UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 1/16

Fall 2004

Do the following for the system below:

LINE 2

50 MVA
69 KV
x1=x2=j2 Ohm
x0=j4 Ohm

X=j10 Ohms

LINE 1
R1

X=j10 Ohms

S =20 MVA

S = 10 MVA

A. Sketch per unit circuits for the system in the sequence domain. Use Vb-ll = 69kV and
SB3 = 50 MVA. Assume the lines have equal impedance in positive and negative sequence
and three times the reactance in the zero sequence.
Define units:

MVA := 1000kW

Define transformation

a := 1 e

Vb := 69kV

Zb :=

Vb

MW := MVA

Sb := 50MVA

1 1 1
2
A1 := 1 a a

2
1 a a

2
3

Vbln :=

Zb = 95.22

Sb

MVAr := MVA

Ib :=

Vb
3
Sb

3 Vbln

System impedances in ohms:

Zsrc0 := j 4 ohm

Zline1_0 := j 30ohm

Zline2_0 := j 30ohm

Zsrc1 := j 2 ohm

Zline1_1 := j 10ohm

Zline2_1 := j 10ohm

Zsrc2 := Zsrc1

Zline1_2 := j 10ohm

Zline2_2 := j 10ohm

System Impedances in per unit

Zsrc0pu :=

Zsrc0
Zb

Zsrc0pu = 0.042i

Zsrc1pu :=

Zsrc1
Zb

Zsrc1pu = 0.021i

Zline1_0pu :=

Zline1_0
Zb

Zline1_0pu = 0.3151i

Zline1_1pu :=

Zline1_1
Zb

Zline1_1pu = 0.105i

Zline2_0pu :=

Zline2_0
Zb

Zline2_0pu = 0.3151i

Zline2_1pu :=

Zline2_1
Zb

Zline2_1pu = 0.105i

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 2/16

Fall 2004

Zsrc2pu := Zsrc1pu

Zline1_2pu := Zline1_1pu

Zline2_2pu := Zline2_1pu

Loads (model as series impedance)

Sload1 := 10MVA

Sload2 := 20MVA

pfload1 := 0.8

pfload2 := 0.8

magZld1 :=

Vb

magZld2 :=

Sload1

1 := acos( 0.8)

1 = 36.8699 deg

Zload1 := magZld1 e

Vb

Sload2

2 := acos
2( 0.8
= )36.8699 deg

j 1

Zload2 := magZld2 e

j 2

Rload1 := Re( Zload1)

Rload1 = 380.88

Rload2 := Re( Zload2)

Rload2 = 190.44

Xload1 := Im( Zload1)

Xload1 = 285.66

Xload2 := Im( Zload2)

Xload2 = 142.83

Model as being the same in positive and negative sequence, and open (ungrounded) in zero sequence)
Rld1_pu_pos :=

Rload1

Rld1_pu_pos = 4

Zb

Rld2_pu_pos :=

Rld1_pu_neg := Rld1_pu_pos
Xld1_pu_pos :=

Xload1

Xld2_pu_pos :=

Xld1_pu_neg := Xld1_pu_pos

1.0

IL2_1

Bus1

Xload2
Zb

Xld2_pu_pos = 1.5

Negative sequence equivalent:

IL2_1

j0.021

j0.105

j0.105

IL1_1

IL1_1
4.0

Rld2_pu_pos = 2

Xld2_pu_neg := Xld2_pu_pos

Positive sequence equivalent:

j0.021

Zb

Rld2_pu_neg := Rld2_pu_pos
Xld1_pu_pos = 3

Zb

Rload2

j0.105

j3.0

Zero Sequence Equivalent:

note that the loads are open.

2.0

4.0
Bus1

Bus2

j3.0

j1.5

j0.042

j0.105

IL2_1

Bus1

j0.315

j3.0

j0.315

Bus2
j1.5

IL1_1
4.0

2.0

2.0
Bus2
j1.5

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 3/16

Fall 2004

B. Compute the voltages and currents seen at point R1 for the following faults located at 10% and
90% of the way down line 1 from the source end: SLG, 3, LL, DLG, and Phase "a" open. Also
sketch phasor diagrams. Set the fault impedances at zero.
First calculate sequence equivalent impedances to the fault (with loads neglected)
Positive Sequence:
ZL1_left_pos := 0.1 Zline1_1pu

ZL1_left_pos = 0.0105i

ZL1_right_pos := 0.9 Zline1_1pu

ZL1_right_pos = 0.0945i

Zthev1 := Zsrc1pu +

1
1

ZL1_left_pos
Zline2_1pu
+
ZL1_right_pos

Zthev1 = 0.031i

Negative Sequence:
ZL1_left_neg := 0.1 Zline1_2pu

ZL1_left_neg = 0.0105i

ZL1_right_neg := 0.9 Zline1_2pu

ZL1_right_neg = 0.0945i

Zthev2 := Zsrc2pu +

1
1

ZL1_left_neg
Zline2_2pu
+
ZL1_right_neg

Zthev2 = 0.031i

Zero Sequence:
ZL1_left_0 := 0.1 Zline1_0pu

ZL1_left_0 = 0.0315i

ZL1_right_0 := 0.9 Zline1_0pu

ZL1_right_0 = 0.2836i

Zthev0 := Zsrc0pu +

1
1

ZL1_left_0 Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0

Now repeat the calculations with the loads included

(the zero sequence won't change) to see how much
impact the loads will have on the calculations.

Zthev0 = 0.0719i

j0.021 Bus1

j0.105

Bus2

j0.0105
1.0

Positive sequence:
The fault bascially creates a Delta in the middle of
the system (the corners of the delta are the buses at
the end of the lines and the fault point). Converte
this to a Y to make it easier to add in the loads

j0.0945
4.0
j3.0

j0.021

1.0

j1.5

Bus1

Zeq1

Zeq2

ZeqF
4.0
j3.0

2.0

BusF

BusF

Bus2

2.0
j1.5

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Zeq1_1 :=

Zeq2_1 :=

Zeqf_1 :=

Session 6; Page 4/16

Fall 2004

Zline2_1pu 0.1 Zline1_1pu

Zline2_1pu + 0.1 Zline1_1pu + 0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu 0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu + 0.1 Zline1_1pu + 0.9 Zline1_1pu

Zeq1_1 = 5.251i 10

Zeq2_1 = 0.0473i

0.1Zline1_1pu 0.9 Zline1_1pu

Zeqf_1 = 4.7259i 10

Zline2_1pu + 0.1 Zline1_1pu + 0.9 Zline1_1pu

If there is no fault, then the equivalent for the line is

Zline1_1pu

which is

Zeq1_1 + Zeq2_1 = 0.0525i

= 0.0525i

as expected.

So the positive sequence impedance looking in from BusF is made up Zeqf_1 plus the parallel
impedances of the other paths:
Zleft_1 := Zeq1_1 +

1
+

Zsrc1pu
Rld1_pu_pos
+
j

Xld1_pu_pos

1
5

Zleft_1 = 7.0232 10

+ 0.0262i

Zright_1 := Zeq2_1 + Rld2_pu_pos + j Xld2_pu_pos

Zequiv1_act := Zeqf_1 +

1 +

Zleft_1
Zright_1

Zequiv1_act = 2.8137 10

and earlier we found

+ 0.0308i

Zthev1 = 0.031i

So there is a small difference:

Error :=

Zequiv1_act Zthev1

Error = 0.7142 %

Zequiv1_act

This is a smaller error

than there is in the model
data.

The negative sequence impedances will be the same.

So for all calculations expect the phase A open, the loads will be neglected
Three Phase Fault:
Vf1 := 1.0

If3ph1a :=

Vf1
Zthev1

If3ph1a = 32.278i

To find current at R1, we need a current divider:

IR1a_3ph := If3ph1a

( Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)
( ZL1_left_pos + Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)

IR1a_3ph = 30.6641i

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 5/16

Fall 2004

Voltage at R1:
VR1a_3ph := IR1a_3ph ZL1_left_pos + 0

VR1a_3ph = 0.322

also

VR1a = 0.322

VR1a := 1.0 If3ph1a Zsrc1pu

Positive Sequence Rotation:

pos := a2
a

30.6641

IR1_3ph_abc = 30.6641

IR1_3ph_abc := IR1a_3ph pos

30.6641

VR1_3ph_abc := VR1a_3ph pos

voltage drop across

source impedance...

30

1.1298 10

arg ( VR1_3ph_abc ) =
120

0.322

VR1_3ph_abc = 0.322

0.322

Phasor Diagram
for currents
at R1:

90

arg ( IR1_3ph_abc) = 150 deg

90

IR1_3ph_abc 0
IR1_3ph_abc 1
180

IR1_3ph_abc 2

270
arg( IR1_3ph_abc0) , arg( IR1_3ph_abc 1) , arg( IR1_3ph_abc2)

trace 1
trace 2
trace 3

120

15

deg

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 6/16

Fall 2004

Phasor Diagram
for voltages
at R1:

90

VR1_3ph_abc0
VR1_3ph_abc1
180

VR1_3ph_abc2

270
arg( VR1_3ph_abc0) , arg( VR1_3ph_abc1) , arg( VR1_3ph_abc2)

trace 1
trace 2
trace 3

Note that these have significantly different magnitude scales.

22.2203

Vb VR1_3ph_abc = 22.2203 kV

22.2203

12.8289

Ib IR1_3ph_abc = 12.8289 kA

12.8289

SLG Fault 10% Down Line 1

Currrents at fault point:
I0_slg :=

Vf1
Zthev1 + Zthev2 + Zthev0

I1_slg := I0_slg
I2_slg := I1_slg

I0_slg = 7.4682i

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 7/16

Fall 2004

Voltages at fault point:

V0f_slg := 0 I0_slg Zthev0
V1f_slg := Vf1 I1_slg Zthev1
V2f_slg := 0 I2_slg Zthev2

Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_slg := I0_slg

IR11_slg := I1_slg
IR12_slg := I2_slg

( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

IR10_slg = 7.0948i

IR11_slg = 7.0948i
IR12_slg = 7.0948i

Voltage at R1:
VR10_slg := 0.0 I0_slg Zsrc0pu

VR10_slg = 0.3137

VR11_slg := 1.0 I1_slg Zsrc1pu

VR11_slg = 0.8431

VR12_slg := 0.0 I2_slg Zsrc2pu

VR12_slg = 0.1569

Phasors in ABC domain:

IR10_slg
IR1abc_slg := A1 IR11_slg

IR12_slg

VR10_slg
VR1abc_slg := A1 VR11_slg

VR12_slg

21.284

15
IR1abc_slg = 3.716 10

15
3.716 10

0.373

VR1abc_slg = 1.087

1.087

90

arg ( IR1abc_slg) = 32.0075 deg

32.0075

2.2012 10

arg ( VR1abc_slg ) =
127.1796

15

127.1796

deg

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 8/16

Fall 2004

LL Fault 10% Down Line 1

I1_ll :=

Vf1
I1_ll = 16.139i

Zthev1 + Zthev2

I2_ll := I1_ll
I0_ll := 0

Voltages at fault point:

V1f_ll := Vf1 I1_ll Zthev1
V2f_ll := I2_ll Zthev2
V0f_ll := I0_ll Zthev0

Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_ll := I0_ll

IR11_ll := I1_ll
IR12_ll := I2_ll

( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

IR10_ll = 0

( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

IR11_ll = 15.332i

( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

IR12_ll = 15.332i

( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

Voltage at R1:
VR10_ll := 0.0 I0_ll Zsrc0pu

VR10_ll = 0

VR11_ll := 1.0 I1_ll Zsrc1pu

VR11_ll = 0.661

VR12_ll := 0.0 I2_ll Zsrc2pu

VR12_ll = 0.339

Phasors in ABC domain:

IR10_ll
IR1abc_ll := A1 IR11_ll

IR12_ll

IR1abc_ll = 26.556

26.556

arg IR1abc_ll
arg IR1abc_ll

VR10_ll
VR1abc_ll := A1 VR11_ll

VR12_ll

VR1abc_ll = 0.573

0.573

) = 180 deg
) = 2.6415 10

14

deg

arg ( VR1abc_ll ) = 150.8481 deg

150.8481

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 9/16

Fall 2004

DLG Fault 10% Down Line 1

Vf1

I1_dlg :=
Zthev1 +

I1_dlg = 18.9984i

Zthev0 Zthev2
Zthev0 + Zthev2

I0_dlg :=

Zthev2

I2_dlg :=

Zthev0

I1_dlg

I0_dlg = 5.7189i

I1_dlg

I2_dlg = 13.2795i

Zthev2 + Zthev0

Zthev2 + Zthev0

Voltages at fault point:

V1f_dlg := Vf1 I1_dlg Zthev1
V2f_dlg := I2_dlg Zthev2
V0f_dlg := I0_dlg Zthev0

Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_dlg := I0_dlg

IR11_dlg := I1_dlg
IR12_dlg := I2_dlg

( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

IR10_dlg = 5.433i

IR11_dlg = 18.0485i
IR12_dlg = 12.6155i

Voltage at R1:
VR10_dlg := 0.0 I0_dlg Zsrc0pu

VR10_dlg = 0.2402

VR11_dlg := 1.0 I1_dlg Zsrc1pu

VR11_dlg = 0.601

VR12_dlg := 0.0 I2_dlg Zsrc2pu

VR12_dlg = 0.2789

Phasors in ABC domain:

IR10_dlg
IR1abc_dlg := A1 IR11_dlg

IR12_dlg

IR1abc_dlg = 27.778

27.778

= 162.9398 deg
(
1)
arg ( IR1abc_dlg ) = 17.0602 deg
2
arg IR1abc_dlg

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 10/16

Fall 2004

VR10_dlg
VR1abc_dlg := A1 VR11_dlg

VR12_dlg

1.12

VR1abc_dlg = 0.343

arg ( VR1abc_dlg) = 125.6047 deg

0.343

125.6047

Phase A open on Line 1 at 10%:

First find the sequence equivalent circuits. Redraw the positive sequence circuit. Note that at least
Load 2 should be included in this case. If the loads are neglected, all of the currents will be zero,
even with the phase open.
Positive sequence equivalent circuit:

I1

j0.0945

j0.0105

j0.105
1.0
j.021

3
V1

I2

F'

j0.021

2.0

V2

j1.5

Option 1: Find the Y parameters directly

Y11 =

I1 withV1=1.0 and V2 shorted, this is the same as taking one over the equivalent

V1 impedance looking into the circuit from point F with the Norton current source
ignored.

ZL2 := Rld2_pu_pos + j Xld2_pu_pos

Zequivleftpos := Zline2_1pu +

1
1

0.9 Zline1_1pu ZL2

1

Y11 :=
0.1 Zline1_1pu +

Y22 =

1
1

Zsrc1pu +
Zequivleftpos

Y11 = 0.0291 33.9144i

I2 with V2=1.0 and V1 shorted, this is the same as taking one over the equivalent

V2 impedance looking into the circuit from point F' with the Norton current source
ignored.

Zequivrightpos := Zline2_1pu +

1
1

0.1 Zline1_1pu Zsrc1pu

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 11/16

Fall 2004

Y22 :=

1
1

0.9 Zline1_1pu +
+
ZL2
Zequivrightpos

Y21 =

I2

Y22 = 0.0918 4.9129i

with V1=1.0 and V2 shorted. The easiest way to calculate Y21 is to calculate
I2 starting with I1 and using current divider relationships. Note that I2 is negative
relative to the polarity on the drawing.

V1

Y21int := Y11

Y21 := Y21int

Zsrc1pu
Zsrc1pu + Zequivleftpos

ZL2
0.9 Zline1_1pu + ( ZL2 )

Y21 = 0.0517 + 3.1877i

Similarly
Y12 =

I1
V2

with V2=1.0 and V1 shorted. The easiest way to calculate Y12 is to calculate
I1 starting with I2 and using current divider relationships. Note that I1 is negative
relative to the polarity on the drawing.

Y12int := Y22

Y12 := Y12int

ZL2
ZL2 + Zequivrightpos
Zsrc1pu
Zsrc1pu + 0.1 Zline1_1pu

Y12 = 0.0517 + 3.1877i

The resulting matrix is:

Ypos := stack( augment( Y11 , Y12 ) , augment( Y21 , Y22 ) ) Ypos =

0.0291 33.9144i 0.0517 + 3.1877i

0.0517 + 3.1877i 0.0918 4.9129i

Option 2: Reduce system Ybus:

Compute a Ybus matrix for the system shown in the figure above, numbering
F as node 1, F' as node 2 and nodes 3 and 4 as shown on the diagram
1
1

0
0
0.1 Zline1_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu

1
1

0
0

0.9 Zline1_1pu
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Ypr :=

1
1
1
1
1

0
+
+
Zsrc1pu
Zline2_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu

0.1 Zline1_1pu

1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+

ZL2
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 12/16

Fall 2004

0
95.22i
0

95.22i
10.58i
0
10.58i
0

Ypr =

95.22i
9.522i
0
152.352i
0
10.58i
9.522i 0.32 20.342i

Yk := submatrix( Ypr , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 )

YL := submatrix( Ypr , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 )

Ym := submatrix( Ypr , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 )

Perform a Cron Reduction with A=Yk, B=YL, C=YLT and D=Ym

1

Yeq := Yk YL Ym

YL

Yeq =

0.0291 33.9144i 0.0517 + 3.1877i Same as above.

0.0517 + 3.1877i 0.0918 4.9129i

Note that there is only a Norton current injection for the side with the voltage source. This there is only one
voltage source, there is only one current source.
Isright := 0
Isleft :=

1.0

Isleft = 47.61i

Zsrc1pu

Now we need to adjust the current source for the equivalent.

1

Isleft
Isright

Is := YL Ym

Is =

0.0145 + 30.6528i

0.0258 + 1.5939i

These are the current sources for Figure 3.24 in the book. We can also calculate Y, Y and Y
is we want to. However, we're more interested in expressing this with impedances:

Zpos := Ypos

1.328 10 4 + 0.0314i 7.9682 10 4 + 0.0204i

Zpos =

4
3
7.9682 10 + 0.0204i 4.7809 10 + 0.2167i

The resulting equivalent will be:

F

F'

Note that VsF' will be 0 since there is no

source on that side of the system
Z11 - Z12

Z22 - Z21
Zf_left_pos := Zpos

VsF

0, 0

VsF'

Zf_right_pos := Zpos

Zpos

1, 1

0, 1

Zf_left_pos = 6.6401 10

Zpos

1, 0

Zf_right_pos = 3.9841 10

+ 0.011i
+ 0.1963i

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 13/16

Fall 2004

Vs := Zpos Is

Vs =

0.9949 + 6.3227i 10 3

0.9692 + 0.0379i

Finally we can reduce this to a single series equivalent. Note that the voltage
sources have opposite polarity.
Zpos_eq := Zf_left_pos + Zf_right_pos
Vpos_eq := Vs

0, 0

Vs

Zpos_eq = 3.3201 10

Vpos_eq = 0.0257 0.0316i

1, 0

+ 0.2073i

arg ( Vpos_eq) = 129.1115 deg

VsF -VsF'
F
Z11 - Z12 +Z22 - Z21

F'

The negative sequence impedance will be identical to the positive sequence impedance in this case and
there will be no voltage source.
Zneg_eq := Zpos_eq

The zero sequence circuit will be a little different, since the load is ungrounded.
Find the Ybus:
1
1

0
0
0.1 Zline1_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu

1
1

0
0

0.9 Zline1_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Yprim0 :=

1
1
1
1
1

0
+
+
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
Zsrc0pu
Zline2_0pu

0.1 Zline1_0pu

1
1
1
1
0
+

0.9 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu

0
31.74i
0
31.74i

3.5267i
0
3.5267i
0

Yprim0 =
31.74i
0
58.719i 3.174i
0
3.5267i
3.174i 6.7007i

Yk0 := submatrix( Yprim0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 )

Yzero := Yk0 YL0 Ym0

YL0

YL0 := submatrix( Yprim0 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 )

Yzero =

14.1324i 0.9267i

0.9267i 1.6218i

Ym0 := submatrix( Yprim0 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 )

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Zzero := Yzero

Session 6; Page 14/16

Fall 2004

Zzero_eq := Zzero

0, 0

Zzero

0, 1

+ Zzero

1, 1

Zzero

1, 0

Zzero_eq = 0.6301i

The sequence network is connected as follows:

1/3(Za - Zb)

Za is open, and Zb is zero in this case, resulting

in the following circuit to solve:
F0

F0'

Zb

N0

F0

F0'
j0.6301

Zb

F1'

F1

N1

0.0038 + j0.208

F1'

F1

0.0411@-118 o
F2

F2'

Zb

N2

F2

F2'

0.0038 + j0.208

Use a negative sign to get polarity of current to match network

Vpos_eq

Iopen1_10 :=
Zpos_eq +

Zneg_eq + Zzero_eq

Iopen1_10 = 0.088 + 0.0695i

Current dividers to find zero and negative sequence currents (opposite polarity):
Iopen2_10 := Iopen1_10

Zzero_eq

Zneg_eq + Zzero_eq

Iopen0_10 := Iopen1_10

Zneg_eq

Zneg_eq + Zzero_eq

Iopen2_10 = 0.0664 0.052i

Iopen0_10 = 0.0216 0.0175i

Phase currents at R1 (currents will be same as at the fault point).

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Iopen0_10
IR1abc_open10 := A1 Iopen1_10

Iopen2_10

Session 6; Page 15/16

Fall 2004

IR1abc_open10 = 0.175

0.176

arg ( IR1abc_open10 ) =

45
38.0104 deg

114.4877

As a check, calculate the sequence voltages across the open circuit (they should be equal)
Vzero_open10 := Iopen0_10 Zzero_eq

Vzero_open10 = 0.011 0.0136i

Vneg_open10 := Iopen2_10 Zneg_eq

Vneg_open10 = 0.011 0.0136i

Vpos_open10 := Vpos_eq Iopen1_10 Zpos_eq

Vpos_open10 = 0.011 0.0136i

Voltages at R1:
The easiest way is to find the source current and find the voltage drop across the source
impedance. To do this, we first need to find the current in the other line. Since the lines are in parallel,
we can find the voltage across line 1 and that will be the voltage across line 2 in the
sequence domain. Note that the voltage across the "open" is included. Negative signs for polarities
V1_line1_10 := Iopen1_10 Zline1_1pu Vpos_open10
V2_line1_10 := Iopen2_10 Zline1_2pu Vneg_open10
V0_line1_10 := Iopen0_10 Zline1_0pu Vzero_open10

We will have the same voltage across line 2, so Iline2 is the voltage divided by the impedance:
V0_line1_10
Zline2_0pu

V1_line1_10

I012_line2_10 :=
Zline2_1pu
V2_line1_10

Zline2_2pu

Iabc_line2_10 := A1 I012_line2_10

and by comparison, line 1 had:

0.0216 0.0175i
I012_line2_10 = 0.2175 0.1743i

0.0631 0.0528i

0.3887

Iabc_line2_10 = 0.2271

0.2302

IR1abc_open10 = 0.1746

0.1757

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 16/16

Fall 2004

Note that line 2 has a much bigger phase A current, as we would expect (negative sign for correct
polarities
Iopen0_10
Isrc012_open10 := Iopen1_10 + I012_line2_10

Iopen2_10

Isrc_abc_open10 := A1 Isrc012_open10

0.3055
0.2437i

Isrc012_open10 =

3.3514 10 3 7.6289i 10 4

0.3887

Isrc_abc_open10 = 0.3896

0.3942

38.9819

arg ( Isrc_abc_open10) = 158.1152 deg

81.3395

Without the open circuit

Ia :=

1
Zsrc1pu + 0.5 Zline1_1pu + ZL2

Ia = 0.393

arg ( Ia) = 38.1941 deg

So the source currents are not changed as much.

Voltage at R1 (Bus1)
VR10_open10 := 0.0 Isrc012_open10 Zsrc0pu
0

VR11_open10 := 1.0 Isrc012_open10 Zsrc1pu

1

VR12_open10 := 0.0 Isrc012_open10 Zsrc2pu

2

VR10_open10
0.995

VR1abc_open10 := A1 VR11_open10

VR1abc_open10 = 0.995

VR12_open10
0.995

0.3655

arg ( VR1abc_open10 ) = 120.3707 deg

Basically a balanced 3 phase set, with voltage drop due to load currents.

119.6276