Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chem Notes - Chapter 4
Chem Notes - Chapter 4
or metathesis rxn)
ppm=
i.e.
mass
mg of solute
1,000,000=
mass
kg of solvent (NOT SOLUTION )
Consult solubility table for states & Remember mass balance, charge balance, state symbols
Calculate mass of ppt that forms
Figure out chemical formula of ppt: this is needed to do the stoichiometry correctly
Treat each reactant as limiting; calculate mass of ppt that forms; choose the smaller mass. The
reactant that gives the smaller mass is the limiting reagent; the other is the excess reagent.
Calculate initial moles of each ion
Calculate final concentration (M) of ions
Calculate the moles of ppt
Spectator ions: calculate initial moles of each spectator ion, then divide by
excess reagent consumed
Subtract this value from the
total volume
initial moles of excess reagent to
determine how many moles are
Dilutions
Many solutions come as concentrated stock solutions
CiVi = CfVf (concentration/vol of solution); i = concentrated stock solution; f = diluted solution
Acid-Base Rxns
The volume of pure
water is the difference
Hydronium ion: exists as, H3O+(aq), but write as, H+(aq), in equations
of the initial and final
Hydronium: an H+ ion plus a water molecule, H2O; the form in which the hydrogen ion is found in an aqueous
solution
volume of solution
Monoprotic 1 acidic H+ per acid mole (HCL), Diprotic - 2 acidic H+ per acid mole (H2SO4), Triprotic 3 acidic H+ per acid mole (H3PO4)
Amphiprotic a substance that can behave as either an acid or base
Strong Acids to memorize
All other acids are weak unless otherwise stated
Strong Basses: Group 1 and 2 hydroxides (NaOH, Ca(OH)2, etc.)
Other types of bases besides hydroxide bases: you have seen these in studio
Sum of O.N. of each component element must add up to overall charge on molecule/ion
Pure elementsO.N. always 0
FluorineO.N. always-1 (except F2)
OxygenO.N. usually -2
HydrogenO.N usually +1
Chlorine & BromineO.N. usually -1 (not true when combined w/ oxygen or fluorine)
Examples:
Fe2O3 2(3+)+3(2-)=0
Cu(NO3)2 (2+)+2((5+)+3(2-))=0 (5+)+3(2-)=-1
BaSO4 (2+)+(6+)+4(2-)=0
HClO3 (1+)+(5+)+3(2-)=0
CO2 (4+)+2(2-)=0
o
A number based on the number of e- the atom gains/loses when it forms an ion, or that it shares when
it forms a covalent bond with another element
Balancing Redox Reactions (, balance, H2O, H+, e-, combine, base OH-)
Example
1. Identify what is being oxidized, reduced
2+ ( aq ) +Cl 2 (g)
2. Write half reactions
1.
3. Balance everything except hydrogen, oxygen
( aq ) Cu
4. Balance oxygen with liquid water
C u ( s ) +Cl O3
5. Balance hydrogen with protons
( aq ) Cl 2( g)
2+ ( aq )
6. Balance charge with electrons
2.
&
given
solute
cations