20 Further energy changes

Topic summary
Experimentally-derived lattice enthalpies can be found using a BornHaber cycle.
The enthalpy change of solution is determined by the lattice enthalpy and the enthalpy change
of hydration.
Polarisation of the large anion by the double charged cation determines the stability of the Group
2 nitrates and carbonates.
There is an entropy change S when a quantity of heat q is passed at an absolute temperature T.
There is an entropy increase when a system becomes more disordered, for example melting,
boiling, and increase in the number of gas molecules.
The total entropy of the system plus surroundings must increase for a spontaneous reaction.
This total entropy increase is related to the Gibbs free energy
. The more negative
is,
the greater the driving force of the reaction.
The solubility of Group 2 sulfates decrease with increasing proton number. This is because the
enthalpy change of solution becomes increasingly unfavourable. The reverse effect is shown by
the Group 2 hydroxides.

Some key definitions

The lattice enthalpy, LE, is the enthalpy change when one mole of the solid is formed from its
isolated ions in the gas phase.
The ionisation energy, IE, is the minimum energy change required to remove one mole of
electrons from one mole of atoms in the gas phase.
The electron affinity, EA, is the energy change when one mole of electrons is added to one mole
of atoms in the gas phase.
The enthalpy change of solution,
, is the enthalpy change when one mole of solute is
dissolved in an infinite volume of water.

The enthalpy change of hydration,

, is the enthalpy change when one mole of isolated
ions in the gas phase is dissolved in an infinite volume of water.