Sharing Economy

Sharing economy
Sharing economy (also known as shareconomy or collaborative consumption) is a hybrid market
model (in between owning and gift giving) which refers to peer-to- peer-based sharing
of access to goods and services (coor- dinated through community-based online
services).[1][2] The concept is not new.
The sharing of resources is for example
well known in business-to-business (B2B) like machinery in agriculture and forestry
as well as in business-to-consumer (B2C) like self-service laundries. But three major
drivers enable sharing of resources for a broad variety of new goods and services
as well as new industries.[2] First, customer behaviour for many goods and services
changes from ownership to sharing. Second, online social networks and electronic markets
more easily link consumers. And third, mobile devices and electronic services make the
use of shared goods and services more convenient (e.g. smartphone app instead of
physical key).
The sharing economy can take a variety of forms, including using information technology
to provide individuals, corporations, non-prots and governments with information
that enables the optimization of resources[3] through the redistribution, sharing and
reuse of excess capacity in goods and services.[1][3][4] A common premise is that
when information about goods is shared (typically via an online marketplace), the
value of those goods may in- crease for the business, for individuals, for the
community and for society in general.[5]
Collaborative consumption as a phenomenon is a class of economic arrangements in
which participants share access to products or services, rather than having individual
ownership.[1] The consumer peer-to-peer rental market is valued at $26bn (15bn), with
new services and platforms popping up all the time.[6]
The collaborative consumption model is used in online marketplaces such as eBay
as well as emerging sec- tors such as social lending, peer-to-peer accommodation,
peer-to-peer travel experiences,[7] peer-to-peer task as- signments or travel advising,
carsharing or commute-bus sharing.[8]
The Harvard Business Review argues that sharing economy is a misnomer, and that
the correct word for this activity is "access economy. The authors say, When sharing
is market-mediated when a company is an intermediary between consumers who
dont know each other
it is no longer sharing at all. Rather, consumers are paying to access someone
elses goods or services.[9]
Denition
Denitions for the Sharing Economy come from dierent disciplines.
Examples are
economics, business ad- ministration, and law.
A rst major dierentiation distinguishes a macro- and a micro-economic perspective. While the former focuses on
market models, the latter investigates strategies, processes, and systems for companies and their interaction with consumers.[2]
From a macro-economic perspective,
the Sharing Economy follows a hybrid
market model. Exchang- ing goods and services has predominantly been a domain
of market-based models. These models focus on transferring ownership of
economic resources between two parties. Depending on the involvement of money,
either the traditional market model where two actors exchange the ownership of a good
or service for money or gift giving, where a good is do- nated to another actor
without any money involved in the transaction process, can be dierentiated.
From a micro-economic perspective, the Sharing Economy is part of the
discussion in various disciplines.
For example, marketing analyzes the relevance of brands that seem to become less relevant if consumers are able
to accessfor example dierent cars from dierent vendors.

This vendor
perspective is part of research in business adminis- tration which identies new
strategies for the Shar- ing Economy for both incumbents and start-ups.
An integrated perspective is discussed in the area of service science which is
closely linked with the concept of service-orientation. In this context, service
systems, (e.g., food, nancial, mobility; see table below).
An example as a part
of service science is crowdsourcing.
Scope
The sharing economy[10] encompasses a wide range of structures including for-prot,

non-prot, barter and cooperative structures.[11] The sharing economy provides
expanded access to products, services and talent beyond one to one or singular
ownership, sometimes referred to as disownership.[12] Corporations, governments and
individuals all actively participate as buyers, sellers, lenders
1
2
5
HISTORY
or borrowers in these varied and evolving organizational structures.[13]
Examples
The phenomenon of the Sharing Economy may be rec- ognized in many industries
which reects their macro- economic importance. The solutions dier from a microeconomic perspective regarding the providers and the interaction types.[2]
Types of collaborative consumption
4.2 Redistribution markets

A system of collaborative consumption is based on used or pre-owned goods being
passed on from someone who does not want them to someone who does want
them. This is another alternative to the more common 'reduce, reuse, recycle,
repair' methods of dealing with waste.
In some markets, the goods may be
free, as on Freecycle and Kashless.
In others, the goods are swapped (as on
Swap.com) or sold for cash (as on eBay, craigslist, and uSell). There are a growing
number of spe- cialist marketplaces for preowned fashion items, including Copious,
Vestiaire Collective, BuyMyWardrobe and Grand Circle.
Additional forms of
redistribution markets include ReHome (a free pet redistribution service by PetBridge.org).
[14]
Awake! mmm... where am I?

Ah! I remember, I'm staying with a friend I met using Couchsurng
Or in a room for a good price I've found at Knok or AirBnB
Go where you want car sharing ...

from one city to another with
BlaBlaCar or Amovens
or in the city with
4.3 Collaborative lifestyles

This system is based on people with similar needs or interests banding
together to share and exchange lessRead other news and discover the most
interesting
Reddit a llows open discussion and to nd out what is being spokeb about while with Beevoz you become your own editor
And learn more about

what interests you
Explore a subject through Wik ipedia
...and resolve your doubts about photography

In StackExchange Photography anyone can ask and answer questions about photography and rate the best
answers worldwide
Uber
...and listen to free online radio on the way

such as Radio Ela or Radio Almenara
One day living through
Collaborative Communities
Make your lunch with organic food...
cu ltivated by a gro-ecological communities like YoComproSano or
tangible assets such as time, space, skills, and money. An example would be
Taskrabbit, which match users that need tasks done with runners who earn money
by help- ing them complete their to-do lists. The growth of mobile technology provides a
platform to enable location-based GPS technology and to also provide real-time sharing.
[16]
History
The term sharing economy began to appear in the

Find a shared WiFi...
FON and Gui are wireless networks of users who share the ir connection
Share the last book
... and decide what to read following the recommendations of

others
Tawari
Donate things you ...or order a pizza are not going to use
and pay it with
early 2000s, as new business structures emerged due to the Great Recession,
enabling social technologies, and an increasing sense of urgency around global
population growth and resource depletion. One inspiration was the tragedy of the
commons, which refers to the idea that when we all act solely in our selfinterest, we deplete the
you read...
Use BookMooch to give them and receive points to get other books or share it and collect another anywhere in the world with Bookcrossing
Use GoodReads to give your opin ion and discover what others think
and somebody
needs...
using nolotiro.org or Freecycle
...or sell them
Bitcoins
putting an ad on Ebay
shared resources we need for our own quality of life. The

Harvard law professor, Yochai Benkler, one of the earliDev elop ed for th e P2Pvalue Project http ://p2 pvalue.eu
The P2Pvalue p roject has received fun din g from th e Euro pean Unio ns Sev enth Framewo rk Pro gramme for research, tech nolo gical development no 61 0961
Design & Artwork by Laura Recio

http ://aolein dawave.wordpress.com
http://creativeco mmon s.o rg/licenses/by -sa/4.0
est proponents of open source software, posited that network technology could
mitigate this issue through what he
Examples of Commons-based peer production (CBPP) communities a.k.a. P2P communities
4.1 Product-service systems

Main article: Product-service system
Goods that are privately owned can be shared or rented out via peer-to-peer
marketplaces.[14] (E.g.
BMWs Drive Now is a car sharing service that oers an
alternative to owning a car. Users can access a car when and where they need
them and pay for their usage by the minute.[15])
called 'commons-based peer production', a concept rst articulated in 2002.[17]
Benkler then extended that analysis to shareable goods in Sharing Nicely: On
Shareable goods
and the emergence of sharing as a modality of economic
production.[18]
The term collaborative consumption was coined by Marcus Felson and Joe L.
Spaeth in their paper Com- munity Structure and Collaborative Consumption: A rou- tine
activity approach published in 1978 in the American Behavioral Scientist.[19] The term
was used in more con- temporary times by Ray Algar, a UK-based management
consultant in an article entitled Collaborative Consump- tion in the Leisure Report
Journal in 2007.[20]
In 2011, collaborative consumption was named one of
5.5
Waste as food
3
TIME Magazines 10 ideas that will change the world.[21]
The UK Government in its 2015 Budget set out objectives improve economic growth
including to make Britain the "...best place in the world to start, invest in, and grow
a business, including through a package of measures to help unlock the potential of the
sharing economy...[22]:4
In 2015, The Business of Sharing by Alex Stephany, CEO of JustPark, was published by
Palgrave Macmillan.[23] The book features interviews with the high-prole entrepreneurs such as Martin Varsavsky and venture cap- italists such as Fred Wilson.
5.1 Crowdfunding platforms

Main article: Crowdfunding
These models also use a two-sided marketplace to enable individuals to contribute
funds to entrepreneurs, artists, civic programs and projects.[24]
5.2 Transparent and open data

Many state, local and federal governments[25] are en- gaged in Open Data
initiatives and projects such as data.gov[26] and the London Data Store.[27] The
theory of open or 'transparent' access to information enables greater innovation,
[28]
and makes for more ecient use of products and services, and thus
supporting resilient communities.[29]
5.3 Trust
The Sharing Economy relies on the will of the users to share, but in order to make
an exchange, users have to be trustworthy. Sharing economy organizations say they
are committed to building and validating trusted relationships between members of their
community, including produc- ers, suppliers, customers or participants.[30]
5.4 Unused value is wasted value

Unused value refers to the time that products, services and talents lay idle. This
idle time is wasted value that mesh models businesses and organizations utilize.
The classic example is that the average car is unused 92% of the time.[31] This
wasted value has created a signicant opportunity for share economy car solutions.
There is also signicant unused value in wasted time as articulated by Clay Shirky
in his analysis of power of crowds connected by information technology. Many of
us have unused capacity in the course of our day.
With social media
and
information technology, we can easily donate small slivers of time to take
care of simple tasks others need doing.

Examples of these crowd sourced
[32]
solutions
include the for-prot Amazon Mechanical
Turk and the non-prot Ushahidi.
5.5 Waste as food

Waste is commonly considered as something that is no longer wanted and needs to
be discarded. The challenge with this point of view is that much of what we dene
as waste still has value that, with proper design and distribution, can safely
serve as nutrients for follow-on processes, unlocking new levels of value in
increasingly scarce and expensive resources. One example is heir- loom design[33]
as articulated by physicist and inventor Saul Grith.[34]
Driving forces
The driving forces behind the rise of sharing economy organizations and businesses
include:
1.
Information Technology and Social Media: A host of

enabling
technologies
has
reached
the
mainstream, making it easy for networks of people and
organizations to transact directly.
These include open data,[35] the ubiquity
[36]
and low-cost of mobile phones,
and social media.[37] These technologies
dramatically reduce the friction of share-based business and organizational models.
2.
Increasing Volatility in Cost of Natural Resources: Rising prosperity across the

developing world cou- pled with population growth is putting greater strain on natural
resources and has caused a spike in costs and market volatility. This has been
increasing pres- sure on traditional manufactures to seek design, production and
distribution alternatives that will stabi- lize
costs
and
smooth
projected
expenditures.
In this context,
the circular economy approach has been
gaining interest among many global corporate actors. While a handful of pioneering
companies are leading the way, wider adoption will rely on mesh economy skills
such as the collection and sharing of data, the spread of best practices, and
increased collaboration.[38]
3.
Forbes estimates the revenue owing through the shared

surpass $3.5 billion in 2013 with growth exceeding 25%.[39]
economy
will
Benets of a sharing economy
By sharing transportation and assets the benets of a sharing economy are said to
include the following:
4
9
CRITICISM AND CONTROVERSIES
Reducing negative environmental impact (such as reducing the carbon footprint
and consumption of resources)[40][41][42]
Stronger communities[41]
Saving costs by borrowing and recycling items[41]
Providing people with access to goods who can't af- ford buying them[43] or have
no interest in long-term usage
Increased independence, exibility and self-reliance by decentralization,
of certain entry- barriers and self-organization[44]
the abolition
Increased participatory democracy[42]

Accelerating sustainable consumption and production patterns in cities around
the globe [45]
Researcher Christopher Koopman, an author of a study by George Mason University
economists, said the sharing economy allows people to take idle capital and turn them into
revenue sources. He has stated, People are taking spare bedroom[s], cars, tools
they are not using and be- coming their own entrepreneurs.[46] Arun Sundararajan, a
New York University economist who studies the sharing economy, told a January
congressional hearing that this transition will have a positive impact on economic growth
and welfare, by stimulating new consumption, by raising productivity, and by
catalyzing individual innovation and entrepreneurship.[47]
Transport
Further information: Uber (company) and Lyft

Using a personal car to transport passengers or deliver- ies requires payment, or
suerance, of costs for fees de- ducted by the dispatching company, fuel, wear and
tear, depreciation, interest, taxes, and adequate insurance. The driver is typically not
paid for driving to an area where fares might be found in the volume necessary for
high earnings, or driving to the location of a pickup or return- ing from a drop-o
point.[48] Mobile apps have been written that help a driver be aware of and manage
such costs has been introduced.[49]
Criticism and controversies
The Harvard Business Review argues that sharing economy is a misnomer, and
that the correct word for this activity is "access economy. The authors say,
When sharing is market-mediated when a company is an intermediary between
consumers who dont know each other it is no longer sharing at all. Rather,
consumers
are paying to access someone elses goods or services.[9] The article goes on to show
that companies (such as Uber) who understand this, and whose marketing highlights
the nancial benets to participants, are successful, while companies (such as Lyft)
whose marketing highlights the social benets of the service are less successful.
Salon writes that the sharing economy ...
[is] not the Internet 'gift economy' as
originally conceived, a utopia in which we all benet from our voluntary
contributions. Its something quite dierent the relentless co-optation of the gift
economy by market capitalism. The sharing economy, as practiced by Silicon Valley,
is a betrayal of the gift economy. The potlatch has been paved over, and replaced
with a digital shopping mall.[50][51][52][53]
Andrew Leonard,[54][55][56] Evgeny Morozov,[57] Bernard Marszalek,[58] Dean Baker,[59][60]
and Andrew Keen[61] criticized the for-prot sector of the sharing economy, writing
that sharing economy businesses extract prots from their given sector by
successfully [making] an end run around the existing costs of doing business taxes, regulations, and insurance.
Susie Cagle wrote that the benets big sharing economy players might be making
for themselves are not exactly trickling down, and that the sharing economy
doesnt build trust because where it builds new connections, it often replicates
old patterns of privileged access for some, and denial for others.[62] William
Alden wrote that The so-called sharing economy is supposed to of- fer a new kind of
capitalism, one where regular folks, en- abled by ecient online platforms, can turn
their fallow assets into cash machines ... But the reality is that these markets also
tend to attract a class of well-heeled pro- fessional operators, who outperform the
amateurs just like the rest of the economy.[63]
New York Magazine wrote that the sharing economy has succeeded in large part
because the real economy has been struggling. Specically, in the magazines
view, the sharing economy succeeds because of a depressed labor market, in which
lots of people are trying to ll holes in their income by monetizing their stu and
their labor in creative ways, and that in many cases, people join the sharing
economy because they've recently lost a full-time job, including a few cases where
the pricing structure of the sharing economy may have made their old jobs less
protable (e.g. full-time taxi drivers who may have switched to Lyft or Uber). The
magazine writes that In almost every case, what compels people to open up their
homes and cars to complete strangers is money, not trust.
... Tools that help people trust in the kindness of strangers might be pushing hesitant
sharing-economy participants over the threshold to adoption. But whats getting them to
the threshold in the rst place is a damaged economy, and harmful public policy that has
forced millions of people to look to odd jobs for sustenance.[64][65][66]
The Hungton Post wrote that some people believe the recent recession lead to the
expansion of the sharing econ5
omy because people could easily employee themselves through the services that
these companies oer. How- ever, this concept is only hiding the fact that such employment is only a new face for contractual work and temporary employment that
doesnt provide the necessary safe- guards for modern living. When companies use
contract based employment, the advantage for a business of using such non-regular
workers is obvious: It can lower labor costs dramatically, often by 30 percent, since
it is not re- sponsible for health benets, social security, unemploy- ment or injured
workers compensation, paid sick or va- cation leave and more. Contract workers, who
are barred from forming unions and have no grievance procedure, can be dismissed
without notice.[67]
Furthermore, Uber, Airbnb and other companies have had drastic eects on
infrastructures such a road congestion and housing. Major cities such as San
Francisco and New York City have become even more congested due to ride sharing.
According to transportation analyst Charles Komano, Uber-caused congestion has
reduced trac speeds in downtown Manhattan by around 8 percent.[67]
Xconomy wrote about the debate over the status of the workers within the sharing
economy, whether they should be treated as contract workers or employees of the
companies. This issue seems to be most relevant among sharing economy companies
such as Uber.
The reason this has become such a big issue is that the two types of
workers are treated very dierently. Contract workers are not guaranteed any
benets and pay can be below average. However, if they are employees, they are
granted access to benets and pay is generally higher. The State of Cali- fornia is
trying to go after Uber and make them pay a ne to compensate workers fairly. The
California Public Util- ities Commission was working on a case that addresses the
same underlying issue seen in the contract worker controversywhether the new
ways of operating in the sharing economy model should be subject to the same
regulations governing traditional businesses.[68] Business Insider wrote that companies
such as Airbnb and Uber do not share their reputation data with the very
users who it belongs to. This is an issue since no matter how well you behave on
any one platform, your reputation doesnt travel with you.
This fragmentation
has some negative consequences, such as the Airbnb squatters who had previously
deceived Kickstarter users to the tune of
$40,000.[69] Sharing data between these platforms could have prevented the repeat
incident.
Business Insiders view is that since the Sharing Economy is in its
infancy, this has been accepted. However, as the industry matures, this will need to
change.[70]
Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi say that the sharing economy promotes and
prioritizes cheap fares and low costs rather than personal relationships, which is tied
to similar issues in crowdsourcing. For example, Zipcar is advertised as a ride-sharing
service, but its been brought into consideration that the consumers reap similar benets from Zipcar as they would from, say, a hotel.
In
this example, there is minimal social interaction going on and the primary concern is the
low cost. Other examples many include myriad other sharing economies such as
AirBnB or Uber. Because of this, the sharing economy may not be about sharing but
rather about access. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi say the sharing economy
has taught people to prioritize cheap and easy access over interpersonal communication,
and the value of going the extra mile for those interactions has diminished.[71]
The New York Times wrote that there was a recent corporate decision by Uber
which aimed at lowering its fare rates by 15% in over 100 cities in the United
States.[72] This decision caused many Uber employee drivers to as- semble and
express their disagreement with the recent pay cut. Uber has made a statement
claiming that when it cut prices previously, the amount of time drivers spent
waiting for fares fell, meaning drivers did more business and ultimately earned more
money.[72]
The local economic benet of the sharing economy is o- set by its current form, which is
that huge tech companies reap a great deal of the prot in many cases. For example, Uber, which is estimated to be worth $50B as of mid2015,[73] takes up to 30% commission from the gross revenue of its drivers,[74] leaving
many drivers making less than minimum wage.[75]
10
Organizations advocating and networking sharing economy
See also: Online platforms for collaborative consumption

OuiShare:[76] An international non-for-prot aim- ing to connect eorts within the
Sharing or Collab- orative Economy to create a global network of col- laborators.
Shareable:[77]
Shareable
is
a
nonprot
hub
for
the
sharing transformation,[78]
line magazine on the Sharing Economy.
news, action
and
and the primary
connection
global on-
Echo (Economy of Hours):[79] A UK based non- prot providing infrastructure to, and
lobbying at national level on behalf of, local time banking projects.[80][81]
European Sharing Economy Coalition:[82]
The Coalition is the rst multi-stakeholder
European network created to mature policies, markets and sec- tors in Europe for the
Sharing Economy to become mainstream.
Shared Economy CPA:[83] Shared Economy CPA is a U.S. based accounting rm that
specializes in assisting the workers of the Sharing Economy. Lo- cated on their
site is numerous free resources that assists those who are looking for tax
guidance.
6
13
NOTES AND REFERENCES
NASE:[84] stands for The Norwegian Association for Sharing Economy, NASE
supports all organizations working within the sharing economy.
11 Types of sharing
12
See also
Access economy
Co-creation
Collaborative nance
Collaborative innovation network
Commons-based peer production
Cooperative
Creative Commons
Digital Collaboration
Internet of Things
Internet of Services
Open Knowledge Foundation
Open Source
P2P Foundation
Peer-to-peer (meme)
Recommerce
Reputation capital
Reputation systems
Secondhand good
Social collaboration
Social commerce
Social dining
Social Peer-to-Peer Processes
Two-sided market
13
Notes and references
[1]
Hamari,
Juho;
Sjklint,
Mimmi;
Ukkonen,
Antti (2015).
The
Sharing
Economy:
Why People Par- ticipate in Collaborative Consumption.
Journal of
the Association for Information Science and Technology. doi:10.1002/asi.23552.
[2]
(Puschmann & Alt, 2016) Puschmann, T., Alt, R., Shar- ing Economy, in: Business &
Information Systems Engi- neering, 58 (2016), 1, pp. 93-99
[3]
Cohen,
Boyd;
Kietzmann,
Jan (2014).
Ride On!
Mobility
Business
Models
for
the
Sharing
Economy.
Organization & Environment 27 (3),279-296.
doi:10.1177/1086026614546199.
[4]
Sundararajan, Arun. From Zipcar to the Sharing Econ- omy. January 3, 2013. Harvard
Business Review. Re- trieved 13 June 2013.
[5]
Geron, Tomio (November 9, 2012).

Airbnb Had $56
Million Impact On San Francisco: Study. Forbes. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
[6]
Botsman, Rachel; Roger, Roos (2011).

Whats Mine Is Yours:
How
Consumption is Chang- ing the Way We Live.
HarperCollins Business.
0007395914.
[7]
From homes to meals to cars,

chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2015-1222.
[8]
Harvard Business School Club of New York - Whats Mine Is Yours: The Rise of
Collaborative Consumption. Hbscny.org. 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
[9]
The Sharing Economy Isnt About Sharing at All. Har- vard Business Review.
28. Retrieved 2015-07-
'sharing'
has
changed
the face
Collaborative
ISBN
of
travel.
2015-01-
11.
[10]
Friedman, Thomas (20 July 2013).

Welcome to the
Sharing Economy. The New York Times. Retrieved 25
July 2013.
[11]
Rosenberg, Tina (5 June 2013).

Its Not Just Nice to
Share, Its the Future. The New York Times.
[12]
Wang, Ray.
Mondays Musings:
Four Elements for A #SharingEconomy Biz Model
In #MatrixCommerce. May 26, 2013. Software Insider. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
[13]
The Collaborative Economy. June 4, 2013. Altimeter

Group. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
[14]
Rachel BotsmanRoo Rogers (1922-01-01). Beyond Zip- car:

Hbr.org.
Retrieved
2015-03-13.
[15]
[16]
Collaborative
Consumption.
DriveNow: BMW and Sixt Joint Venture for premium car sharing.
Owyang, Jeremiah (24 February 2015).
The mobile technology stack for the
Collaborative Economy. Ven- tureBeat. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
7
[17] Benkler, Yochai (2002). Coases Penguin, or, Linux and
The Nature of the Firm (PDF). The Yale Law Journal
112. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
[18]
Benkler, Yochai (2004). Sharing Nicely: On Shareable goods and the emergence of
sharing as a modality of economic production. The Yale Law Journal 114. Retrieved
9 July 2014.
[19]
Felson,
Marcus
and
Collaborative Consumption:
(MarchApril), 61424.
Joe
L.
Spaeth
(1978),
Commu- nity
Structure
and
A rou- tine activity approach, American Behavioral Scientist, 21
[20] Collaborative Consumption by Ray Algar Oxygen

Consulting. Oxygen-consulting.co.uk. Retrieved 201503-13.
17, 2011.
[21]
10 Ideas That Will Change The World.
Time.
March
[22]
Support for the sharing economy (PDF). H. M. Trea- sury, Budget 2015, section 1.193.
[23]
Review: The Business Of Sharing. May 5, 2015.

[24] Karim R. Lakhani (1922-01-01). Using the Crowd as an
Innovation Partner. Hbr.org. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
[25]
[26]
Mazmanian, Adam (May 22, 2013).

government?". Federal Computer Week.
open
data change the culture of
Data.gov. Data.gov. Retrieved 2015-03-13.

2015-03-13.
[28]
Can
[27]
London Datastore.
Data.london.gov.uk.
Hammell, Richard. Open Data: Driving Growth, Inge- nuity

Deloitte Consulting.
Re- trieved 13 June 2013.
Retrieved
and
Innovation
(PDF).
[29] Brindley, William.

How Open Data can Save Lives.
World Economic Forum. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
[30] Charles, Green (May 2, 2012).
Trusted and Being
Trusted in the Sharing Economy. Forbes. Retrieved 13
June 2013.
[31]
[32]
Car Sharing and Pooling: Reducing Car Over-Population and Collaborative Consumption |
Energy Seminar. En- ergyseminar.stanford.edu. 2012-04-09. Retrieved 201503-13.
Boudreau, Kevin; Karim R. Lakhani.
Using the Crowd as an Innovation Partner.
April
2013. Harvard Business Review.

[33] Bloyd-Peshkin, Sharon (October 21, 2009).
Trash. In These Times. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
June 2013.
[34]
Built to
Grith, Saul. Everyday Inventions. TED. Retrieved 13
[35] Open Data Handbook. 2011, 2012. Open Knowledge

Foundation. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
[36] ICT Facts and Figures, 2013 (PDF). 2013. International
Telecommunications Union. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
[37] Parr, Ben (August 3, 2009). What the F**k is Social
Media?". Mashable. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
[38]
Preston, Felix.
A Global Redesign?
Shaping the Cir- cular Economy (PDF). March,
2012. Chatham House. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
[39]
Geron, Tobio (January 23, 2013).

Economy. Forbes. Retrieved
13 June 2013.
[40]
Brady, Diane (24 September 2014). The Environmental

Case for the Sharing Economy. Bloomberg. Retrieved
10 July 2015.
[41]
Rudenko, Anna (16 August 2013).

The collaborative consumption on the rise: why
shared economy is winning over the capitalism of me"". Retrieved 10 July 2015.
[42]
Parsons, Adam (5 March 2014). The sharing economy: a short introduction to its political
evolution. opendemoc- racy.net. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
[43]
Bradshaw, Della (22 April 2015).

FT.com. Retrieved 10 July
2015.
[44]
Williams-Grut, Oscar (20 March 2015). Silicon Round- up: Blockchain banking to be on
the slate for new reg- ulator?". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 10 July
2015.
[45]
Cohen, Boyd; Muoz, Pablo (2015). Sharing cities and sustainable consumption and
production: towards an integrated framework.
Journal of Cleaner Production.
doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.133.
[46]
Afp (2015-02-03). "'Sharing economy' reshapes markets, as complaints rise | Daily Mail
Online. London: Daily- mail.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
[47]
Uber Said to Seek $1.5 Billion in Funds at $50 Billion

Valuation. Bloomberb Business. 2015-05-19. Retrieved
2015-07-09.
[48]
Emily Guendelsberger (May 7, 2015).

I
Philadelphia Citypaper.
Retrieved May 10, 2015.
[49]
Natasha Singer and Mike Isaac (May 9, 2015). An App That Helps Drivers Earn the Most
From Their Trips. The New York Times.
Retrieved May 10, 2015.
At rst I thought I
was earning money
[50]
Andrew Leonard, Sharing economy shams:

hottest businesses, Salon.com,
2014.03.14
[51]
Andrew Leonard, Youre not fooling us, Uber! 8 reasons why the sharing economy is
all about corporate greed, Salon.com, 2014.02.17
[52]
Tom Slee, The secret libertarianism of Uber & Airbnb,

Salon.com, 2014.01.28
[53]
Anya Kamenetz,
AirBnb wins New York court victory, but the city still present
challenges for the popular room- nding site, Fast Company and Salon, 2013.09.30
8
14
FURTHER READING
Airbnb and the Un- stoppable Rise of the Share
Sharing economy benets
was
an
lower
undercover
income
Uber
groups.
driver.
Deception at the core of the Internets
[54] Millennials
Salon.com, 2013.09.20
will
[55] The sharing

Salon.com, 2013.09.17
not
be
economy
regulated,
muscles
crusade:
Now
Andrew
Leonard,
Andrew
Leonard,
up,
[56]
Libertarians anti-government
Andrew Leonard, Salon
theres
[57]
Evgeny Morozov.
Don't believe the hype,
economy (September 2014), The Guardian (UK)
[58]
The New Boss You Just Like the Old Boss: The
Brand Yourself (2014.05.26), BERNARD MARSZALEK, CounterPunch
[59]
How AirBnB and Uber Cab are Facilitating Rip-Os: The Downside of the Sharing Economy
(2014.05.28), Dean Baker, CounterPunch
the
an app for that (2014-06-27),
'sharing economy'
masks
Sharing
failing
Economy
[60] How Uber Distrupts the Taxi Market (2015.02.12), Dean

Baker, CounterPunch
[61]
The Internet is not the Answer, an interview with Andrew Keen at the Digital Life Design
(DLD) 2015 Annual Con- ference. Posted on the ocial You Tube Channel of DLD
[62] The Case Against Sharing: On access, scarcity, and trust
(2014-05-28), Susie Cagle, Medium.com
[63]
[64]
[65]
The Business Tycoons of Airbnb, The New York Times

Kevin Roose, The Sharing Economy Isnt About Trust, Its
About Desperation (2014-04-24), New York Magazine
Kevin Roose, Does

New York Magazine
Silicon
Valley
Have
Contract- Worker Problem? (2014-09-18),
[66] A Secret of Ubers Success: Struggling Workers (201410-02), Bloomberg.com

[67] How the Sharing Economy Screws American Workers.
The Hungton Post. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
[68]
Sharing Economy
Xconomy.
Xconomy.
2016-02-29.
Companies
Retrieved
Sharing
[69] Kevin Montgomery,

$40,000 From Kickstarter, 2014-07-28
the
Airbnb
Heat
In
Squatters
Con- tractor
Also
Controversy
Swindled
[70] Patrick J. Stewart, Reputation And The Sharing Economy

(2014-10-23), "Business Insider
[71]
Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, The Sharing Economy isn't About Sharing at All (2015-02-09),
Harvard Business Review
[72]
Santora, Marc; Surico, John (2016-02-01). Uber Drivers in New York

Cuts.
The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
[73]
Afp (2015-02-03). "'Sharing economy' reshapes markets, as complaints rise | Daily Mail
Online. Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
City
Protest
[74]
Fare
Huet, Ellen (2015-05-18).

Uber Tests Taking Even More From Its Drivers With 30%
Commission. Forbes. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
[75] A Philadelphia journalist went undercover as an Uber driver heres how much
she made. MSN. 2015-0509. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
[76] Connecting the Collaborative Economy. OuiShare.net.
2013-11-21. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
[77]
Shareable. Shareable.net. Retrieved 2015-03-13. [78]
About. Shareable.net.
Retrieved 2015-03-13.
[79] Banking Time.
Retrieved 2015-03-13.
[80]
Our Vision.
Economyofhours.com.
Economyofhours.com.
2014-06-20.
2014-06-20.
Re- trieved 2015-03-13.
[81]
About us.
Economyofhours.com.
2014-06-20.
[82]
European Sharing Economy Coalition.
[83]
Shared Economy CPA.
Euro Free- lancers. 17 March 2013.
sharedeconomycpa.com.
[84] The Norwegian Association

Nase.no. 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
14
Re- trieved 2015-03-13.
for
Re- trieved 2015-12-06.

Sharing
Economy.
Further reading
A Policy Agenda for the Sharing Economy, The Ur- banist, October 2012
Kostakis, V., and Bauwens, M. (2014) Network So- ciety and Future Scenarios for a
Collaborative Econ- omy. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
All Eyes on the Sharing Economy, The Economist, March 9, 2013
The Twilight of the
Dawn?, The Atlantic, May 7, 2013
2013
The End of Ownership,
Leonard, Andrew (January 2012).

Nanos, Janelle (May 2013).
Caution,
2015
Sharing
Economyor
Boston Magazine,
the
May
The Economy of Sharing. Sunset Magazine.
The End of Owner- ship. Boston Magazine.
The Sharing Economy:

Embracing Change with
Swedish Entrepreneurship Forum, June
Adapting to the Sharing Economy, MIT Sloan Man- agement Review, 56(2), 2015, S.
71-77.
Doddle CEO: the value of empty space. Written by
Tim Robinson (CEO of Doddle), Hot Topics, 2015
9
15
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
15.1
Text
Sharing economy Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing_economy?oldid=712797264 Contributors:
Edward, Fred Bauder, Juke- boksi, Beland, Brianhe, Chibimagic, Stesmo, Beachy, Bobrayner, Koavf,
Everton137, Nihiltres, Wavelength, Arado, Dialectric, KVDP, Ya- maguchi, WikiPedant, Derek R Bullamore,
Tehw1k1, X14n, Peculiarsh, PKT, Heroeswithmetaphors, Tokyogirl79, Jen3774, Ddjjpp33, Jordan1976,
MenoBot, Sfan00 IMG, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, Cmr08, Mortense, USchick, MrOllie, Yobot, AnomieBOT,
BobKilcoyne, Crookesmoor, Baselinefonts, Omnipaedista, A.amitkumar, FrescoBot, Mino-wiijiindi, LittleWink,
Anna Comnena, Lotje, Onel5969, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Dangerousrave, Dewritech, Erpert,
Bongoramsey, Jonpatterns, Midas02, ClueBot NG, Travel maven, Somedif- ferentstu, Lawsonstu,
BG19bot, WikiTryHardDieHard, Eteigland, Conifer, BattyBot, TRBurton, David.moreno72, Earl King Jr.,
Ijon- TichyIjonTichy, Ganskyl1, Mogism, Colmbrady, SFK2, Jamesx12345, Altruistic user, Bananasoldier,
Jodosma, Tentinator, Melody Laven- der,
Jjunecobb,
Paul2520,
Dough34,
J58787427348T,
Plunkersiniapes, Fixuture, Ele.denaro, Theothergore, WikiSharEdit, Monkbot, Cazer78, Swapmamas,
DeelmarktplaatsFloow2, Ele-Sharer, Marco.torregrossa, Speedster101, REH7, Skozinsky, Hderekdavis,
Market- ingjuice,
Stewartjpatrick1,
Sharely.Us,
Kinza99,
Erbear131,
Lanfranchi,
MLAwiki1983,
Ecotamar, UY4Xe8VM5VYxaQQ, Orli.yer, Pablomunozroman, ElizaLepine, Tpuschmann, Jack Deban,
Sharoo ch, KG5967, Dcalahan, JohnTConnor and Anonymous: 69
15.2
Images
File:Emblem-money.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg
License: GPL Contribu- tors: http://www.gnome-look.org/content/show.php/GNOME-colors?content=82562
Original artist: perfectska04
File:One_day_living_with_commons-based_peer_production_communities_(CBPP).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/f/f2/One_day_living_with_commonsbased_peer_production_communities_%28CBPP%29.svg License:
CC BY- SA 4.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Laura Recio Hidalgo
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logoen.svg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png.
Original artist:
Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs), based on original logo tossed together
by Brion Vibber
15.3
Content license
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

Sharing Economy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sharing Economy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sharing economy

to accessfor example dierent cars from dierent vendors.

The sharing economy[10] encompasses a wide range of structures including for-prot,

or borrowers in these varied and evolving organizational structures.[13]

Types of collaborative consump- tion

4.2 Redistribution markets

Awake! mmm... where am I?

Go where you want car sharing ...

4.3 Collaborative lifestyles

And learn more about

...and resolve your doubts about photography

...and listen to free online radio on the way

One day living through

The term sharing economy began to appear in the

Share the last book

... and decide what to read following the recommendations of

...or sell them

shared resources we need for our own quality of life. The

Design & Artwork by Laura Recio

http://creativeco mmon s.o rg/licenses/by -sa/4.0

4.1 Product-service systems

5.1 Crowdfunding platforms

5.2 Transparent and open data

5.4 Unused value is wasted value

care of simple tasks others need doing.

5.5 Waste as food

Information Technology and Social Media: A host of

Increasing Volatility in Cost of Natural Resources: Rising prosperity across the

Forbes estimates the revenue owing through the shared

Benets of a sharing economy

Increased participatory democracy[42]

Further information: Uber (company) and Lyft

Criticism and controversies

Organizations advocating and networking sharing economy

See also: Online platforms for collaborative consumption

Notes and references

Geron, Tomio (November 9, 2012).

Botsman, Rachel; Roger, Roos (2011).

From homes to meals to cars,

Friedman, Thomas (20 July 2013).

Rosenberg, Tina (5 June 2013).

The Collaborative Economy. June 4, 2013. Altimeter

Rachel BotsmanRoo Rogers (1922-01-01). Beyond Zip- car:

[20] Collaborative Consumption by Ray Algar Oxygen

10 Ideas That Will Change The World.

Review: The Business Of Sharing. May 5, 2015.

Mazmanian, Adam (May 22, 2013).

data change the culture of

Data.gov. Data.gov. Retrieved 2015-03-13.

Hammell, Richard. Open Data: Driving Growth, Inge- nuity

[29] Brindley, William.

Using the Crowd as an Innovation Partner.

2013. Harvard Business Review.

Grith, Saul. Everyday Inventions. TED. Retrieved 13

[35] Open Data Handbook. 2011, 2012. Open Knowledge

Geron, Tobio (January 23, 2013).

Brady, Diane (24 September 2014). The Environmental

Rudenko, Anna (16 August 2013).

Bradshaw, Della (22 April 2015).

Uber Said to Seek $1.5 Billion in Funds at $50 Billion

Emily Guendelsberger (May 7, 2015).

Andrew Leonard, Sharing economy shams:

Tom Slee, The secret libertarianism of Uber & Airbnb,