Chapter13:MagneticallyCoupledCircuit

13.1Whatisatransformer?
13.2MutualInductance
13.3EnergyinaCoupledCircuit
13.4LinearTransformers
13.5IdealTransformers
13.6Applications

13.1Whatisatransformer?
Transformer: anelectricaldevice designedonthebasisofthe
conceptofmagneticcoupling.
Itusesmagneticallycoupledcoilstotransferenergyfromone
circuittoanother
Itisthekeycircuitelementsforsteppinguporsteppingdown
acvoltagesorcurrents,impedancematching,isolation,etc.
Maxwells equations:
(differential form)

B
,
t
D
,
H J
t
D ,
E

B 0.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) was a

Scottish mathematician and theoretical

physicist. His most significant achievement
was aggregating a set of equations in
electricity, magnetism, and inductance
Maxwells equations including an important
modification of Ampre's Circuital Law. It is
famous for introducing to the physics
community a detailed model of light as an
electromagnetic phenomenon, building upon the
earlier hypothesis advanced by Faraday.

[The work of Maxwell] ... the most profound

and the most fruitful that physics has
experienced since the time of Newton.2

Albert Einstein, The Sunday Post.

13.2MutualInductance(1)
Whentwoconductorsareincloseproximitytoeachother,the
magneticfluxduetocurrentpassingthroughwillinducea
voltageintheotherconductor.Thisiscalledmutual
inductance.Firstconsiderasingleinductor,acoilwithN
turns.Currentpassingthroughwillproduceamagneticflux,.
Ifthefluxchanges,theinducedvoltageis: v N
Intermsofchangingcurrent: v N
Solvedfortheinductance: L N

d
di

d di
di
L
di dt
dt

d
dt

Thisisreferredtoastheselfinductance,sinceitisthe
reactionoftheinductortothechangeincurrentthrough
itself.
3

13.2MutualInductance(2)
NowconsidertwocoilswithN1 andN2 turnsrespectively.
EachwithselfinductancesL1 andL2.Assumethesecond
inductorcarriesnocurrent.Themagneticfluxfromcoil1has
twocomponents: 1 11 12
11 linksthecoiltoitself,12 linksbothcoils.
Eventhoughthetwocoilsarephysicallynotconnected,we
saytheyaremagneticallycoupled.
Theentirefluxpassesthroughcoil1,thustheinducedvoltage
d1
incoil1is:
v N
1

dt

Incoil2,only12 passesthrough,thustheinducedvoltageis:
v2 N 2
4

d12
dt

13.2MutualInductance(3)
Mutualinductance:istheabilityofoneinductortoinducea
voltageacrossaneighboringinductor,measuredinhenrys(H).

Theopencircuitmutualvoltage
acrosscoil2:

di1
v1 L1
dt

di1
v2 M 21
dt

Theopencircuitmutualvoltage
acrosscoil1:

v1 M 12

di2
dt

13.2MutualInductance(4)
Ifacurrententers(leaves)thedottedterminalofonecoil,the
referencepolarityofthemutualvoltageinthesecondcoilis
positive(negative)atthedottedterminalofthesecondcoil.

13.2MutualInductance(5)
Dotconventionforcoilsinseries;thesignindicatesthepolarity
ofthemutualvoltage;seriesaiding connection&series
opposing connection.

L L1 L2 2 M
(series-aiding connection)
By Faraday's law,
d
d
v1 N1 1 & v2 N 2 12
dt
dt

L L1 L2 2 M
(series-opposing connection)
Michael Faraday (1791-

1867), was an English

chemist and physicist who
contributed to the fields
of electromagnetism and
electrochemistry.
7

13.2MutualInductance(6)
Timedomainanalysis:

ApplyingKVLtocoil1,
v1 i1 R1 L1

di1
di
M 2
dt
dt

ApplyingKVLtocoil2,
v2 i2 R2 L2

di2
di
M 1
dt
dt

ApplyingPhasor,
V1 R1 j L1 I1 j MI 2

V2 j MI1 R2 j L2 I 2

Frequencydomainanalysis:
ApplyingKVLtocoil1,

V Z1 j L1 I1 j MI 2

ApplyingKVLtocoil2,

0 j MI1 Z L j L2 I 2
8

13.2MutualInductance(7)
Example:DeterminethevoltageVo inthecircuit.

Example:Determinethephasor currentsI1 andI2 inthecircuit.

13.3EnergyinaCoupledCircuit(1)
Theinstantaneousenergystoredinthecircuitisgivenby
w

1 2 1 2
L1i1 L2i2 Mi1i2
2
2

Note:Thepositive signisselectedforthe
mutualtermifbothcurrentsenteror
leavethedottedterminalsofthecoils;
thenegativesignisselectedotherwise.

Thecouplingcoefficient,k,isa
measureofthemagneticcoupling
betweentwocoils;0 k 1.

LooselycoupledTightlycoupled

k 0.5

k 0.5

M k L1L2 0 M L1L2
Note: k

12
12

21

or k 21
1 11 12
2 21 22

10

13.3EnergyinaCoupledCircuit(2)
Example:Determinethecouplingcoefficient.Calculatetheenergy
storedinthecoupledinductorsattimet = 1 s ifv(t) = 60 cos (4t
+ 30 ) V.

Example:Determinethecouplingcoefficientandtheenergystored
inthecoupledinductorsattimet = 1.5 s.

11

13.4LinearTransformer(1)
Itisgenerallyafourterminaldevicecomprisingtwo(ormore)
magneticallycoupledcoils.

Thecoilthatisconnectedtothevoltagesourceiscalledthe
primary.
Theoneconnectedtotheloadiscalledthesecondary.
Theyarecalledlinearifthecoilsarewoundonamagnetically
linearmaterial.
V
2M 2
Z in R1 j L1 Z R , where Z R
is reflected impedance.
I1
R2 j L2 Z L
12

13.4LinearTransformer(2)

V1 j L1
V j M
2

j M I1
j L2 I 2

Anequivalentcircuitremovesthemutual
inductance.Thegoalistomatchthe
terminalvoltagesandcurrentsfromthe
originalnetworktothenewnetwork.

TransformingtotheT networktheinductorsare:

Transformingtothe networktheinductorsare:

13

13.4LinearTransformer(3)
Example:CalculatetheinputimpedanceinFig.andthecurrent
fromthevoltagesource.

Example:DeterminetheTequivalentcircuitofthelineartransform
inFig.(a).

14

13.5IdealTransformer(1)
Anidealtransformerisaunitycoupled,losslesstransformerin
whichtheprimaryandsecondarycoilshaveinfiniteself
inductances. (k = 1)

V2 N 2

n
V1 N1

I 2 N1 1

I1 N 2 n

V2 > V1 (n >1) stepuptransformer

V2 < V1 (n <1) stepdowntransformer

(a) IdealTransformer
(b) Circuitsymbol

15

13.5IdealTransformer(2)
Complexpowersuppliedtotheprimary
isdeliveredtothesecondarywithout
loss.Theidealtransformerislossless.
Inputimpedanceisalsocalledreflectedimpedance.
Impedancematchingensuresmaximumpowertransfer.
Equivalentcircuit:
1.Secondaryonetoprimaryone

2.Primaryonetosecondaryone

13.5IdealTransformer(3)
Equivalentcircuit:
1.Secondaryonetoprimaryone

TofindVTh

I1 0 I 2 so that V2 Vs2

TofindZTh

I1 nI 2 and V1

V2
n

13.5IdealTransformer(4)
Example:Anidealtransformerisratedat2400/120V,9.6kVA,and
has50turnsonthesecondaryside.Calculate:(a)theturns
ratio,(b)thenumberofturnsontheprimaryside,and(c)the
currentratingsfortheprimaryandsecondarywindings.
Example:Intheidealtransformercircuit,find(a)I1, (b) Vo,and(c)
thecomplexpowersuppliedbythesource.

Example:Calculatethepowersuppliedthe10 resistorinthe
idealtransformercircuit.

18

13.6Applications(1)
TransformerasanIsolation
Device toisolateacsupply
fromarectifier.

Isolationbetweenthepower
lineandthevoltmeter.

AsanIsolationDevicetoisolatedcbetweentwoamplifier
stages.

19

13.6Applications(2)
AsaMatchingDevice

Example: Using an ideal transformer to match the loudspeaker to

the amplifier to achieve maximum power transfer.
Equivalentcircuit

Example: Calculate the turns ratio of an ideal transformer required

to match a 400 load to a source with internal impedance of
2.5 k. Find the load voltage when the source voltage is 30 V. 20

13.6Applications(3)
Powerdistributionsystem

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