Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Sketch Per Unit Circuits For The System in The Sequence Domain. Use V
A. Sketch Per Unit Circuits For The System in The Sequence Domain. Use V
50 MVA
69 KV
x1=x2=j2 Ohm
x0=j4 Ohm
X=j10 Ohms
LINE 1
R1
X=j10 Ohms
S =20 MVA
S = 10 MVA
A. Sketch per unit circuits for the system in the sequence domain. Use Vb-ll = 69kV and
SB3 = 50 MVA. Assume the lines have equal impedance in positive and negative sequence
and three times the reactance in the zero sequence.
Define units:
MVA := 1000kW
Define transformation
a := 1 e
Vb := 69kV
Zb :=
Vb
MW := MVA
Sb := 50MVA
1 1 1
2
A1 := 1 a a
2
1 a a
2
3
Vbln :=
Zb = 95.22
Sb
MVAr := MVA
Ib :=
Vb
3
Sb
3 Vbln
Zline1_0 := j 30ohm
Zline2_0 := j 30ohm
Zsrc1 := j 2 ohm
Zline1_1 := j 10ohm
Zline2_1 := j 10ohm
Zsrc2 := Zsrc1
Zline1_2 := j 10ohm
Zline2_2 := j 10ohm
Zsrc0
Zb
Zsrc0pu = 0.042i
Zsrc1pu :=
Zsrc1
Zb
Zsrc1pu = 0.021i
Zsrc2pu := Zsrc1pu
Zline1_0pu :=
Zline1_0
Zb
Zline1_0pu = 0.3151i
Zline1_1pu :=
Zline1_1
Zb
Zline1_1pu = 0.105i
Zline1_2pu := Zline1_1pu
Zline2_0pu :=
Zline2_0
Zb
Zline2_0pu = 0.3151i
Zline2_1pu :=
Zline2_1
Zb
Zline2_1pu = 0.105i
Zline2_2pu := Zline2_1pu
Sload2 := 20MVA
pfload1 := 0.8
pfload2 := 0.8
magZld1 :=
Vb
magZld2 :=
Sload1
1 := acos( 0.8)
1 = 36.8699 deg
Zload1 := magZld1 e
Vb
Sload2
2 := acos
2( 0.8
= )36.8699 deg
j 1
Zload2 := magZld2 e
j 2
Rload1 = 380.88
Rload2 = 190.44
Xload1 = 285.66
Xload2 = 142.83
Model as being the same in positive and negative sequence, and open (ungrounded) in zero sequence)
Rld1_pu_pos :=
Rload1
Rld1_pu_pos = 4
Zb
Rld2_pu_pos :=
Rld1_pu_neg := Rld1_pu_pos
Xld1_pu_pos :=
Xload1
Xld2_pu_pos :=
Xld1_pu_neg := Xld1_pu_pos
1.0
IL2_1
Bus1
Xload2
Zb
Xld2_pu_pos = 1.5
j0.021
j0.105
j0.105
IL1_1
IL1_1
4.0
Rld2_pu_pos = 2
Xld2_pu_neg := Xld2_pu_pos
Zb
Rld2_pu_neg := Rld2_pu_pos
Xld1_pu_pos = 3
Zb
Rload2
j0.105
j3.0
2.0
4.0
Bus1
Bus2
j3.0
j1.5
j0.042
j0.105
IL2_1
j0.315
Bus1
j3.0
j0.315
Bus2
j1.5
IL1_1
4.0
2.0
2.0
Bus2
j1.5
B. Compute the voltages and currents seen at point R1 for the following faults located at 10% and
90% of the way down line 1 from the source end: SLG, 3, LL, DLG, and Phase "a" open. Also
sketch phasor diagrams. Set the fault impedances at zero.
First calculate sequence equivalent impedances to the fault (with loads neglected)
Positive Sequence:
ZL1_left_pos := 0.1 Zline1_1pu
ZL1_left_pos = 0.0105i
ZL1_right_pos = 0.0945i
Zthev1 := Zsrc1pu +
1
1
ZL1_left_pos
Zline2_1pu
+
ZL1_right_pos
Zthev1 = 0.031i
Negative Sequence:
ZL1_left_neg := 0.1 Zline1_2pu
ZL1_left_neg = 0.0105i
ZL1_right_neg = 0.0945i
Zthev2 := Zsrc2pu +
1
1
ZL1_left_neg
Zline2_2pu
+
ZL1_right_neg
Zthev2 = 0.031i
Zero Sequence:
ZL1_left_0 := 0.1 Zline1_0pu
ZL1_left_0 = 0.0315i
ZL1_right_0 = 0.2836i
Zthev0 := Zsrc0pu +
1
1
Zthev0 = 0.0719i
j0.021 Bus1
j0.105
Bus2
j0.0105
1.0
Positive sequence:
The fault bascially creates a Delta in the middle of
the system (the corners of the delta are the buses at
the end of the lines and the fault point). Converte
this to a Y to make it easier to add in the loads
j0.0945
4.0
j3.0
j0.021
1.0
j1.5
Bus1
Zeq1
Zeq2
ZeqF
4.0
j3.0
2.0
BusF
BusF
Bus2
2.0
j1.5
Zeq1_1 :=
Zeq2_1 :=
Zeqf_1 :=
Zeq1_1 = 5.251i 10
Zeq2_1 = 0.0473i
Zeqf_1 = 4.7259i 10
which is
= 0.0525i
as expected.
So the positive sequence impedance looking in from BusF is made up Zeqf_1 plus the parallel
impedances of the other paths:
Zleft_1 := Zeq1_1 +
1
+
Zsrc1pu
Rld1_pu_pos
+
j
Xld1_pu_pos
1
5
Zleft_1 = 7.0232 10
+ 0.0262i
Zequiv1_act := Zeqf_1 +
1 +
Zleft_1
Zright_1
Zequiv1_act = 2.8137 10
+ 0.0308i
Zthev1 = 0.031i
Zequiv1_act Zthev1
Error = 0.7142 %
Zequiv1_act
If3ph1a :=
Vf1
Zthev1
If3ph1a = 32.278i
( Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)
( ZL1_left_pos + Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)
IR1a_3ph = 30.6641i
Voltage at R1:
VR1a_3ph := IR1a_3ph ZL1_left_pos + 0
VR1a_3ph = 0.322
also
VR1a = 0.322
pos := a2
a
30.6641
IR1_3ph_abc = 30.6641
30.6641
30
1.1298 10
arg ( VR1_3ph_abc ) =
120
0.322
VR1_3ph_abc = 0.322
0.322
Phasor Diagram
for currents
at R1:
90
90
IR1_3ph_abc 0
IR1_3ph_abc 1
180
IR1_3ph_abc 2
270
arg( IR1_3ph_abc0) , arg( IR1_3ph_abc 1) , arg( IR1_3ph_abc2)
trace 1
trace 2
trace 3
120
15
deg
Phasor Diagram
for voltages
at R1:
90
VR1_3ph_abc0
VR1_3ph_abc1
180
VR1_3ph_abc2
270
arg( VR1_3ph_abc0) , arg( VR1_3ph_abc1) , arg( VR1_3ph_abc2)
trace 1
trace 2
trace 3
22.2203
Vb VR1_3ph_abc = 22.2203 kV
22.2203
12.8289
Ib IR1_3ph_abc = 12.8289 kA
12.8289
Vf1
Zthev1 + Zthev2 + Zthev0
I1_slg := I0_slg
I2_slg := I1_slg
I0_slg = 7.4682i
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_slg := I0_slg
IR11_slg := I1_slg
IR12_slg := I2_slg
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
IR10_slg = 7.0948i
IR11_slg = 7.0948i
IR12_slg = 7.0948i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_slg := 0.0 I0_slg Zsrc0pu
VR10_slg = 0.3137
VR11_slg = 0.8431
VR12_slg = 0.1569
IR12_slg
VR10_slg
VR1abc_slg := A1 VR11_slg
VR12_slg
21.284
15
IR1abc_slg = 3.716 10
15
3.716 10
0.373
VR1abc_slg = 1.087
1.087
90
32.0075
2.2012 10
arg ( VR1abc_slg ) =
127.1796
15
127.1796
deg
Vf1
I1_ll = 16.139i
Zthev1 + Zthev2
I2_ll := I1_ll
I0_ll := 0
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_ll := I0_ll
IR11_ll := I1_ll
IR12_ll := I2_ll
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
IR10_ll = 0
IR11_ll = 15.332i
IR12_ll = 15.332i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_ll := 0.0 I0_ll Zsrc0pu
VR10_ll = 0
VR11_ll = 0.661
VR12_ll = 0.339
IR12_ll
IR1abc_ll = 26.556
26.556
arg IR1abc_ll
arg IR1abc_ll
VR10_ll
VR1abc_ll := A1 VR11_ll
VR12_ll
VR1abc_ll = 0.573
0.573
) = 180 deg
) = 2.6415 10
14
deg
150.8481
I1_dlg :=
Zthev1 +
I1_dlg = 18.9984i
Zthev0 Zthev2
Zthev0 + Zthev2
I0_dlg :=
Zthev2
I2_dlg :=
Zthev0
I1_dlg
I0_dlg = 5.7189i
I1_dlg
I2_dlg = 13.2795i
Zthev2 + Zthev0
Zthev2 + Zthev0
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_dlg := I0_dlg
IR11_dlg := I1_dlg
IR12_dlg := I2_dlg
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
IR10_dlg = 5.433i
IR11_dlg = 18.0485i
IR12_dlg = 12.6155i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_dlg := 0.0 I0_dlg Zsrc0pu
VR10_dlg = 0.2402
VR11_dlg = 0.601
VR12_dlg = 0.2789
IR12_dlg
IR1abc_dlg = 27.778
27.778
= 162.9398 deg
(
1)
arg ( IR1abc_dlg ) = 17.0602 deg
2
arg IR1abc_dlg
VR10_dlg
VR1abc_dlg := A1 VR11_dlg
VR12_dlg
1.12
VR1abc_dlg = 0.343
0.343
125.6047
ZL1_left_pos = 0.0945i
ZL1_right_pos = 0.0105i
Zthev1 := Zsrc1pu +
1
1
ZL1_left_pos
Zline2_1pu
+
ZL1_right_pos
Zthev1 = 0.073i
Negative Sequence:
ZL1_left_neg := 0.9 Zline1_2pu
ZL1_left_neg = 0.0945i
ZL1_right_neg = 0.0105i
1
1
Zthev2 := Zsrc2pu +
+
Zthev2 = 0.073i
Zero Sequence:
ZL1_left_0 := 0.9 Zline1_0pu
ZL1_left_0 = 0.2836i
ZL1_right_0 = 0.0315i
Zthev0 := Zsrc0pu +
1
1
ZL1_left_0
Zline2_0pu
+
ZL1_right_0
Vf1
Zthev1
If3ph1a2 = 13.7007i
Zthev0 = 0.198i
IR1a_3ph2 := If3ph1a2
( Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)
IR1a_3ph2 = 7.5354i
( ZL1_left_pos + Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)
Voltage at R1:
VR1a_3ph2 := IR1a_3ph2 ZL1_left_pos + 0
also
VR1a_3ph2 = 0.7122
7.5354
IR1_3ph_abc2 = 7.5354
7.5354
pos := a2
a
VR1a2 = 0.7122
0.7122
VR1_3ph_abc2 = 0.7122
0.7122
90
30
2.4987 10
arg ( VR1_3ph_abc2 ) =
120
120
15
deg
The currents in line 1 are substantially reduced for a fault at the far end instead of the near end and R1 sees
much higher voltage....
Vf1
Zthev1 + Zthev2 + Zthev0
I1_slg2 := I0_slg2
I2_slg2 := I1_slg2
I0_slg2 = 2.9075i
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_slg2 := I0_slg2
IR11_slg2 := I1_slg2
IR12_slg2 := I2_slg2
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
IR10_slg2 = 1.5991i
IR11_slg2 = 1.5991i
IR12_slg2 = 1.5991i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_slg2 := 0.0 I0_slg2 Zsrc0pu
VR10_slg2 = 0.1221
VR11_slg2 = 0.9389
VR12_slg2 = 0.0611
IR12_slg2
VR10_slg2
VR1abc_slg2 := A1 VR11_slg2
VR12_slg2
IR1abc_slg2 =
4.797
0
0.756
VR1abc_slg2 = 1.032
1.032
90
32.007
122.9378
Vf1
I1_ll2 = 6.8504i
Zthev1 + Zthev2
I2_ll2 := I1_ll2
I0_ll2 := 0
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_ll2 := I0_ll2
IR11_ll2 := I1_ll2
IR12_ll2 := I2_ll2
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
IR10_ll2 = 0
IR11_ll2 = 3.7677i
IR12_ll2 = 3.7677i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_ll2 := 0.0 I0_ll2 Zsrc0pu
VR10_ll2 = 0
VR11_ll2 = 0.8561
VR12_ll2 = 0.1439
IR12_ll2
IR1abc_ll2 = 6.526
6.526
arg IR1abc_ll2
arg IR1abc_ll2
) = 180 deg
) = 2.5046 10
14
deg
VR10_ll2
VR1abc_ll2 := A1 VR11_ll2
VR12_ll2
VR1abc_ll2 = 0.794
0.794
129.029
I1_dlg2 :=
Zthev1 +
Zthev0 Zthev2
Zthev0 + Zthev2
I0_dlg2 :=
Zthev2
I2_dlg2 :=
Zthev0
I1_dlg2 = 7.9167i
I1_dlg2
I0_dlg2 = 2.1326i
I1_dlg2
I2_dlg2 = 5.7841i
Zthev2 + Zthev0
Zthev2 + Zthev0
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_dlg2 := I0_dlg2
IR11_dlg2 := I1_dlg2
IR12_dlg2 := I2_dlg2
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
IR10_dlg2 = 1.1729i
IR11_dlg2 = 4.3542i
IR12_dlg2 = 3.1812i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_dlg2 := 0.0 I0_dlg2 Zsrc0pu
VR10_dlg2 = 0.0896
VR11_dlg2 = 0.8337
VR12_dlg2 = 0.1215
IR12_dlg2
IR1abc_dlg2 = 6.759
arg IR1abc_dlg2
6.759
arg IR1abc_dlg2
VR10_dlg2
VR1abc_dlg2 := A1 VR11_dlg2
VR12_dlg2
1.045
VR1abc_dlg2 = 0.729
) = 164.9117 deg
) = 15.0883 deg
0.729
122.1729
I1
+
j0.0945
j0.0105
j0.105
1.0
j.021
3
V1
I2
F'
j0.021
2.0
V2
j1.5
-
I1 withV1=1.0 and V2 shorted, this is the same as taking one over the equivalent
V1 impedance looking into the circuit from point F with the Norton current source
ignored.
Zequivleftpos := Zline2_1pu +
1
1
Y11 :=
0.1 Zline1_1pu +
Y22 =
1
1
Zsrc1pu +
Zequivleftpos
I2 with V2=1.0 and V1 shorted, this is the same as taking one over the equivalent
V2 impedance looking into the circuit from point F' with the Norton current source
ignored.
Zequivrightpos := Zline2_1pu +
1
1
0.1
Zline1_1pu
Zsrc1pu
Y22 :=
0.9 Zline1_1pu +
Y21 =
I2
1 +
ZL2
Zequivrightpos
with V1=1.0 and V2 shorted. The easiest way to calculate Y21 is to calculate
I2 starting with I1 and using current divider relationships. Note that I2 is negative
relative to the polarity on the drawing.
V1
Y21int := Y11
Y21 := Y21int
Zsrc1pu
Zsrc1pu + Zequivleftpos
ZL2
0.9 Zline1_1pu + ( ZL2 )
Similarly
Y12 =
I1
V2
with V2=1.0 and V1 shorted. The easiest way to calculate Y12 is to calculate
I1 starting with I2 and using current divider relationships. Note that I1 is negative
relative to the polarity on the drawing.
Y12int := Y22
Y12 := Y12int
ZL2
ZL2 + Zequivrightpos
Zsrc1pu
Zsrc1pu + 0.1 Zline1_1pu
0
0
0.1 Zline1_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu
1
1
0
0
0.9 Zline1_1pu
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Ypr :=
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
Zsrc1pu
Zline2_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
ZL2
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0
95.22i
0
95.22i
0
10.58i
0
10.58i
Ypr =
95.22i
0
152.352i
9.522i
0
10.58i
9.522i 0.32 20.342i
Yk := submatrix( Ypr , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 )
YL := submatrix( Ypr , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 )
Ym := submatrix( Ypr , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 )
Yeq := Yk YL Ym
YL
Yeq =
Note that there is only a Norton current injection for the side with the voltage source. This there is only one
voltage source, there is only one current source.
Isright := 0
Isleft :=
1.0
Zsrc1pu
Isleft = 47.61i
Is := YL Ym
Isleft
Isright
Is =
0.0145 + 30.6528i
0.0258 + 1.5939i
These are the current sources for Figure 3.24 in the book. We can also calculate Y, Y and Y
is we want to. However, we're more interested in expressing this with impedances:
Zpos := Ypos
4
3
7.9682 10 + 0.0204i 4.7809 10 + 0.2167i
F'
Z11 - Z12
Zf_left_pos := Zpos
0, 0
VsF
VsF'
Zf_right_pos := Zpos
1, 1
Vs := Zpos Is
Vs =
Zpos
Zf_left_pos = 6.6401 10
0, 1
Zpos
Zf_right_pos = 3.9841 10
1, 0
+ 0.011i
+ 0.1963i
0.9949 + 6.3227i 10 3
0.9692 + 0.0379i
Finally we can reduce this to a single series equivalent. Note that the voltage
sources have opposite polarity.
Zpos_eq := Zf_left_pos + Zf_right_pos
Vpos_eq := Vs
0, 0
Vs
1, 0
Zpos_eq = 3.3201 10
+ 0.2073i
VsF -VsF'
F
Z11 - Z12 +Z22 - Z21
F'
The negative sequence impedance will be identical to the positive sequence impedance in this case and
there will be no voltage source.
Zneg_eq := Zpos_eq
The zero sequence circuit will be a little different, since the load is ungrounded.
Find the Ybus:
1
1
0
0
0.1 Zline1_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
1
1
0
0
0.9 Zline1_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Yprim0 :=
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
Zsrc0pu
Zline2_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
1
1
1
1
0
+
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0
31.74i
0
31.74i
3.5267i
0
3.5267i
0
Yprim0 =
31.74i
0
58.719i 3.174i
0
3.5267i
3.174i 6.7007i
Zzero := Yzero
YL0
Yzero =
14.1324i 0.9267i
0.9267i 1.6218i
Zzero_eq := Zzero
0, 0
Zzero
0, 1
+ Zzero
1, 1
Zzero
1, 0
Zzero_eq = 0.6301i
F0'
Zb
N0
F0
F0'
j0.6301
Zb
F1'
F1
N1
0.0038 + j0.208
F1'
F1
0.0411@-118 o
F2
F2'
N2
Zb
F2
F2'
0.0038 + j0.208
Iopen1_10 :=
Zpos_eq +
Zneg_eq + Zzero_eq
Current dividers to find zero and negative sequence currents (opposite polarity):
Iopen2_10 := Iopen1_10
Zzero_eq
Zneg_eq + Zzero_eq
Iopen0_10 := Iopen1_10
Zneg_eq
Zneg_eq + Zzero_eq
Iopen2_10
IR1abc_open10 = 0.175
0.176
arg ( IR1abc_open10 ) =
45
38.0104 deg
114.4877
As a check, calculate the sequence voltages across the open circuit (they should be equal)
Vzero_open10 := Iopen0_10 Zzero_eq
Voltages at R1:
The easiest way is to find the source current and find the voltage drop across the source
impedance. To do this, we first need to find the current in the other line. Since the lines are in parallel,
we can find the voltage across line 1 and that will be the voltage across line 2 in the
sequence domain. Note that the voltage across the "open" is included. Negative signs for polarities
V1_line1_10 := Iopen1_10 Zline1_1pu Vpos_open10
V2_line1_10 := Iopen2_10 Zline1_2pu Vneg_open10
V0_line1_10 := Iopen0_10 Zline1_0pu Vzero_open10
We will have the same voltage across line 2, so Iline2 is the voltage divided by the impedance:
V0_line1_10
Zline2_0pu
V1_line1_10
I012_line2_10 :=
Zline2_1pu
V2_line1_10
Zline2_2pu
0.0216 0.0175i
I012_line2_10 = 0.2175 0.1743i
0.0631 0.0528i
0.3887
Iabc_line2_10 = 0.2271
Iabc_line2_10 := A1 I012_line2_10
0.2302
IR1abc_open10 = 0.1746
0.1757
Note that line 2 has a much bigger phase A current, as we would expect (negative sign for correct
polarities
Iopen0_10
Isrc012_open10 := Iopen1_10 + I012_line2_10
Iopen2_10
Isrc_abc_open10 := A1 Isrc012_open10
0.3055
0.2437i
Isrc012_open10 =
3.3514 10 3 7.6289i 10 4
0.3887
Isrc_abc_open10 = 0.3896
0.3942
38.9819
81.3395
1
Zsrc1pu + 0.5 Zline1_1pu + ZL2
Ia = 0.393
Voltage at R1 (Bus1)
VR10_open10 := 0.0 Isrc012_open10 Zsrc0pu
0
VR10_open10
0.995
VR1abc_open10 := A1 VR11_open10
VR1abc_open10 = 0.995
VR12_open10
0.995
0.3655
119.6276
Basically a balanced 3 phase set, with voltage drop due to load currents.
0
0
0.9 Zline1_1pu
0.9 Zline1_1pu
1
1
0
0
0.1 Zline1_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu
Yp90 :=
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
Zsrc1pu
Zline2_1pu
0.9 Zline1_1pu
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
0.1 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
ZL2
0.1 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0
10.58i
0
10.58i
95.22i
0
95.22i
0
Yp90 =
10.58i
9.522i
0
67.712i
0
95.22i
9.522i 0.32 104.982i
YL90
3
0.2701 7.7393i
4.2203 10 + 1.3669i
Note that there is only a Norton current injection for the side with the voltage source. This there is only one
voltage source, there is only one current source.
Isright := 0
Isleft :=
1.0
Isleft = 47.61i
Zsrc1pu
Isleft
Isright
Is90 =
2.9674 10 4 + 7.5352i
0.019 + 6.151i
These are the current sources for Figure 3.24 in the book. We can also calculate Y, Y and Y
is we want to. However, we're more interested in expressing this with impedances:
Zpos90 := Yeq90
4
3
7.9682 10 + 0.0204i 4.7809 10 + 0.1326i
Zpos90 =
F'
Z22 - Z21
Zf_left_p90 := Zpos90
VsF
0, 0
VsF'
Zf_right_p90 := Zpos90
Zpos90
1, 1
Vs90 =
0, 1
Zpos90
Zf_left_p90 = 6.6401 10
1, 0
+ 0.0951i
Zf_right_p90 = 3.9841 10
+ 0.1123i
0.9949 + 6.3227i 10 3
0.9692 + 0.0379i
Finally we can reduce this to a single series equivalent. Note that the voltage
sources have opposite polarity.
Zpos_eq90 := Zf_left_p90 + Zf_right_p90
Vpos_eq90 := Vs90
0, 0
Vs90
1, 0
Zpos_eq90 = 3.3201 10
Vpos_eq90 = 0.0257 0.0316i
+ 0.2073i
The negative sequence impedance will be identical to the positive sequence impedance in this case and
there will be no voltage source.
Zneg_eq90 := Zpos_eq90
So the positive and negative equivalents are identical to the 10% case
The zero sequence circuit will be a little different, since the load is ungrounded.
Find the Ybus:
1
1
0
0
0.9 Zline1_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
1
1
0
0
0.1 Zline1_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Ypr900 :=
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
Zsrc0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
1
1
1
1
0
+
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0
3.5267i
0
3.5267i
0
31.74i
0
31.74i
Ypr900 =
3.5267i
0
30.5057i 3.174i
0
31.74i
3.174i 34.914i
YL900
Y90zero =
3.1151i 0.3368i
0.3368i 2.6099i
Z90zero_eq := Z90zero
0, 0
Z90zero
0, 1
+ Z90zero
1, 1
Z90zero
1, 0
Z90zero_eq = 0.6301i
Iopen1_90 :=
Zpos_eq90 +
1
1
Z90zero_eq
Zneg_eq90
Current dividers to find zero and negative sequence currents (opposite polarity):
Iopen2_90 := Iopen1_90
Z90zero_eq
Zneg_eq90 + Z90zero_eq
Iopen0_90 := Iopen1_90
Zneg_eq90
Zneg_eq90 + Z90zero_eq
Iopen2_90
IR1abc_open90 = 0.175
0.176
arg ( IR1abc_open90 ) =
45
38.0104 deg
114.4877
Only difference from 10% case is angle of Ia, which has a magnitude of 0
Vzero_open90 := Iopen0_90 Z90zero_eq
Voltages at R1:
We will have the same voltage across line 2, so Iline2 is the voltage divided by the impedance:
V0_line1_90
Zline2_0pu
V1_line1_90
I012_line2_90 :=
Zline2_1pu
V2_line1_90
Zline2_2pu
Iabc_line2_90 := A1 I012_line2_90
0.0216 0.0175i
I012_line2_90 = 0.2175 0.1743i
0.0631 0.0528i
0.3887
Iabc_line2_90 = 0.2271
0.2302
IR1abc_open90 = 0.1746
0.1757
Note that line 2 has a much bigger phase A current, as we would expect (negative sign for correct
polarities)
Iopen0_90
Isrc012_open90 := Iopen1_90 + I012_line2_90
Iopen2_90
Isrc_abc_open90 := A1 Isrc012_open90
0.3055 0.2437i
Isrc012_open90 =
3.3514 10 3 7.6289i 10 4
0.3887
Isrc_abc_open90 = 0.3896
0.3942
38.9819
81.3395
Voltage at R1 (Bus1)
VR10_open90 := 0.0 Isrc012_open90 Zsrc0pu
0
VR10_open90
0.995
VR1abc_open90 := A1 VR11_open90
VR1abc_open90 = 0.995
VR12_open90
0.995
0.3655
119.6276
0
0
0.9 Zline1_1pu
.9 Zline1_1pu
1
1
0
0
.1 Zline1_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu
Y90 :=
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
+
.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
Zsrc1pu
ZL1
Zline2_1pu
.9 Zline1_1pu
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
.1 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
ZL2
.1 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0
10.58i
0
10.58i
0
95.22i
0
95.22i
Y90 =
10.58i
0.16 67.832i
9.522i
0
0
0.32 104.982i
95.22i
9.522i
YL90
3
0.2701 7.7393i
4.2203 10 + 1.3669i
Note that there is only a Norton current injection for the side with the voltage source. This there is only one
voltage source, there is only one current source.
Isright := 0
Isleft :=
1.0
Isleft = 47.61i
Zsrc1pu
Isleft
Isright
Is90 =
0.0183 + 7.5216i
0.0336 + 6.1399i
These are the current sources for Figure 3.24 in the book. We can also calculate Y, Y and Y
is we want to. However, we're more interested in expressing this with impedances:
Zpos90a := Yeq90a
4
3
8.6219 10 + 0.0203i 4.8429 10 + 0.1326i
F'
Z22 - Z21
Zf_left_p90a := Zpos90a
VsF
VsF'
0, 0
Zf_right_p90a := Zpos90a
Zpos90a
1, 1
0, 1
Zpos90a
0.9923 + 9.6003i 10 3
0.9666 + 0.041i
Zf_left_p90a = 6.6054 10
1, 0
Zf_right_p90a = 3.9807 10
+ 0.0951i
+ 0.1123i
Finally we can reduce this to a single series equivalent. Note that the voltage
sources have opposite polarity.
3
0, 0
Vs90a
Zpos_eq90a = 3.3201 10
1, 0
+ 0.2073i
The negative sequence impedance will be identical to the positive sequence impedance in this case and
there will be no voltage source.
Zneg_eq90a := Zpos_eq90a
So the positive and negative equivalents are still nearly identical to the 10% case
The zero sequence circuit will be a little different, since both of the loads are ungrounded.
Find the Ybus:
1
1
0
0
0.9 Zline1_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
1
1
0
0
0.1 Zline1_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Ypr900 :=
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
Zsrc0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
1
1
1
0
+
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0
3.5267i
0
3.5267i
31.74i
0
31.74i
0
Ypr900 =
3.5267i
0
30.5057i 3.174i
0
31.74i
3.174i 34.914i
YL900
Y90zero =
3.1151i 0.3368i
0.3368i 2.6099i
Z90zero_eq := Z90zero
0, 0
Z90zero
0, 1
+ Z90zero
1, 1
Z90zero
1, 0
Z90zero_eq = 0.6301i
Iopen1_90a :=
Zpos_eq90a +
Zneg_eq90a + Z90zero_eq
Current dividers to find zero and negative sequence currents (opposite polarity):
Iopen2_90a := Iopen1_90a
Z90zero_eq
Zneg_eq90a + Z90zero_eq
Iopen0_90a := Iopen1_90a
Zneg_eq90a
Zneg_eq90a + Z90zero_eq
Iopen2_90a
0.175
IR1abc_open90 = 0.175
0.176
arg ( IR1abc_open90a ) =
arg ( IR1abc_open90 ) =
Voltages at R1:
135
37.8203 deg
114.6779
45
38.0104 deg
114.4877
We will have the same voltage across line 2, so Iline2 is the voltage divided by the impedance:
V0_line1_90a
Zline2_0pu
V1_line1_90a
I012_line2_90a :=
Zline2_1pu
V2_line1_90a
Zline2_2pu
0.0215 0.0175i
I012_line2_90a = 0.2164 0.1745i
0.0627 0.0529i
0.3877
Iabc_line2_90a = 0.2265
Iabc_line2_90a := A1 I012_line2_90a
0.2296
IR1abc_open90a = 0.1742
0.1753
Note that line 2 has a much bigger phase A current, as we would expect (negative sign for correct
polarities
Iopen0_90a
Isrc012_open90a := Iopen1_90a + I012_line2_90a +
Iopen2_90a
0
1.0
ZL1
0
0.4639
0.3641i
Isrc012_open90a =
3.3454 10 3 7.4997i 10 4
0.5876
38.3886
0.5931
81.8171
Voltage at R1 (Bus1)
VR10_open90a := 0.0 Isrc012_open90a Zsrc0pu
0
VR10_open90a = 0
3
VR12_open90a = 1.5752 10
+ 7.0266i 10
VR10_open90a
0.992
VR1abc_open90a := A1 VR11_open90a
VR1abc_open90a = 0.992
VR12_open90a
0.992
0.995
VR1abc_open90 = 0.995
0.995
0.5585
119.4346
0.3655
119.6276
C. Compute the voltages and currents seen at point R1 for the following faults located 10% and 90%
of the way down line 2 from the source end: SLG, 3, LL, and Phase "a" open. Also sketch phasor
diagrams. Set the fault impedances at zero.
ZL1_left_pos = 0.0105i
ZL1_right_pos = 0.0945i
Zthev1 := Zsrc1pu +
1
1
Zline1_1pu
ZL1_right_pos
+
ZL1_left_pos
Zthev1 = 0.031i
Negative Sequence:
ZL1_left_neg := 0.1 Zline2_2pu
ZL1_left_neg = 0.0105i
ZL1_right_neg = 0.0945i
Zthev2 := Zsrc2pu +
1
1
Zline1_2pu
ZL1_right_neg
+
ZL1_left_neg
Zero Sequence:
ZL1_left_0 := 0.1 Zline2_0pu
ZL1_left_0 = 0.0315i
ZL1_right_0 = 0.2836i
Zthev2 = 0.031i
Zthev0 := Zsrc0pu +
1
1
Zthev0 = 0.0719i
Vf1
If3ph1a3 = 32.278i
Zthev1
( ZL1_left_pos)
IR1a_3ph = 30.6641i
( ZL1_left_pos + Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)
Voltage at R1:
also
1.6139
pos := a2
a
1.6139
IR1_3ph_abc3 = 1.6139
VR1a3 = 0.322
0.322
VR1_3ph_abc3 = 0.322
0.322
90
30
2.3785 10
arg ( VR1_3ph_abc3) =
120
15
120
deg
Note that the voltages are R1 do not change, since we have the same impedance looking back to the
source. In all of the cases looked at here, the voltage at R1 will be the same for the fault in either line.
SLG Fault 10% Down Line 2
Currrents at fault point:
I0_slg3 :=
Vf1
Zthev1 + Zthev2 + Zthev0
I0_slg3 = 7.4682i
I1_slg3 := I0_slg3
I2_slg3 := I1_slg3
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_slg3 := I0_slg3
IR11_slg3 := I1_slg3
IR12_slg3 := I2_slg3
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_slg3 = 0.3734i
IR11_slg3 = 0.3734i
IR12_slg3 = 0.3734i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_slg3 := 0.0 I0_slg3 Zsrc0pu
VR10_slg3 = 0.3137
VR11_slg3 = 0.8431
VR12_slg3 = 0.1569
IR12_slg3
VR10_slg3
VR1abc_slg3 := A1 VR11_slg3
VR12_slg3
IR1abc_slg3 =
1.12
0
0.373
VR1abc_slg3 = 1.087
1.087
90
32.0071
15
2.2012 10
arg ( VR1abc_slg3) =
127.1796
R1 sees the same angles on the current, but much smaller magnitudes.
127.1796
deg
Vf1
I1_ll3 = 16.139i
Zthev1 + Zthev2
I2_ll3 := I1_ll3
I0_ll3 := 0
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_ll3 := I0_ll3
IR11_ll3 := I1_ll3
IR12_ll3 := I2_ll3
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_ll3 = 0
IR11_ll3 = 0.8069i
IR12_ll3 = 0.8069i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_ll3 := 0.0 I0_ll3 Zsrc0pu
VR10_ll3 = 0
VR11_ll3 = 0.661
VR12_ll3 = 0.339
IR12_ll3
IR1abc_ll3 = 1.398
1.398
arg IR1abc_ll3
arg IR1abc_ll3
VR10_ll3
VR1abc_ll3 := A1 VR11_ll3
VR12_ll3
VR1abc_ll3 = 0.573
0.573
) = 180 deg
) = 2.6414 10
14
deg
150.8481
I1_dlg3 :=
Zthev1 +
I1_dlg3 = 18.9984i
Zthev0 Zthev2
Zthev0 + Zthev2
I0_dlg3 :=
Zthev2
I2_dlg3 :=
Zthev0
I1_dlg3
I0_dlg3 = 5.7189i
Zthev2 + Zthev0
I1_dlg3
Zthev2 + Zthev0
I2_dlg3 = 13.2795i
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_dlg3 := I0_dlg3
IR11_dlg3 := I1_dlg3
IR12_dlg3 := I2_dlg3
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_dlg3 = 0.2859i
IR11_dlg3 = 0.9499i
IR12_dlg3 = 0.664i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_dlg3 := 0.0 I0_dlg3 Zsrc0pu
VR10_dlg3 = 0.2402
VR11_dlg3 = 0.601
VR12_dlg3 = 0.2789
IR12_dlg3
IR1abc_dlg3 = 1.462
1.462
arg IR1abc_dlg3
arg IR1abc_dlg3
) = 162.9398 deg
) = 17.0602 deg
VR10_dlg3
VR1abc_dlg3 := A1 VR11_dlg3
VR12_dlg3
1.12
VR1abc_dlg3 = 0.343
0.343
125.6047
ZL1_left_pos = 0.0945i
ZL1_right_pos = 0.0105i
1
1
Zthev1 := Zsrc1pu +
+
Zthev1 = 0.073i
Negative Sequence:
ZL1_left_neg := 0.9 Zline2_2pu
ZL1_left_neg = 0.0945i
ZL1_right_neg = 0.0105i
1
1
Zthev2 := Zsrc2pu +
+
Zthev2 = 0.073i
Zero Sequence:
ZL1_left_0 := 0.9 Zline2_0pu
ZL1_left_0 = 0.2836i
ZL1_right_0 = 0.0315i
1
1
Zthev0 := Zsrc0pu +
+
Zthev0 = 0.198i
Vf1
Zthev1
If3ph1a4 = 13.7007i
( ZL1_left_pos)
IR1a_3ph4 = 6.1653i
( ZL1_left_pos + Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)
Voltage at R1:
VR1a4 := 1.0 If3ph1a4 Zsrc1pu
pos := a2
a
6.1653
IR1_3ph_abc4 = 6.1653
6.1653
VR1a4 = 0.7122
0.7122
VR1_3ph_abc4 = 0.7122
0.7122
90
30
1.0096 10
arg ( VR1_3ph_abc4) =
120
15
120
deg
The currents in line 1 are almost the same magnitude as seen by R1 for faults at 90% of line 1 and 90%
of line 2 (7.54pu versus 6.153pu). Angles do not change.
SLG Fault 90% Down Line 2
Currrents at fault point:
I0_slg4 :=
Vf1
Zthev1 + Zthev2 + Zthev0
I1_slg4 := I0_slg4
I2_slg4 := I1_slg4
I0_slg4 = 2.9075i
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_slg4 := I0_slg4
IR11_slg4 := I1_slg4
IR12_slg4 := I2_slg4
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_slg4 = 1.3084i
IR11_slg4 = 1.3084i
IR12_slg4 = 1.3084i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_slg4 := 0.0 I0_slg4 Zsrc0pu
VR10_slg4 = 0.1221
VR11_slg4 = 0.9389
VR12_slg4 = 0.0611
IR12_slg4
VR10_slg4
VR1abc_slg4 := A1 VR11_slg4
VR12_slg4
IR1abc_slg4 =
3.925
0
0.756
VR1abc_slg4 = 1.032
1.032
90
32.0063
Vf1
Zthev1 + Zthev2
I2_ll4 := I1_ll4
I0_ll4 := 0
I1_ll4 = 6.8504i
122.9378
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_ll4 := I0_ll4
IR11_ll4 := I1_ll4
IR12_ll4 := I2_ll4
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_ll4 = 0
IR11_ll4 = 3.0827i
IR12_ll4 = 3.0827i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_ll4 := 0.0 I0_ll4 Zsrc0pu
VR10_ll4 = 0
VR11_ll4 = 0.8561
VR12_ll4 = 0.1439
IR12_ll4
IR1abc_ll4 = 5.339
5.339
arg IR1abc_ll4
arg IR1abc_ll4
VR10_ll4
VR1abc_ll4 := A1 VR11_ll4
VR12_ll4
VR1abc_ll4 = 0.794
0.794
Zthev0 Zthev2
Zthev0 + Zthev2
I0_dlg4 :=
Zthev2
I2_dlg4 :=
Zthev0
I1_dlg4 = 7.9167i
I1_dlg4
I0_dlg4 = 2.1326i
I1_dlg4
I2_dlg4 = 5.7841i
Zthev2 + Zthev0
Zthev2 + Zthev0
14
deg
129.029
Vf1
Zthev1 +
) = 2.5046 10
I1_dlg4 :=
) = 180 deg
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_dlg4 := I0_dlg4
IR11_dlg4 := I1_dlg4
IR12_dlg4 := I2_dlg4
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_dlg4 = 0.9597i
IR11_dlg4 = 3.5625i
IR12_dlg4 = 2.6028i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_dlg4 := 0.0 I0_dlg4 Zsrc0pu
VR10_dlg4 = 0.0896
VR11_dlg4 = 0.8337
VR12_dlg4 = 0.1215
IR12_dlg4
IR1abc_dlg4 = 5.53
5.53
arg IR1abc_dlg4
arg IR1abc_dlg4
VR10_dlg4
VR1abc_dlg4 := A1 VR11_dlg4
VR12_dlg4
1.045
VR1abc_dlg4 = 0.729
0.729
) = 164.9117 deg
) = 15.0883 deg
122.1729
Iabc_line2_10 = 0.2271
38.9819
0.3887
Iabc_line2_90 = 0.2271
38.9819
0.2302
0.2302
93.3579
93.3579