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Realtime Monitoring
Realtime Monitoring
wireless
communication,
data
communication,
telecommunications,
A .Consumer Appliances:
At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital
diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and airconditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Todays high-tech car has
about 20 embedded systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air-conditioning,
navigation etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are
powerful embedded systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such
as playing games and word processing.
B .Office Automation:
The office automation products using embedded systems are copying machine, fax
machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.
C. Industrial Automation:
Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These include
pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and
transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out specific
tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then
take appropriate action based on the monitored levels to control other devices or to send
information to a centralized monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where
human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do specific
jobs. The robots are now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting and
complicated tasks such as hardware assembly.
D. Medical Electronics:
Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These
equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, Xray scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonscopy, endoscopy etc.
Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of
diseases.
E. Computer Networking:
Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital
Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are
embedded systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For
example, a router interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different
protocol stacks. The routers function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores,
analyze the packets and send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol
conversion. Most networking equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we
use to access the networks, are embedded systems
F. Telecommunications:
In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as
subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key
telephones, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The
network equipment includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers
Dissemblers (PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the
latest embedded systems that provide very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.
G. Wireless Technologies:
Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting
applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last
decade of the 20h century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice
communication while we are on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops
can now be used to access multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile communication
infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful
embedded systems.
H. Insemination:
Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and
engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure
parameters such as weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all
embedded systems. Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer,
protocol analyzer, radio communication test set etc. are embedded systems built around
3
powerful processors. Thank to miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now
becoming portable facilitating easy testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel.
I.Security:
Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to
protect our homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing
embedded systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays.
Security devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are
embedded systems. Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are
manufactured end up in~ embedded systems. Embedded systems find applications in every
industrial segment- consumer electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering,
manufacturing,
process
control
and
industrial
automation,
data
communication,
telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on
communication links such as telephone lines. Biometric systems using fingerprint and face
recognition are now being extensively used for user authentication in banking applications as
well as for access control in high security buildings.
J. Finance:
Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for
transactions using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any
Time Money) machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller
and memory; and it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an
electronic wallet. Smart card technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society.
Well, the list goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or
at least feel, the work of an embedded system!
The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs
above the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a
desktop computer.
inputs from sensors or transducers 1fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other
systems.
1.2.4 OUTPUT DEVICES
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some
embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status
of the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) may also be used to display some important parameters.
1.2.5 COMMUNICATION INTERFACES
The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they
may have to transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided
with one or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial
Bus (USB), IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.
1.2.6 APPLICATION-SPECIFIC CIRCUITRY
Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an
embedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to
carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either
through the 230 volts main supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a
way that the power consumption is minimized.
CHAPTER 2
7
LPC2141/42/44/46/48
microcontrollers
are
based
on
16-bit/32-bit
ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combine
microcontroller with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A
128-bit wide memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code
execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit
Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty. Due to
their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/42/44/46/48 are ideal for applications
where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale. Serial
communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full-speed device, multiple UARTs, SPI,
SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make these devices very well suited
for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition and
low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit
timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines
with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers
suitable for industrial control and medical systems.
Processor: LPC2148
Dual Power supply (either through USB or using external power adapter).
Three on-board voltage regulators 1.8V, 3.3V and 5V with up to 800mA current
USB Ports.
EEPROM Interfacing.
On board UART.
Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with
the on-chip Real Monitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.
Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input.
Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400
kbit/s),
SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
ARM is one of the most licensed and thus widespread processor cores in the world
Used especially in portable devices due to low power consumption and reasonable
performance (MIPS / watt)
10
2.6 ARM
CPU
Description
ISA
Process
Voltage
Area
Power
Clock/
Mips/
ARM7TDMI
ARM7TDMI-
Core
Synthesizable
V4T
V4T
0.18u
0.18u
1.8V
1.8V
mm2
0.53
<0.8
mW
<0.25
<0.4
MHz
60-110
>50
MHz
0.9
0.9
S
ARM9TDMI
core
Core
V4T
0.18u
1.8V
1.1
0.3
167-
1.1
ARM920T
Macrocell
V4T
0.18u
1.8V
11.8
0.9
220
140-
1.05
16+16kB
200
ARM940T
cache
Macrocell
V4T
0.18u
1.8V
4.2
0.85
140-
1.05
ARM9E-S
8+8kB cache
Synthesizable
V5TE
0.18u
1.8V
~1
170
133-
1.1
ARM 1020E
core
Macrocell
~0.85
200
200-
1.25
V5TE
0.15u
1.8V
32+32kB
~10
400
cache
Table 2.1: Types of ARM
11
consumption ratio
Even tough ARM is mostly used as a processor core in SoC and other ASICs have
some manufacturers brought ARM based standard products to market
Type Number
Flash
RAM
Endpoint ADC
Memory
LPC2141FBD64
32kB
8kB
DAC Temperature
USB
(channels
RAM
overall)
2kB
(6 -
range (o C)
-40 to +85
channels)
LPC2142FBD64
64kB
16kB
2kB
(6 1
-40 to +85
channels)
LPC2144FBD64
128kB
16kB
2kB
(14 1
-40 to +85
channels)
LPC2146FBC64
256kB
32kB+8kB
shared
2kB
(14 1
channels)
with USB
DMA
12
-40 to +85
LPC2148FBD64
512kB
32kB+8kB
2kB
shared
(14 1
channels)
with USB
DMA
Pin
Type
13
Description
-40 to +85
I/O
I/O
P0.0/TXD0/PWM1
19
O
O
I/O
P0.1/RXD0/PWM3/EINT0
21
I
O
P0.2/SCL0/CAP0.0
22
for
UART0.
PWM1-Pulse Width Modulator
output 1.
P0.1-General purpose input/output
digital pin (GPIO).
RXD0-Receiver input for UART0.
PWM3-Pulse Width Modulator
I/O
O
33
O
I
26
output
output 3.
EINT0-External interrupt 0 input
P0.2-General purpose in(GPIO).
SCL0-I2 C0 clock input/output.
I/O
P0.3/SDA0/MAT0.0/EINT1
I
I/O
P0.8/TXD1/PWM4/AD1.1
not available.
P0.0-General purpose input/output
I/O
14
compliance).
CAP0.0-Capture input for Timer
0, channel 0.
P0.8-General purpose input/output
digital pin (GPIO).
TXD1-Transmitter
output
for
UART 1.
PWM4-Pulse Width Modulator
output 4.
AD1.1-ADC 1, input1. Available
in LPC2144/46/48 only.
P0.3-General purpose input/output
O
I
I/O
P0.4/SCK0/CAP0.1/AD0.6
27
I/O
I
I
I/O
P0.5/MISO0/MAT0.1/AD0.7
29
I/O
O
I
I/O
I/O
P0.6/MOSI0/CAP0.2/AD1.0
30
I
I
P0.7/SSEL0/PWM2/EINT2
31
I/O
input/output.
purpose
purpose
purpose
slave.
PWM2-Pulse Width Modulator
output 2.
15
I
I/O
P0.9/RXD1/PWM6/EINT3
34
I
O
I
I/O
O
P0.10/RTS1/CAP1.0/AD1.2
35
I
I
I/O
I
P0.11/CTS1/CAP1.1/SCL1
37
I
I/O
I/O
I
P0.12/DSR1/MAT1.0/AD1.3
38
O
I
P0.13/DTR1/MAT1.1/AD1.4
39
I/O
purpose
1.
Available
in
LPC2144/46/48 only.
CAP1.1-Capture input for Timer
1, channel 1.
SCL 1-I2C1 clock input/output for
Timer 1, channel 1.
P0.12General
purpose
1.
Available
in
LPC2144/46/48 only.
MAT1.0-Match output for Timer
1, channel 0.
AD1.3-ADC input 3. Available in
LPC2144/46/48 only.
P0.13General
purpose
output
LPC2144/46/48 only.
MAT1.1-Match output for Timer
16
for
UART1,
I
I/O
I
I
P0.14?DCD1/EINT1/SDA1
41
1, channel 1.
AD1.4-ADC input 4. Available in
LPC2144/46/48 only.
P0.14General
purpose
I/O
I/O
I
P0.15/RI1/EINT2/AD1.5
I
I/O
I
46
O
I
I/O
I
P0.17/CAP1.2/SCK1/MAT1.2
47
I/O
purpose
45
I
P0.16/EINT0/MAT0.2/CAP0.2
Available
in
LPC2144/46/48 only.
EINT2-External interrupt 2 input.
AD1.5-ADC 1, input 5. Available
in LPC2144/46/48 only.
P0.16General
purpose
purpose
O
17
slave.
MAT1.2-Match output for Timer
1, channel 2.
I/O
I
P0.18/CAP1.3/MISO1/MAT1.3
53
I/O
O
I/O
O
P0.19/MAT1.2/MOSI1/CAP1.2
54
I/O
I
I/O
O
P0.20/MAT1.3/SSEL1/EINT3
55
purpose
purpose
Select
for
slave.
EINT3-External interrupt 3 input.
P0.21General
purpose
1
I
I
2
purpose
P0.22/AD1.7/CAP0.0/MAT0.0
General
I/O
P0.21/PWM5/AD1.6/CAP1.3
P0.18-
I/O
I
I
18
purpose
O
I/O
P0.23/VBUS
58
I
I/O
P0.25/AD0.4/AOUT
I
O
I/O
I
P0.28/AD0.1/CAP0.2/MAT0.2
13
I
O
I/O
I
P0.29/AD0.2/CAP0.3/MAT0.3
14
I
O
I/O
P0.30/AD0.3/EINT3/CAP0.0
15
I
I
I
P0.31/UP_LED/CONNECT
17
O
O
0, channel 0.
MAT0.0-Match output for Timer
0, channel 0.
P0.23General
purpose
purpose
purpose
purpose
purpose
purpose
configured
(non-control
when
I/O
port
with
I/O
depends
upon
the
pin
I/O
P1.16/TRACEPKT0
16
O
I/O
P1.17/TRACEPKT1
12
O
I/O
P1.18/TRACEPKT2
8
O
General
purpose
General
purpose
20
purpose
I/O
P1.19/TRACEPKT3
4
O
I/O
P1.19-
General
purpose
General
purpose
Standard
I/O
48
O
I/O
P1.21/PIPESTAT0
44
O
I/O
P1.22/PIPESTAT1
40
O
I/O
P1.23/PIPESTAT2
36
O
I/O
P1.24/TRACECLK
P1.25/EXTIN0
32
28
after reset.
P1.21General
purpose
General
purpose
General
purpose
General
purpose
I/O
pull-up.
P1.25-
General
purpose
I/O
General
purpose
port.
Assists
debugger
24
I/O
I/O
P1.27/TDO
64
O
I/O
P1.28/TDI
60
I
I/O
P1.29/TCK
56
I
I/O
P1.30/TMS
52
I
I/O
P1.31/
D+
after reset.
P1.27General
purpose
General
purpose
General
purpose
General
purpose
General
purpose
20
I
10
I/O
22
D-
11
I/O
57
on
their
default
states,
and
XTAL1
62
XTAL2
61
RTXC1
RTXC2
VSS
6,18,25,42,5
0
5V tolerant.
Input to the oscillator circuit and
internal clock generator circuits.
Output from the oscillator
amplifier.
Input to the RTC oscillator circuit.
Output from the RTC oscillator
circuit.
Ground: 0 V reference.
Analog ground: 0 V reference.
This should nominally be the
VSSA
59
VDD
23,43,51
VDDA
VREF
63
DAC.
ADC reference: This should be
nominally less than or equal to the
VDD
VBAT
49
24
decoded, and a third instruction is being fetched from memory. The ARM7TDMI-S processor
also employs a unique architectural strategy known as Thumb, which makes it ideally suited
to high-volume applications with memory restrictions, or applications where code density is
an issue. The key idea behind Thumb is that of a super-reduced instruction set. Essentially,
the ARM7TDMI-S processor has two instruction sets:
The Thumb sets 16-bit instruction length allows it to approach twice the density of
standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARMs performance advantage over a
traditional 16-bit processor using 16-bit registers. This is possible because Thumb code
operates on the same 32-bit register set as ARM code. Thumb code is able to provide up to 65
% of the code size of ARM, and 160 % of the performance of an equivalent ARM processor
connected to a 16-bit memory system. The particular flash implementation in the
LPC2141/42/44/46/48 allows for full speed execution also in ARM mode. It is recommended
to program performance critical and short code sections (such as interrupt service routines
and DSP algorithms) in ARM mode. The impact on the overall code size will be minimal but
the speed can be increased by 30% over Thumb mode.
2.11.1 ON-CHIP FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 incorporate a 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 512 kB
flash memory system respectively. This memory may be used for both code and data storage.
Programming of the flash memory may be accomplished in several ways. It may be
programmed In System via the serial port. The application program may also erase and/or
program the flash while the application is running, allowing a great degree of flexibility for
data storage field firmware upgrades, etc. Due to the architectural solution chosen for an onchip boot loader, flash memory available for users code on LPC2141/42/44/46/48 is 32 kB,
64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 500 kB respectively. The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 flash memory
provides a minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles and 20 years of data-retention.
2.11.2 ON-CHIP STATIC RAM
On-chip static RAM may be used for code and/or data storage. The SRAM may be
accessed as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The LPC2141, LPC2142/44 and LPC2146/48 provide 8
kB, 16 kB and 32 kB of static RAM respectively. In case of LPC2146/48 only, an 8 kB
25
SRAM block intended to be utilized mainly by the USB can also be used as a general purpose
RAM for data storage and code storage and execution.
2.11.3 MEMORY MAP
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 memory map incorporates several distinct regions. In
addition, the CPU interrupt vectors may be remapped to allow them to reside in either flash
memory (the default) or on-chip static RAM. This is described in System control.
assigned to FIQ, the VIC combines the requests to produce the FIQ signal to the ARM
processor. The fastest possible FIQ latency is achieved when only one request is classified as
FIQ, because then the FIQ service routine does not need to branch into the interrupt service
routine but can run from the interrupt vector location. If more than one request is assigned to
the FIQ class, the FIQ service routine will read a word from the VIC that identifies which
FIQ source(s) is (are) requesting an interrupt. Vectored IRQs have the middle priority. Sixteen
of the interrupt requests can be assigned to this category. Any of the interrupt requests can be
assigned to any of the 16 vectored IRQ slots, among which slot 0 has the highest priority and
slot 15 has the lowest. Non-vectored IRQs have the lowest priority.
The VIC combines the requests from all the vectored and non-vectored IRQs to
produce the IRQ signal to the ARM processor. The IRQ service routine can start by reading a
register from the VIC and jumping there. If any of the vectored IRQs are pending, the VIC
provides the address of the highest-priority requesting IRQs service routine, otherwise it
provides the address of a default routine that is shared by all the non-vectored IRQs. The
default routine can read another VIC register to see what IRQs are active.
2.11.5 INTERRUPT SOURCES
Each peripheral device has one interrupt line connected to the Vectored Interrupt
Controller, but may have several internal interrupt flags. Individual interrupt flags may also
represent more than one interrupt source.
2.11.6 PIN CONNECT BLOCK
The pin connect block allows selected pins of the microcontroller to have more than
one function. Configuration registers control the multiplexers to allow connection between
the pin and the on chip peripherals. Peripherals should be connected to the appropriate pins
prior to being activated, and prior to any related interrupt(s) being enabled. Activity of any
enabled peripheral function that is not mapped to a related pin should be considered
undefined. The Pin Control Module with its pin select registers defines the functionality of
the microcontroller in a given hardware enviroment. After reset all pins of Port 0 and 1 are
configured as input with the following exceptions: If debug is enabled, the JTAG pins will
assume their JTAG functionality; if trace is enabled, the Trace pins will asume their trace
functionality. The pins associated with the I2C0 and I2C1 interface are open drain.
Data transfer instructions: for copying data from the memory to the register or from
the register to the memory
Took 1 instruction (or 1 clock cycle) to transfer and process arithmetic and logic
operations.
2.12.3 PIPELINING
An instruction cycle has 3 stages:
During the execution of the 1 st instruction, the 2nd instruction being decode and the 3 rd instruction is
being fetch. See the Figure 1 below.
28
Fetch
Decode
Execute
12 kb used for storing the boot loader firmware (software resided in a chip)
8 kb for DMA when USB is in use (this space can also be used to store the program or
data) Memory at the address range of (0xE000 0000 0xFFFF FFFF) is for the AHB
and APB peripherals. Each peripheral has 16kb in size. Also, all peripheral register are
aligned to 32-bit (regardless of their original size).
LPC2148 used the concept that each memory area has a natural location. Also, the
bulk remains at fixed position, thus, there is no need to design code to run at different address
range.
2.12.7 MEMORY RE-MAPPING
The Boot Block is mapped to the top of the on-chip memory space, thus, there is no
need to change the location of the Boot Block or changing the mapping of the interrupt
vectors. Memory space other than interrupt vector remains at fix location.
2.12.8 VECTORED INTERRUPT CONTROLLER
Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) receives all interrupt signals initiated. The priority of
the interrupt is changeable by software. There are 3 types of interrupt request:
Fast Interrupt Request (FIQ): Has the highest priority out of 3 types
Vectored Interrupt Request (IRQ): Has the 2nd highest priority out of 3 types Has 16
interrupt sources in total, called slot (slot 0 has the highest priority and slot 15 has the
lowest priority)
30
10-bit conversion
Size of buffer depends on the types of end-points and the size of package
Support DMA
31
FIFO trigger point at the 1st, 4th, 8th and 14th byte
UART1 port signal configuration is fully arranged, including DTR, DSR, CTS,
RTS, DCD, RI
32
Able to use the clock signal to increment the timer. The clock source can be from the
peripheral clock (PCLK) or outer source clock.
Timer1 has 4 slots input source for detecting or capturing signal. The slots can detect
a change in logic of the input signal that is use to trigger an interrupt (if enable before
hand).
The timer can be configured to reset itself, continuing or stop working after an
interrupt occur
An output generates a signal when the count matches or when an interrupt occur.
7 MR registers
than 2.6V, the Brownout Detector (BOD) generates a signal to reset the microprocessor.
Signal Separator Bus VPB bus has 2 usages: to allot the PCLK signal on the VPB bus
(usually the frequency is 0.5-0.25 times lower than CPU clock) and to monitor the power on
the bus, if the peripheral is not in use, that peripheral will be set on power safe mode.
2.12.23 TESTING / DEBUGGING CONNECTOR
LPC2148 supports testing or debugging through JTAG port up to tracing from TRACE port.
Both ports use P1 therefore, if P1 in use, P0 should be use for work purpose instead.
35
These components are specialized for being used with the microcontrollers, which
means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing
different messages on a miniature LCD.
A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used
in
practice.
Pin Number
1
2
3
Name
Vss
Vdd
Vee
Logic State
-
RS
0
1
R/W
0
1
0
36
Description
0V
+5V
0 Vdd
D0 D7 are
interpreted
as
commands
D0 D7 are
interpreted
as
data
Write data (from
controller
to
LCD)
Read data (from
LCD
to
controller)
Access to LCD
1
From 1 to 0
Data / commands
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
0/1
0/1
0/1
0/1
0/1
0/1
0/1
0/1
disabled
Normal operating
Data/commands
are transferred to
LCD
Bit 0 LSB
Bit 1
Bit 2
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 5
Bit 6
Bit 7 MSB
37
Command
RS
Execution
RW
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
Clear display
0
Cursor home
0
Entry mode set 0
Display on/off
0
control
Cursor/Display
0
Shift
Function set
0
Set CGRAM
0
address
Set DDRAM
0
address
Read BUSY
0
flag (BF)
Write
to
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
I/D
1
X
S
Time
1.64mS
1.64mS
40uS
40uS
D/C
R/L
40uS
DL
40uS
CGRAM address
DDRAM address
40uS
BF
DDRAM address
CGRAM
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
40uS
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
40uS
or 1
40uS
DDRAM
Read
from
CGRAM
or 1
DDRAM
38
0 = Decrement (by 1)
S 1 = Display shift on
0 = Shift left
DL 1 = 8-bit interface
0 = 4-bit interface
D 1 = Display on
0 = Display off
U 1 = Cursor on
0 = Cursor off
B 1 = Cursor blink on
0 = Cursor shift
39
Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts
for approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set
by default. This means that:
1. Display is cleared
2. Mode
DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface
N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line
F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots
3. Display/Cursor on/off
D = 0 Display off
U = 0 Cursor off
B = 0 Cursor blink off
4. Character entry
ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1
S = 0 Display shift off
Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always! If
for any reason power supply voltage does not reach full value in the course of 10mS, display
will start perform completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit can not meet this condition
or if it is needed to provide completely safe operating, the process of initialization by which a
new reset enabling display to operate normally must be applied.
Algorithm according to the initialization is being performed depends on whether
connection to the microcontroller is through 4- or 8-bit interface. All left over to be done after
that is to give basic commands and of course- to display messages.
40
3.8 PRESETS
These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be
mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. For
41
example to set the frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit. A
small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust presets.
Presets are much cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used
in projects where a standard variable resistor would normally be used.
Multiturn presets are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw
must be turned many times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other,
giving very fine control.
42
4.2 WORKING
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a
basic pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a fitting voltage is applied
to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor.
An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components
may be used to shape its radiation pattern.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse asaviation
lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, and camera
flashes. However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are still relatively expensive, and
43
require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of
comparable output.
Color
Wavelength [nm]
Semiconductor
material
Gallium
Infrared
> 760
V < 1.63
arsenide (GaAs)
Aluminium
gallium
arsenide (AlGaAs)
Aluminium
gallium
arsenide (AlGaAs)
Gallium
arsenide
phosphide (GaAsP)
Red
Aluminium
gallium
indium
phosphide (AlGaInP)
Gallium(III)
phosphide (GaP)
Gallium
arsenide
phosphide (GaAsP)
Aluminium
Orange
gallium
indium
phosphide (AlGaInP)
Gallium(III)
phosphide (GaP)
Yellow
Gallium
arsenide
phosphide (GaAsP)
44
Aluminium
gallium
indium
phosphide (AlGaInP)
Gallium(III)
phosphide (GaP)
Traditional
green:
Gallium(III)
phosphide (GaP)
Aluminium
gallium
indium
Green
phosphide (AlGaInP)
Aluminium
gallium
phosphide (AlGaP)
Pure
green:
Indium
gallium
gallium
nitride (InGaN)
Blue
substrate
Silicon (Si)
as
substrateunder
development
Violet
Indium
gallium
nitride (InGaN)
Dual blue/red LEDs,
blue
Purple
Multiple types
with
red
phosphor,
or white with purple
plastic
45
< 400
(210 nm)
Aluminium
gallium
nitride (AlGaN)
Aluminium
gallium
indium
nitride (AlGaInN)
down to 210 nm
Blue with one or two
phosphor
Pink
Multiple types
V ~ 3.3
layers:
yellow
with
red,
orange
or
pink
phosphor
added
afterwards,
or white phosphors
with pink pigment or
dye over top.
White
Broad spectrum
V = 3.5
4.4 ADVANTAGES
Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs. The
efficiency of LED lighting fixtures is not affected by shape and size, unlike fluorescent
light bulbs or tubes.
Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as
traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.
46
Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) and are easily attached to printed
circuit boards.
On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve
full brightness in under a microsecond. LEDs used in communications devices can have
even faster response times.
Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent
lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or High-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps)
that require a long time before restarting.
Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form
of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is dispersed as
heat through the base of the LED.
Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure
of incandescent bulbs.
Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to
50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer. Fluorescent
tubes typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the
conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,000 to 2,000 hours.
Several DOE demonstrations have shown that reduced maintenance costs from this
extended lifetime, rather than energy savings, is the primary factor in determining the
payback period for an LED product.
Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid-state components, are difficult to damage with
external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which are fragile.
47
Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent
and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a
usable manner. For larger LED packages total internal reflection (TIR) lenses are often
used to the same effect. However, when large quantities of light are needed many light
sources are usually deployed, which are difficult to focus or collimate towards the same
target.
4.5 APPLICATIONS
Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the human
objects.
Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision.
Narrow band light sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-bias mode and respond to
Economically sustainable
48
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit LM35 temperature sensors, whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 sensor
thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade
scaling. The LM35 sensor does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide
typical accuracies of C at room temperature and C over a full -55 to +150C
temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The
LM35's low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make
interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power
supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very
low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55 to
+150C temperature range, while the LM35C sensor is rated for a -40 to +110C range (-10
with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46
transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic
TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D sensor is also available in an 8-lead surface mount
small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.
49
are nonlinear. In addition, the outputs of these sensors are not linearly proportional to any
temperature scale. Early monolithic sensors, such as the LM3911, LM134 and LM135,
overcame many of these difficulties, but their outputs are related to the Kelvin temperature
scale rather than the more popular Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. Fortunately, in 1983 two
I.C.s, the LM34 Precision Fahrenheit Temperature Sensor and the LM35 Precision Celsius
Temperature Sensor, were introduced. This application note will discuss the LM34, but with
the proper scaling factors can easily be adapted to the LM35.
The LM35/LM34 has an output of 10 mV/F with a typical nonlinearity of only 0.35F over
a 50 to +300F temperature range, and is accurate to within 0.4F typically at room
temperature (77F). The LM34s low output impedance and linear output characteristic make
interfacing with readout or control circuitry easy. An inherent strength of the LM34 sensor
over other currently available temperature sensors is that it is not as susceptible to large errors
in its output from low level leakage currents. For instance, many monolithic temperature
sensors have an output of only 1 A/K. This leads to a 1K error for only 1 -Ampere of
leakage current. On the other hand, the LM34 sensor may be operated as a current mode
device providing 20 A/F of output current. The same 1 A of leakage current will cause an
error in the LM34s output of only 0.05F (or 0.03K after scaling).
Low cost and high accuracy are maintained by performing trimming and calibration
procedures at the wafer level. The device may be operated with either single or dual supplies.
With less than 70 A of current drain, the LM34 sensor has very little self-heating (less than
0.2F in still air), and comes in a TO-46 metal can package, a SO-8 small outline package and
a TO-92 plastic package.
The LM35/LM34 is a versatile device which may be used for a wide variety of applications,
including oven controllers and remote temperature sensing. The device is easy to use (there
are only three terminals) and will be within 0.02F of a surface to which it is either glued or
cemented. The TO-46 package allows the user to solder the sensor to a metal surface, but in
doing so, the GND pin will be at the same potential as that metal. For applications where a
steady reading is desired despite small changes in temperature, the user can solder the TO-46
package to a thermal mass. Conversely, the thermal time constant may be decreased to speed
up response time by soldering the sensor to a small heat fin.
6. DC MOTOR
51
Fig.6.1.DC MOTOR
DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush less, servo, and
gear motor types. A motor consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator. The
magnetic field is maintained using either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings.
DC motors
Motion and
controls cover a wide range of components that in some way are used to generate and/or
control motion. Areas within this category include bearings and bushings, clutches and
brakes, controls and drives, drive components, encoders and resolves, Integrated motion
control, limit switches, linear actuators, linear and rotary motion components, linear
position sensing, motors (both AC and DC motors), orientation position sensing,
pneumatics and pneumatic components, positioning stages, slides and guides, power
transmission (mechanical), seals, slip rings, solenoids, springs.
Motors are the devices that provide the actual speed and torque in a drive
system. This family includes AC motor types (single and multiphase motors, universal,
servo motors, induction, synchronous, and gear motor) and DC motors (brush less, servo
motor, and gear motor) as well as linear, stepper and air motors, and motor contactors and
starters.
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a
magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or
winding with a "South" polarization).
52
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator,
field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see),
the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets1. The stator is
the stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more
permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator)
rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the
windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a
common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.
In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a
very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can
imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its
rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile,
with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power
supply (i.e., both brushes touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be
bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet
another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of
torque ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with the position of the
rotor).
So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the workings of
one via an interactive animation (JavaScript required):
53
You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a
time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one
commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field
will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the
effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil
windings' series wiring:
There's probably no better way to see how an average dc motor is put together, than by just
opening one up. Unfortunately this is tedious work, as well as requiring the destruction of a
perfectly good motor.
7.2 APPLICATION
54
They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry, are suitable
for detecting of LPG, natural gas , town gas, avoid the noise of alcohol and cooking fumes
and cigarette smoke.
7.3 SPECIFICATIONS
Symbol
Vc
VH
PL
Parameter name
Circuit voltage
Heating voltage
Load resistance
Technical condition
5V0.1
5V0.1
20KQ
Remarks
AC OR DC
ACOR DC
RH
PH
Heater resistance
Heating consumption
31 10%
less than 800mw
Room Tem
Parameter name
Using Tem
Storage Tem
Related humidity
Oxygen concentration
Technical condition
-10C-50C
-20C-70C
less than 95%Rh
21%(standard
Remarks
condition)Oxygen
2%
concentration
can
sensitivity
Table.7.2.B. Environment condition
Symbol
Rs
A
Parameter name
Sensing Resistance
Technical parameter
10KQ60KQ
Remarks
Detecting concentration
scope:
(5000ppm methane )
^0.6
(5000ppm/100
200-10000ppm
LPG,LNG Natural gas,
0 ppm CH4)
Standard
Temp: 20 C 2C Vc:5V0.1
detecting
condition
Preheat time Over 24 hour
Table.7.3.C. Sensitivity characteristic
55
iso-butane,
Town gas
propane
56
Structure and configuration of MQ-5 gas sensor is shown as Fig. 1 (Configuration A or B),
sensor composed by TEL: micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer,
measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net.
The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. The
enveloped MQ-5 have 6 pin ,4 of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for
providing heating current.
Electric parameter measurement circuit is shown as Fig.2
E. Sensitivity characteristic curve
Fig.7.2 sensitivity characteristics of the MQ-5
Fig.3 is shows the typical sensitivity characteristics of the MQ-5 for several gases. in their:
Temp: 20 C,
Humidity: 65%,
O2 concentration 21 %
RL=20k 0
Ro: sensor resistance at 1000ppm of
H2 in the clean air.
Rs:sensor resistance at various concentrations of gases.
57
Fig.4 is shows the typical dependence of the MQ-5 on temperature and humidity.
Ro: sensor resistance at 1000ppm of H2 in air at 33%RH and 20 degree.
Rs: sensor resistance at different temperatures and humiditys.
58
FIG.8.1.433
MH Z RF TRANSMITTER STT-433
2.8.2.Features
433.92 MHz Frequency
Low Cost
1.5-12V operation
11mA current consumption at 3V
Small size
4 dBm output power at 3V
2.8.3.Applications
Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
Remote Lighting Controls
On-Site Paging
Asset Tracking
Wireless Alarm and Security Systems
Long Range RFID
Automated Resource Management
59
Table.8.1.Specification
TABLE.8.2.PIN DESCRIPTION
2.8.4.OPERATION
Theory
OOK(On Off Keying) modulation is a binary form of amplitude modulation. When a logical
0 (data line low) is being sent, the transmitter is off, fully suppressing the carrier. In this state,
the transmitter current is very low, less than 1mA. When a logical 1 is being sent, the carrier
is fully on. In this state, the module current consumption is at its highest, about 11mA with a
3V power supply.
OOK is the modulation method of choice for remote control applications where power
consumption and cost are the primary factors. Because OOK transmitters draw no power
when they transmit a 0, they exhibit significantly better power consumption than FSK
transmitters. OOK data rate is limited by the start-up time of the oscillator. High-Q oscillators
which have very stable center frequencies take longer to start-up than low-Q oscillators. The
start-up time of the oscillator determines the maximum data rate that the transmitter can send.
Data Rate
The oscillator start-up time is on the order of 40uSec, which limits the maximum data rate to
4.8 kbit/sec.
SAW stabilized oscillator
The transmitter is basically a negative resistance LC oscillator whose center frequency is
tightly controlled by a SAW resonator. SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) resonators are
fundamental frequency devices that resonate at frequencies much higher than crystals.
60
manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STR-433 suitable for high
volume applications.
FIG.8.2.433
MH Z RF RECEIVER STR-433
2.8.6.Features
Low Cost
5V operation
3.5mA current drain
No External Parts are required
Receiver Frequency: 433.92 MHZ
Typical sensitivity: -105dBm
IF Frequency: 1MHz
2.8.7.Applications
Car security system
Sensor reporting
Automation system
Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
Remote Lighting Controls
On-Site Paging
Asset Tracking
Wireless Alarm and Security Systems
Long Range RFID
Automated Resource Management
Table.8.2.Specification
61
Table.8.3.Pin description
2.8.8.OPERATION
Super-Regenerative AM Detection
The STR-433 uses a super-regenerative AM detector to demodulate the incoming
AM carrier. A super regenerative detector is a gain stage with positive feedback greater than
unity so that it oscillates. An RC-time constant is included in the gain stage so that when the
gain stage oscillates, the gain will be lowered over time proportional to the RC time constant
until the oscillation eventually dies. When the oscillation dies, the current draw of the gain
stage decreases, charging the RC circuit, increasing the gain, and ultimately the oscillation
starts again. In this way, the oscillation of the gain stage is turned on and off at a rate set by
the RC time constant. This rate is chosen to be super-audible but much lower than the main
oscillation rate. Detection is accomplished by measuring the emitter current of the gain stage.
Any RF input signal at the frequency of the main oscillation will aid the main oscillation in
Restarting. If the amplitude of the RF input increases, the main oscillation will stay on for a
longer period of time, and the emitter current will be higher. Therefore, we can detect the
original base-band signal by simply low-pass filtering the emitter current.
The average emitter current is not very linear as a function of the RF input level. It
exhibits a 1/ln response because of the exponentially rising nature of oscillator start-up. The
steep slope of a logarithm near zero results in high sensitivity to small input signals.
2.8.9.Data Slicer
The data slicer converts the base-band analog signal from the super-regenerative
detector to a CMOS/TTL compatible output. Because the data slicer is AC coupled to the
audio output, there is a minimum data rate. AC coupling also limits the minimum and
maximum pulse width. Typically, data is
62
2.8.10.Power Supply
The STR-433 is designed to operate from a 5V power supply. It is crucial that this
power supply be very quiet. The power supply should be bypassed using a 0.1uF low-ESR
ceramic capacitor and a 4.7Uf tantalum capacitor. These capacitors should be placed as close
to the power pins as possible. The STR- 433 is designed for continuous duty operation. From
the time power is applied, it can take up to 750mSec for the data output to become valid.
Antenna Input
It will support most antenna types, including printed antennas integrated directly onto the
PCB and simple single core wire of about 17cm. The performance of the different antennas
varies. Any time a trace is longer than 1/8th the wavelength of the frequency it is carrying, it
should be a 50 ohm microstrip.
Typical Application
Remark: Antenna length about: 17cm for 433MHz
2.9.PIEZOELECTRIC BUZZER
9.1 INTRODUCTION
A buzzer or beeper is
an audio signaling
device, which
may
piezo electricity discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It is the phenomena of
generating electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain materials and the vice
versa is also true. Such materials are called piezo electric materials. Piezo electric materials
are either naturally available or manmade. Piezoceramic is class of manmade material, which
poses piezo electric effect and is widely used to make disc, the heart of piezo buzzer. When
subjected to an alternating electric field they stretch or compress, in accordance with the
frequency of the signal thereby producing sound.
.
Fig 9.1: Piezoelectric buzzer
an audio signalling
device,
which
may
64
include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.
2.9.2 WORKING
The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The
generation of pressure variation or strain by the application of electric potential across a
piezoelectric material is the underlying principle. These buzzers can be used alert a user of an
event corresponding to a switching action, counter signal or sensor input. They are also used
in alarm circuits.
The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied
to it. It consists of piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across
these crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other. This, push and pull action,
results in a sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz. The Red lead
is connected to the Input and the Black lead is connected to Ground.
2.9.4 ADVANTAGES
Wide
variety
self-oscillating
of
buzzers
available
sizes
buzzers
without
frequencies
with
/
signal
signal
66
sound
outputs:
generators
generators
CHAPTER - 3
SOFTWARE TOOLS
3.1 KEIL SOFTWARE
Keil compiler is a software used where the machine language code is written and
compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which is to
be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also supports C
language code.
67
68
69
Step 8: Now you see Startup.s is already added which is necessary for running code for
Keil.
Note: Code wills Not Run without Startup.s
Startup.s is available in C:\Keil\ARM\Startup\Philips.
70
The startup-code executes immediately upon reset of the target system and performs the
following operations:
1. Defines interrupt and exception vectors.
2. Configures the CPU clock source (on some devices).
3. Initializes the external bus controller.
4. Copies the exception vectors from ROM to RAM for systems with memory
remapping.
5. Initializes other low level peripherals, if necessary.
6. Reserves and initializes the stack for all modes.
7. Reserves the heap.
8. Transfers control to the main C function.
Step 10: Write Code for Blink LED in C and FileName.c Save.
Note: Dont forget to save .c Extension.
71
Step 12: Now you add LED.c file by adding Sourse Group 1 Add files to Group Source
Group 1.
72
73
Step 15: Go to Options for Target Target 1. Click on Check Box Create HEX File.
Step 16: Then go to Linker. Click on Use Memory Layout for Target Dialog.
74
Step 18: Now you see 0 Error(s), 0 Warning (s). Then Hex File will create in Specific Folder.
Now to download it for you target hardware.
75
3.3 PROLOAD
Proload is a software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is
converted into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller placed in
the programmer kit and this is done by the Proload. Programmer kit contains a
microcontroller on it other than the one which is to be programmed. This microcontroller has
a program in it written in such a way that it accepts the hex file from the keil compiler and
dumps this hex file into the microcontroller which is to be programmed. As this programmer
kit requires power supply to be operated, this power supply is given from the power supply
circuit designed above. It should be noted that this programmer kit contains a power supply
section in the board itself but in order to switch on that power supply, a source is required.
Thus this is accomplished from the power supply board with an output of 12volts or from an
adapter connected to 230 V AC.
1. Install the Proload Software in the PC.
2. Now connect the Programmer kit to the PC (CPU) through serial cable.
3. Power up the programmer kit from the ac supply through adapter.
4. Now place the microcontroller in the GIF socket provided in the programmer kit.
5. Click on the Proload icon in the PC. A window appears providing the information like
Hardware model, com port, device type, Flash size etc. Click on browse option to
select the hex file to be dumped into the microcontroller and then click on Auto
program to program the microcontroller with that particular hex file.
6. The status of the microcontroller can be seen in the small status window in the bottom
of the page.
7. After this process is completed, remove the microcontroller from the programmer kit
and place it in your system board. Now the system board behaves according to the
program written in the microcontroller.
76
CHAPTER-4
PROJECT SCHEMATIC
77
CHAPTER-5
5.1 Advantages:
1. Wireless control appliances
2. Effectively utilize wireless technology
3. Save energy
78
5.2 Applications:
1. Home automation
2. Industrial automation and Office management system
CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION
This project focuses on monitoring and controlling the transformer using sensors and
RF transceiver circuit. In most of the industries mainly transformer life decreases due to
improper maintenance and manual operation. If every industry installs the proposed system
transformer controlling and maintaining can be made easier. Proposed system is a micro
controller based wireless system. PIC micro controller is used because of its low cost and
high efficiency. It provides an effective measure to save man power by providing automation
of transformer monitoring and controlling.
FUTURE SCOPE:
A server module can be included to this system for receiving and storing transformer
parameters information periodically about all the distribution transformers of a particular
79
utility in a database application. This database will be a useful source of information on the
utility transformers. Analysis of these stored data helps the utility in monitoring the
operational behaviour of their distribution transformers and identify faults before any
catastrophic failures thus resulting in significant cost saving as well as improving system
reliability.
CHAPTER-7
REFERENCES
[1] Nagargoje Surekha ,Abhishek Kumar ,Mr. Daniel A.Figueiredo, Monitoring and
controlling of distribution transformer using gsm modem in International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 7, July
2014.
[2] Szabo, R. Embedded temperature monitoring system with a microcontroller used in the
automotive industry in Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), 2012.
[3] Jialong Sun, Monitoring and control system of transformer temperature rising test in
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