m{hVr VkmZ `dWmnZ H$amdo bmJVo. `m_wio
_Zw`~imMr JaO H$_r hmoVo Am{U IMmVhr H$nmV hmoVo. Ho$di EH$mM {R>H$mUr
8.34

hm moV CnbY Ag`mZo _m{hVr VkmZ _Zw`~imMm `mo` H$mao Cn`moJ
H$Z KoVm òVmo.
6 ) _w` H$m`mb`mbm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :
A ) _m{hVr `dWmnZ Umbr EH$mM {R>H$mUr EH$dQ>bb
o r AgVo, Ahdmbhr EH$mM
{R>H$mUr nmR>dmdm bmJVmo `m_wio {d{dY emIm_ò hmoUmar H$m_mMr nwZVr
Q>iVo.
~ ) MmbVm MmbVmM emImda XoIaoI hmoVo.
doioda AHo$jU Am{U {ZÙ VmMm dmna H$aVm òVmo.
H$) Im`mMo {hemo~mMo Vmi_oi bJoM VnmgyZ nmhVm òVmV.
S>) AZwnmXH$ Im`mda bj R>odVm òVo. `m Im`m`m gX^mV Am{U WH$sV
Im`m~m~V nmR>nwamdm H$Z g_d` gmYVm òVmo.
B ) dYm{ZH$ Ahdmb Am{U nyVVm `mgmR>r emImH$Sy>Z nyVVmMr dmQ> nmhmdr bmJV
Zmhr.
B ) H$moAa ~H$sJ_wio JmhH$ {Zhm`, CnmXZ {Zhm` JmhH$ _m{hVrMo {dbofU H$Z
{ZU` KoUo gmono OmVo. Aem H$ma`m {dbofUm_wio ~H$ `mdgm{`H$Q>m
gwT> ~ZVo.
C ) ~aoMgo `dhma `mmao hmoV Ag`mZo _Zw`~i \$mago bmJV Zmhr.
D$) gd _m{hVr EH$mM {R>H$mUr CnbY Ag`mZo Im`m`m H$m`m_H$ ~m~tMo
AHo$jU EH$mM {R>H$mUr H$aUo e` hmoVo.
7 ) JmhH$mbm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :
A ) JmhH$ H$moU`mhr emIo_YyZ Im`mMo `dhma H$ eH$Vmo.
~ ) JmhH$mZm A{YH$m{YH$ godm _mJ CnbY H$Z XoVm òVmV.
H$) `m ~Ho$`mM emIm_ò `dhma Agob Va bJoM `m Im`mda a$_ O_m hmoVo.
8.35

S>) EQ>|eZ H$mD$Q>ada JmhH$mZm gd godm CnbY hmoVmV. ~H$m`m emIm BVa
H$m`m_YwZ _wV Pm`mZo Vo JmhH$mH$S>o A{YH$ bj XoD$ eH$VmV Am{U JmhH$mZm
g_mYmZr H$aVmV.
B ) `m`m Im`m_ò Pmbo`m `dhmamMo _mo~mBbda gXoe nmR>dyZ JmhH$mZm gVH$

Ho$bo OmVo. Aem godo_wio JmhH$mbm gw{dYm Am{U gwajm m hmoVo.
8.4.3 H$moAa ~H$sJMo VmoQ>o :
H$moAa ~qH$JMo VmoQ>o Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òVrb :
1 ) ÙoV {~KmS> :
H$moAa ~qH$J_ò H|$r` Ùm ~g{dbobr AgVo Am{U VoWyZM gd `dhmamda
{ZÙ d XoIaoI Ho$br OmVo. gd `dhma òWoM Zm|X{dbo OmVmV. Oa `m ÙoV
{~KmS> Pmbm Va gdM `dhma R>n hmoVmV Am{U gd ÙmM H$mob_Sy>Z nS>Vo.
2 ) IMmV dmT> :
H$moAa ~qH$J_ò E. Q>r. E_., YZmXoe O_m H$a`mgmR>rMo ` dJao gmaIr ò
~gdmdr bmJVmV. `mgmR>r {R>H${R>H$mUr OmJm `mdm bmJVmV, dmM_Z Zo_mdm
bmJVmo. `m gdmgmR>r _moR>m _mUmda IM òVmo. VgoM hr ò {~KS>`mg
`m`m XwVrgmR>r _moR>m IM H$amdm bmJVmo Am{U `m_wio IMmV dmT> hmoVo.
3 ) JaH$ma / gwajoMm Z :
VkmZmda AmYm[aV `m nVrMm AmUIr EH$ VmoQ>m hUOo Zo_H$s H$moUVr `Vr
Im`mda `dhma H$aVo ho H$iV Zmhr. H$Yr-H$Yr JmhH$mMo nmgdS> Mmoabo OmVmV
Am{U _moR>_moR>m aH$_m H$mT>`m OmVmV. ~`mM doim CeramZo ho H$ma bjmV
òVmV. ~Ho$_ò JmhH$mMr AmoiI nQ>`m{edm`, ghr Owi`m{edm` aH$_mMo
AmXmZ - XmZ hmoV Zmhr. _m VkmZmda AmYm[aV `dhmam_ò `VrMr
AmoiI Jw amhVo d JaH$mambm MmbZm {_iVo.
8.36
4 ) JwVmJwVrMr Umbr :
H$moAa ~qH$J UmbrMo H$m_H$mO JwVmJwVrMo AgVo. `mo` _mJXeZm{edm` Vo
g_OUo AdKS> AgVo. Oa Umbr~m~V AkmZ Agob Va Vr ^mdr_mUo
am~{dVm òV Zmhr. ~Ho$Vrb g_d` Am{U ghH$m`mMm A^md `m Umbr`m
H$m_mV AS>Wim AmUy eH$VmV.
8.5 BboQ>m{ZH$ pbA[aJ {gQ>r_ :

(ECS)
`m `dhmamMo d$n nwZ:nwhm KS>Umao Am{U AmdVu AgVo Aem BboQ>m{ZH$

{ZYr hVmVaUmgmR>r BgrEg `m H$mamMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. _moR>m _mUmdarb
aH$_oMo XmZ H$a`mgmR>r gWm Aem pbAatJ UmbrMm Cn`moJ H$aVmV. ~H$m `m`m
^mJYmaH$mZm `mO, bm^me XmZ H$aVmV. ^mJYmaH$mMr g`m _moR>r AgVo. Aem
n[apWVrV ~H$m `m nVrMm dmna H$aVmV. H$n`m `m`m H$_Mm`mMo doVZ, noeZ
dJao`m XmZmgmR>rhr `m UmbrMm Cn`moJ H$aVmV qH$dm Q>{o b\$moZ/drO, nm`m`m
{~bm`m aH$_m, H$a Jmoim H$aUo, H$OmMo ho âUo, R>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrZVa `w`wAb
\$S>mV aH$_m âUo `mgmR>r `m nVrMm _moR>m _mUmda Cn`moJ hmoVmo. _w`V: EH$m
~Ho$`m Im`mVyZ ~`mM ~Ho$`m Im`mV nemMo/aH$_oMo hVmVaU H$a`mgmR>r `m
UmbrMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
BgrEgMo H$ma :
W_V: BgrEgMo XmoZ H$ma nS>VmV. Vo hUOo BgrEg Ho${S>Q> (O_m) Am{U
BgrEg S>o{~Q> (Zmdo / ImVr).
1 ) BgrEg Ho${S>Q> :
A ) AW
_moR>m _mUmdarb bm^mWu, `mMr ~Ho$`m {d{dY {R>H$mUr {d{dY emIm_ò
ImVr AgVrb Am{U `m ~H$ emIm BgrEg H|$m`m A{YH$ma H$joV Agob
8.37

Aem {R>H$mUr Ho${S>Q> H$a`mgmR>r (ImVr O_m H$a`mgmR>r) BgrEg Ho${S>Q>Mm
dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `mgmR>r ~Ho$`m EH$m Im`mV ngo O_m H$$Z `Vr Vo ngo
BVa ~Ho$`m {d{dY Im`m_ò O_m H$ eH$Vo. `m H$mamMm Cn`moJ bm^me,
`mO, doVZ, noeZ B`mXr`m {dVaUmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. Xwg`m ~H$mVrb
Im`m_ò Aem aH$_m WoQ> O_m Ho$`m OmVmV. `mgmR>r `m ~Ho$`m emIobm
ôQ> mdr bmJV Zmhr.
~ ) BgrEg Ho${S>Q> `moOZoMo \$m`Xo :

BgrEg Ho${S>Q> `moOZoMo {d{dY KQ>H$mZm \$m`Xo hmoVmV. Vo nwT>rb_mUo
1 ) bm^mWvZm \$m`Xo :
bm^mWvZm AZoH$ H$maMo \$m`Xo hmoVmV. ho \$m`Xo Imbrb_mUo gmJVm
òVrb
A ) ~Ho$bm ôQ> mdr bmJV Zmhr :
bm^mWubm `m`m Im`mV O_m hmoUm`m aH$_ogX^mV `mo` Vr
H$mJXno / XVEodO KoD$Z `m`m ~Ho$bm ôQ> mdr bmJV Zmhr. Oa
`mbm `m BgrEg Ho${S>Q> `moOZoMm bm^ {_imbm ZgVm Va `mbm doi
IM H$$Z `m`m ~Ho$_ò OmD$Z gd nyVVm H$amdr bmJbr AgVr.
~ ) VmoQ>m qH$dm MmoarMr e`Vm Q>iVo :
EImXo XVEodO `jmV ~Ho$V KoD$Z OmVmZm Vo Jhmi hmo`mMr qH$dm
Mmoarbm Om`mMr ^rVr AgVo. _m BgrEg H$o {S>Q> `moOZo_wio ImVoXmambm
Ago H$moUVohr XVEodO KoD$Z `jmV ~Ho$V Omdo bmJV Zmhr. `m_wio
Mmoar {H$dm Jhmi hmo`mMm gJ òV Zmhr qH$dm `m_ò H$mhr b~mS>r
AWdm \$gdo{Jar hmo`mMm g^d amhmV Zmhr.
H$) IM Q>iVmo :
~Ho$V OmD$Z `mo` Vr H$mJXno O_m H$a`mgmR>r doi d ngm IM hmoD$
eH$Vmo. `m `moOZo_wio Agm IM Q>iVmo.
8.38
2 ) `wOa gWobm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :

`wOa gWobmhr AZoH$ H$maMo \$m`Xo hmoVmV. ho \$m`Xo Imbrb_mUo gmJVm
òVrb.
A ) IMmV H$nmV :
Oa `wOa gWobm BgrEg Ho${S>Q> `moOZoMm bm^ {_imbm ZgVm Va `m
gWobm bm^mWvZm XmZ H$amd`m`m aH$_mg~Yr {Za{Zam`m H$maMr
XVEodOo V`ma H$amdr bmJbr AgVr. `mgmR>r `mZm N>nmB, Vr
XVEodOo nmR>{dUo Am{U `mMm Vmi_oi `mgmR>r emgH$s` Ùoda
IM H$amdm bmJbm AgVm. `m `moOZo_wio `wOa gWo`m `m gX^mV
hmoUm`m IMmbm Amim ~gVmo.
~ ) Mmoar qH$dm \$gdUwH$sMr e`Vm Q>iVo :
`wOa gWoZo Ago XVEodO H$$Z Vo bm^mWvZm nmR>{dbo AgVm Vo Jhmi
qH$dm Mmoar hmo`mMr ^rVr AgVo. VgoM \$gdUyH$ H$$Z qH$dm b~mS>rZo
Vo dQ>{dbo Om`mMr e`Vm AgVo. _m, `m `moOZo_wio hm YmoH$m Q>iVmo.
H$) {ddgZr` godm :
R>amdrH$ VmaIobm bm^mWu`m Im`mV aH$_m O_m hmo`mgmR>r XmZmMm
hm gdmV {ddgZr` Agm _mJ Amho.
3 ) ~qH$J Umbrbm hmoUmao \$m`Xo :
~qH$J Umbrbmhr `m `moOZo_wio AZoH$ \$m`Xo hmoVmV. ho \$m`Xo nwT>rb_mUo
gmJVm òVrb :
A ) nona hmVmiUr Q>iVo :
Oa hr `moOZm ZgVr Va ~Ho$bm Ag` XVEodO hmVmimdo bmJbo
AgVo. `m`m Zm|Xr H$am`m bmJ`m Ag`m. ho A`V IMuH$ Am{U
doiImD$ H$m_ AgVo. `m `moOZo_wio ~H$o bm \$mago nong hmVmimdo bmJV
ZmhrV `m_wio emgH$s` IMmV H$nmV hmoVo.
8.39

~ ) gmonr {H$`m :
BgrEg Ho${S>Q> `m `moOZo_i
w o S>po Q>Ze
o Z ~Ho$`m emIm_ò aH$_m nmR>{dUo
Am{U `m bm^mWu`m Im`mV O_m hmoUo hr {H$`m ghO Am{U gwb^
~ZVo.
H$) nmga ~Ho$bm \$m`Xm :
nmga ~Ho$Mr nwZ_}i {H$`m gwairVnUo MmbVo.
S>) IMmV H$nmV :
{d{dY H$mJXn hmVmiUr `mgmR>r bmJUm`m emgH$s` IMmV ~MV
hmoVo. `m `moOZo_wio ~Ho$`m IMmV H$nmV hmoVo.
2 ) BgrEg S>o{~Q> :
A ) AW :
EImm BgrEg H|$m`m A{YH$ma H$joVrb {Za{Zam`m {R>H$mUr pWV
AgUm`m ~H$m`m emIm_ò AZoH$ ImVr AgUm`mgmR>r BgrEg S>o{~Q>
(ImVr Zmdo Q>mH$Uo) Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. BgrEg S>o{~Q> ho Q>o{b\$moZ /
drO_S>i / nmUr ~rb H$a/ gmam âUo, H$OmMm hm âUo, nana {ZYrV
R>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrZVa aH$_m O_m H$aUo `mgma`m gmV`mZo H$am`m
bmJUm`m â`mgmR>r Cn`wV R>aVo.
~ ) BgrEg S>o{~Q> `moOZoMo \$m`Xo
BgrEg S>o{~Q> `moOZoMo {d{dY KQ>H$mZm \$m`Xo hmoVmV. Vo \$m`Xo nwT>rb_mUo
1 ) JmhH$mZm hmoUmao \$m`Xo
`m `moOZo_wio JmhH$mZm AZoH$ \$m`Xo hmoVmV. ho \$m`Xo Imbrb_mUo
gmJVm òVrb.
i ) emIobm ôQ> mdr bmJV Zmhr
JmhH$mZo AJmoXa Xa_hm qH$dm R>amdrH$ VmaIobm {d{eQ> aH$_
{d{eQ> Im`mV hVmVaU H$a`mgmR>r g_Vrn {Xbobo AgVo.
`m R>amdrH$ VmaIobm Vr aH$_ `m`m Im`mV Zmdo Q>mHy$Z `wOa
gWo`m ImVr O_m Ho$br OmVo. `mgmR>r JmhH$mbm `mMo ImVo
8.40

Agbo`m ~Ho$V Omdo bmJV Zmhr. `m_wio `mMm doi Am{U l_
`m`mV ~MV hmoVo.
ii ) XmZm`m VmaIm bjmV R>od`mMr JaO ZgVo
`m `moOZo_wio H$moU`m {Xder {H$Vr aH$_ H$moU`m Im`mV âmdr
`mMr Zm|X R>od`mMr JmhH$mbm JaO ^mgV Zmhr. `mM_mUo `mbm
`mgmR>r {deof bj mdo bmJV Zmhr, H$maU R>amdrH$ VmaIobm
AmnmoAmnM hm `dhma nyU hmoVmo. `mgmR>r `mbm ~Ho$bm doJir
gyMZm Xo`mMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr.
iii ) BgrEg `wOaMr XoIaoI
JmhH$m`m ImVr Zmdo Q>mH$`mgX^mVrb H$m_H$mOmda BgrEg
`wOaM XoIaoI H$arV Ag`mZo JmhH$mbm `mV bj Kmb`mMr
JaO ZgVo.
iv )IMmV H$nmV
gdM `dhma BboQ>m{ ZH$ nVrZo hmoV Ag`mZo H$mJX, emgH$s`
IM d BVa IMmV H$nmV hmoVo.
2 ) `wOa gWobm hmoUmao \$m`Xo
i ) nona hmVmiUr dmMVo
gdM `dhma BboQ>m{ZH$ nVrZo nyU hmoV Ag`mZo JmhH$mH$Sy>Z
MoH$ O_m H$aUo, Vo ~Ho$V XmZmgmR>r gmXa H$aUo, Vo dQ>Vrb Am{U
nwZ_oi hmoBb `mQ>rZo XoIaoI R>odUo B`mXrgmR>r bmJUmar
emgH$s` Ùm `m `moOZoV Amd`H$ ZgVo. _moR>m _mUmda
nona hmVmiUr Q>iVo.
ii ) CH$Q> amoH$S> `dWmnZ
òUo aH$_ `m `moOZo_wio A{YH$ H$m`j_nUo Am{U doido a {_iV
Ag`mZo amoH$S>o `dWmnZ CH$Q> hmoVo. \$magm `mg Z H$aVm
òUr dgyb H$aVm òVmV.
8.41

iii ) Mmoar/Jhmi hmo`mMr e`Vm Q>iVo
`j `dhmam_ò XVEodO Jhmi hmo`mMr, Mmoar hmo`mMr ^rVr
AgVo. `mM_mUo b~mS>rZo Am{U \$gdUwH$sZo XVEodO
dQ>{d`mMr e`Vm AgVo. _m, `m BgrEg S>o{~Q> `moOZo_wio hr
e`Vm Q>iVo. H$maU `m_ò XVEodOmMo `jmV AmXmZ-XmZ
hmoV Zmhr.
iv )EH$mM doir dgwbr
`m nVr_wio òUo aH$_m EH$mMdoir O_m hmoVmV. `jmV dgwbr
H$aVmZm Vr doJdoJ`m doir, VwH$S>m VwH$S>mZo {_i`mMr e`Vm
AgVo. BgrEg `moOZo_wio EH$ aH$_r dgwbr H$aUo ghO e` hmoVo.
v ) IMmV ~MV
hmVmiUr, emgH$s` IM `mgmaIo IM òV Zg`mZo hr nV
A`V Cn`moJr R>aVo. gWoMm `mgmR>r hmoUmam IM dmMVmo.
3 ) ~qH$J Umbrbm \$m`Xo
BgrEg S>o{~Q> `moOZo_wio ~qH$J UmbrMohr AZoH$ \$m`Xo hmoVmV. Vo
Imbrb_mUo gmJVm òVrb
i ) nona hmVmiUr H$_r hmoVo
Oa hr `moOZm ZgVr Va ~Ho$H$S>o AZoH$ {~bo, YZmXoe O_m Pmbo
AgVo. `m_ò ~amM doi OmVmo; naVw `m `moOZo_i
w o `j XVEodO
IynM H$_r AgVmV. `m_wio ~Ho$Mr XVEodO hmVmiUr Q>iVo.
doioV H$m_ hmoVo.
ii ) S>opQ>ZoeZ ~Ho$gmR>r gmonr {H$`m
`m `moOZo_wio S>opQ>ZoeZ ~Ho$`m emImMo H$m_ IynM H$_r hmoVo.
`m`mgmR>r `m `dhmamMr nyVu H$a`mMr {H$`m gwb^ ~ZVo. `m
gX^mV S>opQ>ZoeZ ~H$ emImZm \$V JmhH$mZr {Xbobo Amkmn
8.42

VnmgyZ nmhmdo bmJVo. `mZm H$amdo bmJUmao H$m_ hUOo JmhH$m`m
Im`mgX^mV Zmd, ImVo Z~a, aH$_ B`mXr _m{hVr`m
Vn{ebmMr Imr H$$Z JmhH$m`m ImVr aH$_ Zmdo Q>mH$Uo hmo`.
Oa ho Vn{eb Owibo ZmhrV Va {Z`_m_mUo `m gyMZm naV
nmR>{dUo ho S>opQ>ZoeZ ~Ho$Mo H$m_ AgVo.
iii ) nmga
~Ho$gmR>r Cn`wV
`m `moOZo_wio nmga ~Ho$bm nwZ_}i H$a`mMr gwb^ Am{U ghO
{H$`m CnbY hmoVo.
iv >)IMmV H$nmV
nona hmVmiUr, emgH$s` IM, doioV ~MV B`mXt_wio ~Ho$`m
IMmV _moR>m _mUmda H$nmV hmoVo.
darb {dbofUmd$Z BgrEg Ho$S>rQ> d BgrEg S>o~rQ> `m~b g{dVa _m{hVr
{_iVo BgrEg {gQ>r__wio IMmV H$nmV, \$gdUwH$snmgyZ gajU, gmonr {H$`m,
AemH$maMo \$m`Xo {_iVmV.
gamdmgmR>r Z
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
20 eXmV Cmao
"B-~H$sJ' hUOo H$m` ?
"E.Q>r.E_' Mm AW gmJm.
"Ho${S>Q> H$mS>' hUOo H$m` ?
"S>o{~Q> H$mS>' Mm AW gmJm.
8.43

. 5. H$moAa ~H$sJ hUOo H$m` ?
. 6. _mo~mBc ~H$sJ hUOo H$m` ?
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
. 5.
50 eXmV Cmao
B-~H$sJ`m CH$mVr ~m~V _m{hVr gmJm.
B-~H$sJMr d{eQ>o gmJm.
"drQ>' hr gH$nZm n> H$am.
H$moAa ~H$sJ hUOo H$m` ? `mMo \$m`Xo gmJm.
~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZmMr AgUmar JaO n> H$am.
BgrEg S>o{~Q> Am{U BgrEg Ho$S>rQ>Mm AW gmJm.
150 eXmV Cmao
Ho${S>Q> H$mS> hUOo H$m` ? Ho${S>Q> H$mS>Mo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o n> H$am.
S>o{~Q> H$mS> hUOo H$m` ? S>o{~Q> H$mS>`m \$m`m-VmoQ>mMr _m{hVr gmJm.
~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZmMo AgUmao _hd n> H$am.
Q>{o c~H$sJ hUOo H$m` ? Q>{o c ~H$sJmao nwa{d`m OmUm`m gw{dYmMr _m{hVr
gmJm.
500 eXmV Cmao
B-~H$sJ hUOo H$m` ? B-~H$sJMm AW gmJyZ \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o n> H$am.
E.Q>r.E_. hUOo H$m` ? E.Q>r.E_ Mo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o {deX H$am.
_mo~mBc ~H$sJ hUOo H$m` ? `mMo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o gmJm.
B-~H$sJ AVJV nwa{d`m OmUm`m {d{dY gw{dYmMm WmoS>`mV AmT>mdm
`m.
BboQ>m{ZH$ pbA[aJ {gQ>r_ hUOo H$m` gmJyZ `mMo H$ma {deX H$am.
8.44

Fundamental of Banking Marathi

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Copyright:

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Fundamental of Banking Marathi

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nwUo {dmnrR>m`m OyZ 2013 nmgyZ gw Pmbo`m E\$. dm`. ~r.

Prin. Dr. Babasaheb Sangale

Prin. Dr. T. N. Salve

Accepting deposits: Demand deposits:

B) Granting Loans and Advances- Term Loan,

Agency Functions- Payment and Collection

Individual account holders- Single or joint,

Institutional account holders- Sole proprietorship, Partnership firm, Joint stock

3) ImVo CKS>`mMr Am{U Im`mdarb `dhma

4) ngo nmR>{d`m`m nVr

5) ~H$mMr H$OdmQ>nmMr Vdo, nV{Z{_Vr Am{U

8) ~H$ `dgm`mV VkmZmMm dmna

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

~H$ `dgm`mMm CX`.

~H$ `dgm` hm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AW`dWoMm EH$ A{d^m` KQ>H$ _mZbm

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

1.1 ~H$ `dgm`mMm CX` : (Origin of Banking)

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

1.2 ~H$ gH$nZm :

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

H$O `mg~Yr`m `dhmamV gh^mJr Pmbobr AgVo. Vr bmoH$mH$Sy>Z R>odr drH$mZ

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

2 ) `Vr AJa gWm :

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

1.3 BVa XoemVrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr :

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

1.3.1 `wamonmVrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

~H$ `dgm` hm {OVH$m OwZm {VVH$mM EH$ A{Y_m{UV `dgm` Amho. nU

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

1) 1791-1811 _`dVu ~H$ `dgm`mMm Am `Z :

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

`mdgm{`H$mZr `m Jmo>rbm H$S>mSy>Z {damoY Ho$bm d 1811 `m Xa`mZ KQ>>Zo _mUo

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

5 ) 1873 Vo 1907 (Am{WH$ A[aQ>mMm daM_m)

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

10) 1982 AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ `dgm` gwYmaUm :

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

H$m`H$_mmao {dmr` `dWoVrb {d{dY KQ>H$mMo emdV Am{WH$ drgmR>r

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

4 ) {d{dY ~H$mMr WmnZm :

1.4 ^maVmVrb ~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr :

BcS>_`o ApVdmV Amcocm AmYw{ZH$ ~H$ `dgm` ^maVm_`o {~{Q>e

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

6 ) [aPh ~Ho$Mo am>r`rH$aU Am{U ~H$ `dgm` {Z`_Z H$m`Xm :

1.5 ^maVmVrb ~H$ UmbrMr gaMZm :

^maVr` ~H$ `dWmnZ Umbr Mma H$mao dJuH$V hmoVo.

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

[aPh ~H$ Am\$ B{S>`m :

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

Q>oQ> ~H$ Am\$ {~H$mZoa AS> O`nya

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

13) ~H Am\$ _hmam>

naXoer ~H$mMo _yi H$m` {dXoer MbZ, hS>Umdi hoM hmo`.

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)

H$) ghH$mar nV gWm / nVnoT>m :

~H$ `dgm`mMr CH$mVr

H$m` H$aVmV, `mMr g`m 31 _mM 2008 n`V 20 BVH$s

~H$ `dgm` Am{U {dmnwadR>m (~H$ `dgm`mMr _ycVdo)