1. Poor judgment.

2. Before attempting an inwater rescue, a diver must first evaluate if there is a need for him to
enter the water at all. Second, he has to consider if he has the equipment on hand and training
necessary for your safety and the victims safety? (e.g. cave diving). Last, before he performs the
task, he has to reasonably expect himself to accomplish this rescue without getting into trouble
himself.
3. Stress is defined as a physical or mental tension that results in physical, chemical and/or
emotional (psychological) changes in the body. A certain degree of stress may cause biological
changes to our body that make us stronger, think faster and more tolerant to pain temporarily.
However, extreme and severe stress can cause one to flee when confronted by something
frightening or overwhelm you emotionally so that you cannot handle the situation rationally. As
stress increases, a diver may experience perceptual narrowing. Perceptual narrowing is known as
a decrease in broad awareness and it happens under stress. Perceptual narrowing may reduce
ones ability to look for the real problem or alternate solutions, or to perceive other problems
arising.
4. A pocket mask is a mask that is specifically designed to facilitate rescue breathing.
1. It simplifies getting an effective seal and head positioning.
2. It reduces ones worries about disease transmission.
3. It is one of the most effective ways to provide inwater rescue breathing for a non-breathing
diver.
4. You can connect a pocket mask to emergency oxygen easily to provide oxygenated air with
your rescue breaths.
5. What are two types of emergency oxygen systems recommended for PADI Rescue Divers?
How do these systems differ?
Nonresuscitator demand valve units and continuous flow units.
Nonresuscitator demand valve unit. Continuous flow unit.
Oxygen flows only when the diver inhales Releases oxygen continuously Minimizes oxygen
waste More wasteful of oxygenCan deliver nearly 100% oxygen Can deliver more than 90%
oxygenUsed with a breathing diver Used with a diver who has difficultybreathing
6. What are six basic steps for emergency management?
1. Assess the situation
2. Act on your plan
3. Delegate and assign responsibilities
4. Attend to victims injuries
5. Control the scene
6. Arrange evacuation to medical care

7. What five skills increase your self rescue abilities? What should you do whenyou encounter a
problem while diving?
1. Good buoyancy control 4. Handling air depletion2. Proper airway control 5. Responding to
vertigo3. Cramp removal
Stop. Breathe. Think. Act.
8. What are the signs and behaviors that indicate a diver may have a problem atthe surface?
Compare and contrast the characteristics of tired divers versuspanicked divers.
Distress signals Rejecting equipmentStruggling on or just below the surface Clinging or
clamberingHigh treading or excessive kicking Not moving
Tired Diver Panicked Diver
Adequately manages stress Overwhelmed by stress and fear Asks for help and respond to
directions Abandons rational responsesDoesnt reject their equipment Reacts through instinct and
fear Usually assists with your efforts Tends to reject their equipmentOften recovers quickly Fails
to establish buoyancy and swimsvigorously until exhaustedEyes tend to be wide and unseeing
due toperceptual narrowingDoes not respond to commands or questionsCan do little to help
themselves
9. Why does the rescuers safety take priority over the distressed divers safety?With that in
mind, what four types of rescues should you consider before aninwater rescue?
You cant help a victim if youre in trouble. If you become a victim, it divides the
remainingrescue resources between you and the original victim.1. Reaching assists 3. Throwing
assists2. Extension assists 4. Wadding assists
10. Describe the steps for inwater rescues of responsive divers at the surface.Explain how to
make contact with a panicked diver at the surface.
Responsive Diver
Approach keep your eyes on the victim and pace your swim.
Evaluate stop out of reach and assess whether the diver is rational or panicked. Note BCD
inflator location and ask the diver to inflate the BCD or drop weights.
Make Contact establish ample buoyancy, approach from the front and assist the diver in
establishing buoyancy.
Reassure the Diver make eye contact, talk directly to the victim and help the diver to relax.
Assist and Transport assist the diver to the boat or shore and allow them to self assist as much
as possible.
Panicked Diver
Approach keep your eyes on the victim and pace your swim.
Evaluate stop out of reach and assess whether the diver is rational or panicked. Note BCD
inflator location and ask the diver to inflate the BCD or drop weights.

Make Contact make a surface or underwater approach. Gain control of the situation andassist
the diver in establishing buoyancy by inflating the BCD or dropping weights.
Reassure and Transport reassure the diver while assisting them back to the boat or shore.